ᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂऱ
ඒᖄॾ࢚ઔߒ
ഋ߲։
*ǵഋࠔ
**ኴʳ ʳ
ءઔߒאתዌᓫֱڤΔ൶ಘႂᗼؑնࢬؔࠝႼ 30 ۯՕΕխΕ՛ఄؔࠝ ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ඒᖄऱॾ࢚Ζઔߒؾऱץਔΰ1α൶ಘ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᖂᖂૹࢤऱ ॾ࢚Δΰ2α൶ಘ୮९ኙڰཚᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ֗ඒᖄऱॾ࢚Δΰ3αԱᇞ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ ٣৵ڻݧ֗ඒᖄၸऱᎁवΖ࣠࿇Κΰ1αᑇᖂᖂࠀլਢ୮९֨խऱ່ૹ ႈؾΔ܀սਢᖂছၸᏁऱᖂփ୲Ζΰ2α୮९ኙؔࠝᖂߡۥΕᖂᖵ࿓ ऱॾ࢚ೣٻႚอᨠរΔኙ࣍ඒᖄᖵ࿓ऱॾ࢚ঞೣٻ৬ዌᨠរΖΰ3αഀᑇࡉᎁᦰᑇ ڗਢ່ؔࠝڰᖂᄎऱႈؾΔ୮९ᎁױڇ՛ఄհছࢨ՛ఄၸඒᖄΙۯଖᄗ࢚ਢ ່ؔࠝඡᖂᄎऱႈؾΔױڇՕఄࢨՕఄא৵ඒᖄΖ່৵Δᖕઔߒ࣠༼נඒᖂ ֗ઔߒֱ૿ऱ৬ᤜΖᣂဲΚ୮९ॾ࢚Εᑇᄗ࢚Εᖂছؔࠝ
* ᖫᐚઝݾՕᖂؔࠝঅߛߓ೫ඒ ** ৠࣟඒߛՕᖂඒߛ֨ፖ᎖ᖄᖂߓ೫ඒ
ᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂऱ
ඒᖄॾ࢚ઔߒ
ഋ߲։ǵഋࠔ
Εʳፃᓵ
ԫΕઔߒ೯ᖲፖؾऱ
२ڣࠐΔڍऱઔߒ࣠ਐנΔؔࠝ៶ထፖֲൄسխٺጟऱᑇᖂᆖ᧭Δ ࿇୶נॺൄױᨠऱॺإڤᑇᖂवᢝΰBaroody & Wilkins, 1999αΖຍࠄवᢝऱ࿇୶ ڰڇإڤඒߛհছ༉ၲࡨΔۖؔࠝኙᑇᖂᖂऱᘋᔊ֗ᑨ౨ΔՈ၌መؾছڶᖂ ছᓰ࿓ऱඒᖄΰKlein & Starkey, 2004αΖࢬאΔᖂृᎁᑇᖂඒߛᚨᇠᕣڰၲࡨ )Griffin, 2004*Δݦඨ៶ထፖګԳऱյ೯Δ࠰ܗؔࠝലڰཚऱᑇᖂᆖ᧭ፖᑇᖂवᢝ ຑΰClements, 2004αΖኙᖂছؔࠝۖߢΔ୮அਢڰཚᑇᖂᆖ᧭່ڰ࿇سऱچរΔ ୮அਢᐙؔࠝᖂऱૹᛩቼΰCaddell, 1998αΔؔࠝޢ֚ፖૹהԳࢨᎁव࿓ ৫ለऱګԳյ೯ΔດዬԱᇞऱሎ܂ֱڤΰRogoff, 1990αΖؔࠝऱ׀ئᘣޓ ਢ៶طֲൄس֗ൄխऱऴ൷ඒᖄፖᅮΔխտԱؔࠝڰཚᑇᖂᖂऱᆖ᧭֗ ᛩቼΰBruner, 1986; Leino, 1990αΖ ୮९ፖΰParent involvementαऱઌᣂઔߒ࣠ՈਐנΔ୮९ፖኙᖂ ᄐګ༉ऱᐙΖ៶ထ༼ࠎᔞࡵऱᖂᛩቼΕඒᖄࢨᅮऱᖂ۩Δ୮९ऱඒ塄۩ኙऱᖂᄐګ༉ڶૹऱᐙΰBaker & Soden, 1998αΖೈڼհ
؆Δ२ڣࠐψ୮९ॾ࢚ωऱઔߒດዬ࠹ࠩᣂࣹΔᖂृᎁ୮९ኙ࣍ؔࠝ࿇୶ፖᖂ ऱॾ࢚ΰڕ୮९ኙؔࠝ࿇୶ؾᑑऱॾ࢚Ε୮९ᎁؔࠝڕ۶ᖂፖ࿇୶Εᚨᇠ ڕ۶ඒᖄΕא֗ᎁ۞աڇؔࠝᖂ֗࿇୶խࢬᚨފዝߡۥऱუऄαᄎၴ൷ᆖط ॾ࢚ – ۩ሁஉᐙؔࠝऱᖂΔ۟ऴ൷ᐙؔࠝءߪኙᖂऱॾ࢚ፖኪ৫ ΰSigel & McGillicuddy-De Lisi, 2002αΖ
୮९ኙؔࠝᖂᐙऱૹࢤΔڇᖂឈྥڰ्ࡳΖྥۖΔጵᨠഏփ؆ ֮ΔڶᣂؔࠝᑇᖂᖂᏆऱઔߒսওૻڇኙؔࠝᄗ࢚࿇୶֗౨Ժऱ൶ಘ
ΰAnderson, 1997αΔۖᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚ऱઌᣂઔߒՈڍאඒஃΔڶᣂᖂছؔࠝ ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂፖඒᖄॾ࢚ऱઔߒᇷறࠀլڍΖڶᦸ࣍ڼΔءઔߒऱؾऱ ڇΰ1α൶ಘᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇᖂᖂૹࢤऱॾ࢚Δΰ2α൶ಘؔࠝ୮९ኙڰཚᑇ ᄗ࢚ᖂ֗ඒᖄऱॾ࢚Δΰ3αԱᇞؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ٣৵ڻݧ֗ඒᖄၸऱ ᎁवΖ
ԲΕ֮൶ಘ
ΰԫα୮९ॾ࢚ ኙ࣍ॾ࢚ਢչᏖΛॾ࢚ᚨᇠץܶୌࠄփ୲ΛᖂृऱᨠរॺൄڍցΔץਔ୮९ ऱუऄΕवᢝΕኪ৫ΕტᤚΕᏝଖᨠΕࢨؾᑑΰ֧۞ Bornstein, 2002αΖ Sigel ࡉ McGillicuddy-De Lisiΰ2002αᎁլጥਢൕូڂ࠷ٻΰattribution approachesαΕಛ ஒᑓڤΰinformation-processing modelsαΕ৬ዌᆠृΰconstructivistαΕࢨਢ յ೯ᨠរΰtransactional perspectivesαΔ୮९ॾ࢚ऱு֨ਢᎁवΔץਔ୮९ኙ࣍ؔ ࠝ֗ᘣऱᎁवΖຍࠄॾ࢚ឈྥژڇ࣍ଡԳփڇΔথچᐙထ୮९ऱ۩Ζ ڂ୮९ऱᎁवࢨॾ࢚ױ౨ᄎীႿ୮९ऱ۩Δࢨၴ൷چխտᘣऱய౨Δ۟ ᚥܗ୮९ิ៣ࠡᘣ۩ΰMurphey, 1992αΖ ֮խڶᣂ୮९ॾ࢚ऱઔߒץܶԿଡֱ૿Κΰ1α൶ಘ୮९ॾ࢚ፖؔࠝ࿇ ୶ऱઌᣂΔΰ2α൶ಘ୮९ኙ۞աڇؔࠝ࿇୶ᐙԺऱॾ࢚Δΰ3αԱᇞ֮֏ڂైኙ୮९ॾ࢚ऱᐙΰSigel & McGillicuddy-De Lisi, 2002αΖࠡխԾא൶ಘ୮९ॾ࢚ፖ ؔࠝᎁव࿇୶Ꮖऱઔߒ່ڍΔઌᣂઔߒᇢቹԱᇞ୮९ॾ࢚ፖؔࠝᖂᄐګ༉। ऱᣂএΰMiller, 1995; Sigel & McGillicuddy-De LisiαΖࠏڕΔSonnenschein ֗ࠡٵ ࠃΰ1997αᇬംᖂছؔࠝ୮९ᣂ່࣍ࠋඒᖄؔࠝᔹᦰऱॾ࢚Δ࣠࿇ؔࠝऱᎁ ᦰ౨Ժ։ᑇፖ୮९ኙᔹᦰऱუऄڶᣂΖᎁᔹᦰᚨᇠਢڇ᎘ᠾΕ༄ୡᑗࢤൣቼ࿇ سऱ׀ئΔࠡؔࠝᎁᦰ౨Ժऱ।ֺ׀ئᎁᔹᦰਢԫጟඒᖄࢨᒭݾ؏ऱؔ ࠝړΖ ڇᑇᖂֱ૿Δط࣍ؔࠝॺإڤᑇᖂඒߛᆖ᧭ດዬ࠹ࠩૹီΔൎᓳؔࠝषᄎ֏ መ࿓խ୮९ऱૹߡۥΔ൶ಘ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᖂᖂॾ࢚ऱઌᣂઔߒՈດዬᏺףΖ ࠏڕ Ginsburg ֗ࠡٵࠃΰ1992αڇ։࣫ભഏᖂ࿙܅ᑇᖂ।ऱڂ৵Δਐנᖂீ ᑇᖂඒᖂլߩאݙ٤ᇞᤩᖂ࿙ऱᑇᖂ।Δൎᓳ୮९ऱૹࢤΖᎁ୮९ኙؔࠝ ᖂᄐ।ऱॾ࢚Δࢨਢ୮९ءߪኙᑇᖂऱᆖ᧭ࡉტᤚΔױ౨ױאຝٝᇞᤩؔࠝᑇ ᖂ܅ګ༉ऱڂΖጵᨠڶ֮խ൶ಘ୮९ॾ࢚ፖؔࠝᑇᖂګ༉ऱઌᣂઔߒΔࠡ
