• 沒有找到結果。

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第六章 結論

本文基於中國社會調查(CGSS)2008 年資料,將社會網絡分為「日常網」和「求 職網」,依據不同求職管道將其作用做一區,並相應提出了四個命題。隨之,本文 實證檢驗了不同層面社會網絡對薪資性工作者收入的影響,並對比了在中求職管 道中社會網絡效果的區別。

結果發現:社會網路對勞動力就業以及薪資收入都有明顯幫助,但不同緯度衡 量的社會網路在不同求職管道中起到的作用不盡相同。正式管道人群能力較強,求 職社會網絡偏向於運用資訊層面,非正式管道人群能力較弱,求職運用更多的人情 層面的關係資源。

具體而言,我們在區分了求職過程中幫助人和介紹人的區別之後,依有無被介 紹工作把薪資性工作者分為「正式」管道與「非正式」管道獲得職位兩類。再進一 步分析幫助人的特徵對兩類人勞動市場表現的不同影響。首先,尋求幫助的人數越 多越可能被介紹得到一份工作。就薪資而言,「正式」管道獲得的幫助偏向資訊層 面,弱聯繫作用優於強聯繫;但「非正式」管道獲得的幫助更多為人情層面,聯繫 強度的不同對薪資影響效果區別不大。但總體來說聯繫人的地位都是至關重要的,

在單位中的管理層的幫助可以顯著提升薪資。

進一步考慮的是「日常社會網絡」因素對個體勞動市場表現的作用。春節聯繫

「網絡頂端」高的,以及「網絡差異」大的個體更有可能性選擇就業。但日常網的

「網絡規模」卻並不能增加就業的機會。而進一步分析薪資結果,我們發現依舊是

「網絡頂端」和「網絡差異」兩個特徵對薪資提升的作用明顯,同時「網絡構成」

中,同國有機關相關的聯繫均對收入有較大作用。這說明在中國由計劃經濟向市場

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經濟轉型的過程中,政府權力主導經濟運行模式,同「體制內」人員建立聯繫是獲 得超額利益的一種重要手段。除此之外,「網絡規模」中只有「朋友」的聯繫對薪 資才有幫助,這在一定程度上也說明瞭相較於「親戚」這樣的強連接,日常生活中 維繫的「弱連接」似乎力量更強。

對比不同管道人群「日常網」效果的區別,結果顯示,「非正式」管道人群網 絡的效果強於「正式」管道人群,只有「網絡差異」這一項對其沒有作用。但從其 他人力資本變數層面對比發現,「非正式」管道似乎並不遵循一般自由勞動市場的 薪資結構,說明這一部分人群可能有固有的人力資本劣勢並更多的依靠「人情」因 素獲得薪資提升。同時,由第二章統計結果可知,兩組人群的社經地位也有顯著不 同,「正式」人群的社經地位明顯高於「非正式」人群。所以本文間接支持了Wegener (1991) 的論點,弱連接對高社經地位的人群更有作用。

本文的一個不足之處在於存在社會資本內生性的可能。基於中國資料的研究 大多未能很好地考慮社會網絡的潛在內生性可能導致的估計偏誤,這也是研究社 會網絡作用的許多文獻存在的一個共同問題(Manski,1993)。所以,希望今後可以 利 用 更 充 分 的 資 料 運 用固 定 效 果 模 型 (fixed effects model) , 或 工 具 變 數 估 計 (instrumental variable estimation)進一步完善本議題的研究。

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