基本功训练
第一节
五大基本英语句式
从英语的句子结构上说，除了修饰名词的定语和修饰动词的状语外， 在千变万化的句子中，可归纳为五个基本句式。1.
S（主）+ Vi（不及物动词）（谓）
Time flies. 时光飞逝。#
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S + V + adverbial（状语）Birds sing beautifully. 鸟儿动听地歌唱。
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S + Vi+ Prep Phrase（介词短语）He went on holiday. 他去度假了。
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S + Vi+ Infinitive（不定式）We stopped to have a rest. 我们停下来休息一会儿。
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S + Vi+ Participle（分词） I'll go swimming. 我将要去游泳。2.
S（主）+ Vt（及物动词）（谓）+ O（宾）
We like English. 我们喜欢英语。#
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S + Vt + N / Pron（名词或代词） I like music. 我喜欢音乐。 I like her. 我喜欢她。#
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S + Vt + Infinitive（不定式）I want to help him. 我想去帮助他。
常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish 等。
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S + Vt + Wh-word + Infinitive（不定式）I don't know what to do. 我不知道该做什么。
常用于这句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder 等。
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S + Vt + Gerund（动名词）I enjoy living here. 我喜欢住在这儿。
常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help 等。
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S + Vt + That-clause（That 从句）I don't think (that) he is right. 我认为他不正确。
常用于这句型的动词有：admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel（觉得）, hear（听说）, hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind（当心）, notice, propose, request, report, say, see（看出）, show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder（觉得奇怪）。
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S（主）+ V（谓） / （Lv 系动词）+ P（表）
We are Chinese. 我们是中国人。
除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词：
1）表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。 2）表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go 等。
4）表瞬时的动词，come, fall, set, cut, occur 等。
5）其他动词，eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang 等。
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S + Lv + N / Pron（名词 / 代词） He is a boy. 他是个男孩儿。 This is mine. 这是我的。#
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S + Lv + Adj（形容词） She is beautiful. 她很美。#
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S + Lv + Adv ( 副词） Class is over. 下课了。#
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S + Lv + Prep Phrase（介词短语） He is in good health. 他身体健康。#
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S + Lv + Participle（分词） He is excited. 他很激动。The film is interesting. 这部电影很有趣。
4.
S（主）+ Vt（谓）+ In-O（间接宾语）+ D-O（直接宾语）
I give you help. 我帮助你。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + NI sent him a book. 我送给他一本书。 I bought May a book. 我给梅买了一本书。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + To / for-phraseHe sent a book to me. 他送给我一本书。 He bought a coat for me. 他给我买了一件外套。
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring（带来）, deny, do, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write 等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play（演奏）, save, sing, spare 等。
5.
S（主）+ Vt（谓）+ O（宾）+ O C（宾补）
I make you clear. 我给你解释清楚。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + NWe named our baby Tom. 我们的孩子叫汤姆。
常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate（命名）。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + AdjHe painted the wall white. 他把墙刷成了白色。
常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish 等。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + Prep PhraseShe always keeps everything in good order.
她总是把一切都处理得井井有条。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + InfinitiveI wish you to stay. 我希望你留下。 I made him work. 我让他工作。
常用于这句型的动词有：
1）不定式带 to 的词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, com-mand, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, listen, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish 等。
2）不定式不带 to 的词：feel, have, hear, know, let, look at, make, notice, see, watch 等。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + Participle（分词）I feel something moving. 我感觉有东西在移动。
常用于这句型的动词有：catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch 等。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + Wh-word + InfinitiveHe shows me how to do it. 他向我演示怎么操作。
常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell 等。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + That-clauseHe told me that the film was great. 他告诉我这部电影棒极了。
常用于这句型的动词有：assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warm 等。
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S + Vt + N / Pron + Wh-ClauseHe asked me what he should do. 他问我他应该做什么。
第二节
英语常用句型的分类
1.
否定句型
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一般否定句I don't know this. No news is good news. 我不知道这个。没有消息就是好消息。
no person
There is not a person smoking in the house. not any person
没有人在屋子里吸烟。
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特指否定He went to his office, not to see him. 他去了他的办公室，没有看见他。 I am sorry for not coming on time. 对于没有准时来到，我感到抱歉。
I don't think / believe / suppose / feel / imagine you are right. 我认为 / 相信 / 以为 / 感觉 / 猜想你是不对的。
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部分否定All the answers are not right. 所有的答案并不都正确。 All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的东西并不都是黄金。
I don't know all of them. 我并不都认识他们。
I can't see everybody / everything. 我没全看到每个人 / 明白每件事。 Both of them are not right. 他俩并不都对。
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全体否定None of my friends smoke. 我的朋友们都不吸烟。 I can see nothing / nobody.
我什么都没明白 / 我一个人都没看到。 Neither of them is right.
他们都不对。
Nothing can be so simple as this. 没有一件事像这件这么简单。
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延续否定You didn't see him, neither / nor did I. 你没看见他，我也没看见。
You don't know, I don't know either. 你不知道，我也不知道。
He doesn't know English, let alone / to say nothing of / not to speak of French. 他不懂英语，更不用说法语。
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半否定句We seldom / hardly / scarcely / barely hear such fine singing. 我们很少听到如此美妙的歌声。
I know little English. I saw few people. 我懂一点儿英语。我看到极少的人。
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双重否定你不能无中生有。
What's done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。
There is no sweet without sweat. 没有苦中苦，哪来甜上甜。 No gain without pains. 没有付出，没有收获。
I can't help / keep / laughing whenever I hear it. 无论何时听到它，我都禁不住大笑。
No man is so old but (that) he can learn. 活到老，学到老。
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排除否定Everyone is ready except you. 除了你以外，每个人都准备好了。 He did nothing but play.
他除了玩什么都不干。
But for your help, I couldn't do it. 若不是因为你的帮助，我不可能做到。
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加强否定I won't do it at all. 我根本不会那样做。 I can't see it any more. 我没再看见它。 He is no longer a boy. 他不再是个男孩儿。
2.
判断句型
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一般判断句It is important for us to learn English. 对于我们来说，学习英语很重要。 It is kind of you to help me. 你帮助了我，你是个好人。 Sincere means honest. 真诚意味着诚实。
The boy is called / named Tom. 这个男孩儿叫汤姆。
We regarded / consider it as an honor. 我们视它为一种光荣。
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强调判断It is English that we should learn. 我们应该学的是英语。
It is he who helped me a lot. 帮助我最多的人是他。
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弱式判断Your sentence doesn't sound / look / appear / feel right. 你的句子听起来 / 看起来 / 看来 / 感觉不对。
You look / seem / as if / as thought you had been there before. 好像你以前去过那里。
Maybe / Perhaps / she is ill. 可能她生病了。
He is probably ill. 他大概病了。 He is likely ill. 他很可能病了。
