論科學與教育：一個批判的角度

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䌳㋗廅ġ

朄⭄⣏⬠㔁做䞼䨞㇨㔁㌰㓞䧧㖍㛇烉2013⸜11㚰2㖍炻㍍⍿↲䘣㖍㛇烉2014 ⸜5㚰13㖍ˤ * _{デ嫅ℑỵ⋧⎵⮑㞍Ṣ㍸ὃ⮞屜䘬ᾖ㓡シ夳ˤ}

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ύЎᄔा

ⶍ㤕朑␥ẍἮ炻Ṣ栆䘬䥹⬠冯㈨埻䘬䘤㖶ἧ⼿䴻㾇䘤⯽㫋㫋⎹㥖炻䚠⮵⛘炻 ḇ≈忇Ḯ䣦㚫䘬嬲怟炻⁛䴙₡ῤ冯佺὿⛐䥹⬠堅㑲ᷳᶳ炻⸦᷶ⳑ㼘㬮䚉烊忁℞ ᷕ炻䥹⬠⮵㔁做䘬⼙枧㚜㗗㶙怈炻䥹⬠冯㔁做Ụ㗗忋橼⫘炻⾶湤↮ḇ↮ᶵ攳炻䥹⬠ᶵ⁭㗗⬠㟉㔁做ㆸ㓿䘬斄挝炻⛐姙⣂䴙㱣侭䚳Ἦ炻忁ℑ侭䓂军斄Ὢ⇘㔜ᾳ ⚳⭞䘬䪞䇕≃ˤ㛔㔯☸娎⽆㈡⇌䎮婾Ἦ⍵䚩䥹⬠炻⯌℞㗗㔁做⇞⹎墉䘬䥹⬠ン ⹎ʇ⮎嫱ᷣ佑ˤ 斄挝斄挝斄挝斄挝⫿⫿烉⫿⫿烉烉烉䥹⬠䥹⬠䥹⬠䥹⬠ˣˣˣˣ㔁做㔁做㔁做ˣ㔁做ˣ⮎嫱ᷣ佑ˣˣ⮎嫱ᷣ佑⮎嫱ᷣ佑ˣ⮎嫱ᷣ佑ˣˣシ嬀⼊ンˣシ嬀⼊ンシ嬀⼊ンˣシ嬀⼊ンˣˣˣ㈡⇌䎮婾㈡⇌䎮婾㈡⇌䎮婾㈡⇌䎮婾

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On Science and Education: A Critical Perspective

Chen-Hui Wang

Professor of Graduate Institute of Education, Providence University

Abstract

Human’s science and tech invention make economic development thriving since industrial revolution. And social changes also accelerated relatively. Traditional value and customs almost crash out under science’s impacting. And the effect of science on education more is far-reaching. Science and education joined friendly. Science is not only the key of school education, but also is related to entire national competitiveness in many rulers’ point. This article attempts to reflect on science from critical theory, especially scientific attitude in the education system -- -positivism.

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⛐䵚嶗ᶲ挝ℍˬ䎦ẋ㔁做˭⚃ᾳ⫿炻椾⃰↢䎦⛐䵚枩䘬㗗ˬ䘦⹎䘦䥹˭⏲ 姜ㆹᾹ烉ˬ䎦ẋ㔁做䘬㟠⽫㗗䥹⬠㔁做ˤ㔁做䘬ℏ⭡㗗䥹⬠䘬炻㔁做䘬㕡㱽ḇ㗗䥹⬠䘬˭ˤ1_{ḳ⮎㗗炻䎦⛐⣏悐↮㔁做ⶍἄ侭⮵䥹⬠⶚䴻⇘Ḯ䚚䚖ⲯ㊄䘬⛘㬍Ḯ炻} 䓐ˬ䱦䡢䘬(冒䃞)䥹⬠㕡㱽˭Ἦ䞼䨞㔁做⓷柴塓⣱䁢慹䥹䌱⼳炻⤪㝄婘天䞼䨞㔁做㔁⬠炻⽭䃞天䓐㬠䲵䞼䨞䘬㕡㱽␴䴙妰⬠䘬䞍嬀ˤ ⛐䔞ẋ炻㔁做冯䥹⬠Ụ㗗忋橼⫘炻⾶湤↮ḇ↮ᶵ攳炻⬫ᶵ⁭㗗⬠㟉㔁做ㆸ 㓿䘬斄挝炻忁ℑ侭䓂军斄Ὢ⇘㔜ᾳ⚳⭞䘬䪞䇕≃炻ἳ⤪ẍᶳ䘬⟙⮶烉 ਥᏵኻࢪπ୘ᆅ౛ᏢଣȐInseadȑޑനཥࣴزൔ֋Ǵѐԃӄౚനڀബཥૈ Κޑ࿶ᔮᡏǴ҅ࢂᎁډߎᑼੇቖտᏘޑӇ৞ǶԶ٥ࢪӦ୔നڀബཥΚޑ࿶ᔮᡏ ࢂ३ෝǴ௨ӜಃΟǶѠ᡼௨Ӝӄౚಃ25Ƕ ٩ྣኻࢪπ୘ᆅ౛Ꮲଣᆶӑࡋπ཰ᖄӝ཮ȐCIIȑፓࢗޑ2010ԃࡋȨӄౚബ ཥࡰኧȩȐGIIȑǴऍ୯வচҁޑ߷ैӦՏ௞ډಃ11ӜǶ३ෝ߾ڗжচҁ٥ࢪۚ߷ ޑཥуڵǴԋࣁ٥ࢪಃ΋ǶཥуڵϞԃ௨ӜӄౚಃΎǶ ೭໨ፓࢗ٩ྣ஑ճҹኧǵࣽᏢයтวՉໆǵࣴวЍрКख़ǵ௲ػำࡋаϷ ബཥૈΚӵՖЍኖޗ཮ᅽճǵᝡݾΚᆶ࿶ᔮԋߏޑӚ໨ाનǴᆕӝ๏рϩኧᆶ ௨ӜǶ ऍ୯௨Ӝӧҁԃࡋε൯Πफ़ޑচӢǴЬाࢂӢࣁ୷ᘵ௲ػНྗό٫Ȑӄౚ ಃ22ȑǵࣽמ୷ᘵࡌ೛ό٫Ȑӄౚಃ22ȑаϷрαᆶ൩཰ރݩό٫Ȑӄౚಃ24ȑǶ ࣬ჹӦǴҁԃࡋۚ߷ޑӇ৞ᏃᆅӢߎᑼੇቖԶӧ୘཰מૈ΢௨Ӝό٫Ǵՠ ӧ௲ػаϷࣽמ୷ᘵࡌ೛΢߄౜ؼӳǴ᏾ᡏϦӅࡌ೛ࠔ፦׳ࢂӄౚന٫Ƕ 1 baike.baidu.com/view/714911.htm 2 _{姀侭昛⭞滲炻} ˨ℐ䎫∝㕘≃ ⅘Ⲟ䫔ᶨ ⎘䀋ℐ䎫䫔25˩炻˪䴻㾇㖍⟙˫(⎘⊿)炻2010⸜

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奨䚳墉柕㇨㊯䘬⮰⇑ẞ㔠ˣ䥹⬠㛇↲ˣ䞼䘤ˣ㔁做ˣ∝㕘ˣ䪞䇕≃␴䴻㾇 ㆸ攟Ƀ⸦᷶悥暊ᶵ攳䥹⬠␴㔁做ˤ 暋忻ㆹᾹ⬠㟉㔁做䘬ㆸ㓿ˣ⚳⭞⚳晃䪞䇕≃䘬ㆸ攟䛇䘬暊ᶵ攳䥹⬠╶烎㛔㔯☸娎⽆㈡⇌䎮婾Ἦ⍵䚩䥹⬠炻⯌℞㗗㔁做⇞⹎墉䘬䥹⬠ン⹎ʇ⮎嫱ᷣ佑ˤ

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ჹ౜ж܄ޑϸࡘ

ჹ౜ж܄ޑϸࡘ!

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ⶍ㤕朑␥ẍἮ炻Ṣ栆䥹⬠㈨埻䘬䘤㖶冯忚⯽ἧ⼿䴻㾇䘤⯽㫋㫋⎹㥖炻䚠⮵ ⛘炻䣦㚫嬲怟ḇ≈忇炻⁛䴙₡ῤ冯佺὿⛐䎦ẋ⊾堅㑲ᷳᶳ炻⸦᷶ⳑ㼘㬮䚉烊㗪军Ṳ㖍炻㚱姙⣂⿅゛⭞⮵忁㧋䘬䘤⯽㍸↢ṾᾹ䘬ㄪ⽫␴⍵䚩炻ˬ ㈡ ⇌ 䎮婾 ˭ 炷critical theory炸㗗℞ᷕᷳᶨˤ ㈡⇌䎮婾㗗ᶨ䧖农≃㕤檀⹎䥹㈨⊾冯ⶍ㤕⊾䣦㚫㈡⇌䘬䎮婾ˤ忁䧖䎮婾天㯪⛐䷥橼ᶲ娵嬀␴䎮妋䣦㚫䓇㳣ˣℐ朊㈲㎉䣦㚫䘤⯽䘬㬟⎚冯㛒Ἦˤ ˬ ㈡ ⇌ 䎮婾 ˭ 㬌埻婆 Ἦ 冒㕤暵 ⃳ 㴟満炷 Max Horkheimer炸㕤 1937 ⸜ ㇨䘤堐䘬˨ ⁛ 䴙䎮婾冯㈡ ⇌ 䎮婾 ˩炷 Traditional and Critical Theory炸ᶨ 㔯炻 ⛐ 娚㔯 ᷕ 炻暵 ⃳ 㴟満 ⮵ˬ䎮婾˭ᶳḮᶨᾳ⭂佑烉⒚⬠冯䥹⬠⎴㸸炻Ữ 冒䫃⌉⃺崟炻⒚⬠攳⥳㓰㱽䫃⌉⃺炻⌛忂忶㬠䲵㺼両炻㈲㎉ᶾ䓴䦑⸷炻ˬ⮵㕤䥹 ⬠⭞炻䎮婾⌛㝸ᾳ⣏⓷柴䘬␥柴䷥⋗˭炻␥柴崲䯉㻼炻䎮婾崲⬴┬ˤ䃞侴䃉婾⼊⺷⣂⬴伶炻䎮婾㯠怈⎒㗗`姕炻ᶨ㖎⬫旣䣁㬟⎚䘤⯽炻䎮婾⭞⯙天⮵⬫≈ẍ㓡忈ˤᶨ↯屯䓊昶䳂䎮婾炻䃉ᶵ⣊゛ㆸ䁢㘖ᶾ䛇䎮炻嬔⤪傉⠆䇦˪怷廗⒚⬠˫炻ὧ ⮯䎦ẋ⒚⬠㬠䳸䁢ˬ⬴㔜橼䲣ˣ䴙ᶨ㍐䎮˭烊䣦㚫⬠柀➇ᷕ炻㴪䇦⸡ˣ杳ỗ䘬㪲 ⦩䞼䨞炻ḇ⍵㗈ᶨ䧖䲣䴙⊾䥹⬠徥㯪ˤ暵 ⃳ 㴟満娵䁢炻䓙㕤屯㛔ᷣ佑䥹㈨ 3㚰6㖍ˤ

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忚㬍炻ἧ䎮婾㖍䙲㉥尉⊾炻䓂军⊾䲬䁢ᶨ䧖ˬ䲼㔠⬠䫎嘇䲣䴙˭ˤ䓙㬌⎗夳烉䥹 ⬠⍇㛔ῷ➟炻ㆹ⿅炷cogito炸ᶨ屓䉪⤬ˤ暵⃳㴟満㊯↢炻⁛䴙䎮婾䘬⺲䪗㕤㗗⬴ ℐ㙜曚䁢烉Ĳį䎮婾⭞徟ᾉ䥹⬠怷廗炻㌺㕍䣦㚫㬟⎚ˤ℞⬌䩳夳妋冯䊡晀娵嬀炻 ᶵ㕟塓ˬ㍸⋯䁢㘖念䭬䔯ˣᶾ䓴䱦䤆ˣ㯠⿮䘬怷⎬㕗炷logos炸˭烊ĳį枮ㅱ屯㛔ᷣ 佑䘤⯽炻⁛䴙䎮婾ᶨㇳ㧁㥄䥹⬠ᷕ䩳炻ᶨㇳ⼩㚵冒䃞ˣ㑵䷙䴻㾇烊Ĵį㘂㛇屯㛔 ᷣ佑昶㭝炻⁛䴙䎮婾ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖䓇䓊≃ˣ䓇䓊ⶍ℟炻ᷫ军㔯⊾屯㛔炻⮵㕤䣦㚫䎦䉨䘬朷⚢㚱℞慵天䘬届䌣炻ᷫ军ↅ䳸䁢ˬ䈑岒⊾䘬シ嬀⼊ン˭炻⌛ẍᶨ䧖䱦ⶏ䘬 ˬ朆㬟⎚㕡⺷˭炻㉝⇞䣦㚫嬲朑ˣ䵕嬟屯㛔䦑⸷ˤ暵 ⃳ 㴟満娵䁢炻 ⮵⁛䴙䎮婾䘬㈡⇌炻⯙⽭枰句⮎⛐㬟⎚忚䦳ᷕ䣦㚫㔜橼炷social totality炸炻⊭㊔㔯⊾ˣ䴻㾇ˣ㓧㱣ˣ䣦㚫䫱䫱傰䴉ᶲ烊屯㛔ᷣ佑嘇䧙⸛䫱ˣ冒䓙ˣ㮹ᷣ炻䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾䘬 ả ⊁ ⯙ 㗗天德夾 ḳ 䈑䘬 ᶾ 䓴 ˣ 䨧德䈑 ⸽ ᶳ 䘬 Ṣ 炻 ᷎ ㎕攳屯㛔 ᷣ 佑䣦㚫䘬 ` 尉 ˤĴ ġ

ᶨ凔婒Ἦ炻㈡⇌䎮婾㚱㗪ḇ䧙䁢㈡⇌䘬䣦㚫䎮婾炷critical social theory炸炻

㚱⺋佑冯䊡佑ℑ䧖ˤ䊡佑䘬㈡⇌䎮婾㗗㊯㱽嗕⃳䤷˭炷The Frankfurt School炸䘬

䣦㚫䎮婾烊侴⺋佑䘬㈡⇌䎮婾⇯⊭㊔烉㈡⇌䎮婾炷㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦炸ˣ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑ˣ ⤛㪲ᷣ佑ˣ⣂⃫㔯⊾ᷣ佑ˣ㔯⊾䞼䨞䫱ˤ⬫Ᾱ悥ㆾ⣂ㆾ⮹⛘℟㚱大㕡楔⃳⿅ᷣ 佑䘬䎮婾側㘗炻℟㚱䎮婾㈡⇌䘬➢㛔⿏㟤ˤĵ 㛔㔯㍉⺋佑䘬㈡⇌䎮婾奨溆炻Ữ㗗炻䓙㕤ἄ侭娵䁢炻㈡⇌䎮婾⽆ᶨ攳⥳ẍἮ䘬䃎溆ᷫ⛐䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫ᶵ㚦㓡嬲炻⚈㬌炻㛔㔯⮯㚱㗪ḇ䧙⬫䁢ˬ䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾˭炻⛐婾徘忶䦳ᷕḇẍ㱽嗕⃳䤷 ⬠㳦䘬㈡⇌䎮婾䁢ᷣ炻℞Ṿ㳩㳦䘬㈡⇌䎮婾䁢庼ˤġ 3

