結論與展望

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第五章結論與展望

由於全球氣候暖化，各國致力減少二氧化碳之排放，紛紛推展電動汽車產業發展政策。惟車輛生產與貿易過程中，時常因技術及法規差異而形成貿易障礙，

規範差異致使製造商須耗費大量成本及時間遵循各國不同規範，甚至因而不願生產標準化之車輛至世界各國，對汽車產業發展及貿易形成不利影響。2018 年 3 月 14 日，WP.29 於聯合國第 174 次會議上，通過《EVS-GTR》，其乃由美國、歐盟、

日本與中國共同帶頭制定，為第一個專門規範電動車安全技術之法規，內容主要針對車輛性能訂有技術性法規，同時也規定電動汽車滿足安全性能要求的試驗方法，該法目的在於調和國際上不同體系之安全技術法規，具有重要意義，為實踐組織目標之產物。本文從《TBT 協定》相關條文、TBT 委員會相關決議、爭端解決機構之報告、WP.29 官方資料等文獻進行研究，分析《EVS-GTR》是否符合

《TBT 協定》下「國際標準」定義，藉此分析該技術性法規能夠達到推展國際貿易之目的，解決各國電動車安全法規差異衍生之問題，消弭不必要之貿易障礙。

首先於本文第二章，藉由一手官方資料及二手學者研究資料，介紹電動車產業、相關推動政策與《EVS-GTR》。首先，本章第一節說明電動汽車定義與類型，

以及相關產業推動政策與其衍生之爭議。再者，第二節則開始介紹訂立《EVS-GTR》的組織 WP.29，包含其成立背景、會員資格、職權範圍與組織架構。本章第三節則完整詳述本文核心規範《EVS-GTR》，從其訂立背景至記述內容作完整介紹。

本文第三章則透過文獻回顧及WTO 案例研究，分析《TBT 協定》下國際標準之定義及其構成要件。首先，本章第一節描述《TBT 協定》下國際標準的重要性，現今國際標準的重要性日漸提升，可為國際貿易帶來正面效果，但何謂「國際標準」一直未能有明確的答案，故接續藉由《TBT 協定》相關條文、TBT 委員會相關決議與爭端解決機構之報告等文獻資料分析之。本章第二節介紹《TBT 協定》下關於國際標準之規定，包含《TBT 協定》第 2.4 條、第 2.5 條、第 2.2 條、

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第5.4 條、附件一第 2 項與附件一第 4 項，另外 TBT 委員會亦有關於國際標準之提案、討論與決議，其中最重要者為《2000 年 TBT 委員會決議》，該決議之地位及其揭示的部分原則也在爾後的爭端解決案件中被提及。在本章第三節討論國際標準相關爭端解決案件，有歐體—沙丁魚案、美國—鮪魚案 II、美國—原產地標示案與澳洲—菸品素面包裝案，分別從案件事實背景至國際標準構成要件分項介紹。其中，美國—鮪魚案 II 上訴機構認為，分析國際標準取決於「標準」與

「國際機構」相關定義，澳洲—菸品素面包裝案小組亦引用該見解。澳洲—菸品素面包裝案小組更進一步針對「標準」要件，區分為六個子要件以檢視系爭措施。

惟部分學者對於爭端解決機構所認定之內容有些許不同見解與建議，如非共識決、

有關於國際標準機構之開放性認定，並建議應加強考量標準的技術內容，並強調透明性與問責性的重要。

第四章為重點分析章節，探討本文主要問題意識，乃根據前一章所分析之國際標準定義及構成要件，檢視甫通過之《EVS-GTR》是否符合「國際標準」定義，

以達消弭國際貿易障礙之目的，順利推展電動汽車之國際貿易。據前述分析

《EVS-GTR》有極高機率合致國際標準，惟仍需注意以下四個關於其是否為國際標準的關鍵要點。其一，若在未來電動車市場發生常見的貿易爭議，在WTO 爭端解決程序中進行第 2.4 條與第 2.5 條之分析時，《EVS-GTR》相關規定內容模糊不清而無法清楚釐清規範組成要素，將可能導致其未能真正實質成為重要的國際標準。其二，雖然《EVS-GTR》之規範內容具有一定程度之明確性與特定性，

但因未能得知《EVS-GTR》之調和後具體成效，包含其是否能有助於為電動車市場帶來正向的社會利益、能源利益與國家安全利益，以及對電動車貿易有正向影響，本文雖樂觀看待該規範在電動車市場扮演的角色，惟仍需長期觀察之。其三，

在「《EVS-GTR》是否為國際標準機構所制定及／或採納」方面，應特別注意 WP.29 之開放性與發展面向，如若存在未具國家身份之關稅同盟無法加入 WP.29 之情況，是否即代表機構不具開放性？其四，WP.29 未明確訂定有關於能力建構與技術支援之規範，雖其所屬組織有明確提及相關規定，但是否能在汽車領域實踐之

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仍有疑慮。

近年，台灣電動車市場有顯著成長，電動車法規議題同樣逐漸受到關注，如果《EVS-GTR》可能被視為 TBT 下的國際標準，我國針對電動車訂定相關的技術性法規時，應盡可能基於《EVS-GTR》，若以後發生爭議時，依照《TBT 協定》，技術性法規若基於國際標準則合致性較高。另外，即使制定技術性法規時係基於國際標準，仍應注意《TBT 協定》第 2.1 條、第 2.2 條與其他相關規定，以避免於貿易時衍生爭議。

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在文檔中試論《電動汽車安全全球技術法規》是否為WTO《技術性貿易障礙協定》下之國際標準 - 政大學術集成 (頁 68-79)

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第五章 結論與展望

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Standards and the WTO TBT Agreement 1033, 47(5) J

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立政治大學

第五章結論與展望

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