從卓長仁等投誠案例論國際法上之奪機逃亡

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(3) rue a$.~ - ~K~~ ~ ~.~~~.~*~.~~ -~~~~o. K :!IIi$ -H ~~ ~1~ttm -m ~~ .J..j ~1Mi$' ~ ~ ~+<;\l1~ ~t"71~ @I • ~~ ~~ • Q:~~~ 1 ~<g[-Bt+ 1 m:::+l11rn-mW:1lJjii'~liflI ~&·=~Km~N~G~~~ .~ £~-K . -H~~~rn~ • • • ~~*.~ ~ oW~~.~·~~*.~~m~~~. • ~mr~ ~ ffis~ ~ ~i mt ~K ~ -H~~ffiI-ffi-N~ • 4ilm-Yr- I ,~ • ~~tlitp¢ffiK~ ~~ ~~~ (:il~~;l;1i~ 'i*:$!ii~K . -Hmt-III ~1lm. 5 0. ~~~*~~~~~~~ ~~ ·~ * ~~~~~$~~·~~~~~ I~~ O~~ ~~I~~I#~~ ~~0~-N~~. - ~g4r~*.n±n~ml£ii1ii\~~~#:~ :#~r&'-N«~~. 0. ~:;\irnr:h1. *-P<~~ 111I1l. '. *~. • ·~~*~ ~~~ .~ ~·~r~~0~JKr~~0~J . ~~ ~-N • •. ~·~ K* -H~~Mffi-N. e ·~~~~~~0~ . ~.~ . ~o r . ~.« ~J~ ~~ ~~~.~~~N~~~~ . ·M. .. ~~W~~*-N~ ~. ~~N~ . ~ .~ ~ • ~ ~~ o. * ~~~. *-P<~IT!i#~~ I!m~~-y ~~ ~-jJ ~!gW 0. I ' f.,Ytrm ~-NiW~ ··11 ' f{j~ffiK~ ~-N ~ ~ ··11 1' f.,~*m. -N ~Sli <4~·· §J: , -R8-H-~.-Ntllll K ' ~~ ~-N,g ~~. - ~ , m.~-Nn.r>~ ·· < ' f{j*m.-N~I¥tl~~·· ~ , m.-lfqr. ~m. V {~~~. (Unlawful seizure of aircraft) • @)~Q:\~~fL.'~J: +< I!i ... (Aircraft Hijacking). , ~m~~~:InK~~~~-N~J,~··. aUi'i~111+<f@i~. 1\!1i! .• k:j ~.. ~~~ ~-N~So.~~W~.K .U o. ~ , *. \ ' ~~ -a- .$ ~. r fJ1*~ ~ J -N #1~~ltlg~ r~ ;lJ1m~~f.ll mg J. ttl@) . 1(1. The term "skyjacking" means the unla wful seizure, or attempted seizure. of control of an aircraft in flight by a person on board through the use of force, threat, seizure of aircraft. n Aircraft hijacking" is the term employed in the draft proposal for a protocol to the 1963 Covention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (Tokyo Covention ) which was submitted in January 1969 on behalf of the United States to the Subcommittee on Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft of the Legal Committe of the International Civil Aviation Organization. LC'/SC SA. WD. 7(5/2/69). "The term milttary aircraft covers any aircraft (a) operated by one of the branches of the armed forces of a recognised state, (b) bearing national military marking of the belligerent concerned, (c) commanded by a member of its or allied armed forces and (d) manned by a crew subject to military discipline". Article 500 (e) of the United States Navy Manual. See J. P. Hon ig, The Legal Status of Aircraft, The Hague: Nijhoff. 1956. ~lmj-1l¢(.u~7~~ll«~~1!l ~~~..Lji'l~~~{J .

