ࡌ
ࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓ
ϣࡹࡌᑐࣴز܌ہૼࣴزൔ
Ȑ୯ࣽ GRB ጓဦȑ PG10301-0441
ࡌ
ࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓ
ڙہૼޣǺ୯ҥᆵчࣽמεᏢ
ࣴزЬΓǺֆёΦ
ڐӕЬΓǺֺҥᯒ
ࣴ! ز! ǺЦ◔
ࣴ ز շ ǺᎄะБ
ϣࡹࡌᑐࣴز܌ہૼࣴزൔ
ύ҇୯ 103 ԃ 12 Д
ᑐ!
ނ!
ค!
ም!
ᛖ!
!
ࡼ!
!
ी!
ೕ!
ጄ!
ှ!
ᇥ!
༼!
ጓ!
!
!
ϣ!
ࡹ!
!
ࡌ!
ᑐ!
ࣴ!
ز!
܌!
ہ!
ૼ!
ࣴ!
ز!
ൔ!
!
Ȓ!
214!
ԃ!
ࡋ!
ȓ!
Ҟ
Ҟԛ!
!
߄ԛǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸV
კԛǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸIX
ᄔाǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸXVII
ಃക ᆣፕǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 1
ಃ ࣴزጔଆᆶҞޑǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 1
ಃΒ ࣴزБݤϷၸำǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 4
ಃΒക ЎϩǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 7
ಃ คምᛖݤೕᆶЋнǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 7
ಃΒ ѠคምᛖࡼीೕጄҥݤҞޑᇥܴǸǸǸǸǸǸ64
ಃΟ ਢٯკТ༼ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ77
ಃΟക ှᇥ༼ጓᇙբፐᚒǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ89
ಃ ှᇥ༼ጓҔගǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ89
ಃΒ ှᇥ༼ጓϣЎϷԄǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ102
ಃΟ ขᗺიᡏǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ105
ಃѤ ୢڔीᆶෳໆǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ110
ಃϖ ှᇥ༼ጓϐᇙբচ߾ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ125
ಃѤക ȨࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȩచЎϷញကǸǸǸǸǸǸ129
ಃ ᕴ߾ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ129
ಃΒ คምᛖ೯ၡǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ131
ಃΟ ኴఊǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ169
ಃ
ಃѤ ܹफ़ഢǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ190
ಃϖ ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ206
ಃϤ ࠻ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ233
ಃΎ ፺ශᢀৢՏǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ249
ಃΖ ଶًޜ໔ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ259
ಃΐ คምᛖᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ269
ಃΜ คምᛖ࠼܊ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ273
ಃΜ ೯ҔीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ287
ಃϖക ่ፕᆶࡌǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ315
ಃ ่ፕǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ315
ಃΒ ࡌǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ320
ಃΟ ҂ٰࣴزࡌǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ321
! ߕᒵ ᐕԛπբᒵǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ323
! ߕᒵΒ คምᛖЈᖂ০ፋำǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ343
! ߕᒵΟ คምᛖЈᖂ০ፋϣӷዺǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ347
! ߕᒵѤ ಃԛৎำǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ361
! ߕᒵϖ ಃԛৎϣӷዺǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ365
! ߕᒵϤ ಃԛৎࡰᏤำǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ369
! ߕᒵΎ ಃΒԛৎࡰᏤำǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ371
! ߕᒵΖ ಃΒԛৎࡰᏤϣӷዺǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ373
! ߕᒵΐ ಃΒԛৎำǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ375
! ߕᒵΜ ಃΒԛৎϣӷዺǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ379
! ߕᒵΜ යύቩइᒵǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ387
!! ߕᒵΜΒ යύቩϣӷዺǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ391
! ߕᒵΜΟ ය҃ቩइᒵǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ399
! ߕᒵΜѤ ය҃ቩϣӷዺǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ403
! ߕᒵΜϖ ය߃ǵයύᆶය҃ቩཀـӣᔈ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸ405
! ߕᒵΜϤ ಃԛୢڔीȐขᗺიᡏȑ
ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ413
! ߕᒵΜΎ ಃΒԛୢڔीȐୢڔ၂ፓȑ
ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ417
! ߕᒵΜΖ ಃΟԛୢڔीȐനಖୢڔঅׯȑ
ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ421
! ߕᒵΜΐ ϣࡹᔼࡌݤзញᅪȐ103 ԃހȑ
ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ425
! ߕᒵΒΜ ୷ҁЁκǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ447
! ߕᒵΒΜ ځдࡼǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ455
! ߕᒵΒΜΒ ࡼीࡰЇǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ465
ୖԵਜҞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ467
߄
߄ԛ!
߄ 2-1 όӕ୯ৎคምᛖࡼКၨȐኴఊϩȑ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ13
߄ 2-2 म୯ྗڐ BS 8300:2009+A1:2010 ᆶѠՉࡌᑐނค
ምᛖࡼीೕጄϐКၨ߄ȐҞᒵεᆜȑǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ21
߄ 2-3 म୯ྗڐ BS 8300:2009+A1:2010 ᆶѠՉࡌᑐނค
ምᛖࡼीೕጄϐКၨ߄Ȑаคምᛖ೯ၡࣁٯȑ
ǸǸǸ24
߄ 2-4 ೯Ҕीӧम୯ຉၰޑჴሞਢٯǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ26
߄ 2-5 म୯ᆶѠ൵܌ଛևБԄȐҥय़კȑКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸ27
߄ 2-6 म୯ᆶѠ൵܌ଛևБԄȐѳय़კȑКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸ28
߄ 2-7 म୯ځдࠠᄊ൵܌ଛᜪࠠጄٯǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ29
߄ 2-8 म୯ځдࠠᄊ൵܌ଛᜪࠠጄٯΒǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ30
߄ 2-9 म୯ᆶѠ፺ශᢀৢՏКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ31
߄ 2-10 म୯ᆶѠܹफ़ഢКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ32
߄ 2-11 म୯ᆶѠคምᛖ࠼܊Кၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ33
߄ 2-12 Вҁคምᛖ೯ၡׯ๓ࡕਢٯკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ35
߄ 2-13 ВҁᆶѠኴఊৡ౦Кၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ36
߄ 2-14 ВҁᆶѠܹफ़ഢৡ౦Кၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ37
߄ 2-15 ВҁᆶѠ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ৡ౦Кၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ38
߄ 2-16 Вҁ፺ශᢀৢՏკٯҢཀკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ40
߄ 2-17 ВҁଶًՏკٯҢཀკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ41
߄ 2-18 ВҁคምᛖᇞკٯҢཀკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ41
߄ 2-19 Вҁ࠼܊კٯҢཀკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ42
߄ 2-20 ВҁᆶѠคምᛖࡼीೕጄകৡ౦Кၨ߄ǸǸǸ43
߄ 2-21 ВҁᗉᜤࡼഢკٯҢཀკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ45
߄
߄ 2-22 ВҁးϷഢკٯҢཀკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ45
߄ 2-23 ВҁНᐒკٯҢཀკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ46
߄ 2-24 ३ෝᆶѠคምᛖ೯ၡࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ49
߄ 2-25 ३ෝᆶѠኴఊࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ51
߄ 2-26 ३ෝᆶѠܹफ़ഢࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ52
߄ 2-27 ३ෝᆶѠ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ53
߄ 2-28 ३ෝᆶѠ࠻ࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ54
߄ 2-29 ३ෝᆶѠ፺ශᢀৢՏࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸ55
߄ 2-30 ३ෝᆶѠଶًՏࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ56
߄ 2-31 ३ෝᆶѠคምᛖᇞࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ57
߄ 2-32 ३ෝᆶѠคምᛖ࠼܊ࡼीКၨ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ58
߄ 2-33 ३ෝΠ௹ၡጔࡼीϣ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ59
߄ 2-34 ३ ෝ ڐ շ ຎ ም ᛖ ޣ ǵ ᠋ ም ᛖ ޣ ޑ ी ೕ ۓ ϣ
߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ60
߄ 2-35 ३ෝ၌ୢೀ܈୍ܺѠࡼीϣ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ61
߄ 2-36 ३ෝྣܴࡼीϣ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ61
߄ 2-37 ३ෝ൵܌ޑᆙ࡚ࡪ່ࡼीϣ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ61
߄ 2-38 ३ෝፓᓎسշ᠋Ꮤࡼीϣ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ62
߄ 2-39 ३ෝଯសޣޑीࡰЇीϣ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ62
߄ 2-40 অ҅ϣᇥܴ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ67
߄ 2-41 ݤ୯ǵम୯рΕαਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ77
߄ 2-42 ऍ୯ǵम୯ၡ৩ਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ78
߄ 2-43 म୯ᇞਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ79
߄ 2-44 म୯ǵऍ୯ᏹբीਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ80
߄
߄ 2-45 ВҁኴఊਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ81
߄ 2-46 Вҁܹफ़ഢਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ81
߄ 2-47 Вҁ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ82
߄ 2-48 Вҁ፺ශᢀৢՏਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ84
߄ 2-49 Вҁคምᛖ࠼܊ਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ84
߄ 2-50 ВҁคምᛖᇞਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ85
߄ 2-51 Ѡคምᛖ೯ၡਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ86
߄ 2-52 Ѡ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ86
߄ 2-53 Ѡ࠻ਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ87
߄ 2-54 ѠคምᛖᇞਢٯკТ༼߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ88
߄ 3-1 ှᇥ༼ጓीाҹᆶמೌᇥܴጄٯ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ104
߄ 3-2 ှᇥ༼ጓᓬ፦ጄٯკТጓ௨ጄٯ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ104
߄ 3-3 ৎӜൂ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ106
߄ 3-4 όӕ٬Ҕޣޑ፦Ȑምᛖᜪձȑϐ܄ձᆶԃសቫҬΰ
߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ113
߄ 3-5 όӕԃសᆶৎङඳϷࢂց᠋ၸ܈࣮ၸࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼ
ीೕጄҬΰ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ114
߄ 3-6 வ٣πբᆶࢂց᠋ၸ܈࣮ၸࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄҬ
ΰ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ115
߄ 3-7 ٬ Ҕ ޣ ჹ ค ም ᛖ ೯ ၡ ᆶ р Ε α ሡ Ե ໆ ࣮ ݤ ϐ ϩ
߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ116
߄ 3-8 ٬ҔޣჹኴఊᆶЊѦኴఊሡԵໆ࣮ݤϐϩ߄ǸǸǸ117
߄ 3-9 ٬Ҕޣჹܹफ़ഢሡԵໆ࣮ݤϐϩ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ118
߄ 3-10 ٬Ҕޣჹคምᛖଶًޜ໔ሡԵໆ࣮ݤϐϩ߄ǸǸǸ118
߄
߄ 3-11 ٬Ҕޣჹۚৎޜ໔൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᆶคምᛖ࠻ሡԵໆ࣮
ݤϐϩ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ119
߄ 3-12 ٬ҔޣჹϦӅޜ໔൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᆶคምᛖ࠻ሡԵໆ࣮
ݤϐϩ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ120
߄ 3-13 ٬Ҕޣჹคምᛖ࠼܊ሡԵໆ࣮ݤϐϩ߄ǸǸǸǸǸ121
߄ 3-14 ٬Ҕޣჹ፺ශᢀৢՏᆶᄽᖱሡԵໆ࣮ݤϐϩ
߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ122
߄ 3-15 ٬ҔޣჹۚՐࠤѱޑคምᛖࡼޑᅈཀࡋሡԵໆ࣮ݤ
ϐϩ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ122
߄ 4-1 ןЋ፦܄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ161
߄ 4-2 ӝᢀ࣮ຯᚆᆶӷᡏҢ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ270
კ
კԛ!
