III. Methodology
3.5 Implementation of Research
1. Research time and place 1) Pilot test
After collecting and analyzing related literatures, a pilot test was formed, and after all the questionnaires have been examined by expert for validity, the pilot test was then handed out on March 8th and March 9th, 2014 to participants from T2 LIGA Southern Division.
2) Formal questionnaires
The formal questionnaires on the study of passion, enduring involvement and well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei were handed out on March 29th and March 30th, 2014 to T2 LIGA Northern Division. The researcher in this research is also a soccer player who currently plays on the Taiwan Women’s National Soccer Team of Taiwan; therefore, the researcher received a lot of help from the chairman of the T2 LIGA, coaches and participants from different teams. Two weeks before distributing the questionnaires to participants, the researchers called each club team coaches to explain what the questionnaires was about, after obtaining the consent of the coach, the researcher handed out the questionnaires individually to each participants to fill out. And with the help from the chairman of T2 LIGA, coaches, and players, there were a total validity of 300 questionnaires collected.
3) Completion of formal questionnaires
The researcher applied the measurement process in the questionnaires, by handing out each questionnaire directly to each participant, this way the accuracy of the questionnaires and the results of the questionnaires are higher. A total of 300 questionnaires were handed out, with a return rate of 100%. All 300 questionnaires were valid for data processing. Finally, all questionnaires were processed in IBM SPSS 22.0 for windows for further analysis.
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3.6 Data Analysis
The questionnaires were obtained through formal test to be encrypted, data entry and inspection, and statistical analysis.
1. Data compilation: After questionnaires were completed and collated, the valid questionnaires were collected to be coded for input.
2. Statistical analysis: According to the research objectives, the statistical analysis was used to analysis research data, and to verify the research questions.
(1) Descriptive assessments
PASW 22.0 was conducted to analysis the descriptive statistics on all variables prior to using other statistical techniques. In addition, descriptive statistics helped identify the need for data transformations and any errors that might occur in data conversion.
(2) Inferential statistics
a. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis
Pearson correlation analysis was to test the linear relationship between passion and enduring involvement analysis, mainly in order to the degree of correlation between the two variables and whether the solution of significant relevance. And the degree of correlation between the two variables, generally indicated by the correlation
coefficient. Larger the correlation the absolute value of the coefficient, this meant the relationship between the two variables are close (Wu, 2006). This study used Pearson product-moment correlation to analysis the relationship between passion and enduring involvement.
b. Multiple regression analysis
Regression analysis was performed using a linear relationship to explain and predict when the independent variables affect the dependent variable of the study was more than one, using multiple regression model can incorporate a number of independent variables (Chiu, 2006). This study used multiple regression analysis to loop the
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relationship between passion and well-being; and enduring involvement and well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei.
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Chapter Four
Results and Discussions
The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationships among passion,
enduring involvement, and well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei. In order to address the primary research questions, the variables of passion, enduring involvement and well-being were assessed for soccer club participants in Taipei.
4.1 Statistical analyses of soccer club participants in Taipei
The results of the statistical analyses began with description of sample and the alpha reliabilities for each measure. These are followed by the analyses for each research questions.
The first question addressed the relationship between the differences in each variant and demographic background. The second question addressed the relationship between passion and enduring involvement. The third question addressed the relationship between passions towards well-being. And the fourth question addressed the relationship between enduring involvements towards well-being.
From the soccer club participants in Taipei, 300 participants were the research subjects of this research, with a return rate of 100%, and all 300 questionnaires were valid for data
processing.
1. Results of research 1) Gender
From the participants of 2013-2014 T2 LIGA soccer clubs in Taipei, the effective sample size of gender was mostly males with 290 participants (96.7%), on the other hand, there was only 10 females (3.3%).
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Table 19
Gender Allocation Table
Gender Frequency Percentage (%)
Male 290 96.7%
Female 10 3.3%
Total 300 100%
2) Age
From the participants of 2013-2014 T2 LIGA soccer clubs in Taipei, most of the participants are aged between 21-30 years old (73%); from the ages between 31-40 years old, the total participants is 50 (16.7%); from the age of 20 and under, there are 28 participants representing at 9.3%; and between the ages of 41-50, there are only 3 participants (1.0%).