Max Horkheimer. “Traditional and critical Theory”. Critical Theory. New York: The Seabury Pr., 1972(68).㚡堃㜙嬗炻˨ ⁛ 䴙䎮婾冯㈡ ⇌ 䎮婾 ˩炻庱㚡堃㜙䶐炻˪暵⃳㴟満普˫炻ᶲ㴟怈㜙↢䇰䣦炻2004⸜ˤ

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慹⃫㴎炻˨㈡⇌䎮婾䘬ℵ冰—㕘ᶨẋ大㕡楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑㈡⇌䎮婾⭞⍲℞䎮婾˩炻˪⚳⢾䎮婾≽ン˫2003⸜䫔10㛇ˤ

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㔜橼侴妨炻㈡⇌䎮婾㸸崟㕤⮵大㕡䣦㚫ˬ䎦ẋ⿏˭炷modernity炸䘬⍵⿅ˤ ṾᾹ㗗㍍临叿冒19ᶾ䲨㛓⇘20ᶾ䲨⇅䘬䣦㚫⬠⭞楔⃳⿅ˣ杳ỗˣ傉⠆䇦䫱Ṣ⮵ Ṣ㔯䣦㚫䘬忳ἄ㍸↢ˬ䎦ẋ⿏䘬⌙㨇˭䘬⿅゛傰䴉炻㳩曚↢㶙⇣䘬Ṣ㔯斄㆟烊䈡⇍㗗䫔ᶨ㫉ˣ䫔Ḵᶾ䓴⣏㇘⮵㫸㳚Ṣ㔯⿅゛䘬堅㑲炻㚜忚ᶨ㬍嬻ṾᾹ⮵⁛䴙䎮⿏ᷣ佑䘬忚㬍⎚奨䓊䓇Ḯ⻟䁰䘬岒䔹炻ḇ忤従ṢᾹ⽭枰⍵⿅┇呁忳≽ẍἮ㇨檀冱䘬䎮⿏⣏乃ˤ1920⸜ẋ炻㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦忳䓐䎦ẋ⿏冯䣦㚫䎮婾攻䘬彗嫱炻䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾徸㻠ㆸ⼊ˤ䷙ἧ忁ṃ䔞ẋ⿅゛⭞ẍず奨䘬婾徘㩊夾ᶾ䓴炻䃞⿅㼖晐叿㗪䨢傰䴉侴㻠忚ㆸ攟炻⛐䫔Ḵ㫉ᶾ䓴⣏㇘䘬⇢㽨ᶳ炻䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾⎬⭞䘬⿅゛㚜≈㲊㿦⢗敲炻哂䁢䔞ẋ⿅゛⣯奨ˤġ 䔞ẋ㈡⇌䎮婾䘬ⳃ崟ᷫ㗗⽆⎬㕡朊⍵⿅䎦ẋ⿏⍲℞䳸㝄ˤ! 椾⃰㗗⮵⁛䴙䎮婾䘬⍵⿅炻暵⃳㴟満⯙ẍ䁢⁛䴙䎮婾㳣≽䈡溆ˬᶵ䭉㗗⁷ ⛐㬟⎚⬠␴℞Ṿ℟橼䘬㍷徘⿏⬠䥹塷恋㧋炻⓷柴⛐㕤䵄⎰⣏慷屯㕁᷎䌚⼿㘖念夷⼳炻⬠侭䈡㚱䘬ᷣ≽⿏炷⌛䎮婾㳣≽炸悥㗗㍍⍿ˣ㓡忈⮎晃䞍嬀炻ἧ⬫⎰䎮 ⊾˭ˤ5_{暵⃳㴟満䚳Ἦ炻⁛䴙䎮婾㗗䓊䓇㕤䎦⬀䣦㚫⇞⹎᷎㈲䎦⬀䣦㚫⇞⹎ἄ䁢} 冒䃞䘬ˣ㯠⿮䘬㜙大㍍⍿ᶳἮ䘬䎮婾炻⬫ẍ䵕嬟䎦⬀䣦㚫⇞⹎䁢⬿㖐ˤ⬫⛐⮵ 㬟⎚ḳẞ≈ẍ妋慳㗪炻ẍ䁢冯㑵䷙䈑䎮冒䃞忶䦳䚠Ụ炻悥天㯪䧵䳗ᶨ⣏㈡䞍嬀炻䓂军㗗ᶨ⣿䴻忶㔜䎮䘬`婒㍸ὃ䘬䞍嬀ˤ䓙㕤䧵䳗䞍嬀䘬暨天炻䎮婾䘬㤪⾝䷥ 㚫塓䳽⮵⊾炻嬲ㆸḮ℟橼⊾䘬シ嬀⼊ン䭬䔯炻侴䎮婾䘬㈡⇌≇傥⌣⚈㬌冯⬫䳽䶋Ḯˤ6 ⛐忁ᾳシ佑ᶲ炻㈡⇌䎮婾ᷫ㗗⮵⁛䴙䎮婾䘬ᶨ䧖⍵≽ˤ! ℞㫉炻㈡⇌䎮婾㸸冒㕤⮵䔞ẋ䣦㚫䘤⯽䘬⍵⿅ˤ暵⃳㴟満娵䁢炻䣦㚫㈡⇌ 5

Max Horkheimer. “Traditional and critical Theory”. Critical Theory. New York: The Seabury Pr., 1972(68).

6 _{婾㔯䵚㓞普㔜䎮炻˨ˬ䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾˭㗗ˬ㈡⇌˭䘬䳪䳸˩}

(8)

䎮婾ᷫ䌐䩳㕤䎦⬀䣦㚫⇞⹎ᷳ⢾炻㈲䎦⬀䣦㚫⇞⹎䎮妋䁢ᶨᾳ䲣䴙䘬忶䦳ˤ⛐ ⮵䎦⬀䣦㚫䦑⸷䘬㈡⇌ᷕ䟜⢆ᶨ↯㖊⭂䘬ˣḳ⮎䘬㜙大炻嫱⮎⬫Ᾱ䘬ᶵ䛇⮎⿏炻⽆侴≈ẍ⏎⭂炻Ṿ婒烉ˬ㈡⇌䎮婾斄㲐䘬㗗ἄ䁢ᶨᾳ㔜橼䘬䣦㚫˭炻⬫ᶵ⛐㕤㎕䣢㝸ṃ䣦㚫⺲䕭炻᷎㍸↢㓹ᶾ列㕡炻侴㗗㈲ᶨ↯⺲䕭䚳ἄ䎦⬀䣦㚫䳸㥳䘬䳬䷼ 㕡⺷⽭䃞忈ㆸ䘬炻⬫㉺䳽㈧娵䎦⬀䣦㚫䳸㥳ᷕ℟㚱ảỽ㚱䓐䘬ˣ怑⭄䘬␴⭴㚱 ₡ῤ䘬⚈䳈ˤ7 ⛐忁ᾳシ佑ᶲἮ婒炻㈡⇌䎮婾ᷫ㗗⮵䔞ẋ䣦㚫䘬䳽⮵⏎⭂ˤ 䫔ᶱ炻㈡⇌䎮婾㸸冒㕤⮵⁛䴙楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑⍵⿅ˤ䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾䘬㝞㥳Ἦ冒㕤㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦㇨䘤⯽䘬䎮婾炻⇅⥳䁢䞼䨞楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑炻溻⊝昶䳂櫍䇕ẍ㯪㓡嬲冯妋㓦ˤỮ大㕡⊆ⶍ昶䳂⮵屯㛔ᷣ佑㈿䇕䘬⣙㓿炻ἧ⼿㈡⇌䎮婾侭⊭㊔㱽嗕 ⃳䤷⬠㳦暵 ⃳ 㴟満 ˣ 旧⣂媦炷H. Adorno炸ˣ楔⹓刚炷H. Marcuse炸ˣ⑰ỗ楔㕗炷J. Habermas炸䫱楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑䘬ᾉ⣱侭炻䳃䳃㎜⺽䱦䤆↮㜸⬠ˣ⬀⛐ᷣ佑冯䔞㗪䘬㔯⊾䎮婾䁢楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑ἄᾖ㬋冯墄⃭烊ṾᾹ䘤䎦炻⁛䴙楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑忶㕤⁦ ⎹䣦㚫䳸㥳ˬ㰢⭂婾˭炻䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾侭⮵忁䧖㨇㡘婾䘬ˣ䴻㾇㰢⭂䘬楔⃳⿅ᷣ 佑ᶵ㺧シ炻娵䁢ẍ⼨䘬楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑侭⣒忶⹎䓐㰢⭂婾䘬奺⹎娖慳楔⃳⿅炻㛒傥 ⮵Ṣ䘬⽫䎮䳸㥳ἄ㶙Ⰼ↮㜸炻⾥䔍Ṣ⛐䣦㚫ᷕᷣ奨シ嬀䘬冒ᷣ≃慷炻⚈䁢⼙枧 ᾳṢ⿅゛シ嬀䘬䣦㚫⚈䳈ᶵ⎒㗗䴻㾇炻侴㗗㔯⊾ˤĹ ḇ⚈䁢䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾䘬慵⽫ ⛐㔯⊾炻㇨ẍ㚱㗪Ṏ塓䧙ᷳ䁢㔯⊾㈡⇌䎮婾ˤġ ⛐忁ᾳシ佑ᶲ炻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ婒炻㈡⇌䎮婾ᷫ㗗䔞ẋ㡅ẞᶳ䘬㕘楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑ˤ 㚨⼴炻ㆹᾹ⽭枰㊯↢䘬㗗炻㈡⇌䎮婾晾䃞⻟婧⽭枰⮵┇呁忳≽ẍἮ䘬䎮⿏忚埴⍵⿅炻㚱ṃṢ⤪旧⣂媦䓂军ẍ⏎⭂䘬彗嫱奨溆⮵䎦ẋ⿏Ḱẍ⏎⭂炻䃞侴炻 7

Max Horkheimer. “Traditional and critical Theory”. Critical Theory. New York: The Seabury Pr., 1972(68).

8

㛶䏳 ⭠ 炻˨ ㈡ ⇌ 㧉⺷ -Giroux ᷳ 婚䦳䎮婾 ˩炻⺽冒 ˪ 䵚嶗䣦㚫 ⬠ 忂妲㛇 ↲ ˫炻

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㔜橼Ἦ婒炻ṾᾹṵ䃞⮵䎮⿏㚱㇨㛇⼭炻⑰ỗ楔㕗䘬㹅忂䎮⿏⌛䁢㖶嫱炻⌛ὧ㗗旧⣂媦悥怬ⶴℨˬ朆彗嫱䳸㥳˭䘬ᷣ橼ᷳ冒奢烊㎃妨ᷳ炻ṾᾹ娵䁢炻妋㰢䎦ẋ

⿏⌙㨇䘬䫼㟰怬㗗⛐㕤㑩㚱䎮⿏傥䘬ˬᷣ橼˭炻忁⯽䎦⛐ṾᾹ⮵㔯⊾䘬⭬㛃ᶲ烊

䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾䓙㕤⍵⮵⁛䴙楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑䘬䴻㾇㰢⭂婾炻䈡⇍⻟婧㔯⊾朊⎹䘬慵天⿏炻⛐㝸䧖䦳⹎ᶲḇ⯙檀㎂Ḯˬᷣ橼˭䘬⛘ỵ炻忁ḇ㗗䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾⮵䣦㚫 ⬠朆ⷠ慵天䘬届䌣炻⤪暟䫾䇦炷George Ritzer炸⎌⽟㚤炷Douglas Goodman炸⯙ ⻟婧炻䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾叿䛤㕤ᷣ橼⿏䘬㍊妶炻忁㚱≑㕤ㆹᾹ䎮妋㔯⊾Ⰼ朊冯ᾳ橼䘬䣦㚫䓇㳣䘬ˬᷣ橼ᷣ奨⿏天䳈˭ʇ忁㗗Ἦ冒㕤楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑䘬湹㟤䇦㟡㸸炻悐 ↮⬠侭⻟婧炻楔⃳⿅㖑㛇䘬ἄ⑩栗曚↢㬌䈡⿏ʇ忁ḇἧ⼿㈡⇌䎮婾叿慵㕤㔯⊾ ᶲⰌ⺢䭱炻侴朆䴻㾇➢䢶⺢䭱ˤ9 ⯙㈡⇌䎮婾侴妨炻㔯⊾ᶲⰌ⺢䭱ㆾ姙⯙㗗䔞ẋ䣦㚫⌙㨇䘬妋䫼Ḯˤġ ġ

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ץղ౛ፕჹࣽᏢཀ᛽ࠠᄊޑץղ

ჹࣽᏢཀ᛽ࠠᄊޑץղ

ჹࣽᏢཀ᛽ࠠᄊޑץղ!