(4) ~~~$~. ~~~. ~~~. ~~~~~~. -J( I 1. ~~~~~~~ ~ R~~~~~~,~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~tr( ~ ~~OO ~ ~ ~ R~~~~~~~W~~~*. J:~~~-Nm~ ~~~~)~~~-N~~'~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ -No e. ~~.@~M.~.-~~ ~~~~-N~~·~~ .=~ ~~~~·~I~§~- W~~~*~~R •• ~W~~. ~~-N~~·~~~,~~~~rnm~~~~~~~-N~~~ ~-N o9 n~{£;<-i~~ ~ ~-Nm~. - @ ~ rf?2;l:}5: 1111a~ ~ ~~~,. m~~.m.~~o8. @ ~IiE:~~l~~. 0 ••. 1~. ~~ffiK-R~~~~:!J1i#~<-i~~-N~~~. ~~~~ ~l~~··~~~:ai *Ill · ~,~~~-H-~ ~. }E~~gmH$:itl~~. ~{£;~~~~-N~ ~ ·~~~~ ~. '~ ~ '~~~~ ~.~~~-N~~~ ·~~~m~-N~~·~~~~~~m ~~Bml- ~-< nm(. •• N~~·}E.~ • •. (Aerial Piracy). -\i.~ ~~~t~~,w ~ ~. ~~~~~~~.~K. 1\ '. fl1tr~.~· ~-<¥$N~~ I~~J. a. H~~·~~~~~*~.~ •• ·~~*~ ~ •• ~-N~.·~.~.rf?2~~~.~o~.~}E~·W~.~~· ~~,~~~~-J:::l-NI\~ . mKfl1trm.~~~~ ~ ~IiE: -l\iPm-N·· 1 ' ~~~~~~~:!J1~~m,~W<-i~ . EIT~~~ti:!~~~~$frK:~~~·· -R~tr~ ~ U~::~~~~:!J1W fJ1 tr r~H~~~.rf?2 .. ~ I-E-~~<-i-R~. 0. The definition of "aircraft piracy· contained in 49 United States Congress 1472 (i) (2) (1964) is somewhat more restrictive. Inherently related to sky jacking is the sabotage of aircraft, which is also discussed herein. D. H. N. Johnson, "Piracy in Modern. we I ~~<I1Il!t r~ttB~.l..J~~~ll;~~lt:InK~ll;~<-I~J ~+ I ~~ IIg\ - . I ~1t1~ 0 c~\!-mli$~~<-I~) W9 I ~-tJOl!t r~-=!~;l;!;1~:t~ {tBala<-I~J • I f t I ~ · . Wlft I ~ 0 c~\!-mli$~*,<-I~) 0 W8 I ~KI11l!t r~l~<-I~J .1 ftgrlg\·· 1~-tJOl!t r~*,<-I~J .\llftll~ 0. ttI@. International Law,· Transactions of tile Grot;us Society, Vol.43 (1957), p. 76; Sami Shubber, "Is Hijacking of Aircraft Piracy in International Law?" British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 43 (1968-1969), p. 193; L. C. Green. ·Piracy of Aircraft & the Law," Alberta Law Review, vol. 10 (1972) p.79; John B. Rhinelander, "The International Law of Aerial Piracy New Proposals for the New Dimension," Edward Mcwhinney (ed.) Aerial Piracy and International Law, 2nd ed. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1973. pp. 59-71..

