• 沒有找到結果。

最近有一個特別的新聞,英特爾將獨立旗下相關資產,成立一家新的

SpectraWatt Inc 公司,專門製造及銷售太陽能光電電池(Photovoltaic Cell)給太 陽能模組製造商,此外,也將積極開發新的太陽能電池技術,鎖定改善現有的製 造流程以降低光電能源產生的成本。SpectraWatt 位於奧勒崗的工廠預計於下半年 動工,自明年(2009 年)中開始出貨。

這消息意味著英特爾不再只專注在本行上面,從前只會依循著摩爾定律,不 斷地強調技術創新以提升處理器效能(當市場已出現過度滿足的時候,就是邁入 了所謂的維持性創新)的全球最大處理器供應商,也開始朝向破壞性創新邁進 了。其實這個跡象可以推到更早以前,英特爾在以色列成立強調價格便宜的處理 器(Celeron 系列的處理器,目的是攻佔低階市場,屬於破壞性創新的一種)的 公司就可以約略看出端倪。

文獻探討與本研究已證實創新力對企業績效是正相關的。但在此同時,我們 要考慮到,維持性的創新是否已經好過頭,已經過度滿足市場;或從另外一個角 度來看,競爭對手的破壞性創新是否已經逐漸侵吞我們所佔有的市場,或是競爭 對手已經另闢戰局,開拓新的市場。

本研究透過實證分析知道,針對半導體產業的部份類型的公司,已經出現了 好過頭的現象,例如美國的整合元件廠商英特爾,在不斷地強調產品效能的提升 之餘,曾經忽略了消費者已被過度滿足,或是其他新興市場正在萌芽中的狀況。

至於晶圓代工廠的龍頭老大,台積電,同樣也面臨是否該建立更大尺吋的晶圓 廠,是否應提升更精細的製程技術(現在技術已經達 45 奈米)的等相關議題。

我們知道創新可以分為技術創新與管理創新,台積電在提升自我技術之餘,也在 強調自己定位在專業化服務公司(這屬於管理創新的環節),可以嗅出從維持性 創新走向破壞性創新的味道。

至於對 IC 設計業者而言,本研究結果指出,IC 設計業者對於公司績效有顯 著的關係,這與 IC 設計業者的特性有關,他們必須在電子產品多元化的社會中 不斷地尋求商機,並能快速滿足消費者需求,所以除了設計出來的晶片基本品質

與效能要具備外,晶片的多樣化、功能性與整合性才是重點。在這樣不斷地進行 破壞性創新過程中,對於公司的風險是相當大的,尤其是中小企業,台灣的 IC 設計業者就傾向於透過技術合作與策略聯盟來降低創新風險。本研究在收集資料 的過程中,尋找的都是前幾大排行榜,並穩定發展的公司,雖然可以方便研究者 統計與分析資料,但我們認為,日後可以針對破壞性類型的公司,它們的成功與 失敗的案例去進行深入的研究,或許能對台灣的高科技業者是提供建議。

本研究也發現,專利權是否能代表創新力是一個相當值得進一步研究的課 題。雖然本研究實證沒有充分證據支持專利權對公司績效有正面的影響,但是 專利權畢竟是公司研發之後的產物,我們若能夠對專利權本身進行分類與過濾,

分辨出成功或失敗的創新以及評估專利的影響程度等級,或許改良後的專利代理 變數更能夠代理創新力。

此外雖已經有很多學者提出對創新的見解,以及對創新力指標的研究,迄然 而今卻是百家爭鳴,沒有統一的見解。而本研究的實證過程中,發現有創新力的 來源也是很相當重要的,這所處的國家和區域有關聯,例如台灣半導體產業偏向 技術合作,而美國企業卻常常透過併購的方始獲得技術。所以我們在研究創新力 指標的時候,應該也需要對國情、產業狀況﹝甚至企業文化的背景,進行了解,

才能進一步透徹分析,創新與企業績效的關係。

本研究有三點建議。首先,我們已證實半導體產業普遍存在破壞性創新與持 續性創新的現象,我們是否可以將此觀念運用在其他產業上,例如電信產業,去 觀察電信產業與無線網路之間的競合關係,進一步定義創新力對電信業者績效的 影響。其次,本研究所探討的創新都是屬於技術創新的範疇,至於管理創新面則 沒有多加著墨,這點是將來研究時可以補足的地方。最後,企業的績效,除了以 企業的資產報酬率作變數,往後研究還可以參照其他變數來做比較與分析。

參考文獻

1. Acs, Z., Mork, R., Shaver, J.M., Yeung, B., 1997. The international of small and medium-sized enterprises: a policy perspective. Small Business Economics 9, 7-20.

2. Barney, J., 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17, 99–120.

3. Brenner, M.S. and Rushton, B.M., 1989. Sales growth and R&D in the chemical industry.

Research Technology Management, 32(2), 8-15.

4. Chatterjee, S., 1986. Types of synergy and economic value: the impact of

acquisitions on merging and rival firms. Strategic Management Journal 7, 119–139.

5. Clayton M. Christensen, The innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firm to Fail, Harvard Business School Press, 1999.

6. Clayton M. Christensen, The innovator’s solution: creating and sustaining successful growth, Harvard Business School Press, 2003.