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ġ 㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦㗗䔞ẋ大㕡䘬ᶨ䧖䣦㚫⒚⬠㳩㳦炻忁ᾳ⬠㳦䧵㤝斄⽫䣦㚫䎮婾⓷柴␴⽆ḳ䣦㚫㓡忈㳣≽炻䈡⇍㗗⮵大㕡屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫䘬シ嬀⼊ン炷ideology炸忚埴㈡⇌↮㜸ˤ⬫䓙⽟⚳㱽嗕⃳䤷⣏⬠䣦㚫䞼䨞㇨䘬柀⮶ㆸ⒉⛐20ᶾ䲨30-40 ⸜ẋ⇅䘤⯽崟Ἦ炻㚨ᷣ天䘬ㆸ⒉㚱⇵徘䘬暵 ⃳ 㴟満 ẍ ⍲ 旧⣂媦ˣ楔⹓刚ˣ⑰ ỗ楔㕗䫱Ṣ炻⃀䭉ㆸ⒉ᷳ攻⮵㔯⊾䣦㚫䘬奨溆᷎ᶵ㗗朆ⷠᶨ农炻Ữ⣏⣂㔠ᷣ⻝ ⮵䔞ẋ䘬䣦㚫㔯⊾忚埴⍵⿅冯㈡⇌ˤ ⛐⒚⬠⿅゛⁛䴙ᶲ炻㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦两㈧Ḯ曺⸜湹㟤䇦㳦㕥吪䲵炷M. Stirner炸䫱Ṣ䘬⁛䴙炻᷎ᶼ⍿⇘⍼㛔厗炷A. Schopenhauer炸ˣ⯤慯炷Friedrich Wihelm

9

George Ritzer & Douglas Goodman炻㞗㛅㫥ˣ惕䣾恎嬗炻˪䣦㚫⬠䎮婾˫(ᶲ)炻⎘⊿炻 ⶐ㳩↢䇰䣦炻2007⸜炻䫔ℓ䪈烉⎬⺷⎬㧋䘬㕘楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑侭ˤ

(10)

Nietzsche炸␴䉬䇦㲘䘬朆䎮⿏⿅゛⼙枧炻ṾᾹḇ㍍⍿㕘⹟⽟ᷣ佑ˣ杳ỗ䘬ˬ㔯 ⊾㈡⇌˭␴䣦㚫⬠⿅゛䘬㲿䥖炻㍉䓐楔⃳⿅㖑㛇叿ἄᷕ䘬䔘⊾㤪⾝␴䚏⌉⣯ 炷Gyorgy Lukacs炸䘬ˬ䈑⊾˭炷reification炸⿅゛炻10_{㍸↢␴⺢㥳Ḯᶨ⣿䌐䈡䘬㈡}

⇌䎮婾炻㖐⛐⮵屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫ᷕ䥹⬠㈨埻䴙㱣䘬シ嬀⼊ン忚埴ˬ⽡⸽㈡⇌˭ˤ ⛐˪⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽˫炷1966炸ᶨ㚠ᷕ炻旧⣂媦岎Ḱˬ⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽˭ẍ⏎⭂ ảỽ偗⭂ḳ䈑䘬㘖念⏎⭂⿏䘬⛘ỵ炻娵䁢⬫㗗ᶨ↯⎗傥䘬䣦㚫娵嬀ᷳ➢㛔⍇ 䎮炻⽆侴⛐⒚⬠ᶲ䁢㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦䡢⭂Ḯ娵嬀婾㟡㒂ˤ11 㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦䘬奨溆⛐㬟⎚⒚⬠ˣ䣦㚫䎮婾␴䣦㚫娵嬀ᶲ悥冯䎦ẋ䣦㚫⬠ ℟㚱䵲⭮斄Ὢ炻⬫䘬䣦㚫䎮婾奨溆塓䚳ἄ㗗㈡⇌䘬䣦㚫⬠ˤἄ䁢ᶨ䧖䣦㚫䎮婾奨溆䘬㈡⇌䎮婾炻㛔幓⯙㗗ˬⶍ㤕䣦㚫˭䎮婾䘬ᶨ䧖䈡㬲⼊⺷炻℞ᷕ⊭⏓叿ᶨ ᾳ䎦ẋṢ⤪ỽ䚳⼭忁ᾳ䣦㚫ẍ⍲⤪ỽ埴≽䘬℟橼䵙柀ˤἄ䁢ᶨ䧖シ嬀⼊ン䘬ᶨ 凔㈡⇌炻㈡⇌䎮婾㴱⍲シ嬀⼊ン䘬崟㸸ˣ⼊ㆸ␴䣦㚫≇傥䫱媠⣂䞍嬀䣦㚫⬠⓷ 柴炻⬫㛔幓⍰㗗ᶨ䧖䈡㬲栆✳䘬䞍嬀䣦㚫⬠橼䲣炻᷎⮵䔞ẋ㚱⼙枧䘬䞍嬀䣦㚫 ⬠⭞㚤㴟⥮䘬奨溆䓊䓇Ḯ⼙枧ˤἄ䁢ᶨ䧖䣦㚫娵嬀㕡㱽婾炻㈡⇌䎮婾两㈧Ḯ⽟ ⚳Ṣ㔯䥹⬠䘬䱦䤆⁛䴙炻⬫⽆∝䩳ᷳ㖍崟炻⯙㈲㈡⇌䘬䞃柕㊯⎹䣦㚫⬠ᷕ⌈ᷣ 10 _{ˬ䈑⊾˭炷⽟㔯ᷕ䘬 Verdinglichung)忁ᾳ㤪⾝㗗䚏 ⌉⣯⽆楔⃳⿅䘬⓮⑩㊄䈑㔁} 炷Commodity Fetishism炸䎮婾䘤⯽↢Ἦ䘬ˤ楔⃳⿅↮㜸屯㛔ᷣ佑ᷕ䘬忶䦳炻⛐℞ᷕṢ 栆ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ炷⌛Ṣ栆⛐ⶪ⟜墉⓮㤕Ṍ㎃䘬䚠忯炸炻栗⼿⁷㗗ḳ䈑ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ炷⚈㬌Ṣ 栆ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ嬲ㆸ䓙Ụ᷶ℏ⏓㕤㇨Ṍ㎃䘬⓮⑩墉䘬⿏岒炷Ṍ㎃₡ῤ炸Ἦ㓗惵炸炻忁⯙㗗楔⃳⿅䘬ˬ⓮⑩㊄䈑㔁˭㤪⾝ˤ⮵䚏⌉⣯侴妨炻忁䧖侣廱⏰䎦⛐ᶨ↯䣦㚫斄Ὢ墉炷侴朆⁭㗗䴻㾇斄Ὢ墉炸炻ˬ䈑⊾㊯䘬㗗⮯Ṣ冯Ṣᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ廱⊾ㆸ䈑冯䈑ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ˭炻 ἳ⤪⛐徸㻠䎮⿏⊾冯⭀₂⊾䘬䣦㚫墉炻Ṣ晃斄Ὢᷕ恋ṃ㚱⑩岒䘬ˣ䌐䈡䘬冯ᷣ奨䘬悐 ↮悥╒⣙Ḯ炻⚈䁢䎦⛐㗗㟡㒂⭀₂冯䭉䎮侭䘬䲼䱡慷⊾侫ㄖἮ㱣䎮ˤGeorg LuKacs ,

History and class consiousness, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1971. Andrew Edger and

Peter Sedgwick(eds.) Key Concept in Cultural Theory. London & NY: Routledge. 1999.pp.323-333.

11

Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialektik, in Gesamelte Schriften, Bd. 6, Suhrkamp Verlag . 1997.嵁㴟Ⲙ叿炻˪旧⣂媦“⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽”䞼䨞˫炻湹漵㰇Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦炻2003⸜ˤ⻝Ṗ炻˨㗪攻ⶅ㳩ᷕ䘬"⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽"--旧⣂媦˪⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽˫䘬㬟⎚⿏㲐慳˩炻庱㕤˪䎦ẋ⒚ ⬠˫2002⸜䫔2㛇ˤ

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⮶⛘ỵ䘬⮎嫱ᷣ佑㕡㱽婾ˤ ⛐忁ṃ➢㛔⍇䎮ᷕ炻㈡⇌䎮婾⎴䣦㚫䎮婾炻㬠㟡䨞⸽㈲娵嬀㈡⇌␴㔯⊾㈡ ⇌䚳ㆸᶨ橼ℑ朊烊⬫㖊㍸↢Ḯ䷥橼⿏䘬䎮婾娵嬀䘬天㯪炻⎴㗪⍰⽆㟡㛔ᶲ⏎⭂ Ḯ忁䧖娵嬀䘬⎗傥⿏ˤ旧⣂媦娵䁢炻ˬ⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽˭⊭⏓叿⮵ˬ嘃`ḳ䈑˭䘬 ˬ偗⭂˭昛徘炻⊭⏓叿⮵Ṣ冯冒䃞䘬⮎⛐斄Ὢẍ⍲⮵㬟⎚忚䦳䘬ˬ偗⭂˭昛徘ˤ 忁㧋炻⭊奨䘬㈨埻㰢⭂婾䘬⭧␥奨溆冯ᷣ奨䘬ⓗシ⽿婾䘬冒䓙奨溆ᷳ攻䘬Ḵ暋㈱㑯ὧ塓⺽䓛䁢䣦㚫䘬彗嫱㱽ˤ冯⮎嫱ᷣ佑䣦㚫䎮婾憅扺䚠⮵炻㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦 ᷣ⻝㔯⊾䣦㚫䘬㈡⇌䎮婾炻㍐ⲯ㈡⇌炻⻟婧㔜⎰⿏䞼䨞ˤ12 㕤㗗㈡⇌䎮婾椾⃰⯙憅⮵⼙枧⮵䔞ẋ䣦㚫枿㶙䘬ⶍ℟䎮⿏炷Instrumental Rationality炸ㆾ䥹㈨䎮⿏炷technical Rationality炸㍸↢ṾᾹ䘬⍵⿅ˤ 杳ỗ⮯㔠⬠⼊⺷䫱冒䃞䥹⬠䭬䔯㇨℟㚱䘬慷⊾冯枸㷔䫱䎮⿏妰䬿䘬ㇳ㭝炻䓐㕤㩊㷔䓇䓊≃檀⹎䘤⯽䘬大㕡屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫ṢᾹ冒幓䘬埴䁢⍲⼴㝄㗗⏎⎰䎮䘬忶䦳炻⎓ ˬⶍ℟䎮⿏˭ˤ℞⏓佑℟橼婒炻⌛忂忶⮎嶸䘬徼⼹䡢娵ⶍ℟炷ㇳ㭝炸䘬㚱䓐⿏炻⽆侴徥㯪䈑䘬㚨⣏₡ῤ䘬≇㓰炻䁢Ṣ䘬㝸䧖≇⇑䘬⮎䎦㚵⊁ˤ13_⛐ 㑵ἄᶲ炻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ㈲ˬⶍ℟䎮⿏˭夾䁢ᶨ䧖䥹㈨䎮⿏䘬⿅䵕炻⬫ẍ㖊⭂䚖㧁(Given Goal)䁢ᷣ炻埴䁢嗽ḳẍ䚖㧁⮶⎹㑵ἄ炷Goal-oriented Operation炸䁢⍇⇯炻↉㗗冯䚖㧁徥㯪䃉斄䘬℞⬫⚈䳈ㅱḰẍ⍣昌ᶵ≈侫ㄖ炻慵夾忼⇘䚖㧁㚨㚱⇑䘬㕡㱽炻ⶍ℟⿏䘬埴䁢㈲ㇳ㭝斄倗㕤䚖䘬炻㈲㈨埻斄倗㕤䚖㧁炻ᶵ⍣⿅侫忁ṃ䚖㧁㛔幓㗗⏎⎰䎮℔㬋ˤ忁㗗ᶨ䧖㸸冒䔞ẋ䣦㚫䓇㳣䘬䈡⭂⿅䵕㕡⺷炻⚈䁢⛐䔞ẋ 䣦㚫ᷕ炻䓙㕤䥹⬠㈨埻䘬䘤忼炻Ṣ栆⛐ⶍˣ⓮㤕䓇䓊㳣≽ᷕ⣏慷ἧ䓐⎬䧖䥹⬠ ㈨埻炻䓙㕤䥹㈨䘬ㅱ䓐ㆸ⯙Ḯ⇑䙲䘬㤝⣏⊾炻㓭ㅱὫㆸ䥹⬠䘬䚠斄㈨埻ℐ朊⛘ 12

Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialektik, in Gesamelte Schriften, Bd. 6, Suhrkamp Verlag . 1997.

13 _{⯤㟤䇦炽⣂⽟炻昞⁛忚嬗炻}_{˪䣦㚫䎮婾冯䎦ẋ⊾˫}

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忳䓐炻㕤㗗炻䥹㈨䘬䘤⯽ᶵ⎒⛐䓊㤕䘬忳ἄᶲ㈖㺼㚱≃䘬惵奺炻⛐䔞ẋ䣦㚫ᷕ炻 ⬫㚜ㆸ䁢Ḯ䘤⯽䘬曰櫪炻㓗惵叿ⶍ㤕ˣ⓮㤕䘬ㆸ攟㬍Ẹˤ㍐≽㔜ᾳⶍ℟䎮⿏䘬䘤⯽䘬㗗䥹⬠㈨埻䘬ᶵ㕟㍐昛↢㕘炻㇨ẍ㚱㗪ㆹᾹḇ⮯⬫䧙䁢ˬ䥹㈨䎮⿏˭ˤ 暵⃳㴟満冯旧⣂媦⛐˪┇呁䘬彗嫱˫ᷕ椾⃰⯙㊯↢炻晐叿屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬㖍䙲䘤⯽炻⛐䔞ẋ䣦㚫ᷕ炻䎮⿏⶚䴻塓徸↢忻⽟冯㱽⼳柀➇炻⚈䁢䔞⬿㔁ʇ⼊侴ᶲ ᶾ䓴奨䘬ⳑ㼘㗪炻ᶨ↯夷䭬㧁㸾⛐ⓗᶨᾅ䔁ᶳἮ䘬䥹⬠㪲⦩朊⇵悥ᾉ嬥㌫⛘ Ḯ炻㚨⼴䓂军忋䥹⬠⶚䴻⬴ℐ塓ⶍ℟䎮⿏㇨⎴⊾Ḯˤ14_{暵⃳㴟満婆慵⽫攟⛘婒烉} ௴ᆾণᏢа౛܄ޑӜကװᔐے௲Ǵځനಖ่݀ࢂǴѬ܌۴ܺޑόࢂ௲཮Ǵ Զࢂ׎Զ΢Ꮲک࠼ᢀޑ౛܄ཷۺҁيǴԶ೭ࠅࢂѬԾρޑ΋ϪոΚޑΚໆྍ ࢨǶനࡕǴ౛܄բࣁעඝ٣ނޑ੿҅ԾฅޑᐒᄬǴբࣁዴۓךॺғࢲޑЬᏤচ ߾ޑᐒᄬ೏࣮բࢂၸਔΑǶࡘᒣک׎Զ΢ᏢӕကǴ׎Զ΢Ꮲᆶઓ၉ǵߞһӕကǶ Γॺ཮ᇥǴவђ׆ᛪ໒ۈޔډϞϺޑ౛܄ک௴ᆾޑᐕўς࿶Ꮴठ೭ኬ΋ᅿރ ݩǴ౛܄೭ঁຒҁيڙډΑᚶᅪǴ٠ӕਔǴᡉҢΑࢌᅿઓ၉ޑҁ፦Ƕ26 楔⹓刚娵䁢炻⚈䥹㈨䘬䘤忼冯⺋㲃ㅱ䓐炻⛐Ὣ忚Ṣ栆䓇㳣䘬䧖䧖忚㬍䘬⎴ 㗪炻ˬ忁ṃ忚㬍䘬ㆸ⯙⮵シ嬀⼊ン䘬㍏⏲ㆾ彗嬟悥㍉⍾䃉㇨媪䘬ン⹎烊⛐⬫Ᾱ䘬㱽⹕朊⇵炻⎰䎮⿏䘬ˮ嘃`䘬シ嬀˯ㆸḮ䛇㬋䘬シ嬀˭ˤ16_{忁䧖䘤忼ⶍ㤕䣦㚫䘬} 䓊䈑炻晐叿䥹㈨䘬ᶵ㕟檀⹎䘤忼炻ṢᾹ⎴⻟⇞ṾᾹ㍍⍿䘬⬀⛐䉨㱩グἮグᶨ农炻 ᷎⽆ᷕ䌚⼿Ḯ䓇␥䘬䘤⯽␴䧖䧖暨天䘬㺧嵛炻堐朊ᶲ炻忁Ụ᷶㗗Ṣ䘬ᷣ橼⿏䘬忚ᶨ㬍䘤⯽炻⮎晃ᶲ炻ˬ忁䧖⮎⛐㥳ㆸḮ㚜䁢䔘⊾炷alienation炸䘬昶㭝˭烊17_ⶍ 喅冯䥹㈨䘬檀⹎䘤⯽㇨忈ㆸ䘬䔘⊾炻⌛ἧṢᾹ⛐⊆≽ᷕㆸ䁢㨇☐䘬旬Ⱄ䈑炻ḇ 14 暵⃳㴟満ˣ旧忻䇦媦炻˪┇呁䘬彗嫱㱽˫炻ᶲ㴟Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦炻2003⸜炻枩4ˤ 15

Max Horkheimer, Gesammelte Schriften, band 6, Fisher verlag, Frankfurt ammain,1991,s.39.