(5) ~ 11' ~~ ~ ~~ I ~~~ ~I ~~ ·~~~1~~~~~~~~~~ . ~~~N~~·~~trm~~~~W~I~ ~ ~o. ~111 ' ~~~ r -<~~<~~J (hostis humani generis) • tii~rr;~~~~~~, ~~ ~~Ilt,ji • ~:jnj(~~ r$~:j# (Universal jurisdiction) • ~~.m~~{:Ji~~/ii'ltI'>~-N~ .~~U;!~· I ~-\lO.ttl- r~~<~~j ~~ ~ 1f~ J. oe. ~ ,l-/ liT ~ ~ ~. ~~~~:jnj(*~~~~~.~ ••. \It , t\{ + ". It~:m~BI:~". r~1~<'H~J~¥$ r~{:Ji~-1.J~~mk~t!~~wnt-:lnK~~~~<4~J (Convention on Offences and Certain. ml~~~~~.m~~i:l~~ Mnrnr ~{-l:!\4tl~~~IJ l ~~~~{W o.. X 1~K1 JI.Bt. Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft) • (&)~~~~N~~~~·$~~~.m~~~~o. (N)~~/ii'~~~ ~ ~Mn~{:Ji~~~~ ~ -< ~~~~N~4tl~·~~Mn~~~-N~~~~~~~~o@. • I_. 0. (§). (Convention for the Suppression of. :0: 1 ~-\lO.(t}- r~~<4~J ~f$ r ~-:!:l~~m~~{:Ji~<4~J (Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft) • ~~~;!£-:!:lfR\~~~t!~~~ ~ ~l;!-H-~{:Jigj$N~~t~~ • ~~-<-dt\~~~-N~4tl • ~\I!Bll~ • ~~t:Ja:l=1~-<rnr~rnr~N~'~ • ~{WmQ;f!r!H~~~ ~liji; ~Hiii;~~~m! l\3\-N$jg1i\ • ~ I m~~~r'1!t.g~ {;}l ~ ~~-N ~~. r~~<4~J. I~0. r ii! ~~<4~J ~f$ r~-:!:l~ t'1J! rnr~~4tl-N~;tJ5t~ ~ <4~J. 1~~~~~~P{~ ~ -N~Hi~. I ~K111(!t. 1~~o~r~~~~J.~~o. lit I ~-\l 1.(t}-. we. w€>. Kill. w(§) I ~~o(!t n~~<4~J Ql«.~,c(~ r I ~~ I ~{qJ-G- ~~~J 0 G. F. Fitzgerald. -Development of International Legal Rules for the Repression of the Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft.· Canadian Y earbook 01 Internatianar Law. Vol. 7 (1969). p. 269; F. M. E. White, uThe Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft.· The Review. International Commission 01 Jurists. Vol. 6 (1971 ). p.38; Edward McWhinney, The] Illegal Diversion of Aircraft and International Law.· RICueil des Co"r!. Vol. 138 (1973-I), pp. 263-372; Gray N. Horlick. -The Developing Law of Air Hijacking.· Havard International Law Journal. Vol. 12 (1971). p. 38.. ~~~U~~~~~~~~~~N~~~D.

(6) ~ ~~~~. ~~~. ~~~. ~~~~~~. -1(f5I. ~ ~~ ~~ ~n Jlli ~t1:\ 4+1 N~;!;l5.t~~ ~ ~p<)-< ~ p<)~w!!i\!. ~1%11~~f.Y ~~i1l.H'J R;n ~ ~ *l !Hrila:l=l ~ -<nJi ~ ~IlR~-N!l$[,~ ~ ~~ ~~ flTIllli ~{-K4tl ~ !l%{W~~ ~~~ ~~~~. Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation ). t1:\4tl ~. ~~~ ~~-N .~·* l.~ ~ ~~~~~~-<~ ~~~ ~~ W ~~~ -N ~~ = ~-N-<~~~~~·~ . ~~~~ .. •• •. @. 0. 0. . Dlj( ~ ll!l!:i4t~. 0. ~-N~$~~~~~~ .~Jlli.i\! ~~ ~~~~~ ~fi ~ -N~ .~ ~· .~ ~~~ ~~~i\!. ~~m~~ .-N ~4tlW ~~m~~ ~ ~. ~-N .~ o@. ~~~~~ ~~ •. 1 ~~~N~~~". ~ f;l~~~~ ~m« ~~ ;t-~-N~~~t2. ~~tl!l~~. 1 n!;!N~~~. *. 111<-i~W~ fi[§! ~:iti . ~~~. gr , ~~*".t :r::Jg:~ ~~ ;!;l5.