第五章 結論與建議
第三節 研究限制與未來建議
一. 研究限制
本研究選擇的樣本是針對居住在成功鎮，並且有參與觀光活動的居民，所以 無法概括全鎮的人際網絡對民眾參與觀光活動的影響。
二. 未來研究建議
本研究目前僅針對成功鎮有參與觀光活動的居民的進行整體網絡結構的研究，
定計算其網絡的密度、群體中心性及群體中介性，建議後續研究能針對整個鄉鎮，
找出鎮民之觀光支持、價值共識、觀光態度等進行探索，希望對成功鎮的觀光發 展能有所助益。
44
參考文獻
中文文獻
王光旭、熊瑞梅（2014）。運用網絡分析探討政策掮客在政策過程中的角色：以 解嚴前後台中市都市發展為分析案例。調查研究-方法與應用。31，31-88 頁。
Electronic Commerce Studies。11（1），79-99 頁。
卓秀足、陳沁怡、楊仁壽（2005）。社會網絡密度和群體中心性對團體效能的影
林振春(1994)。學校與社區結合以建立社區文化。社教雙月刊，64,20-24。
周士雄、施鴻志（1996）。區域多功能成長中心發展策略之研究。都市與計劃。
邱皓政（2010）。量化研究與統計分析：SPSS (PASW) 資料分析範例解析。台北：
五南
邱毅德（2003）。以社會網絡分析法評估工作團隊知識創造與分享。中正大學，
資訊管理研究所碩士論文。
施教裕（1997）。社區參與的理論與實務。社會福利，129，2-8。
祝道松、洪晨桓（2009）。關係與消費者購前知覺風險：主觀專業知識之調節效 果。臺大管理論叢。19(2)，197-232 頁。
郭光明（2014）。從社會網絡分析養殖社區水災回復力之運作。國立台北大學不 動產與城鄉環境學系碩士論文。
45
黃毅志（1998）。社會階層、社會網絡、與心理幸福。台灣社會學刊。21，171-210 頁。
46 西文部分
Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. The
Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40.
Anderson, J. G. (2002). Evaluation in health informatics: Social network analysis.
Computers in Biology and Medicine, 32(3), 179-193.
Atkinson, R. , & Cope, S. . (1997). Community participation and regeneration in Britain.
In Contested (Ed.), Communities Experiences, Struggles, Policies (pp. 15-25).
London: The Policy Press.
Barnes, J. A. (1954). Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish. Human
relations, 7, 39-58.
Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644-675.
Bagnall, R.G. (1989). Researching participation in adult education: a case of quantified distortion. International Journal of Lifeloing Education, 8(3) ， 251-260。
Beard, V. A. (2007). Household Contributions to Community Development in Indonesia. World Development, 35(4), 607-625.
Borgatti, S. P. (1998). What is social network analysis. from http://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htm
Burt, R. (1982). Toward a Structural Theory of Action: Network Models of Social
Structure, Perception and Action. New York: Academic press.
Butler, R.W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. 24,25-12.
Cater, E. (1994). Ecotourism in the Third World: Peoblems and Prospect for
Sustainability. In E. L. Cater, G. (Ed.), Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option (pp.
69-86). John Wiley, New York.
Choi, H. S., & Sirakaya, E. . (2005). Measuring resident's attitude toward sustainable tourism: Development of sustainable tourism attitude scale. Journal of Travel
Research, 43(4), 380-394.
Emirbayer, M., & Goodwin, J. (1994). Network analysis, culture, and the problem of agency. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 1411-1454.
Emirbayer, M., & Goodwin, J. . (1997). Manifesto for a relational sociology. The
American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 281-317.
Engel, J. F., Roger, D., Blackwell, & Miniard, P., W. (1995). Consumer Behavior (8th ed.). Fort Worth: Dryden Press.
Ennis, G. , & West, D. (2010). Exploring the Potential of Social Network Analysis in Asset-based Community Development Practice and Research. Australian Social
Work, 63(4), 404-417.
Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social
Networks, 1, 215-239.
Garton, L., & Wellman, B. . (1995). Social impacts of electronic mail in organizations:
A review of the research literature: Communication Yearbook.