16

Herbert Marcuse, One-dimensional Man, Boston, 1964, p.11. 17

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ἧṾᾹ⛐䓇㳣ᷕㆸḮṾᾹ㇨暨天䘬䈑䘬ⶍ℟炻ˬṢᾹ⛐冒⶙䘬⓮⑩ᷕ娵↢Ḯ冒 ⶙烊ṾᾹ⛐冒⶙䘬㰥干ˣ檀⁛䛇䘬枛枧姕⁁ˣ䔲Ⰼ⺷䘬ỷ⬭␴⺂㇧姕⁁ᷕ䘤䎦 Ḯ冒⶙䘬曰櫪ˤ˭18 ⛐楔⹓刚炻䎦ẋ䥹⬠㈨埻ᷕ恋䧖⬱幓䩳␥䘬㜙大炻⮎岒ᶲ⯙㗗䥹㈨䎮⿏ˤ ⬫晾䃞㉻⯽ḮṢᾹ⮵冒䃞䘬娵嬀␴㍸檀ḮṢᾹ䘬䈑岒䓇㳣㯜㸾炻ỮṢᾹ䘬䱦䤆 ⌣䚠ㅱ⛘厶䷖ḮˤṢ᷎㰺㚱䓙㬌䌚⼿妋㓦炻䚠⍵炻⬫墥忈ḮᶨᾳἧṢ⮵冒䃞䘬䴙㱣␴Ṣ塓䣦㚫⤜⼡⎴㬍⡆攟䘬ᶾ䓴ˤ忁䧖䥹㈨䎮⿏ḇ⯙㗗ᶨ䧖ⶍ℟䎮⿏炻⬫ 㗗㑵䷙⿏䘬炻㚨⼴⽭⭂⮶农ㇳ㭝䚖䘬⊾䘬䳸㝄ˤ ⛐ ⒚ ⬠ᶲ 炻旧 ⣂媦 ḇ⛐㫸㳚䘬⼊侴ᶲ ⬠⁛ 䴙ᷕ㈦ ⇘ ㈨埻䴙㱣䘬⍇ ✳ 炷Urform炸炻Ṿ娵䁢烉ˬ┇呁忳≽⽆㝷㉱⚾␴Ṇ慴㕗⣂⽟⼊侴ᶲ⬠䘬怢䓊ᷕ⌣䘤䎦Ḯ㝸䧖⎌侩䘬≃慷炻᷎ᶼ⮵㘖念䘬䛇䎮天㯪枪䥖兄㊄˭烊Ĳĺ Ṿ⍰婒烉ˬ⠝ᶾ䘬ˣ 㬟⎚䘬㜙大㗗冯⁛䴙⼊侴ᶲ⬠䔞ἄ⃰槿⿏Ἦ⻟婧䘬㜙大䚠斄倗䘬˭ˤĳı ㇨ẍ炻䎦 ẋ⿏䘬㛔岒⛐㕤炻⼊侴ᶲ⬠䘬䚖㧁ㆸ䁢Ḯ䴙㱣䘬ⶍ℟炻ㆾ侭䚜㍍ㆸ䁢Ḯ䴙㱣㪲 ≃㛔幓ˤġ 旧⣂媦⛐ˬ⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽˭ᷕ忚ᶨ㬍㈲娵嬀婾奨溆冯䣦㚫㬟⎚奨溆圵⎰⛐ ᶨ崟炻⽆侴⼊ㆸᶨ䧖㽨忚䘬㈡⇌ᷣ佑奨溆炻⌛䥹⬠␴㈨埻⛐䎦ẋⶍ㤕䣦㚫ᷕ㗗 ᶨ䧖ˬ䴙㱣˭␴ˬシ嬀⼊ン˭炻⬫忂忶㓗惵冒䃞䓴侴⮎䎦⮵Ṣ䘬㓗惵ˤ⚈㬌炻天 ⛐ⶍ㤕䣦㚫␴㚱䳬䷼䘬屯㛔ᷣ佑⇞⹎ℏ㊗㓹Ṣ䘬䱦䤆₡ῤ㗗㮓䃉ⶴ㛃䘬ˤ21 ᶵ忶炻忁᷎ᶵ㗗婒旧⣂媦岲ㆸ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬奨溆炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑⮵⼊侴ᶲ⬠ 䘬㈡⇌忶䦳ᷕ炻椾䔞℞堅䘬㗗役ẋ䘬ᷣ橼⿏䭬䔯炻⬠侭⮯忁ṃ㈡⇌㤪㊔䁢ᶨ⎍ 18 Ibid. p.9. 19 暵⃳㴟満ˣ旧忻䇦媦炻˪┇呁䘬彗嫱㱽˫炻ᶲ㴟Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦炻2003⸜炻枩4ˤ 20

Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialektik, in Gesamelte Schriften, Bd. 6, Suhrkamp Verlag . 1997., S. 354.

21

Theodor W. Adorno炻 Negative Dialektik, in Gesamelte Schriften, Bd. 6, Suhrkamp Verlag . 1997. S. 320.

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娙炻恋⯙㗗ˬᷣ橼⶚㬣˭ˤ22_{忁㗗两⯤慯⭋Ựˬᶲⷅ⶚㬣˭ᷳ⼴䘬⍰ᶨᾳ㶙㶙暯} 㑤叿⼊侴ᶲ⬠➢䢶䘬⎋嘇ˤ⛐⭋ỰḮᷣ橼䘬㬣ṉᷳ⼴炻䔞ẋ䣦㚫ḇ⯙忚ℍḮ㝸䧖ˬ䃉ᷣ橼˭䘬䉨ンˤ⃀䭉⏎⭂彗嫱㱽⮵役ẋᷣ橼⿏⒚⬠䘬㈡⇌ᷳ㽨䁰䦳⹎᷎ ᶵṆ㕤⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑炻Ữˬ䃉ᷣ橼˭䘬䉨ン⮵旧⣂媦侴妨⌣㗗䃉㱽゛⁷䘬ˤ⛐旧 ⣂媦䚳Ἦ炻ᷣ橼冯⭊橼ᷫ㗗㇨㚱彗嫱㱽岜ẍ⯽攳䘬ˬ朆彗嫱䳸㥳˭ˤ23_㖻妨ᷳ炻晾䃞旧⣂媦ᶨℵ⻟婧炻天⛐ⶍ㤕䣦㚫ᷕ㊗㓹Ṣ䘬曰櫪㗗㮓䃉ⶴ㛃䘬炻ỮṾ怬㗗 ⥳䳪⛐ᷣ橼幓ᶲ䚳⇘ᶨ䴚⽖⻙䘬⃱ˤ 㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦䘬ᶨṃ䎮婾⭞炻怬↮㜸Ḯ䎦ẋ㔯⊾⮵Ṣ栆䘬⼙枧ˤṾᾹ娵䁢炻䚖䘬䎮⿏ㆾ侭ⶍ℟䎮⿏徸㻠㴰妋Ḯ㔯⊾䘬㈡⇌冯⍵⿅ᷳ≇傥ˤ㔯⊾嬲ㆸḮ䲼䱡䘬㴰怋炻⣙⍣Ḯ㈡⇌⿏䈡⽝ˤ旧⣂媦㊯↢炻㔯⊾䈡⇍㗗⣏䛦㔯⊾炻⬀⛐叿ẍᶳ ♜慵䘬⺲䪗烉ᶨ㗗⏰䎦⓮⑩⊾嵐⊊炻℟㚱⓮⑩㊄䈑㔁䘬䈡⿏烊Ḵ㗗㔯⊾䓇䓊䘬 22 忁㗗㱽⚳⿅゛⭞‭㞗炷Michel Foucault炸⽆⮵㪲≃䘬德夾炻忚ᶨ㬍䎮妋⇘ˬᷣ橼⶚㬣˭ 䘬奨溆ˤ‭㞗娵䁢㪲≃ᶵ╖㗗ᶨ䧖忷⇞⿏䘬≃慷炻⚈䁢㪲≃ḇ⎗ẍ⍣∝忈␴䓇䓊䘬炻忁⼨⼨㗗德忶ᷣ橼(subjectivity)䘬⺢㥳侴⮎㕥䘬炻侴ᶼ忁䧖㪲≃⼨⼨㚜㚱㓰ˤ‭㞗䚠ᾉ ˬᶵ⬀⛐䌐䩳冒ᷣˣ䃉嗽ᶵ⛐䘬㘖念⼊⺷䘬ᷣ橼ˤ……ᷣ橼㗗⛐塓⤜⼡␴㓗惵ᷕ⺢䩳崟Ἦ䘬˭ˤ⛐忁シ佑ᶲṾ⭋⏲ˬᷣ橼⶚㬣˭炰㇨ẍˬᾳṢᶵ㗗ᶨᾳ塓㪲≃䘬⮎㕥㈻䈊䘬枸⃰䴎⭂䘬⮎橼ˤ℞幓ấ␴䈡⿏㗗㪲≃斄Ὢ⮵幓橼ˣ忳≽ˣ㫚㛃ˣ≃慷㕥⯽ἄ䓐䘬䓊䈑ˤ˭ˬᾳṢ㗗㪲≃䘬忳庱ⶍ℟炻ḇ㗗㪲≃䘬ᷣ天㓰ㅱ炻侴ᶵ㗗㪲≃⮎㕥䘬⮵尉˭ˤˬ〘 ⤥㗗ᶨ䧖䎮⿏⊾䘬忶䦳㥳ㆸḮᶨᾳㆾ⣂ᾳᷣ橼ˤㆹ㈲ᷣ橼⊾䧙䁢ᶨ䧖䦳⸷炻忂忶忁䧖䦳⸷炻ㆹᾹ䌚⼿Ḯᶨᾳᷣ橼䘬㥳ㆸˤ˭⚈㬌‭㞗⁔ὫㆹᾹ⍣ˬ㉺䳽㍍⍿ㆹᾹ冒⶙[䘬幓 ↮] ˭ ㆹᾹㅱ娚㉺䳽䎦ẋ䣦㚫≈媠㕤ㆹᾹ幓ᶲ䘬幓↮炻⬫Ᾱ悥㗗⡻従⿏䘬炻ἳ⤪ㆹᾹ ㅱ娚㈿㉺Ṣ㔯䥹⬠㇨⭋⏲䘬ˬ䛇䎮˭ˣ⮯ㆹᾹᷣ橼⊾䘬䎦ẋ㓧⹄⼊⺷␴䓂军Ụ᷶㗗冒ᷣ 䘬冒ㆹ䓴⭂ˤㆹᾹ天⍣㍸Έ㕘䘬ᷣ橼⿏⼊⺷ˤ夳䤷㞗炻♜扺嬗炻˪㪲≃䘬䛤䜃—䤷㞗姒婯抬˫炻ᶲ㴟烉Ṣ㮹炻1997⸜炻枩209ˣ233ˣ119ˤẍ⍲Michel Foucault, “The Subject and Power.” Afterword to Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982, p.216.

23

Theodor W. Adorno炻 Negative Dialektik, in Gesamelte Schriften, Bd. 6, Suhrkamp Verlag . 1997. S. 176旧⣂媦晾䃞㉐㑲䔞ẋ䣦㚫䘬ᷣ橼䘬朆⎴ᶨ⿏炻Ữᷣ橼⿏䘬㭀检ṵ⛐ 旧⣂澫䘬⿅゛ᷕ㎖ᷳ澵⍣ˤ䴻䓙⭊橼⃒⃰⿏䘬㍸↢炻旧⣂澫᷎䃉シ天⍾㴰ᷣ橼烊⍵侴 Ṿ夾㈧娵᷎⮲慵⭊橼䘬⃒⃰⿏䁢忼ㆸᷣ橼冯⭊橼␴妋䘬⇵㍸ˤ⯙⁷瀯㫸⟼(Jean-François Lyotard)㊯↢䘬炻⮵ᷣ橼䘬悱ォṵ㿘㻓⛐旧⣂澫䘬ἄ⑩ᷕ炻ᷣ橼䘬䭬䔯ṵ㮓㛒塓㈡⇌ˤ Jean-François Lyotard, “Adorno come diavolo” in: Intensitäten, Berlin: Merve, 1978,s.46.36ˤ

