恐怖主義除了破壞人權、民主和法治外，更會動搖政府，危及國際和平與安 全，威脅到社會和經濟發展，危害國家間的友好關係，甚至會使國家運作陷入緊 急狀態，所帶來的負面效應可想而知。聯合國除了有促進世界和平安全的任務，
亦肩負著國際人權的保護義務，在帶領各國打擊恐怖主義的同時，並呼籲要時時 刻刻避免對人權造成過多侵害。科技的發展則是雙面刃，一方面讓我們生活更加 便利，另方面國家可以藉由高科技和權力進行監控行為，造成人民權利的侵害。
在打擊恐怖主義與隱私保障的拉扯下，本文主要聚焦於透過聯合國之規範，兩者 衝突將如何取得平衡。
本文第二章先爬梳聯合國打擊恐怖主義的相關規範，從公約到聯合國大會決 議及相關文件，歸納了聯合國反恐規範的重要特性。第三章再聚焦於隱私權的討 論。由於隱私權難以特定清楚定義的特性，ICCPR 對於隱私權的內容，透過案例 累積和一般性意見才逐漸有了輪廓。參考學者見解、聯合國文件、案例和一般性 意見，本文總結 ICCPR 對於隱私權的保護歸結出幾項重要原則。在消極不受「非 法或任意的干涉」方面，除須符合 ICCPR 的規範目的外，尚要求合法性、合理 性、合目的性和禁止歧視原則。在積極受法律保護方面，國家對該權利的具有積 極的保護義務，ICCPR 除了要求國家對於人民隱私權保護需要有效的監督機制，
用以制衡國家或第三人的侵害之外，在人民受到侵害時，國家亦須提供補償措 施。第四章則從具體的反恐安全措施來檢討是否能通過 ICCPR 的檢驗，透過 ICCPR 的檢驗，國家須選擇最小侵害手段方式才能達到安全與隱私的和諧。
最後，人權法的核心衝突就是個人權利與國家利益間互相拉扯，國家應避免 利用國土安全之理由，對人民權利造成過度干預或是侵害。雖然我國政府往往忽 視兩公約施行法的法律效力，導致兩公約施行法至今在我國實務上使用頻率相當 低落。人權並非只是國內法的領域，它的普世價值是國際間共同關懷的議題，我 國倘若要成為人權國家，勢必不能忽視國際公約規定，才符合國際法保障人權精
神。因此，我國在採取反恐措施時，也應該要遵守聯合國體系下對於隱私權的保 護的基本原則。
參考文獻 一、中文文獻
（一）專書與專書篇章
Jean Baudrillard（著），邱德亮、黃宏昭（譯），朱元鴻（主編）（2006）。《恐怖主 義的精靈》。臺北：麥田。
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元照。
（二）期刊文章
李建良（2008）。〈自由、平等、尊嚴（下）──人的尊嚴作為憲法價值的思想根 源與基本課題〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第154 期，頁 193-211。
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張中勇（2002）。〈國際恐怖主義的演變與發展〉，《戰略與國際研究》，4 卷 1 期，
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張文貞（2012）。〈演進中的法：一般性意見做為國際人權公約的權威解釋〉，《台 灣人權學刊》，1 卷 2 期，頁 25-43。
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楊永明（2006）。〈聯合國之反恐措施與人權保障問題〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，131 期，頁21-38。
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廖福特、李明峻（2006）。〈反恐與人權──以美英兩國的立法措施為中心〉，《臺 灣國際法季刊》，3 卷 2 期，頁 35-92。
蘇義雄（1989）。〈論國際恐怖行動〉，《中興法學》，29 期，頁 1-56。
（三）學位論文
丘臺峰（1987）。《恐怖主義與反恐怖主義》，中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論 文。
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林煜騰（2014）。《論公民與政治權利國際公約下仇恨性言論之管制──以跨國網 路為核心》，國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
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洪佳業（2013）。《對外國人驅逐出境之處分──以歐洲人權公約第 8 條家庭生活 權利為中心》，國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
陳文欽（2009）。《航前旅客資訊系統對國境管理效能及個人資料保護影響之研 究》，中央警察大學外事警察研究所碩士論文。
陳品潔（2008）。《後 911 時代反恐措施與人權保障之衡平──以美國法為中心》，
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張君魁（2015）。《論預防性國家監控之憲法界限》，國立臺灣大學法律學研究所 碩士論文。
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蔡森豪（2005）。《恐怖主義事件防範與因應研究》，國立臺灣大學管理學院高階 公共管理組碩士論文。
鍾 安（2013）。《論網路匿名言論之保障──以身分揭露程序為中心》，國立政
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二、英文文獻
（一）專書
Conte A. (2010). Counter-terrorism and human rights, in Research Handbook on Inter-national Human Rights Law , Sarah Joseph and Adam McBeth ed. Edward Elgar.
512-540.