ઔߒᒤᡱץਔΚ൶ಘ୮९ኙᑇᖂᖂૹࢤऱॾ࢚Ε୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᖂ࿇୶ऱཚৱΕ א֗୮९ኙ۞աڇؔࠝᑇᖂᐙԺऱॾ࢚Ζ ୮९ਢܡᎁᑇᖂᖂਢᖂছؔࠝૹऱᖂႈؾհԫΛط࣍ഏփؾছࡸ ઌᣂऱ ઔ ߒΔ܀ ᖕ ഏ؆ڶ ऱ ઔߒ࣠ ࿇ Δூ ਢ ܡࡳऱΖ ࠏ ڕΔ Knudsen-Lindauer ࡉ Harrisΰ1989αംᖂছؔࠝ୮९ࡉ۔ஃΔᓮהଚಾኙᖂছؔ ࠝૹᖂႈؾ܂ඈֺΖהଚऱઔߒ࣠࿇Δ୮९ലψૠᑇωऱᖂඈڇࠡה ऱႈؾ৵૿ΖሎشઌٵऱֱऄΔMusun-Miller ࡉ Blevins-Knabeΰ1998αᓮᖂছؔ ࠝ୮९ಾኙᑇᄗ࢚ΕᔹᦰࡉᎁڗΕߢ।ሒΕԫᎁवΕषᄎݾ؏ႈؾေ։Δ ࣠Ո࿇ᖂছؔࠝ୮९ᎁषᄎݾ؏ࡉԫᎁवऱᖂֺᑇᖂऱᖂࠐૹ Ζڼ؆ΔBottleΰ1998αᓫ֗ᨠኘ 6 ኙᖂছؔࠝڇ୮խፖ୮९ऱյ೯৵ਐנΔ ឈྥࢬڶऱ୮९ڇ୮ᇙ༼ࠎؔࠝڍᑇᖂઌᣂऱ೯Δ܀ਢႛڶԫתऱ୮९ᎁ ؔࠝᑇᖂऱᖂਢૹऱΖ ᕣጥ୮९լᎁᑇᖂᖂኙᖂছؔࠝऱᖂਢૹऱΔ୮९ኙ࣍ؔࠝᑇᖂऱ ࿇ ୶ ࢨ ᖂ ᝫ ਢ ڶ ࢬ ཚ ৱ Δ ۖ ᎁ ۞ ա ኙ ؔ ࠝ ᑇ ᖂ ᖂ ࠠ ڶ ᐙ Ժ Ζ Blevins-Knabe ࡉ Musun-Millerΰ1991αא 27 ۯ 4 ۟ 5 ᄣؔࠝ୮९ઔߒኙွΔ ᓮ୮९ಾኙႈ 4-7 ᄣؔࠝױאݙګऱᑇᖂՠ܂Δေ۷ԫؔࠝፖ۞աऱڇ ޢႈՠ܂Ղױ౨ݙګऱڣΕא֗הଚኙ۞աᑇ࿇୶ऱཚඨΖ࣠᧩قΔ୮ ९ᎁ່ؔࠝ٣ᖂᄎᑇᑇΔྥ৵ਢૠᑇΔ൷ထਢᑇᄗ࢚Ι୮९Ոᎁᇿԫऱؔ ֺࠝದࠐΔהଚऱڇᑇᖂݾ౨Ղڶֺለړऱ࿇୶Ιۖຍࠄ୮९ᎁ۞ա֗ ᖂீਢᐙؔࠝڰཚᑇ࿇୶ऱࠟଡૹڂైΖڇ৵ᥛऱઔߒխΔMusun-Miller ࡉ Blevins-Knabeΰ1998αא 225 ۯՕᖂس֗ 61 ۯᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙွΔ൶ಘ୮९ኙ ؔࠝᑇᖂᖂᐙऱॾ࢚Ζ࣠ፖհছऱ࣠ઌۿΔլጥਢՕᖂسࢨ୮९Δԫી ᎁ۞աኙؔࠝᑇᖂᖂࠠڶૹᐙԺΖ ឈྥՂ૪ࠟଡઔߒྤऄᢞኔ୮९ᎁ۞աڶᐙԺऱॾ࢚ਢܡፖؔࠝऱᑇᖂ ।ڶᣂΖ܀ਢΔࠡהऱઔߒਐנ୮९ॾ࢚ፖ୮९۩ၴᒔኔڶᣂএژڇΖࠏڕΔ ૉ୮९ᎁᑇ࿇୶ኙؔࠝਢૹऱΔהଚᄎक़ֺለڍऱழၴፖؔࠝԫದൕࠃፖᑇ ᖂֱ૿ڶᣂऱ೯ΰBottle, 1998ΙMusun-Miller & Blevins-Knabe, 1998αΖڼ؆Δ Young-Loveridgeΰ1989αऱઔߒՈਐנؔࠝऱᑇᖂګ༉ፖئᘣኙᑇᖂૹࢤऱॾ ࢚ڶᣂΔᑇᖂګ༉ऱؔࠝΔהଚऱئᘣڇᓫழᎁᑇᖂऱᖂਢૹऱΖ
ጵٽאՂڶᣂ୮९ॾ࢚ऱઔߒΔݺଚױא࿇ΰ1α൶ಘ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᄗ࢚ॾ
ؔࠝᑇᄗ࢚ඒᖄՂऱૹࢤΖઌॾᑇᖂૹऱ୮९Δڇᘣյ೯խΔᄎ༼ࠎֺ ለڍᑇᄗ࢚ऱඒᖄᖲᄎΔՈֺለᣋრक़ழၴຩ۴ؔࠝၞ۩ᑇᖂઌᣂऱᘣ೯Ζ ່৵Δΰ3αڶ୮९ᑇᖂॾ࢚ऱઔߒխΔڶᣂ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᄗ࢚ᖂፖඒᖄ ॾ࢚ऱઔߒΔྤऄԱᇞ୮९ኙ࣍ؔࠝڰཚᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ֗ඒᖄऱუऄΖMusun-Miller ࡉ Blevins-Knabeΰ1998αՈਐנؾছڶᣂ୮९ᑇᖂኪ৫ኙؔࠝᑇᖂᖂᐙऱઔ ߒ࣠ΔսྤऄࠌݺଚၞԫޡԱᇞ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᖂऱॾ࢚Ζ ΰԲαඒᖂઌᣂॾ࢚ ឈྥ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᖂඒᖄॾ࢚ऱઌᣂઔߒΔڇᑇᖂඒߛᏆऱઔߒխΔ ഏփ؆אඒஃ൶ಘڶᣂᑇᖂᖂ֗ඒᖂॾ࢚ऱઔߒঞլ֟ΰܨدྶΕᄵ୶Δ 2001 Ι Handal, 2003 αΖ ઔ ߒ ृ ᇢ ቹ ਮ ዌ נ ԫ ඒ ஃ ᑇ ᖂ ॾ ࢚ ߓ อ ΰ teachers’
mathematical belief systemαΔ൶ಘඒஃኙ࣍ΰ1αᑇᖂਢչᏖΛΰ2αኔᎾՂΔᑇᖂ
ऱඒፖᖂڕ۶࿇سΛא֗ΰ3αუՂΔᑇᖂऱඒፖᖂڕ۶࿇سΛऱઌᣂॾ࢚ ΰHandal, 2003αΖࠀࠉᖕඒஃኙՂ૪ംᠲऱᨠរլٵΔലඒஃ։ᣊΔא༼ࠎઔ ߒऱ։࣫ਮዌΖᖂृኙ࣍ඒஃॾ࢚ߓอऱᓵ૪ឈլጐઌٵΔ܀ڍאඒஃኙᑇᖂᖂ ઝءᔆΕᖂΕඒᖂΕඒޗඒऄࡉေၦऱॾ࢚Δࠉࠡೣٻ৬ዌࢨႚอΰኙᓵα ऱᨠរ܂ូᣊΖ Ernestΰ1991αᎁط࣍ඒஃኙᑇᖂॾ࢚ऱլٵΰԫጤኙᓵृΔԫጤ षᄎ৬ዌृαΔඒஃኙ࣍ᑇᖂᓵΕᑇᖂඒߛؾᑑΕᑇᖂᖂᓵΕᑇᖂඒᖂ ᓵ֗ᑇᖂေၦᓵऱऄᄎլٵΖڂۖขسנնଡլٵऱᑇᖂॾ࢚ߓอΔץਔᦞ ृΰauthoritarianαΕפܓᆠृΰutilitarianαΕᑇᖂխ֨ृΰmathematics centeredαΕ
ၞޡृΰprogressiveαΕ֗षᄎຏᖠृΰsocially awareαΖᦞᨠរऱ۔ஃᎁᑇ
ᖂᓵਢԫࠃኔࡉঞऱᓵΔᑇᖂऱඒߛؾᑑਢ៶طᣤऱಝᒭࠌᖂسᛧ ഗءवᢝΔᖂᄎᑇᖂऱഄԫຜஉਢᆖطᦞृऱႚᎠवᢝ֗ܘԺլឰᒭΔۖေ ۷ᚨᇠ៶طإڤऱྒྷ᧭ഗءᑇᖂۖሒګΖઌ֘ऱΔषᄎຏᖠᨠរऱඒஃᎁᑇ ᖂਢषᄎ৬ዌऱኔ೭Δඒߛؾᑑਢ៶ထᑇᖂࠌࠠڶܒឰԺΔࢬאᑇᖂऱᖂ ፖඒᖂᚨᇠਢԫຑۭऱ༼ംᠲΕಘᓵ֗ᒒመ࿓ΔۖေၦᚨᇠਢॺᤁञࢤऱΖ
Kuhs ֗ Ballΰ1986Δ֧۞ Handal, 2003αঞᎁڶጟᨠរٺ۞ܑΔץਔ אᖂृྡྷរΰlearner-focusedαΕאփ୲ྡྷរൎᓳᇞΰcontent-focused with emphasis on understandingαΕאփ୲ྡྷរൎᓳ।ΰcontent-focused with emphasis
on performanceαΕאඒྡྷរΰclassroom-focusedαΖլٵᨠរऱԳኙ࣍ᑇᖂऱ
ᖂਢᇞެംᠲऱመ࿓Δࠝ࿙೯ፖ֗൶ᑇᖂઌᣂᖂΖࢬאඒஃਢআၞृΕ ਢࠨᖿᖂسᖂऱԳΔۖᑇᖂඒᖂᚨᇠەᐞᖂسऱᘋᔊ֗უऄΖઌ֘ऱΔඒ ྡྷរᨠរऱඒஃᎁඒᖂᚨᇠࠠዌࢤΔࠠߜړዌऱᓰ࿓թ౨ࠌඒᖂய墿ᏺ ףΔթਢ່ړऱᖂֱڤΖᖂسᚨᇠࣹრᦫඒஃऱඒᖂΔᙅ༛۔ஃऱਐᖄΕਊழ ݙګ۔ஃࢬڜඈऱ܂ᄐΙۖ۔ஃऱߡۥਢᓰഘՂऱਐᖄΖ
