執行單位:台灣大學環境衛生研究所 計畫主持人:林嘉明
共同主持人:宋鴻樟
研究人員:江怡靜、林沛慧、張佳霖、鄭貴紋 聯絡電話: 02-3322-8103
E-Mail:[email protected] Fax:02-2391-8996
摘要
氣懸微粒及其所載有機化合物為台灣都會區地區汽機車排放的重要汙染 物,被認為其與呼吸系統、心血管疾病及過敏性疾病有關,且少許研究指出微粒 上所附載之有機物是造成細胞毒性或呼吸道發炎反應之重要因子。是以本研究承 擔總體計畫關心學童氣喘與交通汙染物的關係之部分研究目的,選擇都會區交通 流量高、中、低所在國小各二所作為採樣地點進行微粒採樣、微粒質量濃度分析、
微粒粒徑分布特性分析、微粒負載之PAHs分析,並且利用正常人類支氣管上皮 細胞株(BEAS-2B)進行微粒萃取物暴露,測量IL-6、IL-8兩種細胞激素之產生,
以評估懸浮微粒與其負載PAHs 對支氣管上皮細胞的細胞暴露毒性作用。
結果顯示粒徑分布接近於對數正常分布,其相關之質量中位數粒徑介於 0.191µm-4.463µm且粒狀汙染物的粒徑分布輪廓可綜括為雙峰分布型態,主 波峰落於細微粒粒徑範圍(<1.0µm),次波峰則是落在粗微粒粒徑範圍,
介於3.2~5.6µm之間。另將高、中、低不同交通流量與校園環境粒狀汙染 物進行變異數分析(ANOVA),結果具有統計上顯著意義(p=0.047),表 示粒狀汙染物質量濃度與交通流量呈現正相關的關係。依季節性粒狀汙染 物質量濃度的變化而言,春季、秋季、冬季平均質量濃度分別為84.98±22.20 µg/m3、65.30±22.05µg/m3、90.66±39.03µg/m3,冬季之粒狀汙染物質量濃度 較春季和秋季為高。
大氣微粒中 16 種 PAHs 的總 PAHs 濃度及總毒性當量濃度分別介於
0.072-870.53 µg/m3以及 1.71E-05 -0.99 µg/m3,PAHs 的濃度高低分布情形似乎與 假設的交通流量的高低不一致,冬季的粒狀物樣品檢出四環以上的 PAHs(環數 大於 Anthracene)的物種的機會較春季大,而且量也大,其總毒性當量濃度也會 相對的大。
BEAS-2B細胞暴露於粒狀物溶劑萃取物。結果發現,在田口氏實驗設計下,標 準添加PAH的濃度為最重要之變項,IL-8的濃度隨PAH的毒性當量濃度(toxic equivalency factors , TEFs)而增加(p < 0.05);大氣樣品中,PAH的濃度及樣品
是否過濾兩者皆會影響IL-6及IL-8的釋放。在樣品中含較多微粒物質及較低PAH 毒性當量濃度(TEQ)時,細胞有可能為維持原穩性(homeostasis),調節外來 物的入侵,當PAH毒性當量濃度(TEQ)逐漸增加,其機制可能就進入另外的階 段;至於微粒質量此一因素,在本研究中造成細胞分泌細胞激素的影響亦可能存 在。認為源自於汽機車為重要汙染源之微粒及其所載PAHs有可能誘發呼吸道疾 病發生,但因子間作用及生物機制複雜,需要進一步研究。
關鍵字:懸浮微粒、細胞毒性、多環芳香烴化合物、第六介白素(interleukin-6)、
第八介白素(interleukin-8)
Abstract
The air suspended particulate and its particulate-bond chemicals emitted from mobile vehicles are one of the major pollutants in metropolitan area. It was thought that respiratory response, cardiovascular diseases as well as allergic provocation were associated with the pollution of particulates. Some studies figured out that
particulate-bond organic compounds are the determinants on cell toxicity and
inflammatory response in respiratory tract. Thus, this study shares part of the aims of the project that intends to looking at the asthma of elementary school children in association with the pollutants from vehicles. Two schools of each group respectively located in light, moderate and heavy traffic area; were selected as the subjects in this study. Particulate samples were collected from each school campus and the mass concentration of particulate as well as the size distribution were characterized. Then the sixteen particulate-bond polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified. The cell toxicity by exposing BEAS-2B to particulate extract was determined through the quantification of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8. The results show that the size distribution of the air suspended particulates almost approached the shape of log normal distribution. The corresponded mass medium diameter ranged from 0.191µm to 4.463 µm.The particle size distribution of particulate matter at six elementary schools almost fitted log-normal distribution. The mass medium diameter ranged from 0.191~4.463µm. The size distribution of particulate matter can be summed up the bimodal type, and the primary peak occurred in fine particle size range, and second peak was in the ranges from 3.2~5.6µm. The analysis of variance(ANOVA)indicates the positive correlation between the mass concentration of particulate matter and traffic density(p=0.047). The average mass concentrations in spring, autumn and winter were 84.98±22.20µg/m3, 65.30±22.05µg/m3, 90.66±39.03µg/m3, respectively.