Cassese A. (2011).International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Klosek J. (2007). The War on Privacy. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers.
Nowak M. (2005). U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary (2d ed.). Kehl am Rhein, German: Engel N.P.
（二）期刊論文
Annan, K. (2005). In Larger Freedom: Decision Time at the UN. Foreign Affairs 84(3), 63-74.
Acharya, U. D. (2009). War on Terror or Terror Wars: The Problem in Defining Terror-ism. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 37(4), 653-680.
Abeyratne, R. (2011). Cyberterrorism: The Next Great Threat to Aviation. The Air and Space Lawyer, 24(1), 4-9.
American Civil Liberties Union (2014). A Proposal for a New General Comment on the Right to Privacy under Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Privacy Rights in the Digital Age. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/other/human-right-privacy-digital-age, 1-45.
Bloustein, E. (1964). Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity: An Answer to Dean Prosser. New York University Law Review 39(6), 962-1007.
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Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law 18(1), 1-112.
Bennoune, K. (2003). “To Respect and to Ensure”: Reconciling International Human Rights Obligations in a Time of Terror.American Society of International Law Pro-ceedings 97, 23-28.
Çela, A. (2015). Mass Electronic Surveillance: Violation of the Right to Privacy and the Applicability of the ICCPR in the Extraterritorial context. Student Conference in Hëna e Plotë Bedër University, 1-12.
Ellmann, S. (2002). Racial Profiling and Terrorism. New York Law School Law Re-view 46(Issues & 4), 675-730.
Ganor, B. (2002). Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Fighter. Police Practice and Research 3(4), 287-304.
Gross, E. (2004). The Struggle of Democracy against Terrorism Protection of Human Rights: The Right to Privacy versus the National Interest the Proper Balance. Cor-nell International Law Journal 37(1), 27-94.
Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. (2014). Foreign Fighters under International Law, Academy Briefing No. 7, 23-42.
Hoffman, P. (2004). Human Rights and Terrorism. Human Right Quarterly 26 (4), 932-955.
Hukuk, U. (2006). War on Terror in the US and UK: An Evaluation with Regard to Civil Liberties. Review of International Law and Politics 2(7), 111-126.
Joyner, C. (2007). Countering Nuclear Terrorism: A Conventional Response. European Journal of International Law 18(2), 225-252.
Joyce, D. (2015). Privacy in the Digital Era: Human Rights Online. Melbourne Journal of International Law 16(1), 270-285.
Johnston, B.; Sarbahi, K. (2016). The Impact of US Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Paki-stan. International Studies Quarterly 60, 203-219.
Kuhelj, A. (2009). The Twilight Zone of Privacy for Passengers on International Flights between the EU USA. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law Policy 16(2), 383-436.
Lowe, D. (2016). The European Union's Passenger Name Record Data Directive 2016/681: Is It Fit for Purpose. International Criminal Law Review 16, 856-884.
McCormack, W. (2005). Emergency Powers and Terrorism. Military Law Review 185, 69-148.
Margulies, P. (2014). The NSA in Global Perspective: Surveillance, Human Rights, and International Counterterrorism. Fordham Law Review 82(5), 2137-2168.
Mowery, K.; Wustrow, E.; Wypych, T.; Singleton, C.; Comfort, C.; Rescorla, E.;
Checkoway, S.; Halderman, J. A.; Shacham, H.; University of California; San Diego;
University of Michigan; Johns Hopkins University (2014). Security Analysis of a Full-Body Scanner. Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Security Symposium. Retrieved from https://radsec.org/secure1000-sec14.pdf
Mahmood, F. (2016). The Efficacy of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan: The Long View. Yale Journal of International Affairs 11, 21-36.
Nagel, W. H. (1980). Social-Legal View on the Suppression of Terrorists. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 8(3), 213-226.
Pfisterer, V. (2012). PNR in 2011: Recalling Ten Years of Transatlantic Cooperation in PNR Information Management. National Security and Armed Conflict Law Re-view 2, 111-132.
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Avoiding the Omniscient Electronic Sweatshop: Insights from Europe. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law 7(4), 829-904.
Setty, S. (2011). What's in Name How Nations Define Terrorism Ten Years after 9/11. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 33(1), 1-64.
Swire, P. (2006). Privacy and Information Sharing in the War on Terrorism. Villanova Law Review 51(4), 951-980.
Tirosh, Y.; Birnhack, M. (2013). Naked in Front of the Machine: Does Airport Scanning Violate Privacy. Ohio State Law Journal 74(6), 1263-1306.
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Yin, T. (2015). Game of Drones: Defending against Drone Terrorism. Texas A&M Law Review 2(4), 635-674.