კ 1-1 ࣴزࢬำკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ6
კ 2-1 मើᆶ࠶ᅟථޑ AD M ЋнǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ15
კ 2-2 म୯ϩଗ܌рހޑࡌᑐނคምᛖǵ೯ҔीЋнǸǸǸ16
კ 2-3 London Borough of Waltham Forest ܌рހޑՐӻ೯Ҕी
Ћн௦ҔறՅᛤᇙБԄևрΕαޑीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ18
კ 2-4 ߐǵකᓐࡼଯࡋЁࡋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ18
კ 2-5 म୯ CP ࠠคምᛖ൵܌ᇞᆶीЋнǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ19
კ 2-6 म୯ CP ࠠคምᛖ൵܌ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ19
კ 2-7 Вҁ CP ࠠคምᛖ൵܌ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ20
კ 2-8 คምᛖࡌᑐᕉნݤзسࡌკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ64
კ 3-1 ှᇥ༼ጓᑼΕӝคምᛖᕉნᔠӢનკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ91
კ 3-2 ቶကޑคምᛖᕉნϷࡼጄᛑკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ92
კ 3-3 ࣬ᜢచЎှᇥጄٯკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ103
კ 3-4 ಃԛୢڔ༤เკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ111
კ 4-1 ೯ၡӦय़ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ134
კ 4-2 ΓՉၰၡጔ௹ڵǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ134
კ 4-3 ೯ၡӦय़ΓϾᇂǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ134
კ 4-4 ೯ၡӦय़፦ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ134
კ 4-5 Ңคምᛖ೯ၡБӛǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ138
კ 4-6 НྎीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ138
კ 4-7 ࠻Ѧ೯ၡЇᏤࡼǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ138
კ 4-8 ЇᏤࡼǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ138
კ 4-9 ࠻ϣ೯ၡी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ142
კ
კ 4-10 ࠻ϣ೯ၡी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ142
კ 4-11 ࠻ϣ೯ၡी 3ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ142
კ 4-12 คምᛖ೯ၡँрނीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ142
კ 4-13 НѳǵࠟޔןЋीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ152
კ 4-14 ࠻ϣрΕαीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ153
კ 4-15 ᡍ౻αीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ153
კ 4-16 ߐעी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ153
კ 4-17 ߐעी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ153
კ 4-18 ᙌ໒ߐᏹբѠՏǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ154
კ 4-19 ᙌ໒ߐࡪ່ᏹբѠǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ154
კ 4-20 ڵၰٛៈጔǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ162
კ 4-21 ڵၰٛៈឯǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ162
კ 4-22 ڵၰӦय़፦ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ162
კ 4-23 ڵၰᙯѳѠीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ162
კ 4-24 ןЋԄጄٯკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ167
კ 4-25 ןЋᗺӷǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ168
კ 4-26 ןЋीԄǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ168
კ 4-27 ኴఊ߄य़፦ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ170
კ 4-28 ЊѦ௨НኴఊǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ170
კ 4-29 ኴఊٛៈࡼी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ174
კ 4-30 ኴఊٛៈࡼी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ174
კ 4-31 ኴఊᙯשी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ174
კ 4-32 ኴఊᙯשी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ174
კ
კ 4-33 ҅ዴᆶᒱᇤٛྖచǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ180
კ 4-34 ఊભٛྖೀǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ181
კ 4-35 ኴఊٛៈጔीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ181
კ 4-36 ኴఊٛྖచǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ181
კ 4-37 ༝ኴఊఊભीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ181
კ 4-38 ኴఊןЋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ184
კ 4-39 ኴఊןЋीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ185
კ 4-40 ኴఊןЋᆄೀ 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ185
კ 4-41 ኴఊןЋᆄೀ 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ185
კ 4-42 ኴఊןЋᆄೀ 3ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ185
კ 4-43 ኴఊҢࡼǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ187
კ 4-44 ኴఊಖᆄҢࡼǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ187
კ 4-45 ЊѦѳѠ໘ఊी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ189
კ 4-46 ЊѦѳѠ໘ఊी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ189
კ 4-47 ܹफ़ഢᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ193
კ 4-48 ܹफ़ഢڥћ່ЇᏤीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ193
კ 4-49 ܹफ़ഢрΕαीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ196
კ 4-50 ܹफ़ഢΕαးϷᗉᜤኴቫ߄ҢǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ196
კ 4-51 ܹफ़ഢᗉᜤኴቫ߄ҢǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ196
კ 4-52 ܹफ़ഢٿಔڥћ່ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ196
კ 4-53 ܹफ़ᐒ൶ߐीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ199
კ 4-54 ܹफ़ഢ໔ሜीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ199
კ 4-55 ܹफ़ഢрΕα 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ199
კ
კ 4-56 ܹफ़ഢрΕα 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ199
კ 4-57 ܹफ़ഢࡪ່ᗺӷҢǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ205
კ 4-58 ᝌԄቶف᜔ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ205
კ 4-59 ܹफ़ᐒ൶ϣןЋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ205
კ 4-60 ܹफ़ഢᐒ൶፺ශᏹբዬǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ205
კ 4-61 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᄒНी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ208
კ 4-62 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᄒНी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ208
კ 4-63 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻рΕαीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ208
კ 4-64 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᄒНྎࠠԄǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ208
კ 4-65 คምᛖ൵܌ЇᏤᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ210
კ 4-66 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ЇᏤᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ211
კ 4-67 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᕅᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ211
კ 4-68 ൵܌ϣ٬ҔᐩဦǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ211
კ 4-69 ൵܌ѳय़ၗૻკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ211
კ 4-70 คምᛖ൵܌ࢱЋᏔǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ215
კ 4-71 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ߐीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ216
კ 4-72 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻շႍीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ216
კ 4-73 ൵܌ᏹբዬǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ216
კ 4-74 ൵܌ߐעीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ216
კ 4-75 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᙯޜ໔ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ217
კ 4-76 ൵܌ᛣԄշႍǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ217
კ 4-77 ൵܌ϣྣៈǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ217
კ 4-78 ൵܌ྣៈीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ217
კ
კ 4-79 շႍǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ220
კ 4-80 ൵܌ଭఏङीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ223
კ 4-81 ൵܌ଭఏ L ࠠןЋीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ223
კ 4-82 ൵܌ଭఏؑНᏔीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ223
კ 4-83 ൵܌ଭఏёڰۓϐ௪ଆԄीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ223
კ 4-84 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻λߡЏीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ227
კ 4-85 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻λߡЏןЋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ227
კ 4-86 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻λߡЏՏीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ227
კ 4-87 ѴูλߡЏןЋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ227
კ 4-88 ࢱय़ࣧןЋीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ231
კ 4-89 ࢱय़ࣧНᓪᓐीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ231
კ 4-90 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ࢱय़ࣧीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ231
კ 4-91 ຬઞࠠࢱय़ࣧǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ231
კ 4-92 ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ࢱय़ࣧןЋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ232
კ 4-93 ࠻շႍǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ235
კ 4-94 ࠻ΕαคଯৡǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ235
კ 4-95 ऌןЋԄጄٯკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ239
კ 4-96 ऌϣןЋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ240
კ 4-97 ऌୁᕅןЋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ240
კ 4-98 ऌϣ౽ՏᐒǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ240
კ 4-99 ऌଆيශǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ240
კ 4-100 ౽ՏԄర໔ןЋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ247
კ 4-101 ፺ශΕԄర໔ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ247
კ
კ 4-102 ࢱᐙශԄ 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ247
კ 4-103 ࢱᐙශԄ 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ247
კ 4-104 ࠻ϣёࢲԄࢱᐙශǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ248
კ 4-105 ԖߐऌǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ248
კ 4-106 ፺ශᢀৢՏՏӼ௨ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ252
კ 4-107 ፺ශᢀৢՏӦय़ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ253
კ 4-108 ০ශቸ܄ၮҔǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ253
კ 4-109 คምᛖᖱѠڵၰीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ253
კ 4-110 ຎݩፓϐ፺ශᢀৢǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ253
კ 4-111 ӭঁ፺ශᢀৢՏीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ255
კ 4-112 ൂᢀৢՏीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ255
კ 4-113 ፺ශᢀৢՏഉՔޣ০ශǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ258
კ 4-114 ፺ශᢀৢ০Տ߈рΕαǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ258
კ 4-115 ፺ශᢀৢՏឯी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ258
კ 4-116 ፺ශᢀৢՏឯी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ258
კ 4-117 คምᛖଶًՏΕαЇᏤᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ262
კ 4-118 คምᛖଶًՏҥᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ262
კ 4-119 คምᛖᐒًଶًՏЇᏤᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ262
კ 4-120 คምᛖଶًՏҥҢǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ262
კ 4-121 ൂଶًՏीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ265
კ 4-122 ࣬ᎃଶًՏीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ265
კ 4-123 คምᛖीำًǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ265
კ 4-124 ϦًΠًБԄǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ265
კ
კ 4-125 ᐒًଶًՏคምᛖᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ268
კ 4-126 ᐒًଶًՏрΕαǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ268
კ 4-127 ᐒًଶًՏрΕαޜ໔ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ268
კ 4-128 ᐒًଶًՏǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ268
კ 4-129 Յ ᒣ ᇡ ҅த ޣᆶआ ᆘ Յ ᒣᇡም ᛖ ޣޑ ՅறК ჹ
კǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ271
კ 4-130 ڵၰᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ272
კ 4-131 คምᛖᇞᚑՅीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ272
კ 4-132 คምᛖᇞǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ272
კ 4-133 คምᛖᇞीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ272
კ 4-134 ࠼܊рΕαी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ275
კ 4-135 ࠼܊рΕαी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ275
კ 4-136 ߐ৻ᏹբޜ໔ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ275
კ 4-137 ࠼܊ଭఏፁഢीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ280
კ 4-138 ࠼܊ࢱय़ࣧፁഢीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ280
კ 4-139 ܊໔ϣوၰቨࡋ 90 Ϧϩϐ࠼܊ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ283
კ 4-140 ܊໔ϣ೯ၡीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ284
კ 4-141 ႝᏔක০Ϸ໒ᜢՏीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ284
კ 4-142 ᗺӷǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ291
კ 4-143 ႝηᡉҢᏔǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ291
კ 4-144 ёޕၗૻኳࠠǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ291
კ 4-145 ёޕၗૻኳࠠǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ291
კ 4-146 ࡌᑐނᄗᗺӷѳय़კǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ292
კ 4-147 ϦӅޜ໔ѳय़კǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ292
კ
კ 4-148 ᘕѠۭी 1ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ298
კ 4-149 ᘕѠۭी 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ298
კ 4-150 ୍ܺѠБޜ໔ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ298
კ 4-151 ᘚय़ۭޜ໔ीǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ298
კ 4-152 ᛣԄշႍǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ301
კ 4-153 уးᛣԄշႍǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ301
კ 4-154 ᆙ࡚ࡪ່ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ301
კ 4-155 ᆙ࡚೯ൔᏔǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ301
კ 4-156 ٰႝᡉҢଢᐩǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ305
კ 4-157 ОൔᏔǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ305
კ 4-158 ፺ශ٬ҔϐϦӅႝ၉ߜǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ308
კ 4-159 ϦӅႝ၉ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ308
კ 4-160 ፺ශૈ٬ҔଯࡋޑϦӅႝ၉ 2ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ308
კ 4-161 ፺ශૈ٬ҔଯࡋޑϦӅႝ၉ 3ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ308
კ 4-162!፺ශܹफ़ѳѠǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ312
კ 4-163 ፺ශܹफ़ѳѠǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ312
კ 4-164 ᙁܰࠟޔܹफ़ഢǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ312
კ 4-165 ኴఊߕԄ፺ශܹफ़ѠǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ312
ᄔ
ᄔ!!ा!