~~ iS ~~~t~(~N~}m~ ~ ~. ::g~~~:l¥~ ~lt: ~ ~fE+1N~ ~~fi ~. 0. (rn-) ~~ ~~ 1~ ~" ~~l:f.rri!iPn~~~~W ~~ N~-ffi ~ ;m~i$~~ ~:l4 -N~~ t~ ~. CN) ~~t~~~*l~ ". r~i~<-i~J !l% {WN ~lIil ~~. (}K) ~~1WN~~~ " !1!1~~ ~ ~~ ~ -</l+l il~~~ 1+1 ~ fE~N ~Irr:~~. :0: 1~Kl11-l!t. 1~~I~r ~~ ~~J ~~I ~ o. ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~N~~~~~ ~~~ o~~ ~~ !iPn~ ·~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~trN~~o $~ ~~~ ~~ ~~. ~@. W@ In United States v. Cordova (1950) 89 F. Supp.298, the District Court for the Eastern District of New York found itself without jurisdiction to punish a man charged with assaulting the pilot, the stewardess and another passenger even in an American aircraft flying over the high seas between Puerto Rico and New York. In order to remedy this deficiency Congress passd a Statute in 1952 and, as spectacular aircraft crimes (notably "hi-jacking") continued to take place, the law was strenthened in 1961. In Regina v. Martin (1956) 2 Queen's Bench 272, Justic~ Devlin held that "any offence wha tever committed on a British aircraft. N. shall, for the purpose of conferring jurisdiction, be deemed to have been committed in any place where the offender may for the time being be." Sir Richard Wilberforce "Crime in Aircraft." Journal of the Royal A eronautical Society, Vol. 67 (1963), American Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 63 (1969). p. p. 175; Alona E. Evans, -Aircraft Hijacking: Its Cause and Cure,. 695; A. E. Evans "Aircraft Hijacking: What Is To Be Done?" American Journal of International Law, Vol. 66 (1972) pp. 819-22; Sami Shubber, Jurisdiction over Crimes on Board Aircraft, The Hague: 1Iartinus Nijhoff, 1973..

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(10) ~~~ ~~. ~~@. ~~~. 0. ~~~~~~. 1~<~~+11~~Jm~~ ~)I~H~ ~~tr :g(~ ~~~ :W!~m*I~~. 1«. ~ ~:l*~~:W;~ ~. Wm. Wtr ~ ~~~~~ ~N~ ~~~tr~~~ ~~~~l~~~~tr#r~~J ~ ~'~+~ ~ I ~~ N~~~~r~ ~~ ~J ~~~~~~~~~~~ t~. ~ :Mtl ~ ~ ~'H1 IH·J):it(~. 0. @. ~~~ ~W:i(~~rlS::N~-<i"~~. * . -1*~~~ ~~ ~ m*Wtr~K~'FW-~{,r!:l~ :j(~ ~tr ~ +<i!Ml~~ ~ -EH1!*IJ.li ~ ~~tIllm* ~ og ~ :jDj!J ~-< ~mK !@:~ N*' . ~ ~:j( 0. -\( , ;t ~ ~ 'W .~ ~. ~ .UJrnM t!,) 1,L1o ~ ~ l h ";\\!ffil '-'...... J,lOlll -<:!Pl ~w l'\ll.t'\ l.~<171 .;)\f,~ ~ ~ ~;;r,iI,-N" ~. ::r:~ ~ Nl~~ 0. 1~~~W:j(~~rlS:: ~-< tt> ~~~Jg f,j ~. mli~ ;l;\1-Lj-N~ !;W~(Asylum) ~~ Il!l~ ~~~r< ~~~rlS::~~-<!@:~*, ~ ~ ~~N ~ 0. 1 m:~~~~ (fugitive offender) ~ 11~~~~ ~ ~(political refugees) ~ ~r~~~J. $;:¥!:itl ii.:!IrtJ~ ~:g ~tnuf~H~~~-mI~-fHtl~~ ~. nJg W~ Ni4f:~ ~~ ;l;\1-LjJg ~ ~~~~11". 