լٵ࣍ Ernest ֗ Kuhs ࡉ Ball ऱ։ᣊΔRenneΰ1992αࠉᖂீඒߛऱؾᑑΰᖂ ீवᢝࢨࠝ࿙࿇୶α֗ඒஃኙवᢝऱॾ࢚ΰ࠹ඒࢨᖂመ࿓αࠟଡٻ৫Δലඒஃ ։ႚᎠृΰconveyorαΕิ៣ृΰorganizerαΕւृΰallowerαࡉআၞृ ΰfacilitatorαᣊΖאᖂீवᢝඒߛؾᑑऱඒஃΔᎁඒᖂਢႚᎠवᢝΔᖂ ਢᓤ፹ᇷಛऱመ࿓Δࢬאൎᓳᓰ࿓ૠ֗ਐ֧ኙඒᖂऱૹࢤΖࠝ࿙࿇୶ඒߛ ؾᑑऱ۔ஃΔঞᎁඒᖂਢᔆऱޏ᧢ΔᚨᇠەᐞᖂسऱᏁޣ֗ᔆΖࠏڕΔႚᎠ ृઌॾඒߛؾᑑᚨאᖂீवᢝΔࠀൎᓳवᢝऱ࠹ඒመ࿓Ζࢬאඒᖂᚨᇠطඒ ஃᝑΔᖂسᚨᇠڍᒭᑇᖂᠲؾΔ۔ஃਢച۩ृΰexecutiveαՈਢᇷಛऱ༼ࠎ ृΖิ៣ृऱඒߛؾᑑឈྥՈאᖂீवᢝΔ܀ઌॾᖂسᖂऱመ࿓Ζࢬאᎁ ඒஃᚨᇠ༼ࠎᖂسᄗ࢚ਮዌΕഗᑓ֗ᓵΔڕڼթ౨ᚥܗᖂسګפچሎشवᢝΖ ઌ֘ऱΔւृઌॾאࠝ࿙࿇୶ऱᖂீඒߛؾᑑΔൎᓳ࠹ඒመ࿓Δᎁ៶ထ ༼ࠎ೯֗ඒஃऱፖΔଡԳऱ࿇୶༉౨࿇سΔࢬא۔ஃՈਢए᛭ृΕ࠰ܗ۞ݺ ኔऱԳΖআၞृঞൎᓳࠝ࿙࿇୶֗ᖂऱመ࿓Δᎁ៶طڼ༼ംΕᒒթ౨ ৬ዌנवᢝΙࢬא۔ஃਢյ೯֗ᄎᇩऱআၞृΔᖂسऱຂٚਢ৬ዌᄅᨠ࢚Δᜤ ڶრᆠऱუऄΖ ഏփڶᣂඒஃᑇᖂඒᖂऱઔߒΔࠉ༛Ղ૪ऱਮዌΔലඒஃඒᖂऱॾ࢚։ᖂ ઝءᔆΕඒᖂؾᑑΕඒᖂᖵ࿓ΰڕ۶ၞ۩ᑇᖂඒᖂΕඒᖂᄷໂΕඒᖂᑓڤΕඒᖂ ေၦऱॾ࢚αΕא֗ᖂᖵ࿓ΰڕ۶ᖂᑇᖂΕᐙඒᖂऱڂైαᐋ૿ΖࠏڕΔ ጉᖠᥞ֗ࡌمᕬΰ1999αᎁඒஃᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚ᚨᇠψץਔඒஃኙᑇᖂᖂઝءᔆ ऱᎁᢝΕඒஃڕ۶ၞ۩ᑇᖂඒᖂΕᖂسᚨڕ۶ᖂᑇᖂֱ૿ऱॾ࢚ωΰp. 52αΔ ࢬאڇࠡઔߒխലᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚։ඒஃऱवᢝፖᖂᨠរΕኙඒᖂٚ೭Εඒ ᖂᖵ࿓֗ඒᖂေᦸऱॾ࢚ଡᐋ૿Δ൶ಘഏ՛ඒஃڶऱᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚Δࠀല ඒஃॾ࢚ូᣊೣٻ࣍ႚอࢨਢ৬ዌऱඒᖂᨠរΖ ๗ිྶΰ2002aΙ2002bαऱઔߒᎁᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚ᚨᇠץਔψኙᑇᖂᓰ࿓ऱ ؾᑑΕڇඒᖂխऱඒஃࢬފዝऱߡۥא֗ᖂسऱߡۥΕᔞᅝऱඒ೯ΕחԳየ რऱඒᖂֱऄ֗ඒᖂૹរΕإᅝऱඒᖂ࿓ݧࡉױ൷࠹ऱඒᖂֱ࣠૿ऱॾ࢚ω
ΰp. 204αΔۖᑇᖂᖂॾ࢚ঞᚨᇠץਔψඒஃኙᑇᖂᖂመ࿓ऱᨠរΔא֗ᖂ ृऱᖂ۩Ε֨ཕ೯ࡉᔞᅝऱᖂ೯ωΰp. 209αΖڇڔऱઔߒխΔאം࠴ ᓳֱڤԱᇞඒஃኙඒᖂؾᑑΕඒᖂᄷໂΕඒᖂᑓڤΕᐙඒஃඒᖂڂైΕᑇᖂ ᖂᨠរΕᑇᖂᖂ೯ΕᐙᑇᖂᖂڂైΕא֗ړऱᑇᖂᇞᠲֱऄऱॾ࢚Ι ࠀࠉࠡኙՂ૪ॾ࢚ऱေ։ലඒஃូᣊೣٻ৬ዌࢨႚอᨠΖܨدྶ֗ᄵ୶ ΰ2001αֺለഏ՛ΕഏխΕխඒஃᑇᖂඒᖂઌᣂॾ࢚Δאം࠴ᓳֱڤ൶ಘլ ٵᖂ࿓ඒஃኙᑇᖂփොګ։ΕᑇᖂᖂؾऱΕᑇᖂᖂΕᑇᖂඒᖂኪ৫Εኙᑇᖂ ඒޗඒऄ֗ᑇᖂေၦऱॾ࢚Ζലඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚։ೣٻॺႚอᨠΰ࿇୶ᨠα ࢨႚอᨠΙലᖂॾ࢚ូᣊೣٻॺႚอᨠΰ৬ዌᨠαࢨႚอᨠΰ൷࠹ᨠαΖ ጵᨠഏփඒஃᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚ऱઔߒΔᖂृᇢቹאၦ֏ࢨᔆ֏ऱֱऄΔԱᇞٺ ్ඒஃኙ࣍լٵᐋ૿ඒፖᖂॾ࢚ऱउΕࢨਢ൶ಘඒஃॾ࢚ፖඒᖂ।ࢨፖଡԳ ᧢ႈၴऱᣂএΖլጥਢאം࠴ᓳࢨਢᓫऱֱऄΔጵٽઔߒ࣠࿇Κΰ1αഏ փഏ՛ඒஃऱᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚ཏሙႜٻ৬ዌᓵऱᨠរΔ്ඒᖂᖵ࿓ਢ৬ዌवᢝऱ መ࿓Δࣹૹᄗ࢚ᇞ֗ᒒڤऱඒᖂᑓڤΖᎁඒᖂᚨ༇ૹᖂسऱუऄΔᖂسڶ ޣव೯ᖲ֗۞۩ᇞެᑇᖂംᠲऱ౨ԺΖ۔ஃऱߡۥਢ܉ᠲृΕ࠰ܗृΕං೯ृΔ ඒᖂழᚨᇠڍڜඈ՛ิಘᓵ֗ኔᎾᖙ܂ऱᖲᄎΰܨدྶΕᄵ୶Δ2001Ι๗ිྶΔ 2002aΙ2002bΙጉᖠᥞΕࡌمᕬΔ1999αΖΰ2αඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚࠷ٻፖඒᖂऱઌᣂ। ڶᣂΖࠏڕΔጉᖠᥞࡉࡌمᕬΰ1999αऱઔߒ࣠ਐנೣٻ৬ዌᓵᨠរऱඒஃ ڇᑇᖂඒᖂऱ܉ᠲለၲ࣋Δֺለൄࠌش՛ิಘᓵऱֱڤ֧ᖄᖂسᖂᑇᖂΖΰ3α ඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚࠷ٻፖඒஃଡԳ᧢ႈΰڕࢤܑΕڣΕࣚ೭ڣᇷΕٚඒڣ్Εઔ ᆖ᧭αၴऱᣂএࡸլࣔᒔΖጉᖠᥞΕࡌمᕬΰ1999αऱઔߒਐנೈԱࢤܑ؆Δլ ٵଡԳહན᧢ႈ֘ਠנऱඒஃॾ࢚ࠀڶլٵΖۖ๗ිྶΰ2002aαऱઔߒথ࿇Δ ഏ՛ඒஃऱᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚ᄎڂඒஃऱࣚ೭ڣᇷΕٚඒڣ్ࡉฅᄐߓ్ۖլٵΖΰ4α ඒஃඒፖᖂऱॾ࢚ױ౨ڶլԫીऱൣݮΖࠏڕΔܨدྶ֗ᄵ୶ΰ2001αऱઔߒ ࣠࿇Δഏխ֗խඒஃऱᑇᖂඒᖂ֗ᑇᖂᖂॾ࢚ࠀլԫીΙᑇᖂඒᖂॾ࢚ ೣٻ৬ዌऱᑇᖂඒஃΔڇᑇᖂᖂॾֱ࢚૿ױ౨ਢೣٻႚอऱᨠរΖ ጵٽഏփ؆ڶᣂඒᖂॾ࢚ऱ֮࿇Κΰ1αඒᖂॾ࢚ऱઔߒڍאඒஃΔ ֟୮९ඒᖄॾ࢚ऱܫΖΰ2αඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚ץਔඒஃኙ࣍ᖂઝءᔆΕᖂृߡ ۥΕᖂᖵ࿓ΕඒᖂߡۥΕඒᖂᖵ࿓Εඒޗඒऄࡉለᖂေၦֱ૿ऱॾ࢚Ζΰ3α ࠉᖕඒஃኙ࣍ඒፖᖂᚨᇠਢኙࢨਢषᄎ৬ዌऱᨠរΔױലඒஃ։ೣٻႚอ ࢨ৬ዌऱᨠរΖΰ4αඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ፖࠡඒᖂ۩ڶᣂΔլٵહན᧢ႈඒஃऱॾ
