研究限制與未來展望…

一、次級資料的限制

本研究之研究設計為次級資料分析法，先有理論架構，才從現有的次級資料庫 中，尋找最能代表研究變項構念的題項，故研究者所選擇題項測量出來的結果，不 盡然能充分顯現變項的特徵，降低了研究效度。具體來說，本研究模型的重要變項 中，家長對少年的教育期待、學業成就、少年職業抱負的社會聲望的測量方式和過 去研究的測量方式出入不大，唯有家庭物質環境有些不同，除了測量過去研究有的 居住品質、有利於學業成就的物品外，本研究還另外加入科技資訊工具、學業輔助 工具、補習情況，故上述題項測量家庭物質環境的效度，僅為研究者主觀地對測量

工具外觀上有效程度的評估。

此外，進行數據分析時，原有的 968 筆樣本，由於「家長對少年教育期待」變 項有 305 個遺漏值（約占 32%），也就是說，有大約三成的少年不知道父母對自己 的教育期待為何，納入所有變項的多元迴歸模型，也只剩下 459 個有效樣本，不到 原來樣本的一半(47%)，以有效樣本分析法執行統計分析時，每一次分析所涉及的 樣本數都不同，使得整個研究的檢定力降低（邱皓政，2013），可能也因此偵測不 到「物質生活環境」的解釋效果，影響整體模型能解釋職業抱負社會聲望的變異量。

二、未被解釋的變異量

儘管本研究證實了性別（控制變項）、家長對少年的教育期待、學業成就能造 成少年職業抱負社會聲望的差異，然而整體模型解釋變異量占 13.7%，代表還有更 大一部分的變異是由本研究之外的其他因素所解釋。本研究採用 Vondracek et al.

(1986)的觀點，將少年所處的家庭環境區分為機會因素與過程因素，然而，該理論 只告訴我們有哪些相關的變項，並不是提出一個經過實證的理論模型，故本研究採 用該分析架構時，也只納入機會因素中的家庭物質環境，以及過程因素中的家長教 育期待為解釋因素，過去文獻指出，影響少年職業抱負發展的因素應該更多，運作 的方式也更加複雜，也是本研究未及之處。

貳、未來展望

臺灣目前關於少年職業抱負發展的研究並不如國外豐富，但每年至少舉辦一 到兩個梯次的少年就業輔導方案，提供服務給這一群經濟弱勢少年，卻相當缺乏對 這個群體職業發展的實證研究。從時間的面向來說，近年來，隨著社會對數據資料 的重視，許多長期追蹤的官方或民間資料庫開始建立並甄於完善，關心兒少職業的 實務工作者與研究者能多加利用難能可貴的追蹤資料，透過貫時性的研究設計，更 全面的了解經濟弱勢少年職業抱負長期的發展趨勢；從了解的深度來說，未來的研

究者可嘗試加入更重要的解釋因素，加強我們辨認促使少年職業抱負抱改變的能 力，並且發展出有嚴謹架構層次、解釋效果夠強的職業抱負解釋模型；最後，建立 少年長期追蹤資料庫的單位也可考慮多詢問職業發展相關的題目，例如：選擇某職 業為抱負的原因、和家人談論生涯議題上的互動情況、在職業方面引以為榜樣的家 庭成員、生活中可從誰得到生涯相關議題的協助等，不論是以問卷或是訪談的方式，

蒐集到這些資訊都將有益於我們對少年職業抱負發展的認識。

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