Table 20
Age Allocation Table
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
Under 20 28 9.3%
21-30 219 73.0%
31-40 50 16.7%
41-50 3 1.0%
Total 300 100%
3) Education level
From the participants of 2013-2014 T2 LIGA soccer clubs in Taipei, there are 252 participants who graduated from college/ university, representing at 84%; on the other
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hand, there are 36 participants who are postgraduates (master & doctor) representing at 12%; and from the 300 participants, only 12 participants are graduates from senior high (4.0%).
Table 21
Educational Level Allocation Table
Educational Level Frequency Percentage (%)
Senior High 12 4.0%
College / University 252 84.0%
Postgraduate (master & doctor)
36 12.0%
Total 300 100%
4) Job status
From the participants of 2013-2014 T2 LIGA soccer clubs in Taipei, 160 are employed, representing at 53.3%; 122 participants are students (40.7%); and 18 participants are unemployed (6.0%).
Table 22
Job Status Allocation Table
Job Status Frequency Percentage (%)
Employment 160 53.3%
Unemployment 18 6.0%
Student 122 40.7%
Total 300 100%
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5) Number of years participating in soccer
From the participants of 2013-2014 T2 LIGA soccer clubs in Taipei, 217
participants participated in soccer over seven years or more representing at 72.3%; there are 31 participants who participated in soccer over five years but less than seven years (10.3%); 27 participants who participated in soccer over one years but less than three years representing at 9.0%; and 25 participants who participated in soccer over three years but less than five years representing at 8.3%.
Table 23
Number of years in Participation Allocation Table Number of years in
Participation
Frequency Percentage (%)
Over 1 year but less than 3 years 27 9.0%
Over 3 years but less than 5 years 25 8.3%
Over 5 years but less than 7 years 31 10.3%
Over 7 years or more 217 72.3%
Total 300 100%
6) How many times a month in practicing soccer
From the participants of 2013-2014 T2 LIGA soccer clubs in Taipei, a total of 162 participants practiced soccer once to five times a week (54%); participants who practiced six to ten times a week has 86 participants (28.7%); and participants who practices 11 times a week or more have 26 participants, overall of 8.7%.
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Table 24
Number of Practice in a Month Allocation Table
Number of Practice Frequency Percentage
1-5 times 162 54.0%
6-10 times 86 28.7%
11-15 times 26 8.7%
16 times or more 26 8.7%
Total 300 100%
2. Discussion
From the demographic backgrounds, T2 LIGA soccer club participants are mostly male participants and only 3.3% are female participants. In T2 LIGA, most of the teams are aggressive during league games, therefore, not a lot of female participants are involved, and this would explain the result differences between male and female participation percentage.
Soccer is usually considered more of masculine sport; therefore, the participation rates in females are low. Most of the participants are aged between 21-30 years old; between these ages, the participants are able to practice soccer at least once a week, and play in a league game in the weekend. Participants who are between these ages are mostly all graduates from college/ university and for most all employed. A lot of these participants have participated in soccer for over seven years or more, therefore, most of these participants have played soccer when they were back in junior high school or senior high school. Due to a lot of the
participants are employed, the frequency in practice time per week would decrease to an average of once to five times per week.
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4.2 The relationship between passion and enduring involvement of soccer club participants in Taipei
From the Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, correlation matrix was obtained to examine the direction and strength of relationships between the total scores and criterion variables. The results between passion and enduring involvement are shown on Table 25.
Passion and enduring involvement proved significant (r = .812, p < .05).
Table 25
Note. SWLS = the satisfaction with life scale; E.I. = enduring involvement
*p < .05
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From the data above, the items showed significance between passion and enduring involvement of soccer club participants at 81.2%. The overall correlation between passion and enduring involvement was proven significant. From the significance of Pearson
product-moment correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis can be then tested between passion towards well-being, and enduring involvement towards well-being to test the
predictive power between the variables.
4.3 Multiple regression analysis of passion towards well-being in soccer club participants of Taipei
From determining the pattern of multiple regression analysis, examining whether there are multicollinearity between the independent variable, that is, whether the questions are correlated between the variables (Chiu, 2010). If the independent variables are highly relevant, it can affect the measurement assumptions of regression coefficients. Use factor analysis to check whether there is multicollinearity between the independent variables. In the multiple regression analysis with SPSS, select the Statistic of options of collinearity and partial correlation statistic. SPSS offers collinearity statistics including, VIF (variance inflation factor). The statistics are closely interrelated, if Tolerance is less, then the independent
variable is associated with other higher colinearity among these variables, or almost any other linear combinations of these variables.