ᜢᗖຒǺคምᛖᕉნǵ೯ҔीǵଯសޣǵϦӅޜ໔! ǵġࣴزጔଆᆶҞޑ ଞჹ 102 ԃཥঅ҅ϐȠࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȡǴගр࣬ᜢᔈҔှᇥ༼ጓǴа ॊीೕጄࣁ୷ᘵǴ༼ᇥܴӚచЎुۓϐཀကᆒઓǴගр၁ಒკٯǵჴሞਢٯྣ ТϷᇆ࣬ᜢှញз༼ǴٮΓǵࡹ۬ᐒᜢϷ҇ीೕჄୖԵǴЀځԵໆ ӄΓϷ೯ҔϯᆒઓǴҭܭߕᒵගٮၨ٫ϐीਢٯǴයӧݤзமڋϐ୷ᘵǴЇᏤ ࣚϷ҇໔Ծว܄ϐගܹǴቚᡏғࢲࠔ፦ǴࣉೕჄᒤҁࣴزǶ ᠙ܭך୯ΓαԴϯᖿ༈ǴӢᔈᕉნᡂᎂϷ٬ҔޣሡǴϣࡹᔼࡌܭ 101 ԃۭ ႧѲঅ҅Ƞࡌᑐמೌೕ߾ȡࡌᑐीࡼπጓಃ 10 കคምᛖࡌᑐނϷȠࡌᑐނคምᛖ ࡼीೕጄȡǴܭ 102 ԃჴࡼǴҁԛঅ҅ࣁߡճՉόߡޣрϷ٬ҔࡌᑐނǴࣉܴۓ ཥࡌǵቚࡌࡌᑐނ֡คምᛖࡼǴόӆज़ۓܭϦӅࡌᑐނǴᔈӄय़คምᛖϯǶ ќঅ҅చЎೕۓคምᛖ೯ၡᔈ೯ၲϐޜ໔Ϸคምᛖኴఊǵคምᛖ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ǵคምᛖ ࠻ǵ፺ශᢀৢՏǵคምᛖଶًՏǵคምᛖ࠼܊ኧໆǴԿܭӚࡼीೕጄǴܭ ȠࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȡुۓϐǶ ҁࣴزஒӃᇆ୯ϣ࣬ᜢЎǴ༼҇ᒌ၌Ԗᅪ౦ϐచЎϷӚᑜѱคምᛖᕉნ ׯ๓ਢٯǴႣीє໒ӭԛৎᏢޣ০ፋǴଞჹӚచЎှញᇥܴϷਢٯ๏ϒཀـǴ ӆଞჹঅ҅ཀـᛤᇙమཱܴዴϐှᇥკٯǴаၲԋΠӈҞǺ () ԏ୯ϣѦ࣬ᜢคምᛖ܈೯ҔϯЋнਢٯϷ୯Ѧคምᛖ࣬ᜢೕۓϐཀကཷۺǶ (Β) ଛӝཥঅ҅ϐीೕጄచЎϐឍញᆶᇥܴǴаफ़եᒱᇤวғǴ෧Ͽό ѸाϐႣᆉΓΚЍрǶ (Ο) ༼୯ϣதـᒱᇤ٠ᆶ҅ዴϐჴሞਢٯբКჹǴ٠є໒ৎᏢޣᇥܴǴֹ ԋှᇥ༼ጓрހǶΒ ΒǵġࣴزБݤϷၸำ () ࣴزБݤ ҁࣴز௦ҔϐࣴزБݤхࡴЎᔞਢࣴزǵፓೖፋǵෳᛤǵขᗺიᡏǵৎᒌ ၌ǵࣴزǵୢڔፓϩǴࣴزБݤᇥܴӵΠǺ 1. ЎᔞਢࣴزǺࣴز୯ϣѦคምᛖࡌᑐीǵΓᡏπᏢǵ೯Ҕϯी࣬ᜢϐࡽԖ ୖԵЎǵፓၗǵݤೕᚒǵਢٯࡌǴуаϩǵǴаճۓࣴز ЬᚒϐϣǶ 2. ፓೖፋᆶෳᛤǺ٩ࣴزЬᚒۓϐጄൎᆶࢎᄬϣǴᒧۓፓኬҁǴՉݩ ฯᡏፓϷ೬ᡏೖፋǴаໆϯीፓኧᏵǵ፦ϯϩαᇟፕॊǴୢᚒౢғ ޑচӢǵόӕԃស໘ቫ҇ޑሡाǴаᄇۭᕕှيЈምᛖიᡏჹܭҞݤೕޑ ޑݩǴวୢᚒǶ 3. ขᗺიᡏǺ٩ࣴزጄൎޑୢᚒวǴєขᗺიᡏǴՉၗԏᆶࡰ໒วǴ ځᗎፎୖуჹຝхࡴǺीǵ۔ǵᏢޣǵৎǵ҇Ƕ 4. ৎᒌ၌Ǻєीǵ۔ǵৎǵᏢޣᖐᒤǴᔕۓࡌᑐނคምᛖ ࡼीೕጄှᇥᆶीྗ߾Ƕ 5. ୢڔፓϩǺଞჹǵ۔ǵᏢޣǵৎǵ٬Ҕ҇ჹܭࡌᑐނคምᛖ ࡼीϐ࣮ݤǴаϷيЈምᛖޣϐሡӝǴ٠ᇆཀـࡕᔕۓ࣬ᜢीྗ߾Ǵ ՉୢڔीϷෳǵঅ҅ୢڔаϷՉ҅ԄޑୢڔໆෳǶ 6. ࣴزǺۓයє໒ࣴزλಔǴаҬඤࣴزวǵၗࢬ೯ǵၗૻӝᆶ ᚒǶࣴزයำύǴӛہૼൂՏᖐՉࣴزԋ݀ޑයύൔǶ่ਢǴӛہૼൂ ՏᖐՉࣴزԋ݀ޑය҃ൔǶ (Β) ࣴزၸำ ҁࣴزۓՏࣁמೌቶǴஒаࣴز่݀ޑჴҔ܄ᆶёՉ܄Ǵගٮࡌᑐނคምᛖ ࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓǴځࣴزᡯӵΠǺ 1. ٩ᏵࣴزᐒᆶҞޑǴᔕۓࣴزҞᆶϣ఼Ƕ 2. ࣬ᜢЎᔞਢࣴزǴхࡴࡌᑐނคምᛖी࣬ᜢޑࣴزЎၗǵݤࡓೕۓᚒǴ
аϷόӕ٬ҔޣೕჄीۺǶ 3. ዴۓࣴزጄൎᆶࢎᄬǶ 4. ΑှࡌᑐނคምᛖीᆶيЈምᛖޣ٬ҔޑୢᚒǴՉਢٯፓǵೖፋǵୢڔ ໆෳϷϩǶ 5. ՉคምᛖೕჄीፐᚒϩǴஒ߃ࣴزԋ݀ӛہૼൂՏբයύൔǵঅ҅Ƕ 6. ࣴᔕคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥਢǴᖐᒤขᗺიᡏǶ 7. ᔕۓࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓϣǴᖐᒤৎᒌ၌Ƕ 8. ᇙբࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓǶ 9. ࣴزԋ݀ය҃ൔᆶঅ҅Ƕ 10. ֹԋࣴزൔǶ Ο Οǵġख़ाว () ှᇥ༼ጓϐҔගǵጄൎϷᇙբፐᚒ ှᇥ༼ጓϐ୷ҁۺ఼ᇂǺ 1. ນคምᛖᕉნϐೱុ܄ᆶӝӚᜪคምᛖᕉნݤೕǶ ѠޑѱϦӅޜ໔ǴᖐΥٮϦ٬ҔޑࡌᑐނϷϦӅ܌ǹҬ೯سύၰၡǵ ًઠǵᐒǵၩڀǹӢᔈȨӧӻԴϯȩǵȨޗԴϯȩࡹ܌ሡѱϦ༜Ϸ໒ܫޜ໔ ǹ֡ᄇۭӦȨคምᛖϯȩȐBarrier FreeȑǶคምᛖޜ໔ᔈሒௗЪڀԖೱុ܄Ǵჹܭଯ សޣǵՉόߡޣǴᔈԖֹϐคምᛖғࢲᕉნǶҁࣴزᇥܴᔠख़ᗺԖΒǴࣁӄ ҇ϐ౽܄ǴхࡴȨ٬ҔޣૈΚϷᇶշБԄȩǵȨᕉნၗૻે๎ȩٿঁӛࡋǴϩձᔠ Ȑ1ȑόӕՉࣁૈΚϐ٬ҔޣǹȐ2ȑ࣪ᡏૈϷϦѳ٬ҔǹȐ3ȑख़ाЁκඓඝϷፓǹ Ȑ4ȑᙁൂޔᢀϐᇞϷҢǹȐ5ȑкىϷёձϐၗૻǶΒࣁ೬ฯᡏϐӝǴхࡴȨϟ य़Ϸ٬ҔሡȩǵȨౢࠔϷёՉᔈҔȩٿঁӛࡋǴϩձᔠȐ1ȑ౽Ϸڰۓࡼϟय़ ӝǹȐ2ȑόӕ٬ҔБԄϷᒱǹȐ3ȑՉόߡޣӕΓǹȐ4ȑόӕҔࠔ٬Ҕϐሒ ௗǹȐ5ȑፄӝ٬Ҕ୍ܺӝܭᕉნǶќѦှᇥ༼ጓ఼ࡴቶကޑคምᛖࡼǴҁࣴزග рӚᜪคምᛖࡼٮୖԵǶ
2. ଯសޣӧӦԴϯǵ϶๓ޗᆶଯស϶๓ࠤѱϐܗ ѠΓαᖿӛזೲԴϯǴ102 ԃԴϯࡰኧᗨၨу৾εǵኻࢪӚ୯ϷВҁࣁեǴՠ ၨऍ୯ǵફՋើǵᐞࢪϷځд٥ࢪ୯ৎࣁଯǶ୷ܭܿ٥ޗݩǴଯសޣϝаڙৎ ྣ៝ࣁЬाᎦៈБԄǴԿܭᐒᄬᎦៈϝឦϿኧǶӢԜӧӻԴϯϷӧӦԴϯۺΠǴஒ চԖғࢲᕉნ༟ԋࣁಖيՐӻǵ϶๓ޗཱུࣁख़ाǴଛӝଯស϶๓ࠤѱࡰ-คምᛖ ᆶӼӄϐϦӅޜ໔ǵεၮᒡǵՐӻǵޗୖᆶǵལԴᆶޗᑼΕǵπբᆶדᜫ୍ܺǵ ೯ૻᆶၗૻǵޗϷ଼ந୍ܺǴхࡴȐ1ȑׯ๓ଯសۚՐᕉნૈගϲଯសޣԾךྣៈૈ ΚǹȐ2ȑӧӦԴϯᆶࡌᄬଯសޣؼӳғࢲǹவԶᡣଯសޣᙖҗޗࢲᆢځ଼ந܄Ƕ 3. يЈምᛖޣᆶଯសޣ٬Ҕሡᆶڐፓ يЈምᛖޣᆶଯសޣΓኧВቚሡा୍ܺǶଯសޣᗨᡏૈВᅌଏǴՠࢂᆶӚᅿᜪձ ϐيЈምᛖޣሡǴϝԖӅ೯ϷόӕϐሡǴӢԜӵՖڐፓٿޣǴפрᅈىٿޣӅ೯ ܄୍ܺሡǴᙖҗୢڔፓ߃ሡǴ٠ϩձଞჹΖঁय़ӛගрёٮٿޣ٬Ҕϐ ғࢲሡ܄ǵёۚՐޗϷคምᛖޜ໔ǺȐ1ȑҬ೯ၮᒡǹȐ2ȑՉᕉნǹȐ3ȑӼӄ ᆶߥӼǹȐ4ȑᖼނǹȐ5ȑՐӻǹȐ6ȑᙴᕍྣៈ୍ܺǹȐ7ȑҶ໕ᆶЎϯǹȐ8ȑྣៈᆶ࣬ ᜢЍජǶ ࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓϐᇙբፐᚒǴӧҗЎᇆǵขᗺიᡏǵ ৎǴࣴزଞჹȐ1ȑှᇥ༼ጓϐᡏᇥܴϷӝीҔБԄǹȐ2ȑှᇥ༼ጓ ϐ఼ᇂϣࢎᄬϷख़ᗺǹȐ3ȑှᇥ༼ጓύკय़ǵྣТǵᇥܴკϐᇙբᆶᔈҔǹȐ4ȑှ ᇥ༼ጓϐᆕӝਢٯᒧڗϷևǹᔕڀགྷݤ٠ኗቪǶ (Β) ѱϦӅޜ໔คምᛖࡼୖԵ୷ྗ ҁࣴزୢڔวܫჹຝаȨޗεȩࣁЬǶӧѠчǵύǵࠄǵܿӦϐ ϦӅޜ໔ፓǴаᙁൂᒿᐒܜኬǶୢڔϩளډख़ᗺӵΠǺ 1. ٬Ҕޣ܄ (1) ٬Ҕޣύت܄Ԗ 689 ΓǴζ܄Ԗ 734 ΓǴځύيЈምᛖޣࣁ 294 ΓǴЪаަᡏ ምᛖޣࣁനӭǶ