47
Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited In R.
Collins (Ed.), Sociological Theory (Vol. 1, pp. 201-233). San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510.
Granovetter, M, Nohria, N, & Eccles, R.G. (1992). Networks and Organizations:
Structure, Form and Action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Hanneman, R. A, & Riddle, M. (2005). Introduction to Social Network Methods
Riverside. California: University of California.
House, J. S, Umberson, D. and Landis, K. R. (1988). Structures and Processes of Social Support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293-318.
Hulbert, J. S. (1991). Social networks and job satisfaction. Work and Occupations,
18(4), 415-430.
Ibarra, H., & Andrews, S. B. (1993). Power, social influence, and sense making: Effects of network centrality and proximity on employee perceptions. Administrative Kayat, L. (2002). Power, social exchanges and tourism in Langkawi: Rethinking
resident perceptions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4, 171-191.
Keller, S. (2003). Community: Pursuing the Dream, Living the Reality. New Jersey:
Princeton University.
Krackhardt, David, & Kilduff, Martin. (1990). Friendship patterns and culture: The
control of organizational diversity. American anthropologist, 92(1), 142-154.
Kilduff, M, & Tsai, W. (2003). Socail networks and organizations. London: SAGE.
Krackhardt, D. & Jeffrey, R. H. (1993). Informal networks: The company behind the
chart. Harvard Business Review, July-Aug, 104-111.
Krackhardt, D. (1990). Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition, and
power in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 342-369.
Krackhardt, D. & Stern, R. N. (1988). Informal networks and organizational crisis: An
experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 123-140.
Krackhart, D. (1992). The strength of strong ties: The importance of philos in networks
and organizations. In Nitin Nohria and Robert G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and
Organizations (pp.216-39). Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press.King, B., Pizam, A., & Milman, A. (1993). Social Impact of Tourism: Host Perceptions.
Annals of Tourism Research, 20, 650-665.
Kiwasaki, L. (2000). Ethnic tourism in hokkaido and the shaping of ainu identity.
Pacific Affairs, 73(3), 393-412.
Knoke, D., & Kuklinski, J. H. . (1982). Network Analysis: SAGE Publications.
Knoke, D., & Yang, Song. (2008). Social Network Analysis (2ed). London: SAGE.
Landford, S. V. , & Howord, D. R. . (1994). Developing a tourism impact attitude scale.
Journal of Travel Research, 21(1), 121-139.
Lee, C. K. , & Back, K. J. (2006). Examining structural relationships among perceived impact, benefit, and support for casino development based on 4 year longitudinal data. Tourism Management, 27(3), 466-480.
48
Li, W. J. (2006). Community decisionmaking participation in development. Annals of
Tourism Research, 33(1), 132-143.
Lin, N. (1999). Social networks and status attainment. Annual Review of Sociology 25, 467-487.
Lin, N. (2001). Social Capital: A theory of social structure and action: Cambridge University Press.
Marsden, Peter V., & Friedkin, Noah E. (1993). Network Studies of Social Influence. In Wasserman & Galaskiewicz (Eds.), Advances in Social Network Analysis.
London: Sage Publication.
Mitchell, J. C. (1969a). Social networks in urban situation: Manchester University Press.
Mitchell, J. C. (1969b). Social networks in urban situations. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Prell, C., Hubacek, K., & Reed, M. S. (2009). Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis in natural resource management. Society & Natural Resources, 22, 501-518.
Reid, D. G., Mair, H., & George, W. (2004). Community tourism planning: A self-assessment instrument. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 623-639.
Richard, Sharpley. (2002). Rural Tourism and the Challenge of Tourism
Diversification-The case of Cyprus. Tourism Management, 23(3), 233-244.
Ross, G. F. (1992). Resident Percepttions of the Impact of Tourism on an Australian City. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 13-20.
Ryan, C. (2002). Tourism and cultural proximity：Examples from New Zealand. Annals
of Tourism Research, 29(4), 952-971.