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㧁㸾⊾ˣ滲ᶨ⊾炻㈤㭢Ḯᾳ⿏烊ᶱ㗗㔯⊾徸㻠㺼嬲ㆸᶨ䧖㓗惵≃慷炻℟㚱Ḯ⻟ ⇞⿏ˤ㔯⊾グἮグ⯰⽆㕤ⶍ℟䎮⿏䘬暨天炻ẍ农㕤⬴ℐㆸ䁢Ḯᶨᾳˬ㔯⊾䓊㤕˭炻 ㆸ䁢Ḯ⌛㗪㺧嵛䘬ⶍ℟ˤ䎦ẋ㔯⊾䤩拖ḮṢᾹ䘬゛⁷≃炻㜇䷃ḮṢ䘬⍵⿅傥≃ˤ ⛐忁䧖㔯⊾ᷕㆸ攟崟Ἦ䘬Ṣ炻⛐䳬䷼䭉䎮ᷕḇ徸㻠╒⣙ḮᾳṢ䘬ᷣ夳␴⿅侫炻嬲⼿崲Ἦ崲晐㲊徸㳩炻㰺㚱屔ảデ炻俥㕤倚刚ᷳ㺧嵛ˤĳĵ ġ ⑰ỗ楔㕗㶙⇣㎕䣢Ḯ䥹㈨䎮⿏⮵Ṣ忚埴㍏⇞䘬堐䎦⼊⺷炻忁䧖䥹⬠ᷣ佑冯 ⭊奨ᷣ佑䓂军忚ᶨ㬍㺼嬲䁢ˬ䥹⬠䘬㓧㱣奨˭烊㇨媪䘬䥹⬠䘬㓧㱣奨㊯䘬㗗炻䥹 ⬠䞍嬀傥⣈⭊奨⛘妋㰢ᶨ↯㓧㱣⓷柴␴忻⽟⓷柴ˤ䥹⬠ᷣ佑␴䥹⬠䘬㓧㱣奨炻 ⮎岒ᶲ⯙㗗䥹㈨䎮⿏攳⥳㮓䃉旸⇞⛘ₕ崲⇘㓧㱣䲣䴙᷎忚侴Ὕℍ䓇㳣ᶾ䓴䘬℟ 橼橼䎦ˤ 䔞䥹㈨䎮⿏ὝℍḮ䓇㳣ᶾ䓴ᷳ⼴炻䥹㈨䎮⿏⯙⶚䴻嬲䔘䁢䎦ẋ䘬シ嬀⼊ン炻⬫⸦᷶⶚ㆸ䁢ㆹᾹ⇌㕟ḳ䈑䘬㸾⇯炻⛐㖍ⷠ䓇㳣ᷕˣ⛐慵天⇌㕟墉ˣ⛐㓧 ⹄㰢䫾ᷕˣ⛐⎬䧖彗婾ᷕˣ⛐㔁䥹㚠ᶲ炻⬫ẍ⎬䧖㧋ン冯⼊尴↢䎦烊暵⃳㴟満㊯↢烉ˬ䎮⿏崲⣙⍣≃慷炻⬫⯙崲⭡㖻⍿⇘シ嬀⼊ン␴埙べṢ⽫䘬⭋⁛䘬㓗惵ˤ ⛐忁㧋䘬ね㱩ᶳ炻晾䃞ṢᾹḇ天思⽒䎮⿏䘬⍇⇯炻Ữ㗗㊱䄏䎮⿏䘬⍇⇯⛐シ嬀⼊ン䘬㓗惵ᶳ炻䓂军⎗ẍ䁢彚⤜⇞⹎䘬⎰䎮⿏彗嬟˭炻25_{嫃䘬䛇㗗ᶨ憅夳埨ˤ} ⑰ỗ楔㕗⇯⽆⎎ᶨᾳ“朊Ἦ㍷丒䥹㈨䎮⿏忁䧖シ嬀⼊ン䘬≃慷烉 ΋Бय़Ǵᆶа߻܌Ԗޑཀ᛽׎ᄊКၨଆٰǴמೌ಍ݯޑཀ᛽ࢂȬ׳ϿڀԖ ཀ᛽׎ᄊ܄ޑȭǴӢࣁѬ٠όڀԖ΋ᅿѝᡉ౜ࣁ௝ጨճ੻ჴ౜ޑό೸ܴޑΚໆǹ ќ ΋ Б य़ Ǵ Ѭ բ ࣁ Ϟ В ՞ ಍ ݯ Ӧ Տ ޑ Ǵ ׳ ಒ ጏ ޑ ङ ඳ ཀ ᛽ ׎ ᄊ ȐHintergrundideologieȑǴ٬ࣽᏢԋΑКᙑޑཀ᛽׎ᄊᜪࠠ׳ᜤаלܔޑǴ׳ڀ 24

T.Adorno , The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture, London: Routledge, 1991.

25

Max Horkheimer, Gesammelte Schriften, band 6, Fisher verlag, Frankfurt ammain,1991,s.45.

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ుᇻቹៜޑଽႽǶ37 ! Ữ㗗炻⑰ỗ楔㕗娵䁢炻䈑䘬ᶾ䓴冯Ṣ䘬ᶾ䓴㗗㟡㛔䚠䔘䘬ˤ䥹㈨䎮⿏⎒怑䓐㕤䈑䘬ᶾ䓴炻⤪㝄⻟埴⮯℞㒜⻝⇘㔜ᾳᶾ䓴炻⯙⊊⽭⮶农䥹㈨䎮⿏䘬䌐㕟␴ ⻟⇞ˤ ᶵ忶炻⑰ỗ楔㕗娵䁢炻⃀䭉忁䧖ず∯䘤䓇Ḯᶼ㚱グ㺼グ䁰ᷳ⊊炻ỮṢ栆᷎ ᶵ 㗗㜇ㇳ䃉䫾 Ḯ ˤ ⑰ ỗ 楔㕗朊 ⮵ 忁㧋䘬 ⚘ ⠫ ⺽ ℍ ˬ 㹅忂䎮⿏ ˭ 炷communicative reason炸Ἦ慵⺢䎮⿏㤪⾝炻ẍ㬌㈿堉᷎㵝⊾ˬ䥹㈨䎮⿏˭ˤ 㹅忂䎮⿏㗗⑰ỗ楔㕗䘬㹅忂埴≽䎮婾䘬➢䞛ˤ㹅忂䎮⿏冯ẍ㺧嵛ᾳṢ㫚㛃䁢䚖䘬䘬ⶍ℟䎮⿏㟡㛔ᶵ⎴炻⬫⻟婧䚠Ḻ䎮妋␴㹅忂炻⻟婧㈡⇌␴⍵⿅ˤ㹅忂䎮⿏䘤䓇⛐㖍ⷠ䓇㳣柀➇炻忂忶㹅忂埴䁢堐䎦↢Ἦ炻℟㚱婆妨⿏ˣḺᷣ橼⿏ˣ 䦳⸷⿏ˣ攳㓦⿏ˣ⎗㈡⇌⿏䫱䈡溆ˤ㹅忂䎮⿏䘬㍸↢炻㖊㗗䓙㕤㈡⇌ⶍ℟䎮⿏䘬㘖念⊾炻ḇ㗗䁢Ḯ⚆ㅱ䎦ẋ⿏⌙㨇炻⑰ỗ楔㕗㛇㛃啱㬌傥⺢㥳ᶨᾳ傥ℐ朊䴙㓅冒䃞ˣ䣦㚫␴Ṣ䘬℟㚱⺋㲃婒㚵≃䘬䎮婾ˤ

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⮎嫱ᷣ佑⛐Ḵ⋩ᶾ䲨80⸜ẋ桐有ℐᶾ䓴炻䔞㗪⎘䀋⬠䓴㶙⍿⼙枧炻⯌℞㗗 ⛐㭟㴟⃱䘬⺽ṳᶳ炻㔁做䓴䃉ᶵ⣱䁢⛕冔炻ẍ䁢嫃⬠ˣ䞼䨞䘬㸾⇯炻⼰⣂Ṣ᷎ 夾ᷳ䁢Ṣ㔯䣦㚫柀➇䘬ˬ䥹⬠˭㓹㗇ˤ27_{⌛ὧ⇘ḮḴ⋩ᶨᶾ䲨䘬Ṳ⣑炻⎘䀋㔁} 做䓴⮵⮎嫱ᷣ佑ṵ㚱卓⎵䘬ⲯ㊄炻⤪⬠侭ṵ娵䁢⮎嫱ᷣ佑ˬἧㆹᾹ㚱傥≃枸㷔 ␴㍏⇞⬠㟉㬟䦳炻䴻䓙ᶨṃ屯妲䌚⼿㓗惵㱽⇯炻ẍἧ㑵䷙㝸ṃ嬲枭炻侴䌚⼿㚨 26

J. Habermas, Technik und Wissenschaft als ”Ideologie”, Frankfurt am Main, 1989 (1968). pp.88-89.

27

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Ἓ䘬ㆸ㝄˭ˤ28_{䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾⌛憅⮵㳩埴㕤䔞ẋ䣦㚫䥹⬠柀➇䘬⮎嫱ᷣ佑㔯⊾忚} 埴㈡⇌ˤ 䔞ẋ⮎嫱ᷣ佑㔯⊾⛐⬠㟉㔁做ᶲ䘬堐䎦⼊⺷䁢㤝≃ⲯ㊄䥹⬠䘬䥹⬠ᷣ佑炷 scientism 炸 ẍ ⍲ 娵 ⭂ Ṣ 㚱傥 ≃ 娵嬀 ⢾ ⛐ ⭊ 奨 ᶾ 䓴䘬 ⭊ 奨 ᷣ 佑炷obj ectvism炸 ˤ 䥹⬠ᷣ佑㗗役ẋ大㕡䣦㚫冒䃞䥹⬠䷩㥖䘬䓊䈑炻⬫䘬ℏ㵝寸⭴侴墯暄ˤ晾䃞ᶵ⎴䘬䞼䨞侭⮵䥹⬠ᷣ佑堐徘䘬“慵溆ᶵ⎴炻Ữ℞奨溆⣏橼悥娵⎴䥹⬠㗗嗽㕤军⮲䘬⛘ỵ炻⎗ẍ䓐Ἦ䌚⼿䛇⮎⎗月䘬䞍嬀ˤ䥹⬠ᷣ佑ⲯ⯂䎮⿏⿅䵕炻ᾉ⣱ 䥹⬠䞍嬀䘬⭊奨⿏炻䚠ᾉ䥹⬠␴䥹⬠㕡㱽⎗ẍ㍐⺋军ᶨ↯柀➇ˤ᷎娵䁢Ṣἄ䁢冒䃞⬀⛐䈑炻⎴℞⬫冒䃞䈑ẞᶨ㧋⍿冒䃞夷⼳䘬㓗惵炻ảỽḳ䈑⍇⇯ᶲ悥ᶵ傥 ⬀⛐㕤䥹⬠婒㖶ᷳ⢾ˤ䷥ᷳ炻䥹⬠ᷣ佑䘬ᶨᾳ慵天䈡⽝⯙㗗䥹⬠ⲯ㊄炻ⓗ䥹⬠ 军ᶲˤ⍿忁䧖䥹⬠ᷣ佑䎮⿏⿅䵕䘬⼙枧炻⽆20ᶾ䲨50⸜ẋ攳⥳炻㔁做䞼䨞ᷕ䘬㔁⬠姕妰⛐伶⚳䘬幵ḳ冯ⶍ㤕➡妻ᷕ攳⥳厴剥炻晐⼴⛐伶⚳叿⎵䘬⽫䎮⬠⭞㟹 ẋ⃳炷E. L. Thorndike炸ˣ⎚慹䲵炷B. F. Skinner炸䫱Ṣ䘬⽫䎮⬠⮎槿ᷕ䘤⯽崟Ἦˤ 忁ᶨ㗪㛇䘬⬠㟉㔁做ẍ⎚慹䲵䘬䦳⺷㔁⬠姕妰䁢ᷣ㳩炻Ṿ娵䁢㔁做⬠佺⯙㗗ᶨ 䧖ˬ⇢㽨—⍵ㅱ˭䘬⽫䎮倗䳸炻⚈侴㔁做䘬ᷣ天ả⊁⯙㗗Ὣ忚忁䧖倗䳸䘬䓊䓇炻姕妰ᶨᾳ⬴㔜䘬ˣ㚱㫉⸷ˣ⎗㍏⇞䘬㔁做忶䦳㚱⇑㕤䞍嬀䘬佺⼿ˤ➢㕤忁ᶨ⿅嶗炻㕗慹䲵姕妰↢Ḯ䦳⺷㔁⬠㨇☐炻㈲㔁⬠ℏ⭡↮ㆸ姙⣂⮷╖⃫炻忂忶ᶵ㕟⻟ ⊾⺽⮶⬠䓇ᶨ㬍ᶨ㬍⛘⬠佺䞍嬀天溆炻⽆侴⬴ㆸ㔜ᾳ㔁⬠ℏ⭡䘬⬠佺炻忼⇘枸㛇䘬㓰㝄ˤ⎗ẍ䚳↢炻㔁⬠姕妰⽆ᶨ攳⥳⯙冯䶂⿏䘬ˣ⎗枸㷔ˣ⎗㍏⇞䘬䥹⬠ ᷣ佑⭊奨娵嬀婾䵲⭮䚠忋ˤ29 㚨役⸦⋩⸜Ἦ炻伶⚳⽫䎮⬠⭞≈㴭炷R. M. GaĔe炸⛐埴䁢ᷣ佑䘬➢䢶ᶲ炻 28 昛⚳⼍炻˪䣦㚫柀➇婚䦳冯㔁⬠˫炻⎘⊿炻⬠⭴㔯⊾炻2001⸜炻枩167ˤ 29_{⻝䅽渿ˣ彃两㸀炻}_{˨䥹⬠ᷣ佑㔁⬠姕妰㕡㱽婾䘬⍵⿅˩}_炻 ˪㔁做冯䎦ẋ⊾˫2009⸜䫔1㛇ˤ

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㊯↢Ṣ䘬娵嬀ᶵ㗗䓙⢾䓴⇢㽨䚜㍍䴎Ḱ䘬炻侴㗗⢾䓴⇢㽨␴娵䞍ᷣ橼ℏ悐⽫䎮䚠Ḻἄ䓐䘬䳸㝄炻忚侴㍸↢Ḯ娵䞍屯妲≈ⶍ㧉⺷ˤ≈㴭娵䁢⬠佺䘤䓇䘬㡅ẞ㚱 ℑᾳ烉ℏ悐㡅ẞ␴⢾悐㡅ẞ炻᷎娵䁢⬠佺忚埴䘬ℏ悐⽫䎮忶䦳␴⢾悐㔁⬠ḳẞ 㗗䚠⮵ㅱ䘬ˤ㔁做⯙㗗⬱㌺⢾悐㡅ẞ炻Ὣ忚⬠佺ℏ悐忶䦳炻⽆侴⼊ㆸ⬠䓇⬠佺䘬ℏ悐≽㨇ˤ侴ᶼ炻ᶵ⎴䘬⬠佺ả⊁⮵ㅱℏ⢾ᶵ⎴䘬⬠佺㡅ẞˤ30_{㟡㒂忁䧖奨} 溆炻㔁做姕妰䘬ᷣ天ả⊁塓娵䁢㗗⎰䎮⬱㌺⎗月䘬⢾悐㡅ẞ炻ẍ㓗㊩ˣ㽨䘤␴ Ὣ忚⬠佺侭ℏ悐㡅ẞ䘬⬴┬ˤ⚵丆忁ᾳ㟠⽫⿅゛忚埴䘬㔁⬠姕妰⊭㊔ᶨ䲣↿䘬忶䦳炻℟橼㬍樇⤪ᶳ烉炷1炸↮㜸⬠佺侭䈡⽝炻炷2炸䡢⭂㔁⬠䚖㧁炻炷3炸忚埴㔁 ⬠ℏ⭡↮㜸炻炷4炸怠㑯␴忳䓐㔁⬠䫾䔍炻炷5炸攳䘤␴怠㑯㔁⬠⨺橼炻炷6炸忚埴⼊ㆸ⿏姽慷␴䷥䳸⿏姽慷ˤ31 军㕤⭊奨ᷣ佑炻ὅ⬠侭䘬夳妋炻䓙㕤⭊奨ᷣ佑娵䁢ᶾ䓴㗗⭊奨⬀⛐䘬炻忁 ᾳ⭊奨ᶾ䓴䌐䩳㕤Ṣᷳ⢾炻㗗ᶵ⍿Ṣ栆䴻槿㇨㓗惵ˣᶵẍṢ栆シ⽿侴廱䦣䘬炻 Ữ㗗⬫⎗ẍ䁢ṢᾹ㇨娵嬀ˤṢ栆忂忶℞⿅䵕Ἦ⍵㗈⭊奨䎦⮎炻⽆侴䌚⼿⭊奨ᶾ 䓴䘬シ佑炻忁䧖シ佑ĩ⌛䞍嬀Ī㟡㢵㕤⭊奨ᶾ䓴炻㗗⭊奨䘬ˣ䚠⮵䨑⭂䘬ˤ忁䧖䞍嬀䘬䛇‥⬀⛐⭊奨䘬⇌㕟㧁㸾炻⌛忁䧖䞍嬀㗗⏎䁢䛇⍾㰢㕤℞㗗⏎冯⭊奨䎦 ⮎䚠䫎ˤ㬋⚈䁢⤪㬌炻⭊奨ᷣ佑`⭂䞍嬀㗗⎗ẍ忂忶㔁ⷓㆾ㈨埻⁛怆䴎⬠佺侭 ᷎塓⬠佺侭䌚⼿䘬炻⬫⚈侴⻟婧䞍嬀䘬⁛怆冯㍍⍿炻ᷣ⻝忂忶䳸㥳⊾䘬㔁⬠ℏ ⭡ˣ㌰⍿⺷䘬㔁⬠㕡⺷ẍ⍲╖⎹⺷屯妲⁛怆ㇳ㭝䫱Ἦ姕妰㔁⬠㳣≽ˤĴĳ ġ ⮵㕤忁㧋䘬⮎嫱ᷣ佑㔯⊾炻㈡⇌䎮婾㚱℞䌐⇘䘬㈡⇌ˤġ ḳ⮎ᶲ炻⮵㕤⮎嫱ᷣ佑䣦㚫䥹⬠䘬岒䔹㗗⎬䧖㈡⇌䎮婾䘬㟠⽫䈡溆炻侴⸦ 30_{≈㴭炻ⶫ墉㟤㕗炻杳‹叿炽䙖忋䓇嬗炻}_{˪㔁⬠姕妰⍇䎮˫}_{炻ᶲ㴟炻厗㜙ⷓ䭬⣏⬠↢䇰䣦炻} 1999⸜炻枩4-6ˤ 31_{䁷伶⧄炽˪㔁⬠姕妰˫} 炻⊿Ṕ炻檀䫱㔁做↢䇰䣦炻1994⸜炻枩53ˤ 32_⻝⺋ℝ炻_{˨㔁⬠姕妰䭬⺷慵㥳烉⭊奨ᷣ佑冯⺢㥳ᷣ佑䘬圵⎰˩}_炻 ˪㔁㚠做Ṣ˫2010⸜䫔6 㛇ˤ