7. Clayton M. Christensen, Seeing What’s Next: the Theory of Innovation to Predict Industry Change, Harvard Business School Press, 2004.

8. Conner, K., 1991. Theory of the firm: firm resources and other economic theories.

Journal of Management 17, 121–154.

9. Daft, R. L., 1978. A dual-core model of organization innovation, Academy of Management Journal, 21, 193-210

10. Damanpour, Fariborz. 1991. Organizational innovation: a meta analysis of effects of determinants and moderators, Academy of Management Journal, 34(3):

555-590.

11. Damanpour, Fariborz. 1996. Organizational complexity and innovation:

Developing and testing multiple contingency models. Management Science, 42:

693-716.

12. Drew, S.A., 1997. From knowledge to action: The impact of benchmarking on organizational performance. Long Range Planning, 30(3), 427-441.

13. Ducker, P.F., 1985. Innovation and entrepreneurship, New York: Harper Row.

14. Dugal, S. S. and Morbey, G. K., 1995. Revisitng Corporate R&D Spending During a Recession. Research Technology Management, 38(4), 23-27.

15. Fagerberg, Jan , Innovation: A Guide to the Literature, TEARI working paper no.

1, October 2003

16. Frankel, E. G., 1990. Management of Technological Change, Kluwer, New York.

17. Freeman, C., 1982. The Economics of Industrial Innovation. , seconded. Pinter, London.

18. Hauknes, J. and Hales, K., 1998. Services in Innovation –Innovation in Services, STEP Group: SI4S Synthesis Paper, Oslo.

19. Higgins, James M., 1995. Innovation: the core competence, Planning Review, 23:

32-36.

20. Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, R.E., Ireland, R.D., Harrison, J.S., 1991. Effects of acquisitions on R&D inputs and outputs. Academy of Management Journal 34, 693–706.

21. Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, R.E., Ireland, R.D., 1994. A mid-range theory of the interactive effects of international and product diversification on innovation and performance. Journal of Management 20, 297–326.

22. Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, R.E., Kim, H., 1997. International diversification: effects on innovation and firm performance in product diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal 40 (4), 767–798.

23. Hollenstein, H., 1996. A compositeindicatorofafirm’sinnovativeness.An empirical analysis based on survey data for Swiss manufacturing, Research Policy,

24. Keizer, J.A., Dijkstra, L., Halman, J., 2002. Explaining innovative efforts of SMEs. An exploratory survey among SMEs in the mechanical and electrical engineering sector in Netherlands. Technovation 22 (1), 1–13.

25. Lukas, B. A. and Ferrell, O.C., 2000. The effect of Market Orientation on Product Innovation, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, Vol.11, pp.239-247.

26. McKelvey, B., 1982. Organizational Systematics. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

27. Marquish, D. G., 1982, The Anatomy of Successful Innovation, Winthrop Publisher, Cambridge.

28. Morbey, G. K., 1989. R&D Expenditures and profit growth. Research Technology Management, 32(3), 20-23.

29. Morbey, G. K. and Reithner, R. M.(1990). How R&D affects Sales growth, Productivity and Profitability. Research Technology Management, 33(3), 11-14.

30.Neely, A and Jasper Hii, 1998. Innovation and Business Performance: A Literature Review, University of Cambridge

31. Nelson, R., Winter, S., 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

32. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 1981. The Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activities: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development. (Frascati Manual: 1980). Paris.

33.Stevens, G., Burley, J., Divine, R., 1999. Creativity plus business discipline equals higher profits faster from new product development. Journal of Product Innovation Management 16 (5), 455–468.

34. Porter, M. E., 1985. Competitive advantage. New York: Free Press.

35. Schumpeter, J.A., Theory of Economic Development, 10thedition, Transaction Publisher, 1943

36. Senge, P.M., 1994. The Fifth Discipline Field Book-Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organization, New York.

37. Sher, P. J. & Yang, P. Y., 2005. The effects of innovative capabilities and R&D clustering on firm performance:the evidenceofTaiwan’ssemiconductorindustry,Technovation, 25, 33-43.

38. Smith, K., Measuring Innovation, TEARI working paper no. 6, October 2003

39. Stevens, G., Burley, J., Divine, R., 1999. Creativity plus business discipline equals higher profits faster from new product development. Journal of Product Innovation Management 16 (5), 455–468.

40. Subramanian, A., and Nilakanta, S., 1996. Organizational innovativeness:

Exploring the relationship between organizational determinants of innovation, types of innovations, and measures of organizational performance, Omega (24:6), pp. 631-647

41. Wolfe, R. A., 1994. Organizational innovation: Review, critique and suggested research directions, Journal of Management Studies, 31(3) pp.405-430.

42. Yamin, Shahid and Gunasekaran, A. and Mavondo, Felix T., 1999. Innovation index and its implications on organizational performance: A study of Australian manufacturing companies, International Journal of Technology Management, 17

(5) pp.495-503.

43. Zahra, S.A., Ireland, R.D., Hitt, M.A., 2000. International expansion by new venture firms: international diversity, mode of market entry, technology learning, and performance. Academy of Management Journal 43 (5), 925–950.

相關文件