• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結果與討論

第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議

本研究對於其研究過程與結果提出下列之限制:第一,本研究樣本 結構部份,男性為85 人,占整體樣本 17%,女性為 415 人,占整體樣本 83%,性別比例較為懸殊。由於本研究對象較為特殊,樣本不易取得,故 採用便利抽樣方式,利用較大型同人誌活動舉辦時,至活動會場針對角 色扮演活動參與者進行問卷發放,因此在資料蒐集上,受到活動舉辦時 間與地點之限制,導致本研究抽樣地區無法擴及台灣北中南等地區以及 樣本性別結構偏差,此為本研究之一限制。但事後,本研究利用階層複 迴歸分析發現,性別的比例並不會干擾本研究之結果,即不影響本研究 結果之客觀性。第二,不同休閒活動之類型可能亦會干擾深度休閒、情 境涉入與心流體驗的關係,本研究之活動對象為角色扮演活動參與者,

是否可以概化至其它新興休閒活動以及其對象不得而知,此亦為本研究 之另一限制。

本研究對於未來研究提出下列之建議:第一,角色扮演活動源自於 美國,發揚於日本,近年來隨之日本流行文化傳至台灣,由於風俗民情 以及文化上之差異,日本與台灣的角色扮演活動之發展時間與歷程是有 所差異的,未來研究可進一步考量文化風俗差異之不同,對深度休閒、

情境涉入與心流體驗之間是否存在干擾現象,此亦為本研究建議之一。

第二,角色扮演活動參與者在參與活動過程中,除了活動情境之外,更

是深受同好與家人支持鼓勵之影響,未來除了活動情境涉入的中介效果 外,是否亦加入同好與家人等社會支持的調節效果並作進一步的分析。

第三,由於角色扮演是一項新興的休閒活動,亦屬文化創意產業活動之 一環(夏學理等人,2008),過去鮮有研究針對文化創意之休閒活動的深 度休閒來建構可衡量之量表,同時探討與其他變數之因果關係,未來可 針對深度休閒量表之建構,亦可進行更進一步的研究。

參考文獻

一、中文部份

江藍生、謝繩武(2002)。2001-2002年:中國文化產業發展報告。北京:

社會科學文獻出版社。

吳明隆(2007)。結構方程模式-Amos的操作與應用。台北:五南

吳明隆、塗金堂(2006)。SPSS與統計應用分析(第二版)。台北:五南

林佑瑾、李英弘、葉源溢(2003)。認真性休閒與休閒阻礙關係之研究:

以高爾夫運動者為例。戶外遊憩研究,17(3),51-79。

林淑芬、吳淑女(2006)。女性保健志工人格特質、組織承諾與神.馳經 驗關係之探討-以彰化縣市為例。人文暨社會科學期刊,2(1),79-88。

夏學理、秦嘉嫄、洪琬喻、陳國政、施沛琳、謝知達 (2008)。文化創 意產業概論。台北:五南。

翁振益、林若慧、吳芳儀(2006)。認真休閒者之動機、承諾與休閒結果 關係之研究-以非營利組織志工為例。戶外遊憩研究,19(1),77-100。

張莉霞(2005 年 5 月 6 日)。日本動漫產業:出口額超鋼鐵。環球日報,

第13 版。

梁英文、曹勝雄(2007)。認真性休閒與場所依戀之關係:遊憩專門化扮

演的角色。戶外遊憩研究,20(3),1-24。

陳建利、王崇仁、蔣意德、陳淑滿、羅玉枝(2006)。桌球選手賽前焦慮 水準與流暢經驗之關聯研究。大專體育學刊,8(2), 77-85

楊政樺、陳光華(2006)。航空公司第一線服務人員之組織承諾、專業承 諾與顧客期望服務態度之探討-以神馳經驗為干擾變數。旅遊管理研 究,6(2),217-243。

葉源溢(2007)。具心流體驗之高爾夫運動參與者之心流體驗、休閒阻礙 與遊憩精熟度之相關性研究。戶外遊憩研究,20(1),69-94。

鄒廣文、徐慶文(2006)。全球化與中國文化產業發展。北京:中央編譯 出版社。

劉勝枝(2006)。衝突與共融-cosplay 活動的文化性與商業性探析。中國 青年研究,17,16-19。

謝莒莎(2005)。淺析 cosplay 文化。中國青年研究,10,52-54。

顏家芝、薛雅丹、黃文卿(2006)。從深度休閒理論探討太魯閣國家公園 解說志工對解說服務之投入與其深度休閒特質之關係。戶外遊憩研 究,19(1),51-76。

二、外文部份

Andrew, C. S., & Sarah, P. (2003). Narrative practice and its potential contribution to sport psychology: The example of flow. The sport psychologist, 17(3), 292-317.