(2) εӭኧΓค࣮ၸ܈᠋ၸࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓǴЪԖ࣮ၸ٠ࣁ ीङඳޣᆶԖ࣮ၸ٠คीङඳޣϐΓኧ࣬ৡόεǴᡉҢԖค࣬ᜢीङඳ ٠όቹៜࢂցԖ࣮ၸှᇥ༼ጓǶ (3) ҁΓ܈ৎΓሦԖيЈምᛖЋнޣа᠋ၸࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓࣁ ЬǶ (4) ࣮ၸک᠋ၸࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓϐԃសϩѲύܭ 20-39 ྃ໔Ƕ 2. ٬Ҕޣჹޜ໔ᆶࡼ٬Ҕሡ (1) εӭ٬Ҕޣӧคምᛖ೯ၡᆶрΕαǴᇡࣁȨןЋᒧٛᐭЋϐ፦ȩǵȨڹఁྣܴȩ ᔈࣁߚதӕཀሡाϐҞǶ (2) ӭኧ٬ҔޣᇡࣁኴఊᆶЊѦኴఊύԖȨܴᡉՅৡٛྖచȩǵȨྣܴߝࡋᆶځ֡Ϭଛ ȩࢂനሡाԵໆޑǴՠ࣬ϸןЋኴቫᏤЇǵᇟॣኴቫᏤЇၨલЮख़ຎǶ (3) εӭ٬Ҕޣჹܭܹफ़ഢሡԵໆ࣮ݤύǴख़ຎ٬Ҕܹफ़ഢޑӼӄ܄Ƕ (4) εӭ٬Ҕޣᇡࣁჹܭคምᛖଶًޜ໔ࣁനሡाԵໆଶًёϷ܄Ƕ (5) ჹۚৎޜ໔ύ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᆶคምᛖ࠻ǴȨόߐᘖȩǵȨଯࡋёҺཀፓफ़ϐ ጪጲᓐࢎȩߚதӕཀԖ٬ҔሡϐҞǶ (6) ჹϦӅޜ໔ύ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ǵคምᛖ࠻ǴаȨԿϿ໔০ԄଭఏȩǵȨλߡЏ ᔈןЋȩǴ೭ٿӼӄ܄ҞࣁԵໆǴᆶۚৎޜ໔ύ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ᆶคምᛖ ࠻ख़ຎޑ٬ҔޑёϷ܄ǴϦӅᆶدΓޜ໔ሡԖ܌ৡ౦Ƕ (7) ӧคምᛖ࠼܊ϐሡ࣮ݤύǴεϩ٬ҔޣࣣᇡࣁӧۚՐ࠼܊ਔख़ຎёϷ܄ǵӼ ӄ܄ǴаȨ೯ၰቨࡋёٮ፺ශрϷᙯȩǵȨᆙ࡚ғၡጕЇᏤȩҞύၨࣁख़ ຎǶ (8) ӧϦӅޜ໔ύޑ፺ශᢀৢՏᆶᄽᖱǴεϩ٬ҔޣᇡࣁȨഉՔǵྣៈȩΨࢂ ᜢݙޑख़ᗺǴ܌аഉՔޣϐ০ශᆶٮ፺ශ٬ҔޣΠޑܹफ़ࡼѸख़ ຎǶ (9) ٬ҔޣჹۚՐࠤѱޑคምᛖࡼᅈཀࡋӭȨද೯ȩཀـǹԶځύȨόᅈཀȩঁ ኧӭܭȨᅈཀȩǴ܌аᗋሡуமคምᛖᕉნीޑࠔ፦Ƕ
(Ο) ȠࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȡచЎϷှញ ҁࣴزаӃևచЎǴӆᇥܴԖᜢ၀చЎϐीБଞǵीाҹϷמೌᇥܴǵკ ТǶीБଞᇥܴीਔΑှϐ٬ҔՉࣁϷၰǴीाҹϷמೌᇥܴևᔈݙཀ ϐЁκϷᄬҹמೌǴკТ߾ևӧѠჴރݩΠܡឪϐ҅ዴᓬؼϐคምᛖࡼ ݩǶҁࣴز٠ཥቚуಃΜ೯ҔीǴځύ఼ᇂǺ 1. ڐշຎምᛖޣǵ᠋ምᛖޣޑीೕۓ 2. ଯសޣޑीࡰЇ 3. ၌ୢೀ܈୍ܺѠ 4. ྣܴ 5. ൵܌ޑᆙ࡚ࡪ່ 6. ፓᓎسշ᠋Ꮤ 7. ࡌᑐނीೕۓ (Ѥ) ࡌᑐނคምࡼीਢٯ ᙖҗࡰ܄ϦӅޜ໔ϷޗਢٯϐևǴஒૈٮीୖԵǴ೯ၸ҇ჴሞ٬ ҔΠǴᒃيᡏᡍคምᛖϷ೯Ҕीϐᆒઓᆶჴ፬Ƕ Ѥ ѤǵġЬाࡌ٣ Ȩࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓȩࢂаᔈҔှᇥЋнࠠԄǴٰᇥܴѠ 102 ԃཥঅ҅ϐȠࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȡǶځख़ᗺࢂஒݤచϣ఼ϷբݤమཱևǶӢ ԜӃϺڙډݤచനեज़ϐज़ڋᆶှញǶฅԶѠᗌΕଯសϯޗǴࣁ௨ନӸܭғࢲ ᕉნύޑӚᅿԖکคޑምᛖǴᡣଯសޣǵՉόߡޣϷيЈምᛖޣૈႽΓ ኬ٦ҔӚᅿၗྍǴϷቚځғࢲߡճ܄ǹځჴሡाЇΕ೯ҔीۺǴଞჹ٬Ҕޣ ӭϡሡǴගٮᅈى܄ૈϐှเǶԵໆҁှᇥ༼ጓϐ፦ǴԖΠӈࣴزࡌǺ ! !
ࡌ ࡌ! યΕೕჄрހȨࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓȩǺҥջёՉࡌ! ЬᒤᐒᜢǺϣࡹᔼࡌ! ڐᒤᐒᜢǺϣࡹࡌᑐࣴز܌ǵᆵࡌᑐᏢ! ҁှᇥ༼ጓǴ٠ߚࢂݤೕ༼ǴԶࢂаीೕጄࣁ୷ᘵǴ༼ᇥܴӚచЎुۓϐ ཀကᆶᆒઓǴගр၁ಒკٯǵჴሞਢٯྣТϷᇆ࣬ᜢှញз༼ǴٮΓǵࡹ۬ ᐒᜢϷ҇ीೕჄୖԵǶҁࣴزৎ߃ቩຎϣǴࡕុёٮЬᆅᐒᜢય ΕೕჄрހǴаගٮϦε༺ᆅہǵीΓγϷჹԜԖᑫ፪ϐεୖԵ ٬ҔǶ! ࡌΒ! ೕჄՉȨቶϷ໒ܫޜ໔೯ҔϯीೕጄȩࣴزǺҥջёՉࡌ! ЬᒤᐒᜢǺϣࡹࡌᑐࣴز܌! ڐᒤᐒᜢǺϣࡹᔼࡌ! ୯ϣՉӚᜪࠠቶǵ໒ܫޜ໔ϷϦ༜ᆘӦЊѦࢲޜ໔Ǵۘคࡌҥ܌ឦϐ೯Ҕ ϯीೕጄǴаԿܭϩ໔Ӣ೯ҔϯࡼϷഢޑόֹ๓Ǵ٬ளଯសޣǵѴសޣϷՉ όߡޣคݤӼӄǵӼЈޑ٬ҔǴࣁቚቶǵ໒ܫޜ໔ϷϦ༜ᆘӦϐ೯Ҕϯࡼࠔ፦Ǵ ࡌೕჄȨቶϷ໒ܫޜ໔೯ҔϯीೕጄȩࣴزǴаගܹځёϷ܄ǵ٬Ҕ܄Ǵૈ׳ຠ Јߡճޑᅈى҇ޑҶᏨሡǶ! ! !
ϖ ϖǵġ҂ٰࣴزࡌ ѠᗌΕଯសϯޗǴѱᡏᕉნϐ೬ฯᡏࡌ֡ሡा٩ྣΓ҇ғࢲሡǴԶፓ ࡌᄬคምᛖคᕳௗॉᆶӄΓᜢᚶޑғࢲᕉნǴٰၲԋගܹ୯ΓᅽࣸϐҞǶϣࡹࡌ ᑐࣴز܌ȨӄΓᜢᚶғࢲᕉნࣽמीฝȩǴଞჹѠคምᛖᕉნϐࡌᄬǴҗᗺډय़ගр ӄዬ܄ǵس܄ϐӝࣴزǶӧଛӝᡏीฝۺΠගрΠӈࡕុࣴزࡌǺ! () ጓᒠՉόߡޣϷᡏૈ૰ଏϐଯសޣϐ೯Ҕी٬ҔЋн ዴߥଯសޣϷՉόߡޣӧѱϦӅޜ໔ύՉБߡǴԶёၲԋғࢲԾЬϐҞǶ ሡाፓΑှٿޣჹܭӚᜪϦӅ୍ܺࡼϐӅӕ٬ҔՉࣁϷБԄǴ٠ӧԾЬᒧғࢲ БԄϐӚԾୃӳΠǴᔕुӅ೯܄ޑғࢲሡ୍ܺࡰǴவԶ൨ٿޣ໔ϐӅ೯ှเǶ ࣴزԋ݀ஒԖճܭࡹ۬ӧԖज़ႣᆉΠǴӅ೯Ъख़ाϐϦӅ୍ܺࡼǶ (Β) ጓᒠӚᜪࠠ٬ҔޣӧӚᅿϦӅޜ໔ϐȨ܄ૈБਢȩ༼ጓ ୯ϣǵѦၨ٫ϐೕۓૈЇΕୖԵǴख़܄ૈݤೕϐёௗڙှញȐalternative resolutionȑǴԶૈගٮݤೕനեज़аѦϐୖԵբݤǶҁှᇥ༼ጓӧЇคምᛖࡼ࣬ᜢ բݤǴаम୯คምᛖࡼֹ๓ǵբݤӃࣁЬǹВҁǵ३ෝ୯࣬߈ǴӢԶ٬ҔՉࣁ ϷҔݩ࣬߈ǴёٮୖԵᇥܴคምᛖࡼϐ٬ҔϷးҔගǶฅԶӚ୯ݤسό ӕǴमऍݤسᖿӛа୷ҁݤ߾ᇶаਢٯБԄᇥܴǴܰևӧӚᅿݩΠคምᛖࡼ ϐҔǶࡹ۬܄ૈݤೕٰᇶշࡽԖݤೕϐόىǴӢԜӃଞჹӚᅿϦӅޜ໔ᜪࠠ ՉȨ܄ૈБਢȩ༼ጓǴஒԖշܭѠݤచՉόىϐೀǶ (Ο) аࡌᑐीฝБԄࡌᄬȨคምᛖࡌᑐϷࡼਢٯȩ༼ጓ ှᇥ༼ጓ҂ٰаගٮϦε༺ᆅہǵीǵჹԜԖᑫ፪ϐεୖ Ե٬ҔǶฅԶޗε۳۳аТࢤБԄှݤೕǴЖલӄय़ֻᢀϐۺǴٰӝ คምᛖࡼाೱុ܄ϐೕۓǶӢԜଞჹӚᅿϦӅޜ໔ӵѱǵკਜᓔǵҬ೯ࡼ ઠǵϦ༜аȨคምᛖਢٯȩ༼ጓБԄࡷᒧᓬؼਢٯǴ٠а٬ҔޣᒃيᡏǴϷࡪ ጕՉوБԄጓ௨ǴஒૈԖਏᇥܴคምᛖࡼϐ٬Ҕೱុ܄Ǵ٠ૈևӚᜪࠠคምᛖ ࡼϐࡌᑐीฝख़ᗺǴӵೕኳǵࡼ୍ܺ܄፦ϷНྗǶ ! !