The concentrations of the total PAHs and the total toxic equivalency were in the ranges of 0.072-870.53 µg/m3and 1.71E-05-0.99 µg/m3, respectively. The levels of
particulate-bond PAHs did not consistently correlate with the traffic conditions around the schools. However, the species of PAHs with the ring number more than four often occurred in the particulate samples taken in winter.
The solvent extracts of the field samples were divided into two parts, in which one part was treated with the microsyringe filter. The results demonstrated that BEAS-2B cells produced IL-6 and IL-8 due to exposure to the solvent extract matters with PAHs. Upon the trials of Taguchi 's orthogonal array where the standard PAHs were added to the solvent extract matter, indicated that PAHs concentration in terms of toxic equivalency quantity(TEQ)was the statistically significant variable. The IL-8 concentration increased with the increment of TEQ(p < 0.05). However, the field samples without standard addition of PAHs into the solvent extract matter
demonstrated the effect of TEQ and particulate on the induction of IL-6 and IL-8. The cells seemly keep in homeostasis as they exposure to samples with relatively great particulate matter and lower PAH TEQ and then the reaction mode alter and move toward the phase of proinflammation when PAH TEQ rises up to a certain level. In regard to particle mass, its influence on the release of cytokines may exist according to parts of implication from this study. This study gives implication that ambient particulate matter with particulate-bond polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons may induce respiratory diseases that involve in the inflammation of epithelial cells, but mechanism involved needs further study.
Keywords: Suspended particulate, Cytotoxicity, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8
前言
資料顯示台灣地區空氣中的懸浮微粒、臭氧及有機化合物為重要汙染物,
臭氧有逐年上升之趨勢;各地的懸浮微粒,除宜蘭、花東地區外,大多超過空氣 品質標準,屏東地區尤為嚴重[1]。都會區之柴油引擎或汽機車廢氣之排放為主 要來源,流行病學研究已證實這些和交通有關的汙染與增加氣喘罹病率與心血管 及呼吸道疾病的死亡率有關,且研究結果指出臭氧與大氣排放廢氣是新發氣喘病 人的原因[2, 3]。另有研究指出大氣懸浮微粒加重呼吸道疾病,包括症狀的發生 或惡化與氣喘加劇等 [4]。而汽機車排放各種的汙染物中,以懸浮微粒為增加過 敏性疾病盛行率中最重要的角色[5, 6]。
汙染物離開發生源後,受溫度、濕度、日照等大氣條件的制動及汙染物之 間的作用,而改變物種、性狀、濃度以及物種在氣、固二相的分配,進而對暴露 族群造成複雜的效應。這種情況亦然可能發生在特定地區易感受族群經常活動所 處的室內及其鄰近的室外環境,如松烯(terpenes)在室內作用形成細微徑的二
級有機氣膠(secondary organic aerosols)[7, 8, 9]。
過去十年的研究指出,微粒進入呼吸道,沈降在上皮細胞與巨噬細胞,引 發發炎反應在肺部暴露懸浮微粒後,細胞激素(Cytokines)分泌會增加,促使發 炎細胞聚集,進行微粒之清除,其免疫清除機制為:微粒進入肺部,會活化肺部 巨 噬 細 胞 釋 放 TNF-α, TNF-α再 活 化 巨 噬 細 胞 釋 放 細 胞 激 素 或 化 學 激 素
(Chemokine or Cytokine),如IL-8、MIP-2、MCP-1、IL-6,或活化非免疫細胞
(如表皮細胞、內皮細胞、纖維母細胞)釋放ICAM、VCAM、E selection 附著 分子(Adhesion molecular),並透過這些蛋白分子之釋放聚集發炎細胞,主要為 嗜中性白血球(neutrophiles)、淋巴球(lymphocytes)與單核球(Monocytes),
來吞噬微粒[10]。其中支氣管上皮細胞(Bronchial epithelial cells,BEGs)是最有 潛力表現與產生各種活性物質,包括脂質調節者(lipid mediator)、成長因子、
細胞激素或化學激素(cytokines or chemokines),如IL-6、GM-CSF、IL-8 等[11],
而細胞激素或化學激素的產生會活化或聚集數種免疫或發炎細胞,其在過敏性呼
(diesel exhaust particles, DEPs)指出,含碳微粒在促進細胞激素之釋放扮演很微 小的角色,最主要還是以微粒上所吸附之化學物質, DEPs 會誘導產生GM-CSF 表現,主要因其所吸附的有機化合物所致[18, 19, 25, 26]。Veranth 研究將收集之 微粒進行熱處理,發現當溫度維持在150℃時微粒的成分或特性並無太大之改 變,其造成IL-6 釋放量都很穩定,但在300-550℃時,IL-6 的釋放量減少許多,
其指出具活性的部分主要是微粒上不溶水的部分[27]。 hydrocarbons, PAHs)為大宗,目前PAHs 被證實具有致突變異性與致癌性,但 其亦有可能因與微粒共存進入呼吸道後,對上皮細胞造成發炎反應。因此配合子
化合物對脆弱族群之學童的可能健康衝擊,以為制定風險管理政策之參考。