Andrews, J. C., Durvasula, S., & Akhter, S. H. (1990). A framework for conceptualizing and measuring the involvement construct in advertising research. Journal of Advertising, 19(4), 27-41.

Arai, S. M., & Pedlar, A. M. (1997). Building communities through leisure:

Citizen participation in a healthy initiative. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(2), 167-182.

Arora, R. (1983). Validation of an S-O-R model for situational, enduring and response components of involvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 505-516.

Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structure equations models. Academic of Marketing Science, 16(1), 76-94.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.

Belk, R. W. (1974). An exploratory assessment of situational effects in buyer behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 11(2), 156-163.

Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA:

Multivariate Software.

Bentler,P.M., & Bonnett,D.G. (1980). Significant tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structure. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.

product importance perceptions. Journal of Marketing, 47(3), 69-81.

Bollen, K. A. (1990). A comment on model evaluation and modification.

Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 181-185.

Brown, C. A. (2007). The Carolina shaggers: Dance as serious leisure.

Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 623-647.

Bryce, J., & Haworth, J. (2002). Wellbeing and flow in sample of male and female office workers. Leisure Studies, 21(3/4), 249-263.

Burton, S., & Netemeyer. R. G. (1992). The effect of enduring, situational and response involvement on preference stability in the context of voting behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 9(2), 143-156.

Carmines, E., & McIver, J. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables: analysis of covariance structures. In G. Bohmstedt & E.

Borgatta (Eds.), Social measurement: current issues(pp. 65-115). Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage.

Celsi, R. L., & Olson, J. C. (1988). The role of involvement in attention and comprehension processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 210-224.

Chen, H., Wigand, T. R., & Nilan, S. M. (1999). Optimal experience of web activities. Computer in Human Behavior, 15(5), 585-608.

Chubb, M., & Chubb, H. R. (1981). One third of our time? An introduction to recreation behavior and resources. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Clarke, G. S., & Haworth, T. J. (1994). Flow experience in the lives of sixth-form colledge students. British Journal of Psychology, 85(4), 511-523.

Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Business Research Methods (10th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Csikszenmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self: A psychology for the third

millennium. NY: Harper & Row.

Csikszentmihalyi M., & Csikszentmihalyi I. (Eds.) (1988). Optimal Experience. Psychological studies of Flow in Consciousness. N.Y.:

Cambridge University Press.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco:

Jossey-Bass.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience.

N.Y.: Harper and Row.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. A. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 815-822.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (1989). The dynamics of intrinsic motivation. In R. Ames & C. Ames, (Eds.), Handbook of motivation theory and research III(pp. 45-71). New York: Academic Press.

Decloe, M. D., Kaczynski, A. T., & Havitz, M. E. (2009). Social participation, flow and situational involvement in recreational physical activity.

Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), 73-90.

DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale Development Theory and Applications. London:

SAGE.

Dholakia, U. M. (2001). A motivational process model of product involvement and consumer risk perception. European Journal of Marketing, 35(11/12), 1340-1360.

Ellis, G. D., Voelkl, J. E., & Morris, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(4), 337-356.

Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D., & Miniard, P. W. (1993). Consumer Behavior (7th ed.). Orlando, Florida: Dryden Press.

Fave, A. D., & Massimini, F. (2003). Optimal experience in work and leisure among teachers and physicians: Individual and bio-cultural implication.

Leisure Studies, 22(4), 323-343.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 39-50

Gahwiler, P., & Havitz, M. E. (1998). Toward a relational understanding of leisure social worlds, involvement, psychological commitment, and behavioral loyalty. Leisure Sciences, 20(1), 1-23.

Gibson, H., Willming, C., & Holdnak, A. (2002). We’re Gators... Not just Gator fans: Serious leisure and university of Florida football. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 397-425.

Gould, J., Moore, D., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. (2008). Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47-68.

Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black W. C. (1998).

Multivariate data analysis. UK: Prentice Hall.

Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1997). Leisure involvement revisited:

Conceptual conundrums and measurement advances. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 245-278.

Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1999). Activity involvement revisited: Drive properties and paradoxes. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(2), 122-149.

Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1995). How enduring is enduring involvement? A seasonal examination of three recreational activities.

Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4(3), 255-276.