Prior to testing the purpose of each question, several variables were tested in the multiple regression analysis. The variables in the regression analysis were done to determine whether or not any of these variables would account for significance. From the important role of well-being in this study, passion proved significant for both harmonious passion and obsessive passion; R2 = .161, F(2,297) = 28.426, p<.05, and with β =.111,.307, p < .05 respectively.
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Table 26
Multiple Regression Analysis of Passion towards Well-being
Variable β R2 R2Change FValue P Collinearity
Diagnostics Harmonious
passion
0.111 0.161 0.155 28.426 0.000 0.375 2.664
Obsessive passion
0.307 0.375 2.664
*p<.05
In this research, the predictive power for passion towards well-being is 16.1%,
“harmonious passion” and “obsessive passion.” Two variables have predictive ability towards well-being, among them “obsessive passion” has 30.7% compared to “harmonious passion” at 11.1%. The multiple regression equation is as follows:
Passion＝.111 Harmonious Passion + .307 Obsessive Passion
In summary, soccer club participates in Taipei showed the following: the two types of passion, “harmonious passion” and “obsessive passion” were significant correlated with well-being. Showing the two variables was able to predict well-being of soccer club participants. The overall predictive power was 16.1%. Predictive ability of each frame towards well-being, "obsessive passion" was the highest at 30.7%, and followed by
"harmonious passion" with the predictive power of 11.1%. It can be inferred, passion of soccer club participants in Taipei in this research can predict the overall well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei.
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4.4 Multiple regression analysis of enduring involvement towards well-being in soccer club participants of Taipei
Prior to testing the purpose of each question, several variables were tested in the multiple regression analysis. The variables in the regression analysis were done to determine whether or not any of these variables would account for significance. From the important role of well-being in this study, enduring involvement proved significant towards attraction,
centrality, self-expression; R2 = .303, F(3,296) = 42.962, p<.05, and with β = 0.271, .317, .299, p < .05 respectively.
Table 27
Multiple Regression Analysis of Enduring Involvement towards Well-being
Variable β R2 R2Chang
e
FValue P Collinearity Diagnostics Attraction 0.271 0.303 0.296 42.962 0.000 0.324 2.983
Centrality 0.317 0.348 2.871
Self-expression 0.299 0.336 2.979
*p<.05
In this research, the predictive power for enduring involvement towards well-being is 30.3%, “attraction,” “centrality” and “self-expression.” The three variables have predictive ability towards well-being, among them “centrality” has the highest predictive power at 31.7% compared to “self-expression” at 29.9% and “attraction” at 27.1%. The multiple regression equation is as follows:
Enduring Involvement＝.271 Attraction + .317 Centrality + .299 Self-expression In summary, soccer club participates in Taipei showed the following: the three types of enduring involvement, “attraction,” “centrality” and “self-expression” were significant correlated with well-being. Showing the three variables was able to predict well-being of
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soccer club participants. The overall predictive power was 30.3%. Predictive ability of each frame towards well-being, "centrality" was the highest at 31.7%, followed by
"self-expression" with the predictive power of 29.9% and “attraction” the lowest at 27.1%. It can be inferred, enduring involvement of soccer club participants in Taipei of this research can predict the overall well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei.
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Chapter Five
Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter was divided into three sections; summary of findings, implementations and limitations, and recommendations for future researches.
5.1 Summary of Findings
According to the findings of the research, there are some discussions and suggestions related to the purposes of this research. Increasing participation in recreational activities increases an individual’s level of well-being (Lu & Argyle, 1994). However, when evaluating the importance of recreational activities, it is not only the behavioral aspect of frequency in participation that should be considered. For example, participants who are active in recreation are positively recognition to benefits from the activity and will participate again (Frey &
Stutzer, 2002).
Furthermore, this study provided supports for the contention of passion towards
well-being with a predictive power of 16.1%; enduring involvement towards well-being with a predictive power of 30.3%. The immediate social context of people’s lives, as well as broader societal values and structures, may affect not only leisure participation, but also the personal relevance and meaning associated with leisure (Argyle, 1987). The importance of leisure brings the participants a decisive impact towards leisure activity. Meaningful leisure activity was the source of well-being. Leisure was regarded as an important measure of perceived wellness (Lu & Argyle, 1994).
