IV. Results and Discussions
4.2 The relationship between passion and enduring involvement of soccer club participants
From the Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, correlation matrix was obtained to examine the direction and strength of relationships between the total scores and criterion variables. The results between passion and enduring involvement are shown on Table 25.
Passion and enduring involvement proved significant (r = .812, p < .05).
Table 25
Note. SWLS = the satisfaction with life scale; E.I. = enduring involvement
*p < .05
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From the data above, the items showed significance between passion and enduring involvement of soccer club participants at 81.2%. The overall correlation between passion and enduring involvement was proven significant. From the significance of Pearson
product-moment correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis can be then tested between passion towards well-being, and enduring involvement towards well-being to test the
predictive power between the variables.
4.3 Multiple regression analysis of passion towards well-being in soccer club participants of Taipei
From determining the pattern of multiple regression analysis, examining whether there are multicollinearity between the independent variable, that is, whether the questions are correlated between the variables (Chiu, 2010). If the independent variables are highly relevant, it can affect the measurement assumptions of regression coefficients. Use factor analysis to check whether there is multicollinearity between the independent variables. In the multiple regression analysis with SPSS, select the Statistic of options of collinearity and partial correlation statistic. SPSS offers collinearity statistics including, VIF (variance inflation factor). The statistics are closely interrelated, if Tolerance is less, then the independent
variable is associated with other higher colinearity among these variables, or almost any other linear combinations of these variables.
Prior to testing the purpose of each question, several variables were tested in the multiple regression analysis. The variables in the regression analysis were done to determine whether or not any of these variables would account for significance. From the important role of well-being in this study, passion proved significant for both harmonious passion and obsessive passion; R2 = .161, F(2,297) = 28.426, p<.05, and with β =.111,.307, p < .05 respectively.
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Table 26
Multiple Regression Analysis of Passion towards Well-being
Variable β R2 R2Change FValue P Collinearity
Diagnostics Harmonious
passion
0.111 0.161 0.155 28.426 0.000 0.375 2.664
Obsessive passion
0.307 0.375 2.664
*p<.05
In this research, the predictive power for passion towards well-being is 16.1%,
“harmonious passion” and “obsessive passion.” Two variables have predictive ability towards well-being, among them “obsessive passion” has 30.7% compared to “harmonious passion” at 11.1%. The multiple regression equation is as follows:
Passion＝.111 Harmonious Passion + .307 Obsessive Passion
In summary, soccer club participates in Taipei showed the following: the two types of passion, “harmonious passion” and “obsessive passion” were significant correlated with well-being. Showing the two variables was able to predict well-being of soccer club participants. The overall predictive power was 16.1%. Predictive ability of each frame towards well-being, "obsessive passion" was the highest at 30.7%, and followed by
"harmonious passion" with the predictive power of 11.1%. It can be inferred, passion of soccer club participants in Taipei in this research can predict the overall well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei.
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4.4 Multiple regression analysis of enduring involvement towards well-being in soccer club participants of Taipei
Prior to testing the purpose of each question, several variables were tested in the multiple regression analysis. The variables in the regression analysis were done to determine whether or not any of these variables would account for significance. From the important role of well-being in this study, enduring involvement proved significant towards attraction,
centrality, self-expression; R2 = .303, F(3,296) = 42.962, p<.05, and with β = 0.271, .317, .299, p < .05 respectively.
Table 27
Multiple Regression Analysis of Enduring Involvement towards Well-being
Variable β R2 R2Chang
e
FValue P Collinearity Diagnostics Attraction 0.271 0.303 0.296 42.962 0.000 0.324 2.983
Centrality 0.317 0.348 2.871
Self-expression 0.299 0.336 2.979
*p<.05
In this research, the predictive power for enduring involvement towards well-being is 30.3%, “attraction,” “centrality” and “self-expression.” The three variables have predictive ability towards well-being, among them “centrality” has the highest predictive power at 31.7% compared to “self-expression” at 29.9% and “attraction” at 27.1%. The multiple regression equation is as follows:
Enduring Involvement＝.271 Attraction + .317 Centrality + .299 Self-expression In summary, soccer club participates in Taipei showed the following: the three types of enduring involvement, “attraction,” “centrality” and “self-expression” were significant correlated with well-being. Showing the three variables was able to predict well-being of
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soccer club participants. The overall predictive power was 30.3%. Predictive ability of each frame towards well-being, "centrality" was the highest at 31.7%, followed by
"self-expression" with the predictive power of 29.9% and “attraction” the lowest at 27.1%. It can be inferred, enduring involvement of soccer club participants in Taipei of this research can predict the overall well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei.
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Chapter Five
Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter was divided into three sections; summary of findings, implementations and limitations, and recommendations for future researches.
5.1 Summary of Findings
According to the findings of the research, there are some discussions and suggestions related to the purposes of this research. Increasing participation in recreational activities increases an individual’s level of well-being (Lu & Argyle, 1994). However, when evaluating the importance of recreational activities, it is not only the behavioral aspect of frequency in participation that should be considered. For example, participants who are active in recreation are positively recognition to benefits from the activity and will participate again (Frey &
Stutzer, 2002).
Furthermore, this study provided supports for the contention of passion towards
well-being with a predictive power of 16.1%; enduring involvement towards well-being with a predictive power of 30.3%. The immediate social context of people’s lives, as well as broader societal values and structures, may affect not only leisure participation, but also the personal relevance and meaning associated with leisure (Argyle, 1987). The importance of leisure brings the participants a decisive impact towards leisure activity. Meaningful leisure activity was the source of well-being. Leisure was regarded as an important measure of perceived wellness (Lu & Argyle, 1994).