࢚ױ౨լٵΖ ᜔ٽ୮९ॾ࢚֗ඒᖂઌᣂॾ࢚ऱ֮࿇Δ୮९ॾ࢚ऱઌᣂઔߒא൶ಘ୮९ ኙؔࠝ֗ᘣऱॾ࢚Δ֟୮९ኙؔࠝᑇፖሎጩᖂፖඒᖄऱॾ࢚Ζڶ୮ ९ኙؔࠝᑇᄗ࢚ऱॾ࢚ઔߒਐנΔ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᖂऱૹࢤॾ࢚Δא֗୮९ᎁ ۞աኙؔࠝᑇᖂᖂᐙԺऱॾ࢚ፖ୮९ऱᑇᖂඒᖄ۩ڶᣂΖྥۖΔഏփڶ ᣂ୮९ᑇᄗ࢚ඒᖄऱઔߒڶૻΔݺଚྤऄवᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᖂᖂૹ ࢤΕኙؔࠝᖂߡۥΕᖂᖵ࿓Εඒᖄߡۥࡉඒᖄᖵ࿓ऱॾ࢚ΔՈྤऄव୮९ ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ٣৵ڻݧ֗ඒᖄඒऱᎁवΖڶᦸ࣍ڼΔءઔߒऱؾऱڇΰ1α൶ಘ ᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇᖂᖂૹࢤऱॾ࢚Δΰ2α൶ಘؔࠝ୮९ኙڰཚᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ֗ ඒᖄऱॾ࢚Δΰ3αԱᇞؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ٣৵ڻݧ֗ඒᖄၸऱᎁवΖ
၁Εઔߒֱऄ
Աᇞᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᄗ࢚ඒᖄऱॾ࢚Δءઔߒආشתዌֱڤം ᖂছؔࠝऱ୮९ΔאՀ༉ઔߒኙွΕઔߒՠࠠ֗ઔߒመ࿓܂༴૪ΖԫΕઔߒኙွ
!אֱঁ࠷ᑌऱֱڤΔאႂᗼؑնࢬؔࠝႼΰץਔֆΕߏمؔᆇႼ֗ߏمڮ ࠝࢬαऱՕΕխΕ՛ఄؔࠝ୮९ኙွΔၞ۩ؔࠝ୮९ॾ࢚ᇷறگႃΖ࣠٥ڶ 30 ۯؔࠝئᘣףءઔߒΔؔࠝ֗ئᘣऱഗءᇷறڕ। 1Δؔࠝߊسڶ 14 ۯ ΰ46.7%ȑ
ΔՖسڶ16ۯΰ53.3%ȑ
Ιڣऱᒤ41۟76 ଡִΔؓ݁ 59.6 ଡ ִΙՕఄؔࠝؓ݁ڣ72.1 ଡִΔխఄؓ݁60.1 ଡִՕΔ՛ఄؓ݁48.9 ଡ ִՕΖ࠹ئᘣڣؓ݁34.7ᄣΔՕڍࠠՕᖂ֗റઝאՂᖂᖵΰ76.7%αΖ। 1ʳ ؔࠝፖئᘣഗءᇷற ε ύ λ ӝी ѴٽΓኧ 8 12 10 30 Ѵٽ܄ձǺζ ت 5 3 6 6 5 5 16 14 ѴٽДសȐMȑ 72.1 60.1 48.9 59.6 Ѵٽрғ௨ՉǺ1 2 3 5 2 1 5 7 0 7 3 0 17 12 1 ҆ᒃԃសȐYȑ 36.9 34.3 33.5 34.7 ҆ᒃ௲ػำࡋǺଯύᙍ ࣽ εᏢ ࣴز܌ 2 2 3 1 2 6 2 2 3 1 3 3 7 9 8 6
ԲΕઔߒՠࠠ
ءઔߒආתዌᓫΔԵԱᇞᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇፖሎጩऱუऄΔء ઔߒ಼֮ᇷற֗۩ؔࠝႼඒᖂփ୲Δലᑇፖሎጩา։ഀᑇΕૠᑇΰഗᑇαΕ ԫኙԫኙᚨΕݧᑇΕٽګፖ։ᇞΕᑇऱঅఎΕףΕ྇ΕֺለΕᎁᦰᑇڗΕۯଖΕ ᐊᑇڗԼԲႈփ୲ΖࠀലڼԼԲႈؾ֗១რᆠٱڇ՛ׂՂΔֱঁ୮९ڇ ࠹ழᙟழΰԼԲႈᑇፖሎጩႈؾࡳᆠᓮە। 2αΖᓫᠲؾץਔ୮९ኙᖂ ছؔࠝᑇᖂᖂૹࢤ֗ᑇᄗ࢚ᖂፖඒᖄऱუऄΔᓫᠲጼطઔߒ՛ิॣޡ ᒳ፹৵ΔᆖԿۯࠠᑇᖂඒߛΕؔࠝඒߛ֗ඒߛઔߒറ୮ऱᐉΖଥޏቃᇢ৵Δᆖ ࠟۯࠠᑇᖂඒߛΕؔࠝඒߛറ୮รԲڻᐉΔଥإ৵إڤࠌشΖଥޏ৵ऱᓫᠲ ጼץਔԿଡຝ։Κΰ1αᓮ୮९ᓫኙ࣍ᖂছၸඒᖂፖᖂऱԫუऄΔࠏڕψڇ ᖂছऱຍଡၸᚨᇠᖂᄎࠄչᏖΛωψڕ۶ᖂࠩຍࠄवᢝऱΛωψ ऱᖂਢᔾ۞աᝫਢᔾՕԳΛչᏖΛωψ୮९ڇᖂՂऱߡۥਢչᏖΛ չᏖΛωΔΰ2αᇬം୮९ᣂ࣍ᑇᄗ࢚ඒᖂऱუऄΔࠏڕψչᏖਢᑇᄗ࢚Λωψڇᖂ ছၸΔᑇᄗ࢚ᚨᇠᖂࠄչᏖΛչᏖΛωΔΰ3αᓮ୮९ၞԫޡᎅࣔኙ࣍ؔࠝᖂ 12 ႈᑇᄗ࢚٣৵ڻݧࡉᖂຍࠄᄗ࢚ૹࢤऱუऄΕ୮அઌᣂऱඒᖄ೯Ζࠏ ڕΔψᖕ൞ኙؔࠝऱԱᇞΔڇຍԼԲଡႈؾխΔ൞ᎁୌԫଡႈؾ່٣ᖂᄎΛୌ ԫଡႈؾ່৵ᖂᄎΛչᏖ@ωψ൞ᤚຍଡႈؾለૹΔչᏖΛωψڇ୮ᇙ൞ຟ ਢ৻ᏖඒᖄᖂຍଡႈؾΛωΖ!। 2ʳ ԼԲႈᑇፖሎጩႈؾፖࡳᆠ Ҟ ۓ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! က ୠኧ ѴٽҔαᇟኧኧǶ ीኧȐ୷ኧȑ ѴٽૈၮҔྗኧຒׇӈჹဂނҹՉीኧǴ٠аᗺኧਔനࡕޑ ኧຒǴٰҢԜဂނҹޑঁኧǶ ჹჹᔈ ѴٽૈޕၰӧኧኧਔঁൂኧӷѝૈೱௗঁނҹǶ ׇኧ ѴٽޕၰۓኧӷࢂёаҔٰҢނҹӧဂᡏύޑՏǶ ӝԋǵϩှ ѴٽޕၰҺՖঁᡏޑኧҞёаҔҽޑБԄٰж߄ǴٯӵǺ7 ёаϩԋঁ 4 کঁ 3Ǵ܈ࢂঁ 5 کঁ 2Ǵ܈ࢂঁ 6 کঁ 2Ƕ ኧޑߥ੮ όᆅΒಔӕኧໆނҹޑނѦᢀӼ௨ӵՖᡂϯǴѴٽૈᒣځኧҞ ϝࣁӕόᡂǶ у ѴٽૈҔᅌቚޑᢀᗺǴှ٠ှ،ᙁൂуᆉೌπբ܈ᔈҔᚒǶ ෧ ѴٽૈҔᅌ෧ޑᢀᗺǴှ٠ှ،ᙁൂ෧ᆉೌπբ܈ᔈҔᚒǶ Кၨ ჹܭΒঁނҹǴࡪྣࡰۓޑ܄፦(ٯӵǺঁኧ)ՉКၨǶ ᇡ᠐ኧӷ Ծρᒣኧӷ಄ဦǴ٠ࡰᇡрൂኧӷ಄ဦԋϩǴӵ 6 хࡴ 1 Ϸ 1Ƕ Տॶ ѴٽёаၮҔ 10 ՏسٰࡰᇡኧӷޑՏǶࢂӑࡋ ߓդኧ سޑঁ܄ǴԜኧسၮҔ 0-9 ΜঁኧዸǴଛӝਜቪਔޑ࣬ ᜢՏǴಔӝଆٰԋኧӷٰඔॊኧໆǴճҔ࣬ᜢՏٰྎ೯Ӛঁ ኧዸޑཀကǴᆀϐՏॶཷۺǶٯӵǴኧӷȨ87ȩࢂȨ8ȩᆶȨ7ȩΒ ঁኧዸಔӝԶԋǴനѓᜐՏޑኧዸȨ7ȩǴ߄Ң 7 ঁȨ൘ȩൂՏǴ ԶځѰᜐՏޑኧዸȨ8ȩǴ߄Ң 8 ঁȨࡵȩൂՏǶ ਜቪኧӷ Ѵٽޕၰவব္໒ۈቪǴௗΠٰा۳ٗঁБӛቪǴޕၰ಄ဦޑኬη Ȑࢂጕచ܈ࢂԔጕȑǴՖਔଶЗǴӵՖׯᡂБӛǴӵՖ໒ۈΠᡯǴ ډՖೀଶЗǶ
ԿΕઔߒመ࿓
ᇷறگႃழၴ 93 ڣ 3-5 ִΔطء֮รԫ܂ृၞ۩ംΔࢬڶऱᓫઃאᙕ ଃᖲᙕଃΔࠀ᠏֮ڗᒚΔ܂ֲ৵ᇷற։࣫ەΖᓫழၴؓ݁ 58.7 ։ᤪΰᒤ 40 ۟ 90 ։ᤪαΔ᠏ᙕ৵ऱᓫ֮ᒚط۟֟ 3 ۯઔߒګ٥ٵၞ۩։࣫Ζ։࣫ መ࿓խΔޢۯګ։ܑᔹᦰ֮ᒚΔ։࣫֗ધᙕ୮९ᝑ૪փ୲ऱრᆠΔྥ৵ڇᄎᤜ ՂಾኙޢԫრᆠດԫᒔᎁΔطଫٚઔߒܗࠉಘᓵ࣠܂ګኴ।Ζ່৵٦ດԫ ֺኙࢬኴ࠷נࠐऱᓫᇩփ୲ΔףאូᣊΖ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂፖඒᖂॾ࢚ऱ։࣫Δץਔ୮९ኙ࣍ᑇᖂᖂߡۥΕᖂᖵ࿓Εඒᖄߡۥࡉඒᖄᖵ࿓ऱॾ࢚Δਢᖞ ഏփ؆֮ᓫ֗ڶႚอࢨ৬ዌᨠរඒஃኙᑇᖂᖂߡۥΕᖂᖵ࿓Εඒᖂߡ ۥࡉඒᖂᖵ࿓ඒᖂॾ࢚ऱ༴૪܂ءઔߒऱ։࣫ࠉᖕΰڕ। 3αΖ । 3ʳ ৬ዌፖႚอᨠរհ։࣫ਮዌ ᏢಞفՅ Ꮲಞᐕำ ௲ᏤفՅ ௲Ꮴᐕำ ࡌ ᄬ ᢀ ᏢಞЬᏤޣǵޕ ബޣǵЬ ޕࡌᄬޣ ख़ှǵԖཀက ࡌᄬ ǵϸࡘǵ៏ ख़ޕ໔ޑ ೱ่کᡏᜢ߯ ᏢಞߦޣǵЇ Ꮴޣǵڐշޣ ख़ཷۺᙶమᆶ ࡌᄬ ᐟวፕǵගٮ ୢᚒှ،ᐒǵ ႴᓰࢲϷ ҔԾρޑБԄှ ᚒ ௲Ꮲ٩Ꮲғሡ Ϸ፦ ᢀ ޕௗԏ ޣǵ᠋ޣǵՉ ޣ ख़Ꮻǵᆒዕግ ಞǵीᆉ ݙཀ᠋ፐǵᇝ ኧᏢೕ߾܈ۓ ǵӭբόӕᚒ ࠠޑᚒҞ ᒥൻࡽԖޕ ่ᄬ(ፐำǵԴ ৣ) ޕжΓ( ሀޣ)ǵᏢಞЬᏤ ޣǵឲᒡޣǵࡰ Ꮴޣǵှញޣǵ ևޣ ख़ޕᕇளǵம ፓኧᏢೕ߾ǵ ᡯکמѯ ޔௗ௲Ꮴǵᖱှ Ңጄǵᖐٯǵග ٮόӕᚒࠠᚒҞ ᡣᏢғϸᙟግಞ ௲Ꮲ ٩ࡽԖ௲( းޕ)ǵԖس ևϣ