Research Question One
From the demographic backgrounds, most of the participants are males, only 3.3% are female participants. From these participants, most are aged between 21-30 years old who
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graduated from college/ university. From the data shown, 54% of the participants participate in soccer once to five times a week; this was due to the employment of 53.3%. From the 300 participants, 217 of them have participated in soccer for over seven or more years; this would state, most participants have started playing soccer while they were back in junior high school or senior high school. All the participants in this research have a least participated in soccer over one year but less than three years. And from these participants, 54% of them practice soccer once to five times a month, 28.7% of the participants practice six to ten times a month.
From the data given, most of the participants are adults who are mostly employed, therefore, the practice times would be low.
Research Question Two
Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was between sets of data measuring between passion and enduring involvement of soccer club participants in Taipei. In this research, it showed the linear relationship between passion and enduring involvement. From the data shown in Table 25, passion and enduring involvement showed significance with other another. The total passion and enduring involvement showed significance at 81.2%. Therefore, increasing soccer club participants’ harmonious passion, obsessive passion, attraction,
centrality, and self-expression can be an aid to increasing the overall significance. From increasing passion of soccer club participants would increase enduring involvement.
Encouraging participants to participate in soccer can significantly increase passion. This concluded, passion and enduring involvement was significant and linked to one another.
Therefore, from the significance of Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis can be then tested between passion towards well-being, and enduring involvement towards well-being to test the predictive power between the variables.
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Research Question Three
In this research, the predictive power for passion towards well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei was 16.1%. From the multiple regression analysis, harmonious passion and obsessive passion are associated with well-being; therefore, passion was significant towards well-being. The integrated Fvalue was significant; therefore value of beta showed significance. The value of collinearity diagnostics reached the values for passion towards well-being. Passion was an important factor which influenced well-being of soccer club participants; this was due to the increase in passion. Increasing the level of passion will increase the overall well-being in soccer club participants. Furthermore, in a more general sense, this research provided support for passion towards well-being showing the predictive power at 16.1%. However, this would not be concluded that all soccer clubs from other cities or countries would have the same result. One limitation of this study was, the study only focused on soccer club participants in Taipei. The extent to which the findings are applicable to other sports and leisure activities should be examined empirically. Nevertheless, the
insights gained from this study may have the potential to enhance theoretical understanding of the relationship between passion and well-being.
Research Question Four
In this research, the predictive power for enduring involvement towards well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei was 30.3%. From the multiple regression analysis, attraction, centrality and self-expression are all associated with well-being; therefore, enduring involvement was significant towards well-being. The integrated Fvalue was
significant; therefore value of beta showed significance. The value of collinearity diagnostics reached the values for enduring involvement towards well-being. Enduring involvement was an important factor which influenced well-being of soccer club participants; this was due to the increase in enduring involvement. Increasing the level of enduring involvement will
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increase the overall well-being in soccer club participants. Furthermore, in a more general sense, this research provided support for enduring involvement towards well-being showing the predictive power at 30.3%. The immediate social context of people’s lives, as well as broader societal values and structures, may affect not only in increasing towards enduring involvement but the overall well-being. However, this would not be concluded that all soccer clubs from other cities or countries would have the same result. One limitation of this study was, the study only focused on soccer club participants in Taipei. The extent to which the findings are applicable to other sports and leisure activities should be examined empirically.
Nevertheless, the insights gained from this study may have the potential to enhance
theoretical understanding of the relationship between enduring involvement and well-being.
5.2 Implementations and Limitations
Several limitations of this research are noted. The researcher sampled soccer club participants from a league in Taipei. Thus, it is only possible to generalize the results to this group. The group was also self-selected and provided self-report, survey data – all factors contained own set of inherent limitations. For example, it is not possible to determine how respondents might have differed from non-respondents (i.e., those who chose not to participate). The characteristics of this group might differ in unknown ways according to passion, enduring involvement and well-being. Also, there may be a discrepancy between the accuracy of self-reported experiences and overt behavior, perhaps inviting response bias to influence responses. These problems may have impacted item responses.
5.3 Recommendations for Future Researches
Recommendations for future researches are as followed:
1. From different demographic backgrounds, participants between the ages of 21-30 had a high percentage holding at 73%. This finding lead us to believe that, soccer clubs should
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attract more attention towards the participants in this group to increase the amount of
participants to participate in club soccer. Between this age group, more club soccer teams can
participants to participate in club soccer. Between this age group, more club soccer teams can