電子證據之證據適格

所謂證據適格又稱為證據能力，係指證據對於待證事實可為 證據方法之資格而言。聯合國國際貿易法委員會在一九八五年十 八屆會議上建議各國： 審查涉及使用電腦記錄作為訴訟證據的 法律規則，以便消除對其使用所造成的不必要障礙，確保這些規 則符合技術發展²⁴。而聯合國於一九九六年公布之電子商務模範 法第五條對電子資訊的法律承認規定：不得僅僅以某項訊息採用 電子資訊形式為理由而否定其法律效力、有效性或執行性²⁵。第 九條第一項則進一步對電子資訊作為證據加以規定：在任何法律 訴訟中，證據規則之適用在不得以該證據係電子證據或以電子證 據非原件為由而否認一項電子證據作為證據的可接性受性²⁶。

24 齊愛民、徐亮著，電子商務法原理與實務，頁 221，武漢大學出版社，2001 年 3 月。

25 See Article 5 of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, ”Information shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforce- ability solely on the grounds that it is in the form of a data message.”

26 See Article 9 of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, ” (1) In any legal proceedings, nothing in the application of the rules of evidence shall apply so as to deny the admissibility of a data message in evidence:(a) on the sole ground that it is a data message; or, (b) if it is the best evidence that the person adducing it could reasonably be expected to obtain, on the grounds that it is not in its

5.2.3.1 英美法系

英美國家在證據法上，認為須為直接且相關之證據方具 有證據方法之適格。電子證據是否具有證據適格，則必須分 別根據英美法上之傳聞法則及最佳證據原則加以分析。

一、傳聞法則（Hearsay Rule）

英美法上著重供述證據，即經由供述者對於有關其 親 自 體 驗 之 事 實 ， 經 由 知 覺 （ perception ）、 記 憶

（memory）、表現（sincerity）、敘述（narration）等 過程，最後達到法庭之法官之認知，而對於待證事實予 以證明。若對於該事實，並非由其親身見聞，而係經由 他人口頭之傳述²⁷者， 即屬於傳聞證據，當事人不能在 審判中對該證人進行反對詢問，且證據無法在法庭上由 法官親自調查，具有危險性，是以認傳聞證據原則上不 具有證據適格。但英美法上對於傳聞證據定有許多例外 規定，亦即在具有可信性的客觀環境中，例外地承認傳 聞證據具有證據適格。其中與電子證據較有關有：商業 記錄例外及公共記錄例外。依聯邦證據規則（Federal Rule of Evidence）第八百零三條第六項規定：「藉由資 料的傳送，或由知悉之人所作成的備忘錄、報告、記錄 或資料編纂，而記錄任何之形式、行為、事件、條件、

意見、診斷，於發生該事件之時或稍後作成者；若以其 商業活動的慣常行為而保存，以及藉由商品交易的證實 或其他具有證詞資格者所能顯示出來，並為其實務上慣 行的活動而作成備忘錄、報告、資料編纂者。但該資訊

original form.”

27 一般而言，傳聞證據並非僅限於口語傳述，其有下列四種形式：（1）證人在法庭上傳述對重要 事實有直接知覺之人在法庭外所作之陳述。（2）在法庭外將原證人之供述製成筆錄，於審判中，

將該書面提出於法庭當作證據。（3）原證人將證言內容寫成書面，而於審判時，將該書面提出 於法庭當作證據。（4）原證人將證言內容錄成錄音（即供述錄音），而於審判時，將該錄音提 出於法庭當作證據。見黃朝義，刑事證據法研究，頁173，元照出版社，1999 年 5 月。

來源或客觀環境顯示出欠缺可信性者，不在此限；而本 memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if it was the regular practice of that business activity to make the memorandum, report, record or data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness, or by certification that complies with Rule 902(11), Rule 902(12), or a statute permitting certification, unless the source of

information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness. The term

"business" as used in this paragraph includes business, institution, association, profession, occupation, and calling of every kind, whether or not conducted for profit.”

29 See Rule 803 of Federal Rule of Evidence , ” (8) Public records and reports. Records, reports, statements, or data compilations, in any form, of public offices or agencies, setting forth (A) the activities of the office or agency, or (B) matters observed pursuant to duty imposed by law as to which matters there was a duty to report, excluding, however, in criminal cases matters observed by police officers and other law enforcement personnel, or (C) in civil actions and proceedings and against the Government in criminal cases, factual findings resulting from an investigation made pursuant to authority granted by law, unless the sources of information or other circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.”

30 132 N.W. 2d 871,（Neb. 1965）.

31 美國證據法學者認為法院在認定電子證據可信性的標準過於浮濫，電腦系統具有脆弱性之特 點，應經由專家釋明電腦系統具有可信性為宜。See Benjamin Wright & Jane K. Winn, THE LAW

二、最佳證據原則（Best Evidence Rule）

OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ,7-13.

32 See Article 8 of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, ”(1) Where the law requires information to be presented or retained in its original form, that requirement is met by a data message if:(a) there exists a reliable assurance as to the integrity of the information from the time when it was first generated in its final form, as a data message or otherwise; and (b) where it is required that information be presented, that information is capable of being displayed to the person to whom it is

詞定義第三項就「原件」所為之定義而得到解決，該條

to be presented. (2) Paragraph (1) applies whether the requirement therein is in the form of an obligation or whether the law simply provides consequences for the information not being presented or retained in its original form.(3) For the purposes of subparagraph (a) of paragraph (1):(a) the criteria for assessing integrity shall be whether the information has remained complete and unaltered, apart from the addition of any endorsement and any change which arises in the normal course of communication, storage and display; and (b) the standard of reliability required shall be assessed in the light of the purpose for which the information was generated and in the light of all the relevant circumstances.”

33 See Rule 1001 of Federal Rule of Evidence , ” (3) Original. An "original" of a writing or recording is the writing or recording itself or any counterpart intended to have the same effect by a person executing or issuing it. An "original" of a photograph includes the negative or any print therefrom. If data are stored in a computer or similar device, any printout or other output readable by sight, shown to reflect the data accurately, is an "original.”

34 張格明，網路金融相關法律問題研究，頁 397，私立東吳法律學系研究所碩士論文，89 年 6 月。

制，除非當事人間有明示證據限制契約之約定，否則，自無 從排除電子文件作為證據方法³⁵。