(Ѥ) ೯ҔीࡌѳѠϷᆛઠՉᎍ ှᇥ༼ጓନଞჹԖࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄύЎӷϷკٯᇥܴǴฅԶी ǵᔼቷӧჴሞीϷးӚᜪคምᛖࡼਔǴሡჹЎӷǵკٯύ໔όܰᇥܴϐ ीးǵࡌಒǴ٩୯ৡ౦ϷౢࠔǴჴሞࡼπݤሡाᆶҁӦࡼπಞᄍڐፓǴ ࡕុЇΕࡼբᔈගᒬϩಒǴΑှϷዂమǶЬΨሡाჹܭࡌǵࡼ ϐ܄ૈϷሽԖ܌ΑှǶฅԶӚᜪးϷࡌǴ۳۳ੋϷճаϷճǶࡹ۬р ހࠔ٠όӝฦၩᇥܴǶӢԜჹܭ࣬ᜢࡼǵࡌᔈԖቷٰᔼՉᎍǶҗܭࢂ λѱǴӧऍ୯ࢂачьᛥฑٗεᏢޑ೯ҔीύЈٰᆛઠѳѠϷᆅၗ ǴՠϝЖલՉᎍǴёаऍ୯ SWEET catalog БԄϷՉᎍคምᛖࡌǶ (ϖ) ่ӝՐӻǵޗǵϦ༜ӧӄΓᜢᚶჴᡍޗϐࡌᔈҔᆶว ᇥܴाวᆶΓᜪғࢲ࣬ᜢϐӝ܄ࣽמǴሡाᆶۚ҇Ϸ٬ҔޣϕӣᔈǴωԖ ёૈዴߥ܌วϐࣽמБӛϷᔈҔǴόᇤᏤԶૈ಄ӝሡǶӢԜӧ໒วॊΓЎࣽ מਔǴόૈ۹ౣޗ٬ҔޣޑޔௗୖᆶӣᔈǴӢԜǴᔈࡌҥჴᡍᆶᔈҔޑᐒڋᆶ୷ӦǴ ၸჴᡍѳѠޑኳᔕǴωૈόᘐӦຑᆶঅ҅วύޑמೌǶӕਔុӝ࣬ᜢޗ იᡏǴԵໆჴሞၮբ࣬ᜢၗྍሡǴϷۓߏයΕϐᇶշǶ
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Accessibility, Universal Design, Aging, Public Space
According to "building accessibility design specifications," and proposed to explain manuals in the early 2013, and based on the aforementioned design specifications, to prepare commentary handbook which made detailed illustrations, photographs and collect relevant practical examples to help professionals, government agencies and the public, such as the reference design and planning to understand the exactly way to help the buildings and facilities accessibility , especially considering accessible and universal design spirit, but also provide better design case in the appendix, on the basis of the decree on compulsory guide to enhance the spontaneity of the industry and civil society, improve the overall quality of life.
The research methods included literature review, in-depth interview, focus-group discussion, experts consulting, and questionnaire survey.
The proposed outcome of the research are as follows:
1. Manage the key value and concepts of universal design manual for accessible and usable buildings and facilities.
2. To meet design specifications for further revised and proving of the appropriate idea and explanation that avoid misunderstand and in order to reduce unnecessary budgets. 3. By having experts’ meeting and consulting to correct common errors, and also
compiled with the correct settings for the comparison of actual cases and enable the research to complete the handbook compiled and published.
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ಃകġ
ᆣ ፕ
ಃ ġ
ࣴ ز ጔ ଆ ᆶ Ҟ ޑ
൘ǵġ ࣴزጔଆ
ѠӢΓαԴϯᙯࠠࣁଯសϯǵϿηϯޗǴࣁӢᔈޗᕉნᡂᎂϷ٬Ҕޣሡ ᡂϯǴѠϐᡏғࢲᕉნҭᒿϐፓǴԶࡌᄬคምᛖᆶӄΓᜢᚶޑғࢲᕉნǴٰ ၲԋගܹ୯ΓᅽࣸϐҞǶϣࡹࡌᑐࣴز܌வȨӄΓᜢᚶࡌᑐࣽמीฝȩ़ғȨӄ ΓᜢᚶғࢲᕉნࣽמीฝȩǴଞჹѠคምᛖᕉნϐࡌᄬǴҗᗺډय़ගрӄዬ܄ǵس ܄ϐӝࣴزǶԶϣࡹᔼࡌҭ٩Ᏽ࣬ᜢࣴز่݀Ǵܭ 101 ԃۭႧѲঅ҅Ƞࡌᑐמ ೌೕ߾ȡࡌᑐीࡼπጓಃ 10 കคምᛖࡌᑐނϷȠࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȡǴ٠ ܭ 102 ԃჴࡼǶҁԛঅ҅ࣁߡճՉόߡޣрϷ٬ҔࡌᑐނǴࣉܴۓཥࡌǵቚࡌࡌ ᑐނ֡คምᛖࡼǴόӆज़ۓܭϦӅࡌᑐނǴᔈӄय़คምᛖϯǴԶࡽԖϦӅ ࡌނޑคምᛖࡼǴёୖԵȨࡽԖϦӅࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼඹжׯ๓ीฝբำׇϷᇡ ۓচ߾ȩǶќঅ҅చЎೕۓคምᛖ೯ၡᔈ೯ၲϐޜ໔Ϸคምᛖኴఊǵคምᛖ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ǵ คምᛖ࠻ǵ፺ශᢀৢՏǵคምᛖଶًՏǵคምᛖ࠼܊ኧໆǴϷӚࡼीೕጄǴ ܭȠࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȡुۓϐǶஒε൯ׯ๓ၸѐӢࣁֽׯ๓คምᛖᕉნ ޜ໔ǴԶคݤՍೱӚঁคምᛖᕉნ܌ౢғȨёϷ܄ȩǵȨ٬Ҕ܄ȩምᛖǶ ฅԶคምᛖᕉნᡏғࢲᕉნϐࡌᄬǴۘӸԖӭୢᚒǴёϩࣁȨคምᛖϐНྗȩ ᆶȨၲԋคምᛖϐБԄȩǶၸѐϦӅࡌᑐނϐׯ๓аϦߐȨ٩ݤՉࡹȩՉႣᆉϷค ምᛖࡼᔠਡБԄǴߦԋѠϦӅࡌᑐคምᛖᕉნԖߏىϐǶฅԶݤೕࣁന եज़ϐाǴӢᔈ 17 ᅿيЈምᛖޣϐৡ౦Ǵ۳۳คݤᅈىߦԋ҅ӝϐ٬ҔሡǶ ཥࡌǵቚࡌدԖࡌᑐҭሡाԖᝄϐคምᛖᕉნࡌᄬǴᡉฅឦܭدԖނȐࡌᑐǵғ ࢲᕉნȑϐคምᛖᕉნࡌᄬǴ׳ሡाଛӝᏱԖޣϷ٬ҔޣǴౢғ׳ӭϡǵӭᅿᜪϐ ਸሡǴݤೕ܌ೕۓϐНྗ۳۳คݤၲԋǴЪനեНྗΨόӝǴ܌аሡाගϲǶଛӝѠޗᕉნᆶਔॿǴॊӭϡǵӭᅿคምᛖᕉნϐࡌᄬǴᆶගϲന୷ҁ НྗϐགྷݤΠǴωԖȠࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȡǴଞჹঅ҅చЎೕۓคምᛖ೯ၡᔈ ೯ၲϐޜ໔Ϸคምᛖኴఊǵคምᛖ൵܌ᐾࢱ࠻ǵคምᛖ࠻ǵ፺ශᢀৢՏǵคምᛖ ଶًՏǵคምᛖ࠼܊ኧໆϐቚׯुۓ٠ڀᡏࡼՉǶฅԶคምᛖᕉნࡌᄬϐಃΒፐᚒ ȨၲԋคምᛖϐБԄȩǴᗨฅёа٩ݤՉࡹǴฅԶӢᔈӦჴሞݩǴᆶڀᡏࡼբచҹǴ ჹݤೕϐှញᆶᔈҔǴҭ۳۳Ԗ܌ৡ౦ǹᑽፏϣࡹᔼࡌᐕԃᒤคምᛖғࢲᕉნ ࿎ᏤਔǴёаวӭୢᚒǴځύхࡴΓჹคምᛖࡌᑐᕉნϐ۹ౣϷᒱᇤᇡޕǴ аϷࡌᑐৣՉೕჄीਔǴ҂ૈዴჴඓඝምᛖޣϐሡǴᇤှݤೕҔගǴԋ ჴሞޜ໔ीᒱᇤϷࡼᇤǶ ॊόӕ٬Ҕޣᆶޣǵࡹ۬໔ǴӢࣁၗૻόჹᆀຝ܌ౢғคምᛖݤೕՉ ϐୢᚒǴځਡЈӧܭȨྎ೯ȩǶ҇໔იᡏ܌ӧཀޣࣁғࢲᕉნϐׯ๓ǴаϷפډᒌ၌Ϸ ڐշၗྍǴځࣴղख़ᗺ۳۳ӧࡽԖਢٯࢂցӝځ٬ҔݩǶၸѐ҇ᒌ၌Ԗᅪကచ ЎǴϷӚᑜѱคምᛖᕉნׯ๓ਢٯǴஒڀԖख़ाୖԵሽॶǶӢԜҁࣴزஒӃᇆ୯ϣ ࣬ᜢЎǴ༼҇ᅪကϷคምᛖᕉნׯ๓ਢٯǶ٠ࣴᔕЋнϣዺǴ٠Ⴃीє໒ ӭԛৎᏢޣ০ፋǴଞჹӚచЎှញᇥܴϷਢٯ๏ϒཀـǴаᏉᆫӅǴዴߥှ ᇥ༼ጓϣӝ܄Ǵࡕុӆଞჹঅ҅ཀـᛤᇙమཱܴዴϐှᇥკٯǶ
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ມǵġ ࣴزҞޑ
ԜགྷݤନଛӝϣࡹᔼࡌࡼࡹҞϷคምᛖीೕጄǴӵՖᅈى܌Ԗ୯҇ ന୷ҁϐሡǴख़ຎۚՐޜ໔ޑࠔ፦ϷӼӄǴ٠Ӣᔈ୯҇ྣៈሡϷჹᔈӚᜪޗߦ ΚໆǴߦ٬ᔼࡌౢӛගܹǴаගٮҔӄᡏ୯҇ϐۚՐᕉნǶ ӢԜӵՖଞჹϣࡹࡌᑐࣴز܌යࣴزǴஒࣴزԋ݀ǴଞჹѠԖ୯Ǵ җৎቩਡϷጓኗीࡰЇǴа௲ػ҇ᔈҔǴ٠ڐፓౢࣚගٮϐౢࠔϷၗ ԋǴమཱឍॊीۺ٠ගٮኧᏵǴբࣁीᏹբ٩ᏵǴԶόԿܭज़ڋബཀǴ аߦԋှᇥ༼ጓᙁൂܰҔǴᙖҗ೯ҔЋнᙁൂమཱܴқޑᇥܴǴٰᐟว҇ᔈҔคም ᛖीϷ೯ҔीۺǴׯ๓ғࢲᕉნǴࢂ࣬ख़ाޑࣴزǴࣴزҞޑӵΠǺ ǵԏ୯ϣѦ࣬ᜢคምᛖ܈೯ҔϯЋнਢٯϷ୯Ѧคምᛖ࣬ᜢೕۓϐཀကཷۺǶ Βǵଛӝཥঅ҅ϐीೕጄచЎឍញᆶᇥܴǴफ़եᒱᇤวғǴ෧ϿόѸाϐႣ ᆉΓΚЍрǶ Οǵ༼୯ϣதـᒱᇤᆶ҅ዴਢٯКჹǴ٠є໒ৎᏢޣᇥܴǴֹԋှᇥ༼ጓрހǶಃ