1 W'i: ~ {~ ~ll;\b~ 0 ~~r~~~~J 1 ~ ~ ~ mr:~Hi"~.tW~ 1 N -tW~ 0 ~ 1 ~K=l 1~r~~ ~ nli ~~<-1:$k'J(Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ) Il;ti ~· · r~~~ t:RlW -m:~ ~tE1~ ~ , JJlE ~ , ~. ' .1@ ~~ {W -NtJ~~ ~ 0. J. @ !X ~. 1 ~K=l11~ ~t; N r),ljK~1~i!lHE·l!~iJ~~~ J~110. ~fEi~~+tl~~~Y{><:W! f$ ~ ~~*~ ~ l(- ~~~:g I!l ~ ~ IEJ.E:- ~ ~I'<:j(# ~ N~ ~~·~ ~~ ~e ~ !E[g[-Lji~~ ffl ~ ~:j(~ ~§;~{J!:UlQ:I±lN~~ ~ ~~~ag:g ~ ~ ~ !El(- ~~ @::jI(* ~ ~. Ittl© S. Prakash Sinha, Asylum and International Law, Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1971; Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, International Law and the Movement of Persons Between States, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, pp. 142-46, 219-21. ditl@ -A person, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or owing to such fear unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country, or who, not having a nationality and outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it.· Art. lA (2) Covention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, as amended by Art. 1(2) of the 1967 Protocol. United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 606, p. 267; Art. 2 (2) (3) of the Organization of African Unity Convention on Refugee Problems in Africa affirms that the grant or asylum is a peaceful and humanitarian act and restates the prohibition measures which would compel a refugee to return to or remain in a territory where he faces persecution. International Legal Materials, Vol. 8 (1969), p. 1288..

(11) em-) l!!!§:lj:l~ •• :J:K'*lt!!lm t~~~t'ell ~ ~~)£-N~~~-H- ~~ ~. 111 ~IJf§: ~2~ -N~HW ~ ~~~ IIli% f,(S ~r< *!li<~ -N)!l!.\:t!:~··. iit ~·· fB~~:\%. ,. 0. 0. ~~~~~~-Lj~~IEi~~:i1~~ li ~@I:j(*~-ljqr. ~~~~~;~1H+1~fE ~~:9tHiln~~;,!mH!ln-ljqr. CN) ~¢~:lj .. fB~~~. '. C}K). Cr) - !Il-m~~~~~m:-!{~:J:K~~~ ~~=lii\:g(~~~~~N~~N~lIl:r Q® 1~~ J;W 0. $.:f ~~ ~D·ljU::(. ~fii1g{w:ir!K~.lIl:r. 0. 0. ~ f<5~)£-~~ll;!~ ~ ~~~ffilgtW~!fU1iR lIl:r" 3$ ~g:.4- ' ~~~ -<~, ~\ff!.~~~~~:\%~·~g=lii\~~:ttl\ll!ll1+<~tl;:!. r~~ .lIl:r J~ ~~fB~.~ ' * ~ ' ~.~~$N~.~~.~~S~ ~fE~~~*~o¥~-Lj~r~~.lIl:r~~~ ~J ~. ... g ~ ~~4[l~~~llm~lillS~N§#i;ll;! :m:{g ~~ ~ ~~ N!!~. •. ~~ ~~~{g . ~ ~~~l ~ ~ . ~ • • ~ ~N.~~=lii\.~-<. {g ~~~~ ~~Nl~ ~fE=lii\~~~-<~~~~N~~ Q~~~~~~*~~~ -<{g ~~ ~M~~~~-<~~&. ~. ~{g ft ~~ l ~ ~. ~ ~~~ • •-<{g R N • ~ ~:$! ~~~H-~N ~ ~o. 0. s. Cpublic policy ). ... o~.