Ε࣠ፖಘᓵ
ԫΕᑇᖂᖂૹࢤॾ࢚
ᅝംࠩψ܃ᤚڇآၞԵ՛ᖂছΔᚨᇠᖂᄎࠄչᏖΛୌࠄֺለૹΛω ழΔڶ 12 ۯئᘣรԫଡ༼ࠩسክΕൄΕ៖Ꮪࡉس۞ऱᖂΔ؆ڶ 10 ۯئᘣᎁᚨᇠאൣፃषᄎ֗ԳऱᖂΔڶ 8 ۯئᘣรԫଡ༼ࠩᎁव ऱᖂΰڕ। 4αΖࠏڕԫۯئᘣᎅΚψݺൕࠐუመ…ᎁव…1Ε2Ε3 ڍᄎΔᑇڗڍᄎΔᑇᖂ…ݺൕࠐڶუࠩຍࠄΖݺڶΖ…ݺᤚ່ڂזऱ ່ݶᑗऱၸ༉ڇ՛ᖂאছΔ߷܃ᨃהڶᤚڶᖂᚘԺΔຍᑌᖂՂڶ ᚘԺڇऱᇩױ౨՛ᖂא৵᧢ګהᄎඈ؞Δࢬڶऱפᓰ߷ࠄΖΰڇᖂீऱؾऱਢ ᨃהڇ߷ᢰ…αᇿԳ୮ݶᑗऱઌωΰM15αΖ۟ڶࠟۯئᘣᎁᎁवֱ૿ऱᖂ ڇᖂছၸࠀլૹΖࠏڕԫۯխఄߊऱئᘣᎅΚ ቝݺऱଡࢤऱᇩݺլᄎঠൎ՛װᖂீԫࡳ৻ᑌ৻ᑌΔቝݺധധ༉ᄎ ᎅ…܃ຍᑌᢆᙒΔ՛ԾᖂࠩչᏖΜױਢڇݺऱᨠ࢚ݺᄎᤚᎅΔݺ վ֚ᢆᙒ༉ਢᨃڇᇙ૿नΕڇᇙ૿پΔپ໘ࢮ༉ړԱΜپ໘ࢮᐼ.. ݺլԫࡳޣᎅ܃װ߷ᢰ༉ਢԫࡳᖂչᏖΔᖂչᏖΔቝݺՈլᤚᎅ ቝչᏖΔլᖂչᏖ༉֜ඡΔݺլᄎ߷ጟტᤚΔݺᤚᎅ…ݺ༉ਢݦඨ ᎅΔڂݺᤚᎅ…ڇऱչᏖ࿙ڣΔ֘ۖਢࢨڇᖂீᝫڶ नΕᝫڶپΜݺ༉ਢᨃ܃ຍᑌ…ݺ༉ਢৰݶᑗ܃ޢ֚װՂᖂ༉ړΜ߷ ༉ڇᖂீ۔ஃΔඒה່ഗءऱ߷ጟسఢຍᑌ༉ړԱΜݺޣຍᑌΔ ݺլᖂԫՕഔΜݺᤚຍᑌኙהࠐᎅᖜ֜ՕԱΜΰM21α । 4 ᑇᖂᖂૹࢤॾ࢚ڻᑇ։࣫ ᇡޕ Ꮲಞሦୱ ख़ा܄ߞۺ ᇟЎ ኧᏢ ځд բ Γǵޗ ǵᆣ ғࢲԾ 8 Γ 0 10 Γ 12 Γ നख़ाҞ 6 Γ 1 Γ 1 Γ ගϷޑख़ाҞ 28 Γ 3 Γ 16 Γ 14 Γ ڕ࣠լەᐞئᘣ༼֗ᖂૹࢤऱႉݧΔല 30 ۯئᘣ༼ࠩऱࢬڶᖂփ୲܂ ։࣫Ζ࣠࿇ڶ 28 ۯ༼ࠩᎁवֱ૿ऱᖂΔڶ 16 ۯئᘣ༼ࠩൣፃषᄎࡉԳ ࿇୶ֱ૿ऱᖂΔڶ 14 ۯئᘣ༼ࠩس۞Δ؆ڶ 3 ۯئᘣ༼ࠩ೯܂࿇୶ֱ૿ ऱᖂؾᑑΖڇᎁवֱ૿Δ༼ֱ֮ࠩ૿ऱᖂڶ 25 ۯΰץਔᖂࣹଃΕᎁڗΕ ᔹᦰΕรԲߢࡉߢ࿇୶αΔ༼ࠩᑇᖂઌᣂऱᖂڶ 22 ۯΔ֟ᑇऱئᘣ༼ࠩࠡ הڕسᎁवΕᖂኪ৫ࡉᇞެംᠲऱᖂؾᑑΖ22 ۯ༼ࠩᑇᖂᖂؾᑑऱئᘣ խΔڶԫۯئᘣᎁᑇᖂৰૹΖڔᎅΚψݺऱტᤚਢᑇᖂ່ૹΔڂ…ױ౨ਢ ݺऱᑇᖂլ֜ړΔࢬאݺৰૹီݺ՛ऱᑇᖂΖߢਢ…ڂݺᤚՖءࠐ ༉ਢഏ౨ԺֺለൎΔࢬאݺֺለլᖜ֨Ζ…ڂᑇᖂᖂ։ৰૹ…ڂޢڻݺ
ەᇢऱழଢݺહऱ(ઝؾ)ຟৰړΔᑇᖂ༉ەլՕუΔ،༉ᄎނݺऱ։ᑇࣆՀ ࠐΔࢬאݺᤚᑇᖂৰૹωΰM17αΖ ئᘣೈԱ༼ࠩᑇᖂਢᖂছऱᖂփ୲؆Δڶ 16 ۯ༼ࠩؔࠝᚨᇠᖂᑇᖂऱ ڂΔᎁਢԱԵᖂ܂ᄷໂΰ5 ۯαΕڂؓழسխشࠩΰ5 ۯαΕࢨਢᎁਢ ᇠၸؔࠝᚨᇠࠠໂऱഗء౨Ժΰ5 ۯαΔڼ؆ΔڶԫۯئᘣᎁᑇᖂਢԱآࠐ ޣऱᏁΖԫۯᎁᑇᖂᖂਢഗءऱΕسՂشࠩऱئᘣᎅΚ ᑇᖂᖂᄎ…ݺ༉ਢᤚৰ…ຍړቝਢ່ഗءऱܣΜ່ഗءݺଚسຟ شࠩΔֺڕᎅݺהஞࣟ۫ڔݬݬΔXXᅀ܃ஞ5ଡΔ5ଡᗷ࣠ ݬݬΔࢨਢᓮ܃ஞԫଡࣟ۫ࢨչᏖࣟ۫הΔ߷ڕ࣠הլवሐ1ଡࢨ2ଡ ࢨ5ଡऱრ৸ऱᇩΰ༉ᙄऄஞαΖΰM23α
ء ઔ ߒ ࣠ ፖ Knudsen-Lindauer ࡉ Harris ΰ 1989 αΕ Bottle (1998) ֗ Musun-Miller ࡉ Blevins-Knabeΰ1998αԳऱઔߒ࣠ઌۿΔፖࠡהᖂࢨ࿇୶ ᏆֺለΔႛ֟ᑇऱ୮९ᎁؔࠝᑇऱᖂਢ່ૹऱΔՕڍᑇऱᖂছؔࠝ୮९ ᎁषᄎԳᏆֱ૿ऱᖂֺᑇᖂࠐૹΖ܀Ղ૪Կଡઔߒխڶࠟଡઔߒਢ אം࠴ֱڤΔᓮ୮९ေֺᑇᖂᖂፖࠡה࿇୶ࢨᖂᏆऱૹࢤΔྤऄᛧ୮ ९ኙᑇᖂᖂऱუऄΖءઔߒᓮ୮९ᥛᓫࠡუऄழ࿇Δឈྥᑇᖂࠀլਢ୮९ ֨խऱ່ૹႈؾΔ܀ਢսྥਢᖂছၸᏁऱᖂփ୲ΖࠏڕΔ։࣫୮९ࢬ༼ ֗ࢬڶᖂছؔࠝૹᖂؾᑑழΔ࿇ 30 ۯئᘣխڶ 28 ۯ༼ࠩᎁवऱᖂਢૹ ऱΖࠡխ༼ࠩᑇᖂᖂ༉ڶ 22 ڻΔႛڻ֮࣍ऱᖂΔױߠᖂছؔࠝ୮९սྥ ᎁᑇᖂᖂਢૹऱΖ
ԲΕᑇᄗ࢚ᖂፖඒᖄॾ࢚
ᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇፖሎጩᖂ֗ඒᖄऱॾ࢚ਢࠉᖕئᘣڇڃψؔࠝਢ ڕ۶ᖂᑇፖሎጩऱवᢝωΕψؔࠝᖂਢᔾՕԳᝫਢᔾ۞աω֗ψ୮९ڇؔࠝᖂ ழऱߡۥωംᠲऱփ୲܂։࣫Ζءઔߒࠉᖕ֮ല୮९ऱᑇᄗ࢚ᖂፖඒᖄ ॾ࢚։୮९ኙؔࠝᖂߡۥΕᖂᖵ࿓Ε୮९ඒᖄߡۥ֗ඒᖄᖵ࿓ଡᐋ૿։ ࣫Δࠀࠉᖕ୮९ऱڃലຍଡᐋ૿ऱॾ࢚ូᣊ৬ዌࢨႚอΔڕ࣠୮९ऱڃ ץܶ৬ዌ֗ႚอऱॾ࢚ΔঞലհូᣊรԿᣊΖ࣠ڕ। 5Ζ। 5ʳ ᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ֗ඒᖄॾ࢚ڻᑇ։࣫ ᏢಞفՅ Ꮲಞᐕำ ௲ᏤفՅ ௲Ꮴᐕำ ࡌᄬᢀ 11 9 15 17 ᢀ 13 15 15 7 ಃΟᜪ 5 6 0 6 ΰԫαᖂߡۥॾ࢚Κ ೈԫۯئᘣڶᓫࠩᖂߡۥॾ࢚؆Δࠡ塒ऱ 29 ۯխΔڶ 13 ۯئᘣڇᓫࠩ ؔࠝᖂߡۥழऱॾ࢚ೣٻႚอऱᨠរΙڶ 11 ۯਢ৬ዌᨠΙ؆ڶ 5 ۯئᘣঞᎁ ᖂᚨᇠץਔؔࠝ۞աא֗۞ߪא؆ऱڂైΖႚอᨠរऱئᘣᎁؔࠝऱᖂ ਢᔾՕԳऱඒᖄۖࠐΔؔࠝਢवᢝ൷گृΖԫۯئᘣᎅΚψ۞աᖂᚨᇠڶܺ ᣄܣΜᚨᇠԫࠄഗ៕ᚨᇠਢطՕԳ٣ඒᖄהΖݺᤚ…ኙ՛ऱ՛ᚨᇠਢຍ ᑌထ֫ΰM45αωΖԫۯئᘣᎁؔࠝᖂᑇᄗ࢚ਢᔾՕԳۖࠐऱΔຍᑌຒ৫ֺ ለݶΖڔᎅΚψݺਢᤚਢΔԫၲࡨਢݺଚՕԳהऱܣΜڂΔڕ࣠ݺଚൄൄ ڶڇᇿהആऱᇩΔהᖂຒ৫ᄎֺለݶΖΰM23αω৬ዌᨠរऱئᘣঞᎁᖂ ਢᔾؔࠝ۞աᖙ܂नࠠ৬ዌۖࠐऱΔԫۯئᘣᎅΚ ᑇᖂऱᇩΔቝڶԫࠄᚨᇠਢᔾה۞աװΔה۞ྥۖྥ༉ᄎԱΔࠏڕᎅ הڇनהऱᗨֵऱழଢΔࢨਢהڇनהऱչᏖΔቝڶԫࠄਢױאีᗨದࠐ ऱΔԫଡྥ৵٦ஞԫଡၞࠐΔࢨਢᎅᦤԫଡ٦ᦤԫଡՂװ߷ጟΔࠡኔה۞ աൕሏᚭᅝխΔᚨᇠױא۞աᖂࠩΔࠏڕᎅڶԫࠄݾ؏ऱຝ։Δࠏڕ ᎅࠡኔ1ף1࣍2Δࠡኔࠩ৵ࠐΔה۞աຟ۞ྥۖྥຟᄎवሐΔਢᎅΔ ߷ቝݺଚᎅشఇጩऱᇩΔݺଚױ౨༉ਢᎅΔױא៶طչᏖՠࠠΔྥ৵ڶչ Ꮦݾ؏ױאᚥܗ܃ૠጩຍᑌΖΰM25α ؆Δԫۯᎁᖂਢᔾ۞ա֗؆ڇڂైऱئᘣᎅΚψݺᤚຟڶܣΜᚨᇠຟ ਢຟڶյઌऱ…ᝫਢ৻ᑌΛႵ..ݺᤚൕሏᚭխᨃהኬኬऱװԱᇞΔྥ৵ԫ૿ܫ္ הᎅຍଡࣟ۫ऱطࠐΔྥ৵ԾᨃהኬኬऱװΔױ౨ڇהܮگऱֱ૿ᄎֺለݶ ԫរωΰM15αΖ ΰԲαᖂᖵ࿓ॾ࢚Κ 30 ۯئᘣխΔڶ 15 ۯئᘣऱᖂᖵ࿓ॾ࢚ਢ᥆࣍ႚอऱᨠរΔ9 ۯ᥆࣍৬ዌ