ಃ Β ġ
ࣴ ز Б ݤ Ϸ ၸ ำ
൘ǵġ ࣴزБݤ
ҁࣴز௦ҔϐࣴزБݤхࡴЎᔞਢࣴزǵፓೖፋǵෳᛤǵขᗺიᡏǵৎᒌ ၌ǵࣴزǵୢڔፓϩǴࣴزБݤᇥܴӵΠǺ ǵЎᔞਢࣴزǺࣴز୯ϣѦคምᛖࡌᑐीǵΓᡏπᏢǵ೯Ҕϯी࣬ᜢϐࡽԖୖԵ ЎǵፓၗǵݤೕᚒǵਢٯࡌǴуаϩǵǴаճۓࣴزЬᚒϐϣ Ƕ ΒǵፓೖፋᆶෳᛤǺ٩ࣴزЬᚒۓϐጄൎᆶࢎᄬϣǴᒧۓፓኬҁǴՉݩฯᡏ ፓϷ೬ᡏೖፋǴаໆϯीፓኧᏵǵ፦ϯϩαᇟፕॊǴୢᚒౢғޑচӢǵ όӕԃស໘ቫ҇ޑሡाǴаᄇۭᕕှيЈምᛖიᡏჹܭҞݤೕޑޑݩǴว ୢᚒǶ ΟǵขᗺიᡏǺ٩ࣴزጄൎޑୢᚒวǴєขᗺიᡏǴՉၗԏᆶࡰ໒วǴځᗎ ፎୖуჹຝхࡴǺीǵ۔ǵᏢޣǵৎǵ҇Ƕ Ѥǵৎᒌ၌Ǻєीǵ۔ǵৎǵᏢޣᖐᒤǴᔕۓࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼ ीೕጄှᇥᆶीྗ߾Ƕ ϖǵୢڔፓϩǺଞჹǵ۔ǵᏢޣǵৎǵ٬Ҕ҇ჹܭࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼ ीϐ࣮ݤǴаϷيЈምᛖޣϐሡӝǴ٠ᇆཀـࡕᔕۓ࣬ᜢीྗ߾ǴՉୢ ڔीϷෳǵঅ҅ୢڔаϷՉ҅ԄޑୢڔໆෳǶ ϤǵࣴزǺۓයє໒ࣴزλಔǴаҬඤࣴزวǵၗࢬ೯ǵၗૻӝᆶᚒ ǶࣴزයำύǴӛہૼൂՏᖐՉࣴزԋ݀ޑයύൔǶ่ਢǴӛہૼൂՏᖐՉࣴ زԋ݀ޑය҃ൔǶ ҁࣴزଞჹࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄǴϩԋȨୢᚒȩϷȨӣᔈȩٿϩǴӢᔈ ୢᚒϐගра፦ϯϩుΕǴନᙖҗЎϩаᕇளдΓࣴزϐཷݩǴϷΑှࣴ زϐЬाጄᛑǴࡕុଞჹՉࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄύޑచٯᆶيЈምᛖޣޑሡ ǵགྷݤՉೖፋǴځ่݀ନᙖҗೖፋΑှ٬Ҕޣ҅ሡǴ٠ၸᆶขᗺიᡏϐፕٰӝፐᚒǵวຑࡰǶ࣬ᜢፓೖፋǵขᗺიᡏǵෳᛤჹຝϐж߄܄Ǵஒ ख़ȨӄΓᆶ೯ҔᆒઓϐۺȩǴჹڀख़ा܄ϐޑՉࣴزǶԿܭ٬ҔޣҽǴஒаՉ όߡǵଯសޣᆶ٬Ҕޣ࣬ၨΠϐਸૈΚՉࣁሡٰՉϩǴаڐշӄዬ܄ Եໆ٬Ҕޣ፦ǶӧȨӣᔈȩϩǴᙖҗৎᒌ၌ǵࣴزᔕۓЋнϣǶ ҁࣴزႣीёૈᎁၶϐ֚ᜤϷှ،৩ӵΠǺ ǵҁࣴزਢයำԖज़Ǵӧୢᚒϩय़ǴЬाаৎೖፋݤǵขᗺიᡏݤՉࣴزǴ٠а ፦ϯࣴزǵวୢᚒࣁख़ᗺǴёૈᎁၶϐ֚ᜤࣁୢᚒࣚۓ఼ᇂय़ӛၨࣁԖज़Ƕ ΒǵୢڔϩݤՉໆϯࣴزǴЬाϩࣁ୯ϣчύࠄӦϐيЈምᛖიᡏǴڗኬၨࣁڙज़Ǵ аଛᚐܜኬࣁЬǶ ΟǵҁࣴزஒࢴჴӦೖፋፓՉǴࣁ٬ፓճՉǴѸाਔہፎϣࡹࡌᑐࣴز܌ ϦڄଌԿڙೖൂՏǴӆҗࣴزλಔࢴԿڙਢٯೖǶ
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ມǵġ ࣴزᡯ
ҁࣴزۓՏࣁמೌቶǴஒаࣴز่݀ޑჴҔ܄ᆶёՉ܄Ǵගٮࡌᑐނคምᛖ ࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓǴځࣴزᡯӵΠǺ ǵ٩ᏵࣴزᐒᆶҞޑǴᔕۓࣴزҞᆶϣ఼Ƕ Βǵ࣬ᜢЎᔞਢࣴزǴхࡴࡌᑐނคምᛖी࣬ᜢޑࣴزЎၗǵݤࡓೕۓᚒǴа Ϸόӕ٬ҔޣೕჄीۺǶ ΟǵዴۓࣴزጄൎᆶࢎᄬǶ ѤǵΑှࡌᑐނคምᛖीᆶيЈምᛖޣ٬ҔޑୢᚒǴՉਢٯፓǵೖፋǵୢڔໆෳ ϷϩǶ ϖǵՉคምᛖೕჄीፐᚒϩǴஒ߃ࣴزԋ݀ӛہૼൂՏբයύൔǵঅ҅Ƕ ϤǵࣴᔕคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥਢǴᖐᒤขᗺიᡏǶ Ύǵᔕۓࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓϣǴᖐᒤৎᒌ၌Ƕ Ζǵᇙբࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄှᇥ༼ጓǶΐǵࣴزԋ݀ය҃ൔᆶঅ҅Ƕ ΜǵֹԋࣴزൔǶ
კ
კ 1-1 ࣴزࢬำკ
ȐၗٰྍǺҁࣴزᛤᇙȑ
ಃ
ಃΒകġ
Ўϩ
ҁࣴز༼࣬ᜢЎǴԋҁകЎᇥܴځϣǴаբࣁࡕុ୷ᘵፕ ࣴزϐਥᏵǴځጄൎεठёϩࣁаΠΟᗺǺ ǵᇆӚ୯คምᛖЋнਢٯǴҞޑӧܭΑှӚ୯คምᛖᕉნЁࡋৡ౦Ϸೕጄޑ၁ಒำ ࡋǶ ΒǵΑှѠคምᛖݤзݩǴஒ୯ϣीೕጄచЎឍញᆶᇥܴǶ Οǵ༼୯ϣਢٯკТǴҞޑࢂрதـᒱᇤ٠ᆶ҅ዴޑჴሞਢٯբКჹǴጓڋှᇥ༼ ጓਔሡԖεໆკТٮୖԵǶಃ ġ
ค ም ᛖ ݤ ೕ ᆶ Ћ н
ҁകၸᇆӚ୯คምᛖݤೕᆶЋнǴӢݤೕឦܭՏݤྍ٩Ᏽǵ߃ۓՏǹ ှᇥ༼ጓҞޑ߾ࣁΠՏǴҞޑࢂှញݤೕόమཱϐϩǶᇆӚคምᛖݤೕࢂ׆ఈ Ԗ׳ଯНྗୖԵᆶගϲǴځύख़ाࢂЇΕ೯ҔीۺǶ൘ǵġ Ӛ୯คምᛖݤೕᆶЋн
ǵऍ୯คምᛖࡼݤೕวӝᆶคምᛖЋнऍ୯ࡹ۬ჹيЈምᛖޣȐDisabledȑϐᇶշЬाҗ General Services Administration ȐGSAȑॄೢǴவ 1968 ԃࡼՉ The Architectural Barriers ActsȐABAȑǴځࡕ 1984 ԃࡼ Չ Uniform Federal Accessibility StandardsȐUFASȑǴ1990 ԃࡼՉ The American with Disabilities ActȐADAȑǴ٠Ԗηݤ Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines ȐADAAG, 2002ȑǴբࣁࡼՉಒ٩ᏵǹӕਔۘԖ Guide to the ADA and ABA StandardsǴ ٰӝ ABA Ϸ ADA ϐҔጄൎǴаϷ US. Architectural and Transportation Barriers ComplianceբࣁࡌᑐᆶҬ೯ݤзϐӝǶϦӅࡌᑐϐࡼྗ߾ύԖᜢคምᛖीϩ ߾Ԗ The Facilities Standards for Public Building Service-P100Ȑ2005ȑǴऍ୯୯ৎϦ༜ܺ ୍ೀࣁΑዴߥځΠൂՏჹܭคምᛖёϷ܄ϐቬՉǴ٠ЪႴᓰ࣬ᜢεँઇคምᛖݤೕ ޑനեሡǴଞჹ܌ԖϦ༜ୖᢀޣᔈҔ೯ҔीࣁᆕӝБଞǴගٮϦ༜ӧೕჄаϷ
ϣࡼᑼӝ೯ҔϯཷۺϐਢٯǴϣхࡴǺЊѦϦ༜ᕉნǵ࠻ϣᕉნǵ҉ុ܄ǵ Ңނǵԋҁᓬ༈ǵӭኬ٬ҔޣϐёϷ܄ፐᚒȐNational Center on Accessibility, 2006ȑǴ ऍ୯٦Ԗ҇໔ୖᆶݤೕुۓӵ IBC բࣁኳԄݤೕǴٮӚԀ௦ҔҥݤǴ௦Ҕ໒ܫ܄ӝ аଛӝჴሞሡǴёբࣁѠϐୖԵǶ
ऍ୯ᖄٖଏҴैΓȐDept. of Veterans AffairsȑԖ Barrier Free Design Guide - A Supplement to the Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility StandardsȐABAASȑЬाࢂଞ ჹ ABAAS ӧ 2006 ԃڗж Uniform Federal Accessibility StandardsȐUFASȑԋࣁଏҴै ΓϐҔݤೕ܌ϐᇥܴǴϣ֡ࣁКၨӃࡕݤೕϐҔჹКᇥܴǶ
ΒǵϏഝคምᛖࡼݤೕϐᙯᡂ
RyhlȐ2011ȑᇥܴӢᔈ 2007 ԃϏഝᛝᖄӝ୯ȐUN Convention on the Rights of People with DisabilityȑǴ٠ܭ 2009 ԃЋஒ೯ҔीۺયΕϏഝࡌᑐݤзϷࡹǴ ځࡌᑐࣴز܌ȐThe Danish Building Research Instituteȑаऍ୯ǵਊ࠶ǵᐞࢪࣁਢٯϩ ǴՉคምᛖϷ೯Ҕीٿᅿۺϐᐕўวǵ఼ᄬǵౣКၨǴ٠ၸϏഝ ৎೖፋǴவԶᙶమϏഝ໘ࢤيЈምᛖࡹǵࡌᑐݤೕᆶౣϝаȨёϷ܄ȩ ȐAccessibilityȑࣁЬǴԶߛሡ۳Ȩ೯ҔीȩวǴٰ༟ѳǵคݔຎ܄ޑࡌԋᕉ ნٮ܌ԖΓ٬ҔǶ Οǵݤ୯คምᛖࡼݤೕϐᙯᡂ KompanyȐ2011ȑᇥܴݤ୯ܭ 2005 ԃႧթཥݤǴ٠ܴु 2015 ԃ܌ԖࡽԖҬ೯ ࡼϷࡌᑐނሡा಄ӝݤзೕۓǴځڀᡏख़ᗺхࡴǺ () ܌ԖԄޑՉόߡࣣયΕԵቾ (Β) ܌ԖࡌԋᕉნϐᄬҹࣣયΕԵቾ (Ο) ډၲӚೀ܌ȐၰၡǵଶًǵՉΓၰǵϦӅҬ೯ࡼȑϐೱុ܄Ѹዴߥ (Ѥ) ཥࡌϷࡽԖࡌᑐࣣሡ֖ࡴ (ϖ) ೯ૻࡼѸගٮёϷ܄ࡰЇ
٠ձமፓמೌݤзԶଞჹଶًǵࡌᑐނрΕБݤǵϦӅᏤЇࡼǵࡌᑐނύ Нࠟޔ౽ޜ໔ǵ౽ࡼϐᅱϷးǶӕਔଞჹ࣬ᜢೕۓԾ 2009 ԃගٮ௲ػ૽ ግǹ٠ۓཥޑᅱᆅᐒᄬǶ
ѤǵફՋើคምᛖЋн
ફՋើคምᛖ୷ߎȐBarrier Free, New Zealand Trustȑ܌рޑคምᛖࡌԋᕉნၗ ྍЋнȐResource Handbook on Barrier Free EnvironmentȑǴЬाϣӃᇥܴёϷ܄ǵค ምᛖीǵ೯Ҕीǵ٬Ҕ܄ӢનǵёϷၡ৩୷ҁۺࡕǴωଞჹคምᛖࡼϐ ೕۓвಒᇥܴǴࡕ٠ߕԖคምᛖݤೕϐׯॠਔำϷ࣬ᜢЎǶ
ϖǵу৾εคምᛖЋн