Havitz, M. E., & Mannell, R. C. (2005). Enduring involvement, situational involvement, and flow in leisure and non-leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(2), 152-177.

Hoffman, D., & Novak, P. T. (1997). A new marketing paradigm for electronic commerce. The Information Society: Special Issue on Electronic Commerce, 13(1), 43-54.

Houston, M. J., & Rothschild, M. L. (1978). Conceptual and methodological perspectives on involvement. In S. Jain (Ed.), 1978 Educators’

Proceedings (pp. 184-187). Chicago, ILL: American Marketing Association.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluation model fit. In R. H. Hoyle(Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp.

76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria in fix indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.

Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.

Huang, M. H. (2006). Flow, enduring, and situational involvement in the web environment: A tripartite second-order examination. Psychology &

Marketing, 23(5), 383-411.

Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (2004). Examining relationships between leisure involvement, psychological commitment and loyalty to a recreation agency. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(1), 45-72.

Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow state in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4(2), 161-180.

Jackson, S. A. (1995). Factor influencing the occurrence of flow state in elite athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7(2), 138-166.

Jackson, S. A. (1996). Toward a conceptual understanding of the flow experience in elite athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(1), 76-90.

to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale .Journal of Sport &

Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 17-35.

Jackson, S. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in Sport. Champaign, ILL: Human Kinetic.

Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Effects of involvement on persuasion:

A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 290-314.

Jones, C. D., Hollenhorst, S. J., Perna F., & Selin, S. (2000). Validation of the flow theory in an on-site whitewater kayaking setting. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 247-261.

Jones, C. D., Hollenhorst, S. J., & Perna, F. (2003). An empirical comparison of the four channel flow model and adventure experience paradigm.

Leisure Sciences, 25(1), 17-31.

Jones, I. (2000). A model of serious leisure identification: The case of football fandom. Leisure Studies, 19(4), 283-298.

Jones, I., & Symon, G. (2001). Lifelong learning as serious leisure: policy, practice and potential. Leisure Studies, 20(4), 269-283.

Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1984). Analysis of linear structural relationship by maximum likelihood. Chicago: Scientific Press.

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide.

Chicago: Scientific Software International.

Kane, M. J., & Zink, R. (2004). Package adventure tours: Makers in serious leisure careers. Leisure Studies, 23(4), 329-345.

Koufaris, M. (2002). Applying the technology acceptance model and flow theory to on-line consumer behavior. Information System Research, 13(2), 205-223.

Krugman, H. E. (1965). The impact of television advertising learning without involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29(3), 349-356.

Kyle, G. T., Bricker, K., Grafe, A. R., & Wickham, T. (2004). An examination of the relationships with activities and setting. Leisure Sciences, 26(2), 123-142.

Kyle, G. T., Graefe, A. R., Manning, R., & Bacon, J. (2003). An examination of the relationship between leisure activity involvement and place attachment among hikers along the Appalachian. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(3), 249-273.

Kyle, G. T., Graefe, A. R., Manning, R., & Bacon, J. (2004). Effect of activity involvement and place attachment on recreationists’ perceptions of setting density. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(2), 209-231.

Laurent, G., & Kapferer, J. N. (1985). Measuring consumer involvement profiles. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(1), 41-53.

Laverie, D. A., & Arnett, D. B. (2000). Factors affecting fan attendance: The influence of identity salience and satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 225-246.

MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the Mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173-181.

MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. H., West, S. G., & Sheets, V.

(2002), A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83-104.

Madrigal, R. (2003). Investigating an evolving leisure experience:

Antecedents and consequences of spectator affect during a live sporting event. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 23-48

Massimini, F., & Carli, M. (1988). The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness

McCarville, R. (2007). From a fall in the mall to a run in the sun: One journey to Ironman Triathlon. Leisure Sciences, 29(2), 159-173.

Mclntyre, N., & Pigram, J. J. (1992). Recreation specialization reexamined:

The case of vehicle-based campers. Leisure Sciences, 14(1), 3-15.

Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information, Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97.

Moneta, G. B., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skill on the quality of subjective experience. Journal of Personality, 64(2), 275-310.

Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Altine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C.

C. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation mondes. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430-445.

Novak, P. T., Hoffman, D. L., & Yung, Y. F. (2000). Measuring the customer experience in online environments: A structural modeling approach.

Marketing Science, 19(1), 22-42.

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York:

McGraw-Hill.

Pritchard, M. P., & Brunson, W. A. III, (2001). Understanding spectator involvement: How do enduring and situational involvement stimulate involvement response? In Abstracts, 16th Annual Conference North American Society for Sport Management (pp. 67-68). Virginia Beach, VA.