ऱᨠរΔڶ 6 ۯئᘣ༼ࠩ᥆࣍ႚอ֗৬ዌऱᖂᖵ࿓ᨠរΖႚอᖂᖵ࿓ᨠរ ऱئᘣ༼ࠩᖂመ࿓ᚨൎᓳ壄ᑵፖᒭΔۖಖᖋፖહਢᖂऱૹڂైΔڔଚ ᎁؔࠝڍᦫ۞ྥ༉ᖂᄎԱΖԫۯႚอᖂᖵ࿓ᨠរऱئᘣᎅΚψ១ऱᑇऱᄗ ࢚ਢᏁૹᓤऱᒭΔڂݺଚڇڶࢼွऱᄗ࢚ΔהଚڶչᏖࢼွᄗ࢚Δ הଚ༉ਢൕኔढᇙ૿Δޢڻሖࠩ༉ᒭԫՀΖΰM32αωԫۯئᘣঞᎅΚψݺᤚ Μڇ՛ਢ߷ጟؘႊൄൄᇿהᎅה༉ᄎಖΔהᤚਢ…ԫऴૹᓤຍٙ ࠃൣܫ္הףהऱٱွה༉ᄎवሐΜΰM21αω ৬ዌᨠऱئᘣঞ༼ࠩᖂਢ৬ዌऱመ࿓Δൎᓳᇞࡉ൶Δ֘ኙڽહΖԫۯ ئᘣᎅΚψቝݺଶଶᝑऱᎅΔהᇞթ౨٦ᚨشቪΔ߷܃༉᧢ګᎅᑇᖂਢڽહऱࣟ ۫Δڽહऱࣟ۫܃༉᧢ڶᙄऄشΔቝݺଚאছڇᖂᑇᖂ༉ਢຍᑌΔݺଚ אছڇહֆڤΔ߷ᠲؾנࠐױ౨լਢᎅ༉ਢ৻ᏖᑌᇞΔ܃ԫࡳ٦ᚨشΔ༉ਢᚨ شړ༓ଡֆڤΔኙΖ߷ଡֆڤਢಖΔ܀ਢױ౨ਢᠲؾנࠐሎشࠩৰڍࣟ۫Δ ৰڍֆڤװᇞΔࢬא᧢ګႵΔΔᎅటऱΖΰM47αω ԫۯรԿᣊ ᨠរऱئᘣঞᎁᑇᄗ࢚ᖂᚨᇠᇞΔڔᎅΚψړቝৰᣄΔڔױאװڽહΔڔ ױ౨ᇿ܃હದࠐ…ױਢڔױ౨ڶழଢլਢৰᇞ،߷ᇙ૿ኔᎾऱრᆠΖω܀ਢຍ ۯئᘣՈൎᓳ壄ᑵঞΔڔᎅΚψᖂໝΜݺᤚᚨᇠਢԫऴૹᓤ…լױ౨ԫΕࠟڻ ༉ᄎԱΖωΰM52α ΰԿαඒᖄߡۥॾ࢚Κ 30 ۯئᘣխΔႚอࡉ৬ዌᨠរऱئᘣٺڶԫתΖႚอᨠរऱئᘣᎁ୮९ ڇඒᖄؔࠝᖂᑇᄗ࢚ऱߡۥᚨᇠਢਐᖄ֗ᅮΔᚨᇠऴ൷ඒᖄࢨᥒᙁؔࠝᑇᄗ ࢚वᢝΖࠏڕԫۯئᘣ༼ࠩ୮९ඒᖄऱߡۥழᎅΚψ୮९ڇ୮۞աඒΔኙΜݺ ᤚړቝᇿהᝑΔړቝᝫᇿהᎅΔຍᑌףΔຍᑌףΔףದࠐਢլਢ࣍ ڍ֟Δྥ৵٦ထהऱ֫Δࢨृਢᓮה۞աش֫ຍᑌ۞աᑇԫڻΖڂݺᤚΔ אছݺᄎᤚᎅΔݺຍᑌᇿ܃ᝑΔ܃ᚨᇠᄎᎅਢ࣍ڍ֟Δݺਢଶၲࡨඒऱழଢ ਢຍᑌᤚΔ߷৵ࠐਢݺᤚᎅΔᝫਢᇿהᝑூڍ֟ΖΰM19αωԫۯئᘣ ᎅΚ ݺਢᤚቝڗຍጟࣟ۫Εݺଚױ౨ڇሁՂߨሁऱழଢඒהΕຍᑌΖ ᎁڗΕݺᤚሖࠩऱழଢה༉ࠩ߷ଡڗΔൄൄߨΖ߷՛ழଢݺࠝ הᆖመΕֺڕᎅᆖመߨຍයሁΔྥ৵৵ࠐԾᆖመԮᔃ߷යሁΔݺᎅԮᔃ ഏا՛ᖂΔ༉ԫऴඒהΔהΕݺᤚהਢડྥ༉ൄൄຍᑌࠨᖿהΔהױ౨
ԫၲࡨΕኔᎾהױ౨ຟլᄎആΔױਢڶԫ֚Δהડྥ٤ຝ༉ຟᄎആԱΔ༉ ਢ٤ຝΔլਢΕլਢആৰΕৰ…༉ᖂᄎৰڍΖኙኙኙΔൄൄΕൄൄΔ ݺᤚૠᑇՈਢຍᑌΖݺᤚૠᑇՈຟਢൄൄຟਢຍᑌΔֺڕᎅݺଚױ౨ ຟ…ݺඒה༉ਢ೯೯֫ਐֺ1Ε2Ε3Ε4Δྥ৵৵ࠐ༉ਢᎅΔ܃ᇿהᎅش֫ ਐֺ1Δྥ৵ה༉ֺ1Δྥ৵ֺ2Δ༉ਢࠟଡֺΔྥ৵ֺ1Ε1ਢڍ֟Δ ྥ৵1…ྥ৵2Δྥ৵ݺ༉ᎅ߷܃ױլױא1Ѐ2ΔᙟঁംהΔהױ౨լᄎΔ ױਢݺଚᎅ1༉ਢຍᑌΕ2܃༉ਢࠟଡΔ߷࣠ຍਢڍ֟Λ3ΖΰM32α ৬ዌᨠរऱ୮९ঞᎁ୮९ऱߡۥਢ֧ᖄृΕআၞृΔඒᖄழױא៶طቔ ᚐΕڃᚨؔࠝऱᖂᏁޣΔאআၞؔࠝऱᖂΖԫۯئᘣᎅΚ ݺՖࠝᎅڶܺᣄऱழଢ…ڔ༉…ৰ…ኙڔࠐᎅ༉ਢৰᣄऱழଢ…߷ழଢݺ ༉ᚥڔ࣋ࠡխԫׂ…ྥ৵ࠡה༉ᨃڔ۞աװඈ…ڇ…ࢨਢటऱ٦լנ ࠐ༉࣋รԲׂ…߷ᚨᇠ൷Հࠐڔ༉ڶᙄऄԱ…ݺᤚᎅڕ࣠ڶ ԫଡ…۔ஃڶהڍቔᚐ…ڶર֨ৱ…ৱה۞աװᖙ܂ऱᇩ…܃ ڕ࣠ڶર֨…༉١ה…הԫࡳᄎ…༉լԱ…ಯᜍ…ᨃ܃ڶᨃ הᘣ֫װᖙ܂ऱᇩ…༉ਢໜ؈ה۞աᖂऱᖲᄎ…ΰM26α ԫۯئᘣ༼ࠩ୮९ᚨᇠ֧ᖄؔࠝΔࠌඒᖄփ୲ፖࠡ៱ᆖ᧭ຑΖڔᎅΚψהᏁ ڶ߷ଡ៱ᆖ᧭Δۖ܃֧ᖄהΖΰM27αω ΰαඒᖄᖵ࿓ॾ࢚Κ 30 ۯئᘣխΔڶ 17 ۯئᘣऱඒᖄᖵ࿓ॾ࢚᥆࣍৬ዌᨠរΔڶ 7 ۯئᘣႚ อᨠរΔࠡ塒 6 ۯঞኙࠟጟᨠរຟ֭Ζ৬ዌᨠរऱئᘣ༼ࠩඒᖄᚨထૹᄗ࢚ ऱ᠖堚Εቔᚐؔࠝ৸ەΔඒᖄᚨᇠࠉᖂسऱ౨ԺࡉᏁޣΔ៶ထ༼ࠎംᠲᇞެ֗൶ ᖲᄎআၞؔࠝऱᖂΖԫۯئᘣ༼ࠩڔشᎅਚࠃऱֱڤቔᚐؔࠝ৸ەΔڔᎅΚ ݺਢהᝑԫଡਚࠃΔྥ৵הቹΔྥ৵הᝑԫଡਚࠃΔྥ৵༉ ᇿהᝑᎅΔ߷܃ᤚהຍᑌ։ֆլֆؓΔڶऱԳᒌڶѾଡ堿Δڶ ऱԳڶ҂ଡΔڶऱԳҀଡΔ߷ຍᑌֆլֆؓΔה༉ᄎװΔຍଡԳ֜֟ ԱΔ߷ଡԳ֜ڍԱΔྥ৵ݺ༉ᄎᇿהᝑᎅΔ߷܃ᤚ৻ᑌթֆؓΔה༉ ᄎᎅΔ߷ݺຍᢰஞ༓ଡࠐהΔ༉ਢՕ୮։ऱԫᑌڍΔ༉ਢشຍጟֱڤΔ ה༉ה۞աᄎװ৸ەΔຍᑌΖΰM25α
ԫۯئᘣঞ༼ࠩൕسխඒᖄؔࠝᑇፖሎጩᄗ࢚Δۖլਢऴ൷ඒᖄΔڔᎅΚ լԫࡳᎅ…ԫࡳᎅ܃መࠐݺඒ܃ᑇᖂΔࢨਢᎅ܃ᑇڗڍ֟྇ڍ֟࣍ڍ ֟ΔࢨृਢהᠲΔڶΖኙΔݺਢᤚ༉ਢൕسᅝխΔֺڕᎅ ڇԳ୮Δ܃၇ࣟ۫20ჇΔ܃༉ஞࠟଡԼჇᙒԳ୮Δᣊۿຍଡࣟ۫Δ ߷ݺଚהնԼჇΔױ౨ԫՀᄎބڍ֟Δ༉ᣊۿຍᑌΔଶၲࡨהՕ ᇿ՛ऱᨠ࢚ۖբΔֺڕᎅնԼჇΔݺଚஞնԼჇΔהԲԼჇΔڍᝫਢ֟Λ הᎅΚψڍΖωኙΔڍڔ༉ބݺଚΔהބݺଚڍ֟ຍᑌΔᣊۿຍᑌ ΖኙΔڂהڇኙຍଡၲࡨΔբᆖၲࡨڶᛵᇞԱΔڂהኙᑇڗऱՕ ՛բᆖڶᛵᇞԱΔהᄎञထᎅݺבᙒΔྥ৵ބᙒݺஞΔࢬאݺ༉ᄎൕ խװᇿהᝑΔ༉ຍᑌΖլᄎࠥრڇ୮ᇙਢຩהᦰΔྥ৵װԫࠄΔ ྥ৵הᄎװംԫࠄംᠲΔݺଚլᄎৰࠥრᎅඒᖄᎅ܃वሐࠄչᏖΔᛵ ᇞࠄչᏖࣟ۫Δ߷ࠄवᢝݺଚֺለ֟ᥒᙁΜΰM52α ႚอᨠរऱئᘣঞൎᓳඒᖄመ࿓ᚨᇠᨃؔࠝڶ堚ཐऱᄗ࢚Δ୮९ᚨᇠ༼ࠎ ᠲؾᨃؔࠝᖂΔא֗قᒤڕ۶ૠᑇΖԫۯႚอᨠរऱئᘣᎅΚψא৵הଚ༉ਢ ڍ܂ᑇᖂᠲΔ…ڂฅຶݺଚऱඒߛᇿ܃ڇഏ؆լ֜ԫᑌΖ܃༉ਢຍ ᑌԫऴჄᚅΕԫऴഀᑇΕԫऴᨃהᠲؾωΰM33αΖԫۯئᘣൎᓳ༼ࠎ堚ཐ वᢝऱૹΔڔᎅΚ ڂהڶუᖂऱრ৸Δ༉ਢהᄎആᙑΔ༉।قהუᖂΔݺլუᨃהᎅΔ הუᖂΔਢᡘᡘᚩᚩऱᖂΔۖਢᙟঁ႖ആΔהფ࢚༉ᨃהആΔլהആ ᙑՈլװिإהΔה༉ᄎᙑᎄऱᨠ࢚ԫऴڇΖڂהუആΔࠀլਢݺଚ ൎ૰הആΔۖਢהუആऱൣउհՀΔהუᖂΖהუᖂൣउհՀݺଚ༉ הإᒔऱवᢝΖ…ࢬא܃ᨃהആᙑຍଡᑇڗᎅΔֺڕᎅ69Δ܃ᨃהڃ ࠩ 60 ऱᇩΔ܃լװिإהΔה༉ᄎ…ԫऴᙑΔԫऴᙑΔԫऴᙑΔԫऴᙑ ՀװΖݺլݦඨᎅΔڂהڇ՛֖ࣛ՛ᖂൣݮհՀΔݺݦඨݺଚהਢإ ᒔऱΔݺլݦඨהਢᙑᎄऱΖ(M23) ءઔߒऱ࣠ຝ։ፖഏփ൶ಘ۔ஃኙᑇᖂඒᖂઌᣂઔߒऱ࣠ઌۿΔڕٵഏ ՛ඒஃऱॾ࢚ԫᑌΔຍࠄᖂছؔࠝ୮९ऱᑇᄗ࢚ඒᖂॾֺ࢚ለೣٻ৬ዌᨠរΖ܀ ਢڇᓫࠩᖂॾ࢚ழΔءઔߒխ୮९ऱॾ࢚ঞለೣٻႚอᓵᨠរΖڕٵܨدྶࡉ ᄵ୶ΰ2001αઔߒኙွխऱഏΕխඒஃԫᑌΔឈྥඒᖄழᎁᚨᇠਢ৬ዌऱΔ