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᷶㇨㚱㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦䘬⬠侭ḇ悥㈲⮵䔞ẋ䣦㚫㔯⊾㈡⇌䘬Ḱ柕㊯⎹Ḯ⮎嫱ᷣ 佑ˤġ ḳ⮎ᶲ㗗冒┇呁忳≽ẍἮ炻⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬⁦⎹徸㻠⛐䣦㚫䎮婾ᷕ⌈䴙㱣⛘ ỵ炻䣦㚫⬠䘬∝⥳Ṣ⫼⽟⯙㖶䡢娵䁢炻䣦㚫⬠ㅱ娚ㆸ䁢ᶨ攨ˬ䣦㚫䈑䎮⬠˭炻⬫ ⁷冒䃞䥹⬠㍷徘ˬ冒䃞夷⼳˭ᶨ㧋㍷徘㇨媪ˬ䣦㚫㱽⇯˭炷social law炸ˤ⛐䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾䚳Ἦ炻忁䧖奨溆㈲ˬ䣦㚫䎦⮎˭ⅵ䳸䁢ˬ㛔橼婾䘬⅘⟲˭炻㈲屯㛔ᷣ佑ˣ 䧖㕷ᷣ佑ˣ⿏⇍㬏夾炷sexism炸ẍ⍲⮵㕤冒䃞䘬䴙㱣䫱㧉⺷䚳ἄ㗗ᶵ⎗性⃵䘬冯⽭䃞䘬ˤĴĴ_ġ ㈡⇌䎮婾侭㈡⇌Ḯ⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬ℑᾳ枸姕烉⮎嫱ᷣ佑侭䚠ᾉ德忶ᶨ⣿䥹⬠㕡㱽⎗ẍ䓐Ἦ䞼䨞㇨㚱䘬䞼䨞柀➇炻忁⣿䥹⬠㕡㱽㗗ẍ䈑䎮⬠䁢㇨㚱℞Ṿ⬠䥹䡢 ⭂⿏冯䱦䡢⿏䘬㧁㸾炻⎎⢾炻⮎嫱ᷣ佑侭䚠ᾉ䞍嬀㗗ℏ⛐ᷕ䩳䘬炻忁⍵忶Ἦ忈 ㆸˬ䥹⬠ᶵㅱ娚䁢䈡⭂䘬䣦㚫埴≽彗嬟˭ˤ㈡⇌䎮婾娵䁢炻⇵侭⮎嫱ᷣ佑⮯䣦㚫䓇㳣䈑⊾Ḯ炻ṾᾹ⾥䔍䘬⮵ˬ埴≽侭˭䘬㲐シ炻⮎嫱ᷣ佑㈲Ṣ⊾䲬ㆸˬ⍿⇘ˮ冒䃞≃慷˯䘬塓≽⮎橼˭炻⮵㕤䞍嬀ᷕ䩳䘬枸姕炻ṾᾹ娵䁢炻⮎嫱ᷣ佑忶⹎⻟婧⼊⺷䎮⿏炻⌣㛒⮵䚖䘬㛔幓⽆ḳ䚠⎴䘬䎮⿏⇌㕟炻忈ㆸḮ㓧㱣䘬ᾅ⬰⿏ˤ䫔ᶱ炻䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾⮵䔞ẋ䣦㚫⬠䘬䘤⯽ḇ㚱㇨ᶵ㺧炻娵䁢䔞ẋ䣦㚫⬠忶㕤ᾅ⬰᷎ᶼ ῷ⎹䥹⬠ᷣ佑炻⾥䔍䘬ᾳ橼冯䣦㚫䘬Ḻ≽炻忁⮯ἧ䣦㚫⬠䃉㱽ˬ⮵㓧㱣嬲⊾㍸ ↢㚱シ佑䘬⚆ㅱ˭炻䔞ẋ䘬䣦㚫⬠䎮婾⛐㬌ね㱩ᶳ炻ᶵỮ㰺㚱嬲ㆸ㈡⇌䘬ⶍ℟ㆾ 㚜㕘䘬愝䳈炻⍵侴嬲ㆸḮ㔜⎰㖊⬀䣦㚫䘬ᶨ悐↮ˤ34 ㈡⇌䎮婾䧇㈧Ḯ楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑䘬㈡⇌䘬⏎⭂䘬⁛䴙炻㈡⇌⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬⼊侴ᶲ ⬠㬟⎚奨炻㈲㬟⎚㍷徘䁢⎗傥⿏䘬柀➇ˤ㬟⎚晾䃞⍿忶⍣冯䎦⛐䘬⇞䲬炻Ữᶵ 33 _慹⃫㴎炻 ˨㈡⇌䎮婾䘬ℵ冰—㕘ᶨẋ大㕡楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑㈡⇌䎮婾⭞⍲℞䎮婾˩炻˪⚳⢾䎮婾≽ン˫2003⸜䫔10㛇ˤ 34

George Ritzer & Douglas Goodman炻㞗㛅㫥ˣ惕䣾恎嬗炻˪䣦㚫⬠䎮婾˫(ᶲ)䫔ℓ䪈炻 ⎘⊿炻ⶐ㳩↢䇰䣦炻2007⸜炻枩394-395ˤ

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⍿忶⍣冯䎦⛐䘬㓗惵ˤ妋㓦䘬➢䢶㗗ṢᾹ⮵㕤㬟⎚⿏䘬シ嬀炻侴⮵㕤㬟⎚⿏䘬シ嬀⌛⮵㕤䴙㱣䘬朆㯠⿮⿏䘬シ嬀ˤ 暵⃳㴟満娵䁢炻⮎嫱ᷣ佑⮯䴻槿䥹⬠䚳ㆸ㗗Ṣ栆䞍嬀䘬ょᶨ⼊ン␴㚨〘䔞䘬堐徘炻忁㗗ᶨ䧖⽡柕⽡⯦䘬曠㪲堐䎦ˤṾ㊯↢炻⮎嫱ᷣ佑℟㚱ᶱᾳ㟡㛔仢星烉 ĲįṢ⛐⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬䴻槿䞼䨞ᷕ嬲ㆸḮ䈑炻Ṣ䘬ᷣ橼⿏╒⣙㬮䚉ˤĳį√塪ḳ⮎冯₡ ῤ䘬倗专炻⮶农Ḯ䞍嬀冯冰嵋ˣ䎮㘢冯ねデ䘬↮塪ˤĴį⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬䴻槿䥹⬠㇨㎕䣢䘬ᶾ䓴⎒傥㗗ᶨ䧖㬣㜧䘬ˣ䃉シ佑䘬ᶾ䓴ˤĴĶ_ġ 旧⣂媦㈡⇌Ḯ⮎嫱ᷣ佑䣦㚫⬠䘬㕡㱽婾炻Ṿ娵䁢ᶵ傥⮯冒䃞䥹⬠䘬㧉⺷䦣㢵⇘䣦㚫ᶲἮ炻⮎嫱ᷣ佑㛔岒ᶲ崟⇘Ḯ䁢䎦⮎彗嬟䘬ἄ䓐ˤ⛐˪┇呁䘬彗嫱㱽˫ ᶨ㚠ᷕ炻暵⃳㴟満␴旧⣂媦娵䁢炻冒┇呁忳≽ẍἮ㔜ᾳ䎮⿏忚㬍忶䦳⶚⡖ℍ⮎ 嫱ᷣ佑⿅䵕㧉⺷䘬㶙㶝炻⛐䎦ẋⶍ㤕䣦㚫ᷕ䎮⿏⶚䴻嬲ㆸ䁢⤜⼡侴ᶵ㗗䁢冒䓙㚵⊁ˤ㒂㬌炻ṾᾹ⇌⭂䃉婾ˬ檀䳂˭㔯⊾怬㗗忂὿㔯⊾悥⛐➟埴叿⎴㧋䘬シ嬀⼊ン≇傥ˤ忁㧋炻⛐㈡⇌屯䓊昶䳂シ嬀⼊ン㗪炻㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦忚ᶨ㬍崘ᶲḮ⮵ 㔜ᾳˬシ嬀⼊ン䘬㈡⇌˭ˤ36 ⁛䴙䘬䳸㥳≇傥婾⽆䎮婾ᶲ䘬⮎嫱ᷣ佑␴㓧㱣ᶲ䘬冒䓙ᷣ佑䩳⟜↢䘤㈲䎦 ẋ䣦㚫夾䁢㚱㨇䘬㔜橼ˤ憅⮵忁ᶨ溆炻⺿㳃⥮炷Erich Fromm炸⛐˪‍ℐ䘬䣦㚫˫ ␴楔⹓刚⮵䎦ẋⶍ㤕䣦㚫䘬婾徘ᷕ悥㊯↢炻䎦ẋ䣦㚫ᶵ㗗ᶨᾳ‍ℐ䘬㨇橼炻侴㗗ᶨᾳ䕭ン䘬㨇橼炻䁢㬌炻ᶵ傥㈲ῷ暊忁ᶨ䣦㚫䘬夷䭬ˣ㧁㸾䘬埴䁢夾䁢⍵ⷠ 䎦尉炻⍵ᷳㅱ䚳ㆸ㭼䕭ン䣦㚫㧁㸾㚜䁢㬋ⷠ␴‍⹟䘬䎦尉ˤ㒂㬌炻ṾᾹ㊯↢大㕡䣦㚫⬠⽭枰㬋夾ˬ₡ῤ慵Ộ˭䘬⓷柴ˤ㈡⇌䎮婾⛐娘⓷䣦㚫⬠⮯ḳ⮎冯₡ῤ ↮暊⌛ˬ₡ῤᷕ䩳˭㗪炻㈲⍵⮵⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘤⯽⇘㕟妨䎦ẋ䥹⬠㈨埻㗗ᶨ↯∅⇲ˣ 35 _昛呻㻼炻_{˨暵⃳㴟満⮵⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬㈡⇌⍲℞⬀⛐婾➢䢶˩} 炻庱˪暚⋿⣏⬠⬠⟙(䣦㚫䥹 ⬠䇰)˫炻2005⸜䫔4⌟䫔6㛇ˤ㛶晳炻˨暵⃳㴟満䘬䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾⍲℞⿅䈡刚˩炻˪䎮婾㍊䳊˫2005⸜䫔6㛇ˤ 36 暵⃳㴟満ˣ旧忻䇦媦炻˪┇呁䘬彗嫱㱽˫炻ᶲ㴟Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦炻2003⸜炻枩4ˤ

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⡻従␴⤜⼡䘬㚨㶙⇣㟡㸸炻㈲⍵⮵冒䓙ᷣ佑㍐忚⇘ⶎ㳦㽨忚ᷣ佑␴㤝䪗ᷣ佑䘬䩳⟜炻⃭↮堐䎦Ḯ㱽嗕⃳䤷⬠㳦䘬₡ῤ⍾⎹ˤ37 ⑰ỗ楔㕗㈡⇌⮎嫱ᷣ佑㗪㊯↢炻⮎ 嫱 ᷣ 佑㔯 ⊾ 䁢䔞 ẋ 䣦㚫 ⎴ 㗪⺽䘤 ℑ 䧖 ⎰ Ἕ 䕯 ʇ 䥹 ⬠ ᷣ 佑冯 ⭊ 奨 ᷣ 佑炻㇨媪䘬 ˬ 䥹 ⬠ ᷣ 佑 ˭ ⯙ 㗗㈲冒䃞䥹⬠䞍嬀䚳ㆸ㗗ᶨ䧖㚨⭊奨䘬䞍嬀℠䭬炻䣦㚫䞼䨞⍲℞㇨㚱䘬䞍嬀悥ㅱẍ冒䃞䥹⬠䁢㤟㧉炻㖻妨ᷳ炻ˬ䥹⬠䚠ᾉ冒⶙炻娵䁢ㆹᾹ⎗ẍᶵ⮯䥹⬠夾䁢媠䧖⎗傥䞍嬀ᷕ䘬ᶨ䧖炻侴㗗䚜㍍⮯䥹⬠冯䞍嬀⎴䫱夾ᷳ˭炻ḇ⚈䁢⤪㬌䘬⽫ン䥹⬠䞍嬀嶐崲㕤℞Ṿ䞍嬀ᷳᶲ炻℞Ṿ䧖䞍嬀塓夾䁢ᶵ⸛䫱⮵⼭炻忁㗪䞍嬀婾塓䯉⊾䁢䥹 ⬠⒚⬠炻侴䥹⬠⒚⬠⇯ㆸ䁢䥹⬠㕡㱽婾炻⬴ℐ⾥夾娵嬀ᷣ橼䘬傥≃烊侴⭊奨ᷣ 佑⇯㗗⮯ᶾ䓴䔞㗗ᶨᾳ⭊奨冒⬀䘬䳸㥳炻℞㇨⊭⏓䘬悥㗗ᶨṃḳ⮎ẍ⍲ḳ⮎ 冯ḳ⮎ᷳ攻䘬夷⼳⿏斄Ὢ炻侴䥹⬠䞍嬀㇨天㍷丒䘬⯙㗗忁䧖ḳ⮎䘬䳸㥳炻⚈㫉䛇䎮ㆸ䁢␥柴冯ḳ⮎ᷳ攻䘬䚠䫎⎰炻䃞侴忁㧋䘬⿅侫⌣䃉㱽德夾䥹⬠䞼䨞䘬⮵ 尉 ㆾ 侭 ḳ ⮎ 㥳 ㆸ 䘬 ⓷ 柴炻侴 ⮯ ḳ ⮎ 䴎䳽 ⮵ ⊾ ˤĴĹ ġ ġ

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䎦ẋṢ≽ᶵ≽⯙㈲ˬ䥹⬠˭㍃⛐◜怲炻娵䁢䥹⬠䃉㇨ᶵ傥炻ḳ⮎ᶲ炻⣏䲬⽆⋩ℓᶾ䲨攳⥳炻㫸㳚⯙⻴㻓叿忁䧖䥹⬠叔傥奨炻䴻忶Ḯ㔠䘦⸜䘬䘤⯽炻⇘Ḯ Ḵ⋩ᶨᶾ䲨䘬Ṳ⣑炻ṢᾹ⮵䥹⬠䘬ⲯ㊄Ụ᷶ᶵ㷃⍵⡆炻忁ᶵ⁭堐䎦⛐ㆹᾹ␐怕䘬䓇㳣ᷕ炻䥹⬠⍲℞ㅱ䓐䃉㇨ᶵ⛐炻ḇ堐䎦⛐䔞⇵䘬㔁做ℏ⭡ᷕ炻䥹⬠㗗㔁做䘬㟠⽫₡ῤˤ 37 ❫⇑ⶴ炽⺿㳃⥮炻㫸春嫁嬗炻˪‍ℐ䘬䣦㚫˫炻ᷕ⚳㔯倗↢䇰℔⎠炻1988⸜ˤHerbert Marcuse, One-dimensional Man, Boston, 1964.