Raisborough, J. (2007). Gender and serious leisure careers: A case study of women sea cadets. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 686-704.

Richins, M. C., & Bloch, P. H. (1991) Post-purchase product satisfaction:

incorporating the effects of involvement and time. Journal of Business Research, 23(2), 145-158.

Richins, M. L., & Bloch, P. H. (1986). After the new wears off: The temporal context of product involvement. Journal of consumer research, 13(2), 280-285.

Richins, M. L., Bloch, P. H., & McQuarrie, E. F. (1992). How enduring and situational involvement combine to create involvement responses.

Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1(2), 143-153.

Rothschild, M. L. (1979). Marketing communications in nonbusiness situations or why it's so hard to sell brotherhood like soap. Journal of Marketing, 43(2), 11-20.

Rothschild, M. L. (1984). Perspectives on involvement: Current problems and future directions. Advances in Consumer Research, 11(1), 216-217.

Sherif, C. W., Sherif, M., & Nebergall, R. E. (1965). Attitude and attitude change: The social judge ment- involvement approach. Philadelphia, PA:

W. G. Saunders.

Sherif, M., & Cantril, H. (1947). The psychology of ego involvement, social attitudes and identifications. New York: Wilcy.

Shoham, A. (2004). Flow experiences and image making: An online chat-room ethnography. Psychology & Marketing, 21(10), 855-882.

Slama, M. E., & Tashchian, A. (1985). Selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with purchasing involvement.

Journal of Marketing, 49(1), 72-82.

Smith, D.N., & Sivakumar, K. (2004). Flow and internet shopping behavior:

A conceptual model and research propositions. Journal of Business Research, 57(10), 1199-1208.

Stebbins, R. A. (1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement. Pacific Sociological Review, 25(2), 251-272.

Stebbins, R. A. (1992). Amateurs, professionals, and serious leisure. Montreal,

Canada: McGill Queen’s University Press.

Stebbins, R. A. (1997). Casual leisure: A conceptual statement. Leisure Studies, 16(1), 17-25.

Stebbins, R. A. (2001a). New directions in theory and research of serious leisure. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.

Stebbins, R. A. (2001b). Serious leisure. Society, 38(4), 53-58.

Stebbins, R. A. (2005). Project-based leisure: Theoretical neglect of a common use of free time. Leisure Studies, 24(1), 1-11.

Stebbins, R. A. (2006). The Serious Leisure Perspective and Positive Psychology. Paper presented at the The 3rd European Conference on Positive Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.

Stebbins, R. A. (2007). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Stephen, J. G., Fick, D. S., & Oppliger, R. A. (1997). The moderating effect of spouse support on the relation between serious leisure and spouses’

perceived leisure-family conflict. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1), 47-60.

Stewart, W. P., & Hull, R. B. (1996). Capturing the moments: Concerns of in situ leisure research. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 5(1), 3-20.

Torkildsen, G. (1983). Leisure and recreation management. New York: E. & F.

N. Spon.

Trevino, K. L., & Webster, J. (1992). Flow in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 19(5), 539-573.

Tsaur, S. H., & Liang, Y. W. (2008). Serious leisure and recreation specialization. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 325-341.

An examination of the items used to measure challenge and skill. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(3), 380-289.

Webster, J., Trevino, K. L., & Ryan, L. (1993). The dimensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 9(4), 411-426.

Yoder, D. G. (1997). A model for commodity intensive serious leisure.

Journal of Leisure Research, 29(4), 407-429.

Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the Involvement Construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 2(4), 341-352.

Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1986). Conceptualizing involvement. Journal of Advertising, 15(2), 4-14.

附錄:本研究問卷

15.長期與角色扮演活動(Cosplay)的朋友相處下,我們擁有

【第四部份:活動特性-請於問題後之方格中,勾選最適當的選項,以下題目皆為單選題 1.您過去一年從事角色扮演(Cos-play)活動的次數?

□1~3 次 □4~6 次 □7~9 次 □10~12 次 □13 次以上

2.您此次(或是最近一次)參與角色扮演(Cos-play)活動,其服飾與道具等裝扮相關花費金額?

□1,000 元以下 □1,001~3,000 元 □3,001~5,000 元 □5,001~7,000 元 □7,001~9,000 元 □9,001~11,000 元以上 □11,001 元以上

【第五部份:個人基本資料-請在適當選項處打"V "

【第五部份:個人基本資料-請在適當選項處打"V "

相關文件