থլᎁᖂسڶ৬ዌऱ౨ԺΔᑇᖂױא៶ط൶ࠐᖂΖط࣍ءઔߒආᓫऱֱ ڤΔᅝ୮९ڇᓫࠩᚨᇠڕ۶ழΔኔᎾՂਢאࠏڇඖ૪ڔऱუऄ֗ॾ࢚Δፖࠌ شം࠴ֱڤಾኙᠲؾඖ૪܂ܒឰլ֜ઌٵΔࢬאڶױ౨אለլ࠹ᖄ֗൳ࠫऱֱ ڤຫ૪Ζࢬאᅝ୮९ڇᓫ֗ኙߡۥऱॾ࢚ழڶױ౨ᄎֺለೣٻႚอᨠរΔ܀ڇᓫ ࠩᖵ࿓ࢨऄழΔথڶֺለೣٻ৬ዌᨠរऱൣݮΖ
ԿΕᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ٣৵ڻݧ֗ඒᖄၸᎁव
। 6 ፖ। 7 ٨נ୮९ኙ࣍ᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ٣৵֗ඒᖄၸᎁवऱڻᑇ։࣫Ζᅝઔ ߒृᓮ୮९ಾኙԼԲႈᑇᄗ࢚ႈؾΔࠉؔࠝڰᖂᄎΕ㻃ᖂᄎࡉඒᖄၸ܂ඈݧழΔ ڶ 27 ۯئᘣᎁഀᑇਢ່ؔࠝڰᖂᄎऱႈؾΔڶ 17 ۯئᘣᎁۯଖਢ່ؔࠝඡ ᖂᄎऱႈؾΰ। 6αΖຍࠄئᘣኙ࣍ؔࠝᑇᄗ࢚ႈؾᖂ٣৵ऱᎁवΔࠉݧഀᑇΕ ᎁᦰᑇڗΕԫኙԫኙᚨΕૠᑇΕֺለΕݧᑇΕᐊᑇڗΕᑇऱঅఎΕףΕ྇Εٽ ګ։ᇞ֗ۯଖΖڼ؆Δૉא 6 ۯΰ᜔Գᑇऱ 20%αאՂئᘣऱრߠૹ॰ាΔ ൕ। 7 ױא࿇Δئᘣᎁᚨᇠڇ՛ఄࢨհছऱၸڜඈഀᑇ֗ᎁᦰᑇڗऱඒ ᖂΙԫኙԫኙᚨᚨᇠڇխఄࢨխఄհছඒᖄΙૠᑇΕݧᑇΕֺለᚨᇠڇ՛ఄࢨխ ఄඒᖄΙᐊᑇڗױאڜඈڇխఄඒᖄΙᑇऱঅఎΕףΕ྇Εٽګ։ᇞױڜඈڇ խఄࢨՕఄඒᖄΙۖۯଖᄗ࢚ױڇՕఄࢨՕఄհ৵ඒᖄΖ່৵Δല। 6 ፖ। 7 ࣠܂ֺᅃױא࿇Δ୮९ኙ࣍ؔࠝᖂ٣৵֗ඒᖄၸႉݧऱᎁव༓ઌٵΖ ڶֺለ֗ݧᑇႈؾऱႉݧյངΔۖ၏լՕΖױߠ୮९ኙ࣍ᚨᇠڇչᏖழଢၞ ۩ᑇᄗ࢚ඒᖂऱუऄΔፖࠡኙؔࠝᖂᑇᄗ࢚٣৵ڻݧऱᎁवڶᣂΖ ءઔߒխ୮९ࢬᎁवऱᎁᦰᑇڗऱ࿇୶ለ֮խࢬ༼֗ऱᖂழ࿓ڰΖ֮ խਐנપ࣍ 4 ᄣழؔࠝ࿇୶נᎁᦰଡۯᑇऱᑇڗΰClements, 2004αΔ܀ءઔߒխ ऱ୮९ᎁԿᄣؔࠝ౨ᎁᦰᑇڗΔᚨᇠڜඈڇ՛ఄࢨ՛ఄছඒᖂΖຍጟ࣠ࢨ ֘ਠנᖂছᖲዌऱᑇᖂඒᖂኔउΔࢨՈ֘ਠԱ୮९ኙؔࠝᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ֗ ඒᖂऱუऄ֗ཚৱΖ। 6ʳ ᑇᄗ࢚ႈؾᖂ٣৵ᎁवڻᑇ։࣫ ]Ҟ! ௨ׇ! ୠኧ! ᇡ᠐! ኧӷ! 2 ჹ 2 ჹᔈ! ीኧ Кၨ ׇኧ ਜቪ ኧӷ ኧޑ ߥ੮ у! ෧! ӝԋ! ϩှ! Տॶ! 1 27 3 2 1 13 7 3 1 3 2 3 1 8 11 3 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 8 5 6 2 1 1 1 1 5 2 6 5 9 2 4 1 1 6 1 2 7 6 7 5 1 1 7 1 5 3 6 7 3 3 1 1 8 1 2 2 1 2 10 4 3 3 3 9 1 1 2 3 2 13 4 3 1 10 1 1 1 4 4 12 5 2 11 2 2 1 2 6 11 6 12 2 3 6 17 । 7 ᑇᄗ࢚ႈؾඒᖄၸᎁवڻᑇ։࣫ ]Ҟ! ௨ׇ! ୠኧ! ᇡ᠐! ኧӷ! 2 ჹ 2 ჹᔈ! ीኧ ׇኧ Кၨ ਜቪ ኧӷ ኧޑ ߥ੮ у! ෧! ӝԋ! ϩှ! Տॶ! λ 16 7 10 5 3 2 1 1 λ 14 19 9 8 10 10 2 5 5 4 2 1 ύ 4 10 14 13 13 21 14 9 7 8 3 ε 1 3 3 5 4 8 15 17 16 18 εࡕ 1 2 2 1 2 4 8
ᆥΕᓵፖ৬ᤜ
ءઔߒආתዌᓫֱऄΔऱؾऱΚΰ1α൶ಘᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇᖂᖂ ૹࢤऱॾ࢚Δΰ2α൶ಘؔࠝ୮९ኙڰཚᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ֗ඒᖄऱॾ࢚Δࡉΰ3αԱ ᇞؔࠝ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ٣৵ڻݧ֗ඒᖄၸऱᎁवΖ!ԫΕઔߒᓵ
ൕ 30 ۯ୮९ᓫᇷறऱ։࣫խΔݺଚࠩאՀऱᓵΚ ΰԫαᑇᖂऱᖂࠀլਢؔࠝၸऱૹᖂփ୲Δڇ 30 ۯ୮९խႛ 1 ۯᎁ ᑇᖂᖂਢૹऱΖࠡהऱ୮९ឈྥլᎁᑇᖂਢ່ૹऱᖂփ ୲ΔսྥᎁᑇᖂᖂਢᏁऱΖڂᑇᖂਢՂ՛ᖂऱؘໂ౨ԺΔࢬאᖂছၸᚨᇠᖂᑇᖂאԵᖂᄷໂΔۖᑇᖂਢᚨᇠࠠໂऱഗء౨ ԺΔਢسխشࠩऱवᢝΖ ΰԲαᖂছؔࠝ୮९ኙؔࠝᖂߡۥΕᖂᖵ࿓ऱॾ࢚ለೣٻႚอᨠរΔឈྥ ٺڶԫתऱ୮९ኙඒᖄߡۥ։ܑႚอࢨ৬ዌᨠរΔ܀ਢኙඒᖄᖵ࿓থ ೣٻ৬ዌऱᨠរΖڼ؆Δຝ։୮९ڶխၴऱᨠរΔڇᓫխ༼נႚอ ֗৬ዌᨠរऱᎅऄΖ່৵Δڶ 6 ۯ୮९ڇଡᐋ૿ऱॾ࢚ઃ᥆࣍৬ዌ ᨠរΔڶ 3 ۯઃ᥆࣍ႚอᨠរΖڶ৬ዌᨠរऱ୮९ᎁᖂਢᔾ۞աΔ ؔࠝᖙ܂Ε൶৬ዌवᢝΔᑇᖂᖂᚨᇠൎᓳᇞΕլᚨᇠڽહΖۖ୮ ९ᚨᇠފዝআၞृऱߡۥΔ៶طቔᚐࡉڃᚨؔࠝऱᏁޣ࠰ܗؔࠝᖂᑇ ᄗ࢚Ζඒᖄऱመ࿓խᚨᇠࣹૹᄗ࢚᠖堚Εቔᚐؔࠝ৸ەΔࠀᚨᇠەᐞ ؔࠝऱ౨ԺΖႚอᓵᨠរ୮९༼ࠩᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ֗ඒᖄழΔঞᎁؔࠝ ᖂᔾᖂृ؆ऱڂైΔ֠ࠡਢᖂீ۔ஃࢨ୮९ՕԳΖؔࠝऱᖂ ਢᔾಖᖋࡉહΔࢬאૹᓤࡉᒭਢຍࠄ୮९່ൄ༼֗ऱመ࿓Ζ ඒᖄழΔႚอᓵᨠរऱ୮९ᎁ୮९ਢඒᖄृࡉᅮृΔൎᓳᥒᙁ ؔࠝإᒔवᢝࡉिإؔࠝᙑᎄवᢝΔڔଚᝫᎁඒᖄመ࿓խΔقᒤࡉנ ᠲؾᨃؔࠝᒭਢؘႊऱΖ ΰԿα୮९ኙ࣍ؔࠝڇԼԲႈᑇᄗ࢚ᖂ٣৵֗ඒᖄႉݧऱᎁवΔՕڍࠉࠡ塄 ߛࡉඒᖄؔࠝऱᆖ᧭ۖࠐΖإڕݺଚࢬቃཚऱΔഀᑇ֗ۯଖਢئᘣᎁ ່ؔࠝڰ່֗ඡᖂᄎऱႈؾΖ
ԲΕઔߒૻࠫ