（三）國際官方組織與法院網站
Counter-Terrorism Committee, Security Council, http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/
Consolidated United Nations Security Council Sanctions List, United Nations Security Council, https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/en/sanctions/un-sc-consolidated-list
European Court of Human Rights, http://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home General Assembly of the United Nations, United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/ga/
Security Council, United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/sc/
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Committee, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/Home.aspx
United Nations Action to Counter Terrorism, United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, http://www.un.org/en/terrorism/instruments.shtml
United Nations Human Rights Council, United Nations, http://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbod-ies/hrc/pages/hrcindex.aspx
United Nations Human Rights Committee, United Nations, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CCPR/Pages/CCPRIndex.aspx
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Human Rights Council, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Privacy/SR/Pages/SRPrivacyIndex.aspx
（四）國際條約（照時間先後）
Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism, Nov. 16, 1937, League of Nations Doc. C.546M. 383
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Nov. 4, 1950, 213 U.N.T.S. 222
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, Nov.4, 1950, E.T.S. 5
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, 6 I.L.M. 368
Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, Sept. 14, 1963, 704 U.N.T.S. 219, 20 U.S.T. 2941, 2 I.L.M. 1042
American Convention on Human Rights, Nov. 21, 1969, 1144 U.N.T.S. 143
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Dec. 16, 1970, 22 U.S.T.
1641, 860 U.N.T.S. 105
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, Sept. 23, 1971, 24 U.S.T. 564, 974 U.N.T.S. 177, 10 I.L.M. 1151
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Pro-tected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, Dec. 14, 1973, 28 U.S.T. 1975, 1035 U.N.T.S. 167
International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, Dec, 17, 1979, G.A. Res. 34/146 (XXXIV), 34 U.N. G.A.O.R. Supp. (No. 46) at 245, U.N. Doc. A/34/46, 1316 U.N.T.S. 205, T.I.A.S. No. 11081, 18 I.L.M. 1456
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Oct. 21, 1986, 1520 U.N.T.S. 217 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Mar. 03, 1980, 1456 U.N.T.S.
101, T.I.A.S. 11080; 18 I.L.M. 1419
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving Interna-tional Civil Aviation, Feb. 24, 1988, 1589 U.N.T.S. 473, 27 I.L.M. 627
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Lo-cated on the Continental Shelf, Mar. 10, 1988, 1678 U.N.T.S. 304, 27 I.L.M. 685 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime
Naviga-tion, Mar. 10, 1988, 27 I.L.M. 668
Convention on the Rights of the Child, Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3
Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, Mar. 01, 1991, 30 I.L.M. 721
International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, Dec. 15, 1997, U.N.
Doc. A/RES/52/164, 37 I.L.M. 249, 2149 U.N.T.S. 284
International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, Dec. 09, 1999, U.N. Doc. A/RES/54/109; 39 I.L.M. 270; T.I.A.S. No. 13075
Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa, Oct. 22, 2002, African Commission on Human and peoples’ Rights, 32nd Session
Amendments to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, July 8, 2005, GOV/INF/2005/10-GC(49)/INF/6)
International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, Sept. 14, 2005, U.N. Doc. A/RES/59/290
Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, Oct. 14, 2005, I.M.O. Doc.
LEG/CONF. 15/22
Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Nov. 1, 2005, I.M.O. Doc. LEG/CONF.15/21
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Dec. 13, 2006, 2515 U.N.T.S. 3 Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation,
opened on Sept. 10, 2010, I.C.A.O. Doc. 9960
（五）國際官方組織文件
Commission Decision 2004/535/EC, 2004 O.J. L 235/11 (May 14, 2004) Council Decision 2004/496/EC, 2004 O.J. L 183/83 (May 17, 2004)
Council Decision 2007/551/CFSP/JHA on the signing, on behalf of the European Union, of an Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data by air carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) (2007 PNR Agreement), 2007 O.J. L 204/16 (July 23, 2007)
Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA on the protection of personal data processed in the framework of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, 2008 O.J. L 350/60 (Nov. 27, 2008)
Directive EU 2016/680/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protec-tion of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA (Apr. 27, 2016)
Directive EU 2016/681/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) Data for the Prevention, Detection, Investigation and Prosecution of Terrorist Offences and Serious Crime (Apr. 27, 2016)
G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/48/122 (Dec. 20, 1993) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/48/141 (Dec. 20, 1993) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/49/60 (Dec. 9, 1994) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/57/219 (Dec. 18, 2002)
G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/58/136 (Dec. 22, 2003) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/58/187 (Dec. 22, 2003) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/59/153 (Dec. 20, 2004) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/288 (Sept. 8, 2006) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/61/171 (Dec. 19, 2006) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/63/185 (Dec. 18, 2008) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/64/168 (Dec. 18, 2009) G.A. Res. U.N. Doc. A/RES/68/167 (Dec. 18, 2013)
H.R.C. Res. 7/36, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/7/36 (Mar. 28, 2008) S. C. Res. 1267, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1267 (Oct. 15, 1999)
H.R.C. Res. 7/36, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/7/36 (Mar. 28, 2008) S. C. Res. 1267, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1267 (Oct. 15, 1999)