~~Wl~~O~r. ·· r ~ -<~ NM1 -ffi" ~ ~~~~Iu'~~& ~ ~ ~~:j(~~~:j(* ff~h~~N~~~. •. i'J~"~ ~ ~~f~~.~-K-<~~ ~ ;¥!Jf4I1i!IK1m~~~~. t') ~£1lH11 1111n ~ {g ~~ I$! ~~ ~~N!!~ ~ fE=lii\~-<~~'H1~N$!~·· ~-<~~{g ~ilm~'li~~~~~ ~ ~{gM\!~~I$!~~ if-.~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ <-l1 ~~ ~:j( r <4:J:l(~ ~ J. ~ ~~~{g illl~ N~ ~!o/t ~ +« ~it~~ ~~:Bm1~+< m{g ~ ~~p\:WJ11l\rI~-8- t!ii~:#:. ( Asylum Case) -H-g\ill ~ IJE.. l~fE.~-!Il-~~~{g . ~& .~~ ~.~. ~.~ ~ :j(W* ~~~ ~ . ~ . ~N • {~:HWi}~ J. ilif@ Alona E. Evans. "The Political Refugee in United States Immigration." Tire International Lawyer. Vol. 3 (1969). p. 204; A. E. E\'ans. "Political Refugees and the United States Immigration Laws: Futher Developments,· American Journal of International Law. Vol. 66 (1972). pp. 571·85; A. E. Evans. "Political Refugees Not Firmly Resettled as in Section 203 (a) (7) of the Immig. Q. and Refugees the Effect of the Hague Convention upon Asylum." Harvard International Law Journal. Vol. 16 (1975). pp.98·104.. rot ion Ilnd Natio nality Act." American Journal of International Law, Vol. 66 (1972). pp. 101·107; Roy L. Brooks, ·Skyjacking. 1(~. iW~ $R~ ~ ri'J .~~.1.{~ ~~ \!l.!S · ·~$~~~~$I ~N~i1 J ~ l!!i!inl~ lIIi1! ~ ~Ifl~ C~BI-\-l+l J(lf-+ll~) ~]m( 1 JllJlmll~. ~ ~~U~ ~~~~ ~~~~~N~.~~ .

(12) 2~~$~. ~~~. ~~~. ~~~~~~. ... ... ~.~·~. ~.~~~.~.o. -\10. (Kolcyznski ) $r-\l~~ Dl!l( ~ilf(-R~. ~~oJ~~ •• r~ ~ ~~ •• ~.~·~~~m~~~~~.·~*~~~m.~~~GJ®.*~~.~~~. ~.m~~.~~ g~~~~~~~~DW~~ffi~~~. 1~tRgr.{t/-~=R! ~ ~ll~~-H-~ 1~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~. :j(~~"~fgI*fi~f!B. .~*~ ~~~ . ·~-H-1Wa.M~~~~~· 8 $r.~~~~~~~n·~~~~m~.~~~~.o.~ .~. !S.1 ~ \11 11.{t/- r*«~~~~H~J . ffiig.~ U!iI.( ~~~~ *In' n:;~~~l~· \§iflX~~~··*«~~~jjii'* (The Magis trate ) ~f6~" r ~ ~~*~.~~~~~ ~· :j(~al~.~IIIl~$~~D~~ ~ ~~~~Jf;!~l~~ . ~!ll!I:l~~~. ~~IIIl~·~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ·~~~~~~~*~.~Wo~~~~DW~~~~ r*In'n:;~~~~~ &J~~r~n:;.~*. ~~J~~I. ~. ~ffi~.~~~~oJ. 0. ~$r~~~~.~~.~~~.~.~~.~W~~~~*.~~~ • • ·.~~~ ~ ~ "~~. ·~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~··~$r~~~D~~~~ ~m~~· ~ ~~~ ~~~~.~~DW~@ffi~~~·~~~~ ® ~~!!R~. ~~~w: -<~~+H~. 0. 1~g[<.{t/-+l1m:::+rn~4a~+<~~~ 11:liHjjfJ~~<4~ r$l~-<Jil! ~t:llI1:IIJ J . l1[iI~~ ~ MI~~.~~~*,~ :InK~\!I3!I~ . ~1 1 1+~~ 1:>< 1 1~~& ~ . ~f!&-<~H~il:t\g~lS~~~N~-R· tt~~~l$1!I!. ~ nBi(~ · ~*.ltt' 11!l-<!H·.J~g§I. •• ·ffi~. ~ ~.N~.~~·~tt •• ~~*.~~R-<~o r-<-<•• ~~~·~.W~ •• ~~~~~~N~oJ@. r~~~ •• ~ J. ~. ~~~E~.o~*~.~.~~.W~.~·~\§~ti#~~~o.~~~. -R ~ ·~M~~~