ឈྥءઔߒऱ 30 ۯᖂছؔࠝ୮९༼ࠎ᠆༄ڶᣂڔଚॾ࢚֗୮அᑇᄗ࢚ᆖ᧭ ऱᇷறΔ܀ءઔߒսڶૻࠫژڇΔࢬאڇᔹᦰࡉංᓵءઔߒ࣠ழΔᚨࣹრ᠃შΖ ଈ٣Δءઔߒᖕԫڻऱᓫ࣠Δᇢቹല୮९ऱॾ࢚ףאូᣊΖૻ࣍ழၴ֗ಖ ᖋऱڂైΔ୮९ࢬ༼ࠎऱᇷறױ౨ࠀլݙᖞΖรԲΔឈྥءઔߒኙွڼฆᔆࢤ Δ܀ႛૻ࣍༉ᦰႂᗼؑնࢬႼࢬؔࠝऱئᘣΔലءઔߒ࣠ංᓵ۟ࠡהچ ୮९ழΔᚨᇠࣹრ୮९ױ౨ڂچࢤ֗ࢤܑլٵۖڶլٵऱუऄΖรԿΔ༼ ࠎᖞ᧯ऱᄗउΔءઔߒല 30 ۯئᘣऱᓫᇩփ୲อᖞ৵ܫΔឈྥጐԺܧ୮९լ ٵऱॾ࢚Δսױ౨ᙊዥԫࠄ࿇س᙮܅ऱૹಛஒΖ່৵Δ୮९ॾ࢚ऱᒤৰᐖΔ ءઔߒႛಾኙ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ૹࢤΕᑇᄗ࢚ᖂߡۥΕᖂᖵ࿓Εඒᖄߡۥࡉඒ ᖄᖵ࿓֗ᖂ٣৵ڻݧࡉඒᖄၸᎁवຝ։܂൶ಘΔࠀྤऄᛧव୮९ॾ࢚ऱ٤ᎎΖ
ԿΕ৬ᤜ
ΰԫαඒᖂֱ૿৬ᤜ ءઔߒऱ࣠࿇Δ୮९ॾ࢚ਢᐙ୮९۩ऱૹڂైհԫΖ۔ஃڕ࣠Ա ᇞ୮९ኙᑇᄗ࢚ᖂૹࢤΕᖂߡۥΕᖂᖵ࿓Εඒᖄߡۥࡉඒᖄᖵ࿓ऱॾ࢚Δ ലױᚥܗ۔ஃԱᇞؔࠝڇ୮அऱᑇᄗ࢚ᖂᆖ᧭Ζ۔ஃኙ୮९ॾ࢚ऱԱᇞΔՈڶ ܗ࣍ᘣஃհၴऱᄮຏΖ؆Δಾኙᖂॾֺ࢚ለೣٻႚอᨠរऱ୮९Δ۔ஃՈױ אܓشᘣஃஆᓫऱᖲᄎΔᨃ୮९Աᇞؔࠝऱᖂᑨ౨֗ױ౨ࢤΖૉ୮९ऱॾֺ࢚ ለೣٻ৬ዌऱᨠរΔ۔ஃՈױאຘመᘣᖂ༼ࠎޓڍցऱ೯Δࠎ୮९ᙇᖗΖ ΰԲαઔߒֱ૿৬ᤜ ೈԱՂ૪ඒᖂऱ৬ᤜ؆Δءઔߒא 30 ۯ୮९ऱᓫᇷற܂փ୲։࣫ΔྤऄԱ ᇞ୮९ॾ࢚ፖ୮९ڇ୮խኔᎾඒᖄൣݮऱઌᣂࢤΖآࠐױאၞ۩ઌᣂࢤऱઔߒΔ אၞԫޡ൶ಘٺ᧢ႈၴऱઌᣂΖآࠐՈױאၞԫޡ៶طᨠኘࢨઌᣂࢤઔߒΔ։࣫ լٵڣᐋؔࠝ୮९ऱᑇᄗ࢚ॾ࢚Ζڼ؆Δط࣍ઔߒኙွԳᑇऱૻࠫΔءઔߒྤ ऄ൶ಘլٵषᄎᆖᛎچۯ୮९ऱॾ࢚ΔآࠐױאᏺףઔߒԳᑇΔ։࣫լٵषᆖچ ۯ୮९ࢬ༼ࠎऱᑇᄗ࢚୮அᆖ᧭Ζીʳ ʳ
ءઔߒऱݙګტፖऱؔࠝ୮९֗ႼࢬΔڶڔ/הଚऱᑷ֨ፖ֗࠰ ܗΔݺଚྤऄݙګຍႈઔߒΖ່৵Δტ࠰ܗᇷற᠏ᙕ֗ᇷற։࣫ऱᖂسΔא֗ ഏઝᄎᆖ၄ᇖܗઔߒૠΰNSC 92-2521-S-242-004αΖە֮
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A Study of Parental Beliefs about Teaching
Young Children to Learn Number and
Operations
Yu-Jun Chen
*, Pin-Hwa Chen
**Abstract
Research has been indicated that children develop a considerable body of informal mathematical knowledge by engaging in all sorts of everyday activities that involve mathematics. For young children, family is regarded as a primary arena for socialization. Parents play an essential role on connecting young children’s early mathematical experiences to mathematical knowledge. The purposes of this study are: (a) to explore parents’ beliefs about the importance of learning number and operations for their young children, (b) to investigate parental beliefs of learning and teaching young children number and operations, and (c) to understand parents’ perceptions about young children’s development of number and operations and their ideas about when these concepts and skills should be taught. Thirty parents were recruited from five preschools and kindergartens in southern Taiwan. The findings of this study revealed that (a) only one parent identified mathematical learning as being the most important goal for their young children, (b) the constructivist perspective was more acceptable to the parents of young children when they talked about their beliefs about teaching young children number and operations, and (c) most of the parents believed that young children learn how to count and recognize numerals in their early life and expected to teach these two skills and concepts before their children reach 4 years old.
KeywordsΚparental beliefs, number and operations, preschooler
* Associate Professor, Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Shu-Te University
** Associate Professor, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Pingtung University of Education
