Man Machine Interface
Research
Human Virtual Machine
Three Types of Theories
Yu-Hui Tao
2012/2/25
Theories Base – Explanatory
Theory
Explanatory Theories :
Lawrence, R. (2004). Understanding fatal assault of children: a
typology and explanatory theory, Children and Youth Services
Review, 26 837– 852.
Martinsons, M. G., Westwood, R. I. (1997). Management
information systems in the Chinese business culture:
An explanatory theory, Information & Management, 32,
215-228.
Krauss, D. A. et al. (2000). Beyond prediction to explanation in
risk assessment research: A comparison of two explanatory
theories of criminality and recidivism, International Journal of
Law and Psychiatry, 23(2), 91–112.
Theories Base – Empirical
Laws
Empirical Laws:
Kobayashi, Y & Kikuzawa, K. (2000). A single
theory explains two empirical laws applicable to
plant populations,
Journal of Theoretical Biology
,
205, 253-260.
Kral, J. (1986). Empirical laws of software
development and their implications, Computer
Physics Communications 41, 385-391.
Chen, Y.-S. & Chong, P. (1992). Mathematical
modeling of empirical laws in computer
applications: A case study.
Computers & Mathematics
with Applications
,
24(7), 77-87.
Theories Base – Dynamic
Models
Dynamic Models:
Chetty, V. K. & Heckman, J. J. (1986). A dynamic m
odel of aggregate output supply, factor demand and
entry and exit for a competitive industry with het
erogeneous plants,
Journal of Econometrics
,
33(1-2), 1986, 237-262.
Lawrence, R. (2004). Understanding fatal assault of children: a
typology and
explanatory theory
, Children and Youth Services
Review, 26, 837– 852. (pp. 845-846)
“Explanatory paradigms have arisen within the fields
of
criminal, legal, medical, public health,
psychological, and sociological research
. “
“Each paradigm offers an
explanation at varying
levels of abstraction
from the
immediate incident
.”
“Radiating out from the child, theories encompass the
fatal incident
, the
family
,
the perpetrator
and
his or
her relevant characteristics
, the
victim–perpetrator
relationship
, and the
social context of the incident
(including the gender, social class, and socio-cultural
dimensions)”
“As well as
operating at different levels of
explanation
, different theories account for
different
types of fatal assault
.”
Martinsons, M. G., Westwood, R. I. (1997). Management information systems
in the Chinese business culture: An
explanatory theory
, Information &
Management, 32, 215-228. (p. 224)
“The explanatory theory presented
here also suggests that factors such
as
paternalism, personalism and high
context communications
will shape
the future use of MIS in the Chinese
business.”
Krauss, D. A. et al. (2000). Beyond prediction to explanation in risk assessment
research: A comparison of two
explanatory theories
of criminality and recidivism,
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 23(2), 91–112.. (p. 93)
“Two explanatory, theory-driven models
of criminality,
the competitively
disadvantaged male (CDM) model
based on evolutionary psychology and
the work of A. J. Figueredo, and a
self-control model
based on the ideas of
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi,
have been sufficiently developed to
allow
more rigorous empirical testing
of
their assumptions and hypotheses..”
Kobayashi, Y & Kikuzawa, K. (2000). A single theory explains
two
empirical laws applicable to plant populations, Journal of Theoretical Biol
ogy, 205, 253-260. (pp. 253-254)
“Data from even-aged plant populations satisfy two empirical laws.” 1. “Reciprocal equation of the yield density effect and the reciprocal
yield law…”” data from populations of the same species that are of the same age, but of different density, satisfy the following
equation:.”
“where >o(t) is the yield (total biomass) per unit area from the
population of density, or number of plants per unit area, o, at time t, and where the parameters A(t) and B(t) are functions of time t and independent of density o.”
2. “The second law, …considers the intra-population weight hierarchy.” “data from an even-aged plant monoculture will satisfy the following equation for any given n that is positive and not larger than the
density of the population o:”
where the parameters b(t) and a(t) are functions of time t and independent of n.
Kral, J. (1986).
Empirical laws
of software development and
their implications, Computer Physics Communications 41,
385-391.
(
pp. 385-386)
“
Large data bodies
on various software projects made it
possible to use the
methods of mathematical statistics
and to
find out important
empirical laws.
This research area is often
called
software physics
owing to the similarity of the used
research philosophy to the one used in the (
experimental)
physics
.
“The
laws of effort
are the crucial problem of software
engineering. Halstead [1] developed
the estimation
.”
“
Effort = constant * Length * Nopnd *Vionsz/Vrndsz * log(V),
where V = Vionsz + Vrndsz.
Vionsz=c
1* (Length)
a,
Vrndsz = c
2* (Length)
b,
Nopnd = * Length”
Chen, Y.-S. & Chong, P. (1992). Mathematical modeling of
empirical laws
in computer applications: A case study.
Computer
s & Mathematics with Applications
,
24(7), 77-87.(
p. 77)
“This first law of Zipf focuses mainly on words of high frequency.”
"if one takes the words making up an extended body of text and ranks them by frequency of occurrence, then the rank r multiplies by its frequency of occurrence, g(r), will be approximately
constant."
“Zipf's second law [1] was motivated by two remarkable phenomena associated with words of very low frequency of
occurrence.” “If we observe and analyze the frequency of different words in long sequences of text and count f(n) as the number of words appearing n times, then the ratio of the number of words occurring once, f(1), to the number of different words in the text is approximately a constant 0.5; also, the values of f(n)/f(1), n = 1,2, 3, 4, 5, show an approximate pattern of 1, 0.33, 0.17, 0.10 and 0.07.”
“Grosch's law of economics of scale in computers.” “"there is a
fundamental rule ... giving added economy only as the square root of the increase in speed--that is, to do a calculation ten times as cheaply, you must do it one hundred times as fast.“
Chetty, V. K. & Heckman, J. J. (1986).
A dynamic model
of aggr
egate output supply, factor demand and entry and exit for a co
mpetitive industry with heterogeneous plants,
Journal of Econo
metrics
, 33(1-2), 1986, 237-262. (
p. 237)
“a dynamic model of
entry and exit of firms
and
plants of
firms
in a
competitive industry
with
heterogeneous
productive units
. The model
generalizes Houthakker’s
Cobb-Douglas model
to a
dynamic setting with firm
investment
.”