Sauer, W. J, & Coward, R. T. (1985). Social Support Networks and Care of the Elderly:
Theory, Research and Practice. New York: Springer Pub Co
Schoof, M. R. (1999). Consumer Behavior: Prentice Hall.Schutte, G. (2003). Tourists and tribes in the "new" South Africa. Ethnohistory 50(3), 473-487.
Sheldon, P, & Var, T. (1984). Resident Attitudes to Tourism in North Wales. Tourism
Management, 5, 40-47.
Sheldon, P. J., & Abenoja, T. (2001). Residet attitudes in a mature destination: The case of Waikiki. Tourism Magemet, 22(5), 435-443.
Smith, S. L. J. (1995). Tourism Analysis : A Handbook. England：Longman.
Sy, T., Côté, S, & Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 295-305.
Teye, V., Sonmez, S., & Sirakaya, E. (2002). Resident' Attitudes toward Tourism Development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 668-688.
Tichy, M. N., Tushman, L. M., & Fombrun, C. (1979). Social network analysis for organization. The Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 507-519.
49
Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A Comparative Tourism Study. Annals
of Tourism Research, 29(1), 231-253.
Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development.
Tourism Management, 27(3), 493-504.
Walsh, A., Jamroozy, U., & Burr, S. W. (2001). Sense of place as a component of sustainable tourism marketing. In S. F. M. McCool, R. N. (Ed.), Tourism,
recreation, and sustainability: Linking culture and the environment (pp.
195-216): UK Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
Wasko, M.M. , & Faraj, S. (2005). Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 35-57.
Wasserman, Stanley, & Faust, Katherine. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods
and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wellman, B. (1996). For a social network analysis of computer networks: a socio-logical perspective on collaborative work and virtual community,
Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGCPR/SIGMIS conference pp. 1-11.
Wellman, B. , & Berkowitz, S.D. (1988). Introduction: Studying social structures. In Wellman & Berkowitz (Eds.), Social structures: A network approach (pp. 1-14).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wells, M. P. (1993). Neglect of Biological Riches: The Economics of Nature Tourism in Nepal. Biodiversity and Conversation, 2, 445-464.
Zeppel, H. (1999). Touring aboriginal cultures: Encounters with aboriginal people in Australian travelogues. Tourism, Culture and communication, 2(2), 123-114.
Zeppel, H. (2001). Aboriginal cultures and indigenous tourism. 232-259.
50
51
52
53
在推動觀光上遭遇困難時，成功鎮裡的哪些人會提供協助於您？
代號：
情報
當您想獲得成功鎮的觀光發展訊息時，常向成功鎮的哪些人打聽？
代號：
您會經常於哪些居民分享有關觀光發展的資訊、知識與經驗？
代號：
當您獲得鎮上的觀光發展訊息時，您會先告訴鎮上的哪些人？
代號：
54
第三部分：以下為個人基本資料，這部分將來僅供統計分析之用，絕不會公開，請您放心填答：
1. 您的性別：(1)□男 (2)□女
2. 您的年齡：(1)□20 歲以下 (2)□21~30 歲 (3)□31~40 歲 (4)□41~50 歲 (5)□51~60 歲 (6)□61 歲以上
3. 您有無原住民身分：(1)□無
(2)□有 □阿美族□其他原住民族 4. 您的婚姻狀況：(1)□未婚 (2)□已婚 (3)□其他
5. 您是否為「愛鄉發展協會」的一員：(1)□是 (2)□否
6. 您和您同住的家人是否有從事或兼營觀光相關行業：(1)□是 (2)□否
7. 您的職業：(1)□服務業 (2)□軍公教 (3)□工業 (4)□商業 (5)□農林漁牧業 (6)□自由業 (7)□家管 (8)□學生 (9)□退休 (10)□其他 8. 您的教育程度：(1)□國中以下 (2)□高中職 (3)□專科大學 (4)□研究所
9. 您的平均月收入：(1)□20,000 以下 (2)□20,001~30,000 (3)□30,001~40,000 (4)□40,001~50,000 (5)□50,001~60,000(6)□60,001 以上
10. 您在成功鎮已住多久：
(1)□4 年以下(2)□5~14 年(3)□15~24 年 (4)□25~34 年(5)□35 年以上
※您是否還有其他對成功鎮未來觀光發展的意見與想法?