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䥹⬠⼰慵天炻Ữḇᶵ⽭⇘ⲯ㊄䘬⛘㬍炻ㆹᾹ䞍忻䥹⬠斄Ὢ⇘⚳⭞䘬䘤⯽炻 Ữ⚳⭞䘤⯽䘬⤥⢆ḇᶵ⽭䃞悥专㕤䥹⬠炻䈡⇍⛐㔁做ᷕ炻䥹⬠ㅱ㚱Ṩ湤㧋〘䔞䘬↮慷ẍ⍲㔁做侭⮵䥹⬠ㅱ㚱ỽン⹎炻㚜斄Ὢ⚳⭞⮵䥹⬠㗗⏎忶⹎ὅ岜䘬慵天斄挝ˤ ㆹᾹ悥䞍忻炻⽟⚳㗗ᶾ䓴ᶲ䥹⬠䘤㖶㚨⤥䘬⚳⭞ᷳᶨ炻⽟⚳䘬䥹⬠ⶍ喅ḇ 㗗㶙⍿ṢᾹᾉ岜䘬䓊⑩炻䃞侴炻㬋㗗⛐忁㧋䘬⚳⭞墉炻⛐⽟⚳⛇䓇⛇攟䘬㱽嗕 ⃳䤷⬠㳦⮵䥹⬠シ嬀⼊ン䘬⍵⿅ㇵ㚜℟婒㚵≃ˤ䯉妨ᷳ炻䥹⬠᷎朆䃉㇨ᶵ傥炻 ṢᾹḇᶵ傥⮵⬫忶⹎ὅ岜ˤ 䈡⇍㗗⛐㔁做柀➇ᷕ炻⎘䀋⬠䓴㶙⍿⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬⼙枧炻䔞⇵㔁做ᷕ䘬⎬⺷ ⎬㧋䘬姽揹悥㗗㬌ᶨ䥹⬠㔁做⿅䵕ᶳ䘬䓊䈑ˤ⛐⎬䧖姽揹ᷕ炻䫔ᶨ天⊁ὧ㗗䡢䩳ᶨṃ傥≃㊯㧁炻侴忁ṃ傥≃㊯揹䘬ℙ⎴䈡⽝ὧ㗗烊⎗慷⊾ˤ㕤㗗炻婚䦳暨天姽揹炻㔁⬠暨天姽揹炻㔁ⷓ暨天姽揹炻䲣㇨天姽揹炻⬠㟉天㟉⊁姽揹炻㔁⊁天姽揹炻⬠⊁ḇ天姽揹ɃɃ姽揹䃉㇨ᶵ⛐炻姽揹ḇ䃉㇨ᶵ傥炻㟡㒂㔁做悐䘬屯㕁炻 ⣏⬠䷥ℙ暨天㍍⍿䘬姽揹㚱ᶱ⋩⸦枭烊ㆹᾹ㔁做⼟⼧姽揹⯙⎗妋㰢㇨㚱䘬⓷ 柴ˤἳ⤪㚨㕘ᶨ㛇˪姽揹暁㚰↲˫墉㇨㊯↢䘬烉 ࣁଓ؃ଯ฻ޑ௲Ꮲڑຫว৖ǴӚ୯ӭаڀᡏЋࢤуமᏢਠޑ௲ᏢᕮਏǴӵ வس಍ޑᢀᗺ຾Չຑ᠘ਠଣፐำޑᕮਏ)ӵӚ୯࡭ុׯ๓ޑೕጄ*Ǵ܈ޣவၸำ )ӵҙፎJTP:113ޑࠔߥسӈ኱ྗᇡ᛾*܈ᏢғᏢಞޑᢀᗺ๱Ћ)ӵ୯ሞπำ௲ػ ᇡ᛾س಍܈୘ᆅ௲ػᇡ᛾฻*ǶԜ֡ᄆᡉрӧཥШइύ୻ػڀԖӄౚຎഁϐଯᝡ ݾΚޑᏢғǴςԋࣁӚ୯ଯ฻௲ػँᡉ௲ػᝡݾΚϐոΚБӛǶ39 ⛐䶐廗悐㇨⮓䘬˨䡢ᾅ⃒岒⬠佺䑘⠫⺢䩳⽆䲣㇨⮰㤕⇘㔜橼㟉⊁䘤⯽䘬⣏ ⬠姽揹⇞⹎˩ᶨ㔯ᷕ炻檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫忻↢姽揹䘬㛔岒ℏ㵝⌛烉ˬ䳸⎰ˮℐ朊⑩岒 39 㜿⯂⸛炻˨婾㈨⮰㟉昊䲣㇨姽揹冯⚳晃⮰㤕㔁做娵嫱㨇⇞˩炻˪姽揹暁㚰↲˫2010⸜1 㚰䫔23㛇炻⇯⛀㱽Ṣ檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫↢䇰炻枩30ˤ

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䭉䎮˯䘬㤪⾝炻⮶ℍ䲣㇨姽揹⮎㕥䘬娵⎗㨇⇞炻Ƀㆹ⚳䘬⣏⬠姽揹⇞⹎傥ẍˮ⑩ 岒ᾅ嫱˯䁢ὅ㬠˭ˤ40_{忁墉ὧ㈲㔁做䔞ἄ⓮⑩䓇䓊㨇⇞ᶨ凔⛐䭉㍏㇨媪䘬ˬ⑩} 岒˭ˤ㈲⬠䓇䔞ἄ䓊⑩ˣ⓮⑩⛐䓇䓊ˣ䭉㍏炻忁ᶵ⎒㗗⛐䈑⊾⬠䓇炻侴ᶼḳ⮎ᶲ ⯙崘忚⑰ỗ楔㕗㇨㈡⇌䘬⮎嫱ᷣ佑⛐䔞 ẋ 䣦㚫䘬 ⎰ Ἕ 䕯 ʇ 䥹 ⬠ ᷣ 佑冯 ⭊ 奨 ᷣ 佑炻᷎ ᶼ ḇ 㗗䎦尉 ⬠ ⬿ ⷓ 傉⠆䇦㇨婒䘬忈ㆸ㫸㳚䥹⬠⌙㨇䘬㟡㸸炻⌛ 䈑䎮⬠䘬⭊奨ᷣ佑⍲℞㺼嬲⼊⺷⮎嫱ᷣ佑ˤ41 ẍᶲ㗗忶⍣⸦⸜⛐⎘䀋⎬⣏⬠墉㌚崟䃉㔠桐暚䘬䲣㇨姽揹ˤ⽆2009⸜ᶳ⋲ ⸜攳⥳炻㔁做悐⍰攳⥳枸⏲㕤㮹⚳101⸜天⛐ℐ⚳忚埴㇨媪ˬ㟉⊁姽揹˭炻⛐姽揹⍇姕妰Ṣ䌳ᾅ忚㔁㌰㇨⮓䘬㔯䪈ᷕ炻攳⬿㖶佑ὧ溆↢烉ˬ檀䫱㔁做ℐ䎫⊾ˣ⚳ 晃⊾⍲ⶪ⟜⊾⶚ㆸ䁢䔞⇵檀䫱㔁做䘤⯽ᷳ慵天嵐⊊˭ˤ⛐姽揹枭䚖ᶨ烉ˬ⬠㟉冒 ㆹ⭂ỵ˭ᷕ炻Ṿℵ㫉⻟婧烉 ᏢਠԾךۓՏӧዴߥεᏢਠଣૈዴᇡҁيϐᓬ༈ǵӍ༈ǵᙯᐒᆶӒᐒǴᇥ ܴᏢਠว৖БӛϷख़ᗺ੝ՅǴࣚۓᏢਠϐԾךۓՏǴ຾Զᔕۓਠ୍ว৖ीჄǴ ӆ٩Ᏽਠ୍ว৖ीჄǴ໒೛፾྽س܌ϷᏢำǴ٠ुۓᏢғϐ୷ҁનᎦᆶਡЈૈ ΚǴа಄ӝ௲ػ୯ሞϯᆶѱ൑ϯϐᖿ༈ǴமϯᏢਠᝡݾΚǶ53 忁墉ὅ䃞㊯↢⣏⬠䘬ˬⶪ⟜⊾˭ˣˬ⚳晃⊾˭嵐⊊䘬ᶵ⎗忽微炻ˬⶪ⟜⊾˭ˣˬ⚳ 晃⊾˭⃤䃞㗗⁛婒ᷕ叔ら䘬伒櫩ˬ啷掉Ṣ˭烉枮ㆹ侭㖴炻微ㆹ侭ṉˤ忁㗗䓐姽揹 -㆚优䘬㕡⺷Ἦ従ἧ⣏⬠㔁做崘⎹ⶪ⟜⊾ˤ ⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻㔁做悐ḇ䓐䋶⊝䘬㕡⺷Ἦ溻⊝⣏⬠彶⎹ⶪ⟜⊾烊⛐㔁做悐⭀䵚 ᶲ㞍⇘㔁做悐㚱斄ˬ⣏⬠㔁⬠⋻崲妰∫˭炻㔁做悐妋慳⬫䘬䶋崟烉 40_{䶐廗悐炻˨䡢ᾅ⃒岒⬠佺䑘⠫⺢䩳⽆䲣㇨⮰㤕⇘㔜橼㟉⊁䘤⯽䘬⣏⬠姽揹⇞⹎˩炻˪姽} 揹暁㚰↲˫2010⸜1㚰䫔23㛇炻⇯⛀㱽Ṣ檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫↢䇰炻枩8ˤ 41 㚡℠枮炻˨傉⠆䇦⼴㛇䎦尉⬠㕡㱽䯉婾˩炻˪ᷕ⚳䣎㤕⣏⬠⬠⟙˫(䣦㚫䥹⬠䇰)炻2006 ⸜䫔ᶨ㛇ˤ 42_䌳ᾅ忚炻

˨ẍˬ㔜橼⬠㟉姽揹˭(whole school evaluation)䁢䱦䤆ᷳ⣏⬠㟉⊁姽揹˩炻˪姽揹暁㚰↲˫2010⸜1㚰䫔23㛇炻⇯⛀㱽Ṣ檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫↢䇰炻枩20-21ˤ

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௲ػౢрΓωᆶҾ཰යࡑό಄Ǵόӧܭࣽس஑཰ࢂցଛӝౢ཰ǴԶࢂεᏢ ௲ػࢂց௲ᏤᏢғ൩཰ޑਡЈૈΚǶӢԜǴ௲Ꮲϣ৒ϷБݤѸ໪ૈߦ຾Ꮲғޑ ൩཰ΚǴεᏢ௲ػᔈ໒ۈݙख़Ꮲғޑ൩཰य़ሡ؃ǴٯӵуமౢᏢӝբǵගԐჴ ಞ฻฻ǶᗨฅεᏢค໪ࣁҾ཰ໆيुբౢрΓΚǴՠӧεᏢ௲ػදϷϯว৖ޑ ᖿ༈ΠǴΓωϐ୻ػᔈ಄ӝޗ཮܌ሡǶ54_! ⮎晃ᶲ炻⛐1980⸜ẋᷳ⼴炻伶⚳⯙攳⥳忚埴ẍⶪ⟜⮶⎹䘬㔁做㓡朑炻冒䓙怠㟉ẍ⍲䥩䩳ˣ䆇⇑⮶⎹⬠㟉䘬➢䢶炻Ṏ㗗⛐暟㟡冯ⶫⶴ䷥䴙ảℏ⼊ㆸ䘬炻᷎ ⛐˪℔⃫ℑ⋫⸜䘬伶⚳㔁做㱽㟰˫䔞ᷕ炻⼘栗ⶪ⟜⮶⎹ˤ䔞㗪ṾᾹᷳ㇨ẍẍⶪ ⟜⮶⎹忚埴㔁做㓡朑炻℞㚨ᷣ天⍇⚈㚱Ḵ烉ᶨ㗗炻娵䁢㓧⹄㨇㥳㇨㍸ὃ䘬㚵⊁ 䃉㱽㺧嵛Ṣ㮹䘬暨㯪烊Ḵ㗗炻娵䁢䓙㕤⚳⭞䘬⮰岋䌐Ỽ仢᷷ⶪ⟜䪞䇕炻㗗⬠㟉 ⑩岒Ỷ句䘬ᷣ天⍇⚈ˤ⚈㬌ṾᾹᷣ⻝⺽忚ⶪ⟜䪞䇕䘬奨⾝炻⇢㽨⬠㟉攻䘬䪞䇕炻 ᷎䓐ẍⷞ≽㔁做朑㕘ˤ⛐伶⚳㔁做㓡朑ᷕ炻ⶪ⟜㨇⇞⍿⇘䚠䔞䘬慵夾炻⚈䁢ⶪ ⟜㨇⇞⎴㗪⎗ẍ妋㰢䴻㾇䪞䇕≃䘬⌙㨇ẍ⍲⚳⭞㰱慵䘬屈匟炻ḇ⯙㗗婒炻⻟婧 ⶪ⟜⮶⎹䘬㔁做㓡朑ᶨ㕡朊⮯⎗⡆忚⬠㟉䘬㓰傥炻侴ⶪ⟜⮶⎹䘬㔁做㓡朑⛐⎎ ᶨ㕡朊ḇ㷃⮹⚳⭞⛐㔁做ᷕ䘬㈽ℍ炻㛅⎹↮㪲䘬㕡⎹炻ẍ㴰屣侭ῷ⤥䘬怠㑯ἄ 䁢ὅ㒂炻⼊ㆸⶪ⟜忁晣ˬ䚳ᶵ夳䘬ㇳ˭Ἦᷣ⮶㔁做ˤ䯉╖⛘婒炻㔁做㓡朑䘬ⶪ ⟜⊾炻⯙㗗⮯ẩ㤕䴻䆇䘬⇑㼌冯㓰䌯⍇⇯ㅱ䓐⛐㔁做炻忁ὧ㗗⻟婧ⶪ⟜䪞䇕⛐ 㔁做ᷕ䘬慵天炻㓧⹄⮯ᶵℵ忳䓐䭉⇞␴㍸ὃ屯㸸䘬㕡⺷Ἦ㓡朑⬠㟉㔁做炻侴㗗德忶ⶪ⟜≃慷Ἦ朑㕘⬠㟉㔁做ˤ44 ⬠㟉㔁做崘ᶲⶪ⟜⊾⯙㗗䥹㈨䎮⿏⿅䵕ᶳ䘬䓊䈑炻⚈䁢炻ょ㚱䓐ˬⶪ⟜˭ 43 _{⺽冒㔁做悐䵚䪁˨䫔Ḵ㛇䋶⊝⣏⬠㔁⬠⋻崲妰䔓˩} 炻http://www.edu.tw/files/list/B0039/ 旬ẞ-2䫔Ḵ㛇䋶⊝⣏⬠㔁⬠⋻崲妰䔓980312-.pdf 44 _㛶㔎佑炻_{˨ⶪ⟜⊾䎮婾↮㜸⍲⮵⎘䀋ᷕ⮷⬠㔁做㓡朑䘬┇䣢˩}_炻 ˪㔁做䞼䨞屯妲˫2000 ⸜8⌟6㛇炻枩62-88ˤ