Research Question One
From the demographic backgrounds, most of the participants are males, only 3.3% are female participants. From these participants, most are aged between 21-30 years old who
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graduated from college/ university. From the data shown, 54% of the participants participate in soccer once to five times a week; this was due to the employment of 53.3%. From the 300 participants, 217 of them have participated in soccer for over seven or more years; this would state, most participants have started playing soccer while they were back in junior high school or senior high school. All the participants in this research have a least participated in soccer over one year but less than three years. And from these participants, 54% of them practice soccer once to five times a month, 28.7% of the participants practice six to ten times a month.
From the data given, most of the participants are adults who are mostly employed, therefore, the practice times would be low.
Research Question Two
Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was between sets of data measuring between passion and enduring involvement of soccer club participants in Taipei. In this research, it showed the linear relationship between passion and enduring involvement. From the data shown in Table 25, passion and enduring involvement showed significance with other another. The total passion and enduring involvement showed significance at 81.2%. Therefore, increasing soccer club participants’ harmonious passion, obsessive passion, attraction,
centrality, and self-expression can be an aid to increasing the overall significance. From increasing passion of soccer club participants would increase enduring involvement.
Encouraging participants to participate in soccer can significantly increase passion. This concluded, passion and enduring involvement was significant and linked to one another.
Therefore, from the significance of Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis can be then tested between passion towards well-being, and enduring involvement towards well-being to test the predictive power between the variables.
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Research Question Three
In this research, the predictive power for passion towards well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei was 16.1%. From the multiple regression analysis, harmonious passion and obsessive passion are associated with well-being; therefore, passion was significant towards well-being. The integrated Fvalue was significant; therefore value of beta showed significance. The value of collinearity diagnostics reached the values for passion towards well-being. Passion was an important factor which influenced well-being of soccer club participants; this was due to the increase in passion. Increasing the level of passion will increase the overall well-being in soccer club participants. Furthermore, in a more general sense, this research provided support for passion towards well-being showing the predictive power at 16.1%. However, this would not be concluded that all soccer clubs from other cities or countries would have the same result. One limitation of this study was, the study only focused on soccer club participants in Taipei. The extent to which the findings are applicable to other sports and leisure activities should be examined empirically. Nevertheless, the
insights gained from this study may have the potential to enhance theoretical understanding of the relationship between passion and well-being.
Research Question Four
In this research, the predictive power for enduring involvement towards well-being of soccer club participants in Taipei was 30.3%. From the multiple regression analysis, attraction, centrality and self-expression are all associated with well-being; therefore, enduring involvement was significant towards well-being. The integrated Fvalue was
significant; therefore value of beta showed significance. The value of collinearity diagnostics reached the values for enduring involvement towards well-being. Enduring involvement was an important factor which influenced well-being of soccer club participants; this was due to the increase in enduring involvement. Increasing the level of enduring involvement will
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increase the overall well-being in soccer club participants. Furthermore, in a more general sense, this research provided support for enduring involvement towards well-being showing the predictive power at 30.3%. The immediate social context of people’s lives, as well as broader societal values and structures, may affect not only in increasing towards enduring involvement but the overall well-being. However, this would not be concluded that all soccer clubs from other cities or countries would have the same result. One limitation of this study was, the study only focused on soccer club participants in Taipei. The extent to which the findings are applicable to other sports and leisure activities should be examined empirically.
Nevertheless, the insights gained from this study may have the potential to enhance
theoretical understanding of the relationship between enduring involvement and well-being.
5.2 Implementations and Limitations
Several limitations of this research are noted. The researcher sampled soccer club participants from a league in Taipei. Thus, it is only possible to generalize the results to this group. The group was also self-selected and provided self-report, survey data – all factors contained own set of inherent limitations. For example, it is not possible to determine how respondents might have differed from non-respondents (i.e., those who chose not to participate). The characteristics of this group might differ in unknown ways according to passion, enduring involvement and well-being. Also, there may be a discrepancy between the accuracy of self-reported experiences and overt behavior, perhaps inviting response bias to influence responses. These problems may have impacted item responses.
5.3 Recommendations for Future Researches
Recommendations for future researches are as followed:
1. From different demographic backgrounds, participants between the ages of 21-30 had a high percentage holding at 73%. This finding lead us to believe that, soccer clubs should
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attract more attention towards the participants in this group to increase the amount of
participants to participate in club soccer. Between this age group, more club soccer teams can be developed due to the participation percentage showed from this research.
2. In this research, participation in soccer can bring many advantages towards overall well-being in life. There are a lot of pressures from family and work which can damage individual’s well-being. Good life qualities are built around overall well-being in life. By increasing passion and enduring involvement in soccer will help gain the overall well-being in life. Therefore, soccer participants can increase the number of participation for better life qualities.
3. From this research of soccer club participants in Taipei, further researchers can consider examining other soccer clubs outside of Taipei, or from different leagues among two or three cities. Moreover, this research focused on T2 LIGA of the Northern division; however other researches can be based on T2 LIGA of the Southern division. The results from both divisions can be further compared.
4. After comparing the results of soccer club participants in Taiwan, further researches can investigate passion, enduring involvement and well-being of National Teams around the World. The comparisons between different countries and different National Teams might change the value of passion, enduring involvement and well-being compared to T2 LIGA in Taiwan.
5. This research used quantitative research methods, according to the researchers for revising the questionnaire, data are obtained from the participant's intuitive reaction, unable to obtain qualitative research complements may not be sufficiently comprehensive. In terms of future research, may join the qualitative research for in-depth interviews in order to collect more complete and thorough data. Doing so also makes the research instruments for further application and verification, and more extensive research in this area.
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