• 沒有找到結果。

第五章、 結論

第二節 :研究限制與未來研究建議

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和分立性政府(divided government)其實差距並不大,大多數的情況,即使掌握了 國會多數,可以實際達成的立法也相當有限,所以在重大立法上,多數黨在沒有 與少數黨合作的情況下是不可能成功的。上述論點進一步證明了川普在 2017 年 上任之後的幾項重大的政策,在執行的時候幾乎都受到來自民主黨制衡而導致窒 礙難行的情況。Edwards(2018)更指出,雖然自歐巴馬政府時期,美國國會就已經 存在極化現象,而2016 年的選舉更是讓這個情況加劇。第 115 屆國會是美國有 史以來政治極化最嚴重的國會。主要的原因如下,首先是在個人層面,因為川普 個人的吸引力是大於共和黨整體的,所以在國會當中的共和黨議員在許多議題上 面都必須要採取和川普一致的立場。另一邊在民主黨的部分,Edwards(2018)另外 指出,國會當中的民主黨議員如果有意想要競選之後總統的黨內提名,就更不可 能與川普在許多議題上面站在同一陣線。如此一來一往的差距更加深了極化的現 象,而川普在許多議題上面採取立場更加深了國會更進一步的分歧。因為不存在 共識,所以其作為民粹主義領導人對於國家政策所能產生的影響確實有限。

至於在司法部門與地方政府的部分誠如上述,聯邦最高法院法官的組成對於 政策最終能否執行扮演相當重要的角色。值得一提的是在2020 年 9 月 19 日因為 自由派法官Ruth Bader Ginsburg 的過世,川普隨即提名保守派法官 Amy Coney Barrett 做為繼任的大法官人選。經過參議院的聽證會程序之後,最後以 52 票對 上48 票通過任命,形成在聯邦最高法院保守派對上自由派 6 比 3 的優勢。這一 部分值得觀察的地方在於,雖然川普能否獲得第二任期仍是未知數,但有鑑於保 守派占優的大法官組成,川普的部分政策(特別是在移民領域)對於美國是存在長 期影響的可能性。

綜上所述,不管是施政期間所受到的阻礙,抑或是政策執行之後對美國的影 響,本文認為民粹主義對美國移民以及經貿政策的影響是不顯著的。

第二節:研究限制與未來研究建議

誠如本章前述,由於本文撰寫的時間有限;探討的議題領域不夠全面、研究 個案的時間較短等。故此,本節將針對本篇研究所面臨的諸多研究限制以及未能 顧及的部分簡單羅列,並基於此提供後續研究者及學術先進們的未來研究限制。

首先是研究時間的限制,特別是在探討移民以及經貿政策的時候,可以看到 許多政策的效果短期之內難以看到成效。以移民議題的政策來說,因為許多政策 在甫推出之時便因為進入司法程序而暫時中止,經過聯邦最高法院判決合法的政 策像是南方邊境的築牆資金調動以及「公共負擔」政策都是2019 年甚至是 2020 年才結束司法程序,所以就政策效果而言,截至本文撰寫時間為止,無法看出顯 著的效果。至於在經貿政策的影響方面,像是《美加墨協定》、《美日貿易協定》

等都是2020 年才正式生效,所以政策效果也無法立即觀察出來。接續上述的時 間限制,因為2020 年 11 月即將舉行美國總統選舉以及參眾兩院的改選,屆時是 否川普能繼續期第二任期仍是個未知數。而如果川普並沒有獲得連任的話,新上

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任的民主黨政府,是否會翻轉川普政府任期內推行的移民與經貿政策,也是需要 時間再更進一步觀察的。

再來是有關於民粹主義的定義,由於根據Mudde(2004)的看法,民粹主義是 一個缺乏穩定中心的意識形態,所以在定義上存在一定程度的困難。雖然本文嘗 試整理各家學者之言,提出一個民粹主義的定義,並將這個定義結合Moffit(2015) 所提出的民粹主義者的行為模式作為判定一個政治人物是否為民粹主義者以及 其主張是否為民粹主義式的主張的基準。不過這樣的作法仍有未臻周延之處,這 也是往後的學者在進行相關研究的時候可以努力的方向。除此之外,在探討民粹 主義是否對國家對外政策有影響力的時候,本文採用的個案雖然是屬於經典個案,

但是不管是在政治體制或是其他面向,本文的研究結果是否能夠適用到其他個案,

則是需要更進一步探討的。

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