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Ἦ㩊槿⬠㟉㔁做ㇵ傥䚜㍍⛘ˣ⭊奨⛘䚳⇘⬫䘬彎⬠ㆸ㓰炻⛐㬌炻ˬⶪ⟜˭ẋ堐䘬㗗⎗妰䬿䘬ˬ慷˭炻ˬⶪ⟜˭ẋ堐叿姽慷䘬⭊奨⿏炻ˬⶪ⟜˭ẋ堐叿⮎䓐⍾⎹炻ˬⶪ ⟜˭ẋ堐Ḯ栏⭊⮶⎹炻ˬⶪ⟜˭ẋ堐㔁做⽭枰⍾〭彶⎰ẩ㤕炻ˬⶪ⟜˭ẋ堐叿⬠ 䓇䘬㟠⽫傥≃㊯㧁炻ˬⶪ⟜˭㚜ẋ堐叿⬠䓇冯ṾṢ䘬ˬ䪞䇕≃˭炻ˬⶪ⟜˭ḇẋ堐 Ḯ⚳⭞䓇䓊␴䪞䇕≃䘬㍸㖯烊䯉妨ᷳ炻ẍⶪ⟜⊾Ἦ㩊槿⬠㟉㔁做䲼䱡㗗屯㛔ᷣ 佑䘬怷廗炻⎴㗪ḇ㗗⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬怷廗ˤ⛐㔁做ⶪ⟜⊾䘬⎴㗪炻ㆹᾹḇ㈲⬠䓇⓮ ⑩⊾Ḯˤ侴忁ḇ㬋㗗㈡⇌䎮婾⬠侭㇨ㄪ⽫䘬䳸㝄ˤ

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傉⠆䇦⛐ᶨ䘦⣂⸜⇵⯙⶚嬎⏲㫸㳚㚱Ḯ䥹⬠⌙㨇炻45_{䘦⸜Ἦ炻大㕡⎬⚳农} ≃⛐⍵䚩䥹⬠炻䈡⇍⛐ㆹᾹ䘬㘖⍲㔁做橼䲣ᷕ䘬䥹⬠ℏ㵝炻⎗㗗⛐ㆹᾹ䘬㔁做 ᷕ炻ᷣ䭉ℐ⚳㔁做䘬㔁做悐⌣Ụ㶙⿸ㆹᾹ䘬㔁做ᶵ⣈䥹⬠炻ᶨℵ德忶⎬䧖姽揹⺽⮶㔁做崘ᶲˬ䥹⬠˭忁㡅嶗炻⼟⼧㔁做ᷳᷕ昌Ḯ䥹⬠ᷳ⢾⇍䃉检䈑ˤ ⛐㬌ᶨ⿅䵕⭂⊊⸽ᶳ炻⎘䀋⬠㟉㔁做崘ᶲⶪ⟜⊾炻䓐ˬⶪ⟜˭Ἦ㩊槿⬠㟉㔁做⍲℞彎⬠ㆸ㓰炻⛐㬌炻ˬⶪ⟜˭⯙㗗䓐Ἦ㷔慷㔁做䘬ˬ䥹⬠˭㊯㧁烊天妨ᷳ炻 ẍⶪ⟜⊾Ἦ㩊槿⬠㟉㔁做䲼䱡㗗屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬怷廗炻⎴㗪ḇ㗗⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬怷廗ˤ ⎘䀋忁䧖㔁做䘤⯽⮎⛐ẌṢ⮵⚳⭞䘬㛒Ἦ㶙デㄪ⽫ˤ 45

Edmund Husserl, translated by David Carr , The Crisis of European Sciences and

Transcendental Phenomenology : An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy,

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ୖԵ

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!!

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㚡堃㜙䶐炷2004炸ˤ˪暵⃳㴟満普˫ˤᶲ㴟烉怈㜙↢䇰䣦ˤ

George Ritzer & Douglas Goodman⍇叿炻㞗㛅㫥ˣ惕䣾恎嬗炷2007炸ˤ˪䣦㚫⬠ 䎮婾˫(ᶲ)ˤ⎘⊿炻ⶐ㳩↢䇰䣦ˤ ≈㴭ˣⶫ墉㟤㕗ˣ杳‹⍇叿炻䙖忋䓇䫱嬗炷1999炸ˤ˪㔁⬠姕妰⍇䎮˫ˤᶲ㴟烉厗㜙ⷓ䭬⣏⬠↢䇰䣦ˤ ⯤㟤䇦炽⣂⽟⍇叿炻昞⁛忚嬗炷2000炸ˤ˪䣦㚫䎮婾冯䎦ẋ⊾˫ˤ⊿Ṕ烉䣦㚫䥹 ⬠㔯䌣↢䇰䣦ˤ 䁷伶⧄炷1994炸ˤ˪㔁⬠姕妰˫ˤ⊿Ṕ炻檀䫱㔁做↢䇰䣦ˤ ❫⇑ⶴ炽⺿㳃⥮⍇叿炻㫸春嫁嬗炷ĲĺĹĹ炸ˤ˪‍ℐ䘬䣦㚫˫ˤ⊿Ṕ烉ᷕ⚳㔯倗↢䇰 ℔⎠ˤ 昛⚳⼍炷2001炸ˤ˪䣦㚫柀➇婚䦳冯㔁⬠˫ˤ⎘⊿炻⬠⭴㔯⊾ˤ 䪈㶭婆炷1996炸ˤ˪㭟㴟⃱˫ˤ⎘⊿烉㜙⣏ˤ 䤷㞗⍇叿炻♜扺嬗炷Ĳĺĺĸ炸ˤ˪㪲≃䘬䛤䜃ȹ䤷㞗姒婯抬˫ˤᶲ㴟烉Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦ˤ 暵⃳㴟満ˣ旧忻䇦媦⍇叿炻㷈㔔㜙ˣ㚡堃㜙嬗炷2003炸ˤ˪┇呁䘬彗嫱㱽˫ˤᶲ 㴟烉ᶲ㴟Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦ˤ

䌳ᾅ忚炷2010炸ˤ˨ẍˬ㔜橼⬠㟉姽揹˭(whole school evaluation)䁢䱦䤆ᷳ⣏⬠㟉

⊁姽揹˩ˤ˪姽揹暁㚰↲˫炻23炻21-25ˤ⎘⊿烉屉⛀㱽Ṣ檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫↢䇰ˤ 㜿⯂⸛炷2010炸ˤ˨婾㈨⮰㟉昊䲣㇨姽揹冯⚳晃⮰㤕㔁做娵嫱㨇⇞˩ˤ˪姽揹暁㚰 ↲˫炻23炻30-33ˤ⎘⊿烉屉⛀㱽Ṣ檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫↢䇰ˤġ ⏛✌戻炷1997炸ˤ˨⑰ỗ楔㕗冯⬠㟉㔁做˩ˤ˪㔁ⷓᷳ⍳˫炻38炻9-13ˤġ 㛶㔎佑炷2000炸ˤ˨ⶪ⟜⊾䎮婾↮㜸⍲⮵⎘䀋ᷕ⮷⬠㔁做㓡朑䘬┇䣢˩ˤ˪㔁做䞼䨞屯妲˫炻8炷6炸炻62-88ˤ

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㚡℠枮炷2006炸ˤ˨傉⠆䇦⼴㛇䎦尉⬠㕡㱽䯉婾˩ˤ˪ᷕ⚳䣎㤕⣏⬠⬠⟙˫(䣦㚫䥹⬠䇰)炻1炻5-8ˤġ ⻝䅽渿ˣ彃两㸀炷炸ˤ˨䥹⬠ᷣ佑㔁⬠姕妰䘬㕡㱽婾⍵⿅˩ˤ˪㔁做冯䎦ẋ⊾˫炻炻ˤġ ⻝Ṗ炷ĳııĳ炸ˤ˨㗪攻ⶅ㳩ᷕ䘬ģ⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽ģĮĮ旧⣂媦˪⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽˫䘬㬟⎚ ⿏㲐慳˩ˤ˪䎦ẋ⒚⬠˫炻ĳ炻ĵĲĮĵĹˤġ ⻝⺋ℝ炷2010炸ˤ˨㔁⬠姕妰䭬⺷慵㥳烉⭊奨ᷣ佑冯⺢㥳ᷣ佑䘬圵⎰˩ˤ˪㔁㚠做 Ṣ˫炻6炻43-45ˤ 昛⭞滲炷2010炸ˤ˨ℐ䎫∝㕘≃ ⅘Ⲟ䫔ᶨ ⎘䀋ℐ䎫䫔25˩ˤ˪䴻㾇㖍⟙˫(⎘⊿)炻 2010/3/6ˤ 昛呻㻼炷ĳııĶ炸ˤ˨暵⃳㴟満⮵⮎嫱ᷣ佑䘬㈡⇌⍲℞⬀⛐婾➢䢶˩ˤ˪暚⋿⣏⬠⬠ ⟙ĩ䣦㚫䥹⬠䇰Ī˫炻ĵ炷ķ炸炻ĴıĮĴĵˤġ 㛶晳炷ĳııĶ炸ˤ˨暵⃳㴟満䘬䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾⍲℞⿅゛䈡刚˩ˤ˪䎮婾㍊䳊˫炻ķ炻ĳĶĮĴıˤġ 䶐廗悐炷2010炸ˤ˨䡢ᾅ⃒岒⬠佺䑘⠫⺢䩳⽆䲣㇨⮰㤕⇘㔜橼㟉⊁䘤⯽䘬⣏⬠姽揹⇞⹎˩ˤ˪姽揹暁㚰↲˫炻23炻8-8ˤ⎘⊿烉屉⛀㱽Ṣ檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫↢䇰ˤ

Horkheimer, M. (1972). “Traditional and critical Theory”. Critical Theory. New York: The Seabury Pr.

Horkheimer, M. (1991). Gesammelte Schriften, band 6, Fisher verlag, Frankfurt ammain.

Marcuse,H.(1964). One-dimensional Man. Bosto: Beaconn.

LuKacs, G. (1971). History and class consiousness. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

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London & NY: Routledge.

Adorno, T. W. (1997). Negative Dialektik, in Gesamelte Schriften, Bd. 6, Suhrkamp Verlag.

Foucault, M. (1982). “The Subject and Power.” Afterword to Michel Foucault:

Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul

Rabinow. Brighton: Harvester Press.

Adorno, T. W. (1991). The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. London: Routledge.

Jean-François Lyotard, J. F. (1978).“Adorno come diavolo” in: Intensitäte., Berlin: Merve.

Habermas, J. (1989/1968).Technik und Wissenschaft als ”Ideologie”, Frankfurt am Main. ᆛၡၗ਑ ᆛၡၗ਑ ᆛၡၗ਑ ᆛၡၗ਑ǺǺǺǺ!!!! 嵁㴟Ⲙ炷2003炸ˤ˪旧⣂媦“⏎⭂䘬彗嫱㱽”䞼䨞˫ˤ⑰䇦屻烉湹漵㰇Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦ˤ 䵚⛨烉baike.baidu.com/view/714911.htm 婾㔯䵚㓞普㔜䎮炻˨ˬ䣦㚫㈡⇌䎮婾˭㗗ˬ㈡⇌˭䘬䳪䳸˩炻www.66wen.com 慹⃫㴎炷ĳııĴ炸ˤ˨㈡⇌䎮婾䘬ℵ冰ȹ㕘ᶨẋ大㕡楔⃳⿅ᷣ佑㈡⇌䎮婾⭞⍲℞䎮婾 ˩ ˤ ˪ ⚳ ⢾ 䎮婾 ≽ ン ˫ 炻 Ĳı 炻 ĴĳĵĮĴĴĲ ˤ 䵚 ⛨ 烉 ũŵŵűĻİİŸŸŸįŴŰŤŪŰŭŰŨźĳıĲıįŤŢŴŴįŤůİŶűŭŰŢťİĳıĲĵİıķİťĳıĲĵıķĲĶĳĲĳĴĳĲĵıĴįűťŧġ 㛶䏳⭠炷ĳııķ炸ˤ˨㈡⇌㧉⺷ĮňŪųŰŶŹᷳ婚䦳䎮婾˩炻⺽冒˪䵚嶗䣦㚫⬠忂妲㛇↲˫Ƕ 䵚⛨Ǻwww.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/54/54-13.htmġ 㔁做悐䵚䪁ˤ˨䫔Ḵ㛇䋶⊝⣏⬠㔁⬠⋻崲妰䔓˩炻ũŵŵűĻİİŸŸŸįŦťŶįŵŸİŧŪŭŦŴİŭŪŴŵİŃııĴĺİ 旬ẞĮĳ䫔Ḵ㛇䋶⊝⣏⬠㔁⬠⋻崲妰䔓ĺĹıĴĲĳĮįűťŧġ