у৾εӼεౣ࣪ȐOntarioȑ߾Ԗ Planning for Barrier-Free Municipalities-A Handbook & Self Assessment ToolǴԜคምᛖЋнϣᇥܴЋнҞޑǵคምᛖࠤѱǵምᛖਢٯǵค ምᛖࠤѱࡹǵೕჄǵמೌϷྎ೯ǵځдӳޑࠤѱਢٯȐPeterboroughǵWindsorǵGuelphǵ BramptonǵWinnipegȑϷᔠਡ߄ǴԜЋн٠คҺՖኧӷᇥܴמೌೕጄǴЬाࢂՉคም ᛖᢀۺϷࡹှញǶ
Ϥǵቺ୯คምᛖЋн
ቺ୯ Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment CommunicationȐ2013ȑ
Ȑhttp://opus.kobv.de/zlb/volltexte/2013/21050/pdf/apb_red_broschure_en.pdfȑԖ
Accessible Public Buildings // Berlin - Design for allϷ Public Outdoor SpaceǴЬाಃ ϩࣁচ߾֖ΓӢচ߾ǵҥݤࢎᄬǴಃΒϩࣁёϷޑϦӅࡌᑐǴх֖คምᛖ ۓǵϦӅёϷ܄ǵࡌᑐᐒૈୱǵࡌᑐᐒૈࡼǵϦӅ٬ҔࡼᒧଛϷߕᒵ֖ቺ୯ ྗǵЎǶ
ΎǵᎿЃცنᎹӦϐคምᛖЋн
ᖄӝ୯ࣁڐշᎿЃცنᎹӦԖ Accessibility for the Disabled A Design Manual for a Barrier Free EnvironmentȐhttp://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/ȑǴځϣ
ϩࣁ 1.ѱीԵໆȐurban design considerationsȑхࡴߔᛖȐobstructionsȑǵᇞ ȐsignageȑǵຉၰৎڀȐstreet furnitureȑǵΓՉၰȐpathwaysȑǵၡጔڵၰȐcurb rampsȑǵ ΓՉၰҬΰαȐpedestrian crossingsȑǵଶًȐparkingȑǹ2.ࡌᑐीԵໆȐarchitectural design considerationsȑхࡴڵၰȐrampsȑႝఊȐelevatorsȑǵܹफ़ѳѠȐliftsȑǵኴఊȐstairsȑǵ ៈឯϷןЋȐrailings and handrailsȑǵΕαȐentrancesȑǵ॥ନ࠻ȐvestibulesȑǵߐȐdoorsȑǵ وၰȐcorridorsȑǵ൵܌Ȑrest roomsȑǹ3.όӕࡌᑐࠠᄊȐbuilding typesȑхࡴՐӻǵᒤ Ϧǵǵਓᓔǵᙴଣࡌᑐǹ4.ჴ፬ᔠਡ߄Ȑimplementation checklistsȑǹ5.ߕᒵ֖ୢ ᚒȐtrouble shootingȑǵΓᡏीȐanthropometricsȑǵКၨ߄Ȑcomparative tablesȑǵख़ᗺ Ȑheight limitsȑǹୖԵЎϷགᖴȐreferences / acknowledgmentsȑǶ
ΖǵѠคምᛖЋн ୯ϣ߾Ԗϣࡹࡌᑐࣴز܌ࣴزϐֆёΦǵֺҥᯒȐ2011ȑϐࣴु೯ҔϯϦ༜ೕ ჄीЋнǹ൹Ӏ፵ǵጰలዝȐ2011ȑࣴु೯ҔϯՐӻೕჄीЋнǴѠчѱࡹ۬ϐ ۚՐޜ໔೯ҔीࡰࠄǴࡌᑐᏢϐޗۚՐޜ໔คምᛖीЋнࣴزǶ ΐǵλ่ ॊӚᅿ୯ৎϐคምᛖЋнǴځЋнх֖ϣϷ٬ҔҞޑ৲৲࣬ᜢǴவࡹᇥܴǵ ݤೕКၨᆶගҢǵਸ٬ҔޣϐҔǵਸޜ໔ϷࡼϐǴ܈ԖٯകǴ܈Ԗ ኧӷკٯ၁ಒᇥܴǴаวචЋнϐфૈǶԶҁࣴزਢҞޑࣁଞჹ 102 ԃཥঅ҅ϐȠࡌ ᑐނคምᛖࡼीೕጄȡǴගр࣬ᜢᔈҔှᇥ༼ጓǴаॊीೕጄࣁ୷ᘵǴ༼ᇥ ܴӚచЎुۓϐཀကᆒઓǴගр၁ಒკٯǵჴሞਢٯྣТϷᇆ࣬ᜢှញз༼Ƕҁ ਢࢂঁӄዬЪಒϯޑှᇥ༼ጓǴ׳ሡाвಒቩਡϣǴவԶٮΓǵࡹ۬ᐒ ᜢϷ҇ीೕჄୖԵǶЪӧԵໆӄΓϷ೯ҔϯᆒઓǴଞჹѠϐਸݩӵଯស ϯǵ҇ჹคምᛖϯϐᇡޕำࡋǴᆶࡹ۬࿎ᏤՉࡹբБԄǴගрӭϡڀୖԵሽॶ ϐှᇥ༼ጓϣǴҭёܭߕᒵගٮၨ٫ϐीਢٯǴයӧݤзமڋϐ୷ᘵǴЇᏤ ࣚϷ҇໔Ծว܄ϐගܹǴ༟೯Ҕϯǵࣁ܌ԖΓीϐคምᛖᕉნǶ
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ມǵġ ୯Ѧคምᛖᆶ೯Ҕी࣬ᜢೕۓϐཀကཷۺ
ШࣚϐȨคምᛖȩၮǴྍܭ 1950 ԃжϏഝΓ Bank-MikkelsenǴගр҅தϯচ߾Ǵ Ьाख़ᡣيЈምᛖϐΓγԖᐒၸ҅தғࢲǶӭԃᄽᡂаШࣚፁғಔᙃჹȨՉό ߡȩޑཥۓကനຠϪǺȐ1ȑஒՉόߡޑᡍ“Ьࢬϯ”Ǵ٠ஒځຎࣁᅿදၹ܄ޑΓ ᜪᡍǹȐ2ȑஒ“ғූલȹᆶ“ЈූલȹޑރݩӕϯǶԶ National Center on Accessibility௦ҔШࣚፁғಔᙃȐWHOȑჹ੯ੰᆶ଼நޑᢀᗺǴஒȨՉόߡȩຎࣁ ᅿ“ნᡂኧȹǺঁфૈڙज़ڋޑঁᡏӧᆶᕉნௗޑၸำϣǴ܈ӭ܈ϿӦຎࣁࢂ ՉόߡޑǹԶᕉნޑۓကх֖ΑǺ1.ނᕉნǹ2.ྎ೯ᆶ೯ૻᕉნǹ3.ၗૻᕉნǹ4. ޗᆶࡹᕉნǴΨӢԜคምᛖς۳දၹϯǵ೯ҔीϯБӛวǶ ೯ҔीޑཷۺଆྍܭيምΓγǵ፺ශ٬Ҕޣჹ Barrier-Free Design ϐाǴځࡕ 1970ԃжӧΓၮޑΠǴऍ୯ࡹ۬ڋۓΑӭ࣬ᜢคምᛖᕉნޑݤзǴคምᛖ ۺᄽԋёϷ܄ीȐAccessible DesignȑǴமፓيЈምᛖޣӧВதғࢲᕉნޑׯ๓Ƕ Ronald Maceܭ 1974 ԃ୯ሞيЈምᛖޣғࢲᕉნৎύගрȨ೯ҔीȩȐUniversal DesignȑຒǴගঀȨीόᔈ၀Ӣ܄ձૈΚԃសԶԖ܌ৡ౦Ǵᔈ၀ࣁ܌ԖΓीǶȩ ޑۺǴᇡࣁीၸำύόᔈѝज़ܭԵໆՉόߡޣ܈ۓဂޑሡǴᔈаȨӄᡏ εȩࣁҞǴ୍٬܌ԖޑΓҔܭीޑౢࠔǵഢǵޜ໔کᕉნǶThe American with Disabilities ActȐADA, 1990ȑ׳ߦԋ೯ҔϯीϐวȐNull & Cherry, 1996ȑǶ೯ ҔϯीΨᆀ real life design, lifespan designǴЬाࢂӧၨϿ܈όቚуԋҁΠගٮ ёٮ׳ӭΓ٬ҔϐՐӻǴԶᏃёૈᙁϯനεӭኧΓϐғࢲȐCovington & Hannah, 1997ȑǴ ᐕԃ೯ҔीޑۓကᄽϯӭଆǴӵ Al-TalȐ2002ȑගрӝ܄೯ҔीǶCanadian Human Rights CommissionଞჹΓᜪՉࣁᆶຎᆶᡏૈǵीޣᇡޕǴගрӝ೯Ҕीኳ ࠠхࡴ Accessible design, Design for global needs, International marketing, Multicultural designs, Adaptable design, Sustainable design. ଞჹ೯Ҕϯीပჴܭޜ໔ᕉნǴගрቶ ݱϐᔈҔᄬय़ǶฅԶ೯ҔीЬाࢂགྷှ،٬ҔޣՉࣁᆶ࣬ჹᔈޜ໔ނҹϐ໔ޑଛӝ ୢᚒǴ၂კࣁ܌ԖຝΠۓကޑϩບᘐ٠คݤᆒྗӦႣෳǵ఼ᇂঁձيЈምᛖޣޑ ሡǴ׳คݤӢᔈόᘐрޑཥޑيЈምᛖۓကǴӢԜँᡉΑჹ೯ҔीԜӝ܄ཷۺϐሡॐϪ܄Ƕ ॊۺပჴډѠǴ᠘ܭ଼நࠤѱӭԃǴӧόӕӦୱЎϯϐቹៜΠǴӭ ࠤѱԖӭϡϐวǴ߈ԃ׳Ȩଯស϶๓ࠤѱȩᆶȨ೯ҔीȩϐۺǶᆵς ᗌӛଯសϯޗǴЇΕ୯ሞख़ाۺǴᔠӧᆵҁβǵଛӝӧӦԴϯϐࡼՉБԄǴ ගϲѠคምᛖᕉნϐНྗǴჴሡा่ӝॊᢀۺϐคምᛖೕჄࡼीЋнǴගٮ Γǵࡹ۬ᐒᜢϷ҇ीೕჄୖԵǴՉीྎ೯ǴΨࢂҁਢϐҥ୷ǶԶӚ ୯คምᛖݤೕϐৡ౦ࡐεǴаኴఊࣁٯǴΠ߄ࣁКၨӚ୯คምᛖኴఊǺ
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Best P r act ice Tread s an d Risers 150 180 275 300 yes yes 1250 (lodging) ,1 5 00 ( schools , of fice s, small shops ), 2000 (h ealt h car e, as se mbly bldgs , large shops ) Nos ing 40 yes 40° max. projec tion yes yesȐ
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Canada AF G 125 180 280 355yes yes 25 yes 13
not les s than 60° yes yes L e banon UN 120 180 280 350 yes yes 900 one-wa y tr af fic, 1500 f o r two-wa y tr af fic, 1500 f o r exit r outes 2500 max. 40 yes 40° max. projec tion yes yes Aus tr alia 150 165 275 300 yes yes 25 Singapore
150 300 yes yes 25 yes yes yes
P
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200 250 ± 5 avoid 1200 3650
slanted yes yes yes
B a nglades h 215 215 ± 5 1250 (lodging) ,1 5 00 ( schools , of fice s, small shops ), 2000 (h ealt h car e, as se mbly bldgs , large shops ) 15 s teps / fl ight max .
South Africa 175 ± 6 250 yes 900 3000 max. yes
Spain 180 280 1200 13 steps max.
Ireland 150 280 yes yes 1000 max. 1800 inter
ior or no eleva tor , max. 1500 exterior or with eleva
tor 15 25 yes Swe d e n inter ior , 300 outdoor yes 100 max. opening 900 Ur uguay 180 280 yes 1200 18 s teps max. Mexico 1200 Ye s Ye s U. S. ADAAG 100 - 180 280 38 Ye s 13 30° max. 30° max. pref er re d Canada NB C 125 180 280 13 Ye s Ye s Canada CSA 180 280 yes yes 38 Ye s 13 60 Ye s Ye s Ques tion T h e m axim um ris er height s h all be T h e minimu m tr e a d de pt h s h all be F light s o f s tairs s h all have uni fo rm ris er he ights and tr e a d de p ths Th ere sh all b e n o o p en risers T h e m inim u m wid th o f s tairc as e sh all be T h e m axim um ris e of a f light of s tairs be twe e n landings s h all be Maxim um nos ing proj ect ions sh all be Abrupt un ders ide of nos ings s h all be avoided T h e m axim um radius o f t h e leading edge of t h e t read s h all be Wh ere n o sin g s p r oj ect , th ey slop e to t h e ris er at an angle great er t h an St air nos ings s h all be s lip -resist a n t All s tep nos ings s h all have colour con trast wit h t h e st air t read s No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ୖ
ୖǵġ Ӛ୯ࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीୖԵЋнϟಏ
ǵम୯
() म୯ྗڐϐࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीྗ߾ BS 8300
Ջϡ 2001 ԃम୯ߚᔼճᐒᄬम୯ྗڐ BSI GroupȐBritish Standards Institution, BSIȑࣁΑ٬ࡌᑐނ׳ࣁёϷϯǴаߦ٬ԖคምᛖࡼሡޑΓॺࣣૈճޑ٬ҔӚԄ ࡌᑐނǴܭࢂӧӭБჴᡍᆶᡍࡕஒӝӭኧيЈምᛖޣ٬Ҕޑࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼ ीޑЁࡋྗϯǴځԋ݀٠ጓӈԋ BS 8300Ǻ2001 Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the needs of disabled people--Code of practiceǴаБߡཥࡌࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼޑ ीᆶڐշׯ๓ԖࡌᑐނޑёϷ܄ǶՋϡ 2005 ԃଆǴBSI ࣁᘉε٬ҔޑጄൎǴख़ཥ ୖԵࡌᑐৎޑཀـᆶيЈምᛖიᡏޑሡǴஒคምᛖࡼޑҔጄൎவቶݱޑϦӅ ࡌᑐǵଶًǵ᛬Ў߄ᄽǵᘉϷډᅱᅢکଚփࣗԿ഼ရ܌Ǵ٠ܭՋϡ 2009 ԃஒཥ ቚᆶঅु BS 8300 ޑϣख़ཥрހࣁ BS 8300:2009+A1:2010ǶBS 8300:2009+A1:2010 ନΑૈᅈىܭۚՐޣ܌ሡޑۚՐᕉნคምᛖࡼѦǴ׳ஒคምᛖࡼᆶഢ܌ૈ୍ܺ ޑჹຝᘉϷԿၯ࠼ǵ࠼ЊǵπǵᢀǵࢲᄽрޣکୖᆶϦӅғࢲޑΓॺǴ٬ځԋ ݀ନΑԖճܭՉόߡޣѦǴ׳ёᅈىȨኩਔ܄Չόߡޣȩፏӵଯសޣǵᓻٽً ޑΓॺᆶᓻٽًϣޑ࠸ูکឫεࠠՉϐՉΓǶ (Β) Ѡǵम୯ࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीୖԵϐЋн࣬౦ೀ ନΑॊޑ BS 8300:2009+A1:2010 ѦǴम୯ࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीྗೕጄЋн ҭԖ۔Б܌рހޑमើᆶ࠶ᅟථޑ Approved Document M - Access to and Use of BuildingsȐკ 2-1ȑǴᙁᆀ Approved Document M ܈ ADMǶځύमើޑ ADM Ћн х֖ 2010 ԃک 2013 অुȐincorporating 2010 and 2013 amendmentsȑ1ǵ࠶ᅟථޑ ADM
Ћн߾ѝ֖ 2004 ԃހаϷ 2010 ԃঅुȐ2004 edition incorporating 2010 amendmentsȑ
2ǶќѦǴჹܭើӦ߾ࢂԖߚՐӻמೌЋн 2013ȐTechnical Handbooks 2013
1 Approved Document M - Access to and Use of Buildings(incorporating 2010 and 2013 amendments). Retrieved from
http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_AD_M_2013.pdf
Domesticȑ3ǹчངᅟើӦ߾ԖמೌЋн RȐThe Building Regulations(Northern Ireland)
2012, Technical booklet RǺAccess to and use of buildings 2012ȑ4ǶќѦम୯ნϣޑଗ
ȐcountyȑҭԖрހӝ၀ଗۚ҇ޑࡌᑐނ೯ҔीୖԵЋнȐკ 2-2ȑǶ
!
კ
კ 2-1 मើᆶ࠶ᅟථޑ AD M Ћн
ȐၗٰྍǺApproved Document M - Access to and Use of Buildingsȑ
3 Technical Handbooks 2013 Non-Domestic. Retrieved from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0046/00460610.pdf
4 The Building Regulations(Northern Ireland). (2012). Retrieved from httpǺ
კ
კ 2-2 म୯ϩଗ܌рހޑࡌᑐނคምᛖǵ೯ҔीЋн
ȐၗٰྍǺDesigning for Accessibility:An essential guide for public buildings,
2004
ǹScottish association of building standards managers inclusive design
handbook, 2009
ǹSouth East London housing partnership, wheelchair homes
design guidelines, 2011
ǹWheelchair accessible housing, 2007ǹInclusive Design
ନԜϐѦǴਥᏵҁࣴزวǴҞӧम୯ՉޑЋнύǴ܌ҢޑЁࡋεӭа म୯ྗڐ܌рހޑ BS 8300:2009+A1:2010 ਜύ܌ҢޑЁࡋࣁྗ߾ǴฅԶӢܿǵ ՋБΓᅿيᡏϐৡ౦ǴӢԜҁλόаѠǵम୯Ћнύ܌ҢϐЁࡋय़ٰ ǴԶׯаٿ୯܌ੋϷޑคምᛖࡼҞٰբϪΕᗺȐ၁ಒЁࡋϟಏஒܭࡕុകు ΕፕȑǶᖐٯٰᇥǴBS 8300:2009+A1:2010 ϐ܌аёаஒࡌᑐނޑёϷ܄ගϲԿ׳ӭ ϡϯځӧܭ BS 8300:2009+A1:2010 ឦܭคምᛖीྗ߾ᆶୖԵЋн܄፦ǴӢԜऩᆶҞ Ѡ ϣ ࡹ ᔼ ࡌ ܌ ว Ѳ ޑ ࡌ ᑐ ނ ค ም ᛖ ࡼ ी ೕ ጄ ٰ К ၨ Ǵ BS 8300:2009+A1:2010 ܌఼ࡴޑคምᛖࣴزቶࡋ࣬ჹܭѠ۔Бޑคምᛖࡼीೕጄ ߾ᙦӭǴЪ׳ᖿܭ೯Ҕीϐ୍ܺᏤӛȐ߄ 2-2ǵ߄ 2-3ȑǶҁࣴزวǴम୯ޑ ЋнӭаёϷ܄ȐaccessibleȑࣁЬືǴӢԜନΑගϷࡌᑐނคምᛖࡼीத ـޑޜ໔ଛᆶ೯ၡޑёϷ܄ѦǴҭхࡴ୯ϣЋнύ҂මϟಏޑಒ༾ҞϐёϷ܄ ᆶறՅკှᇥܴȐკ 2-3ȑǴٯӵǺืЊ໒௴ᆶᜢഈޑᏹբՏϐीǵගීᐒǵଶً ᛦᐒᆶႝηߐགᔈᐒᡏޑଯࡋǵคምᛖ࠼܊ϣޑක০ଛಒȐკ 2-4ȑǶ ᙁقϐǴ೭٤ಒ༾ϐҞǴჹܭӭኧޑ٬ҔޣٰᇥЭ࣮ᗨฅёԖёคǴՠी߃යਔ ऩૈӧޑޜ໔ᆶёၮբޑႣᆉΠᏤΕ೭٤ಒ༾Ҟ٠ᑼΕ೯ҔीޑࡘᆢǴ߾ځ ԋਏҭૈ٬׳ӭΓх֖٬፺ශ٬ҔޣࣣૈӧВதғࢲᆶᏹբౢғന٫ޑёϷ܄ᆶߡ ճ܄Ȑ߄ 2-4ȑǶќБय़ǴӧΓ܄ϯޑೀǴҁࣴزวǴ߈ԃӧम୯٤ଗ܌р ހޑ೯ҔीЋнύ׳ཥቚΑӚԄ܌ǵǵЎ௲ǵুǵђᙬคምᛖࡼीǵ ӝόӕምձሡޑࡰҢीǴаϷӭϡϯޑ೯Ҕ൵܌ޑीǴٯӵǺவଛԖᙁܰן Ћޑ൵܌ډഢሸӄߕуёٮԋԃΓ׳Պ٬Ҕޑޮ፴ѳѠးᆶ౽Տഢޑ Changing Places ࡼࠠᄊޑคምᛖ൵܌ǴᙁᆀǺCP ࠠคምᛖ൵܌Ȑკ 2-5ǵკ 2-6ǵ კ 2-7ȑǶ
კ
კ 2-3 London Borough of Waltham Forest ܌рހޑՐӻ೯ҔीЋн௦ҔறՅ
ᛤᇙБԄևрΕαޑी
ȐၗٰྍǺInclusive Housing Design, 2011ȑ
კ 2-4 ߐǵකᓐࡼଯࡋЁࡋ
ȐၗٰྍǺDesigning for Accessibility:An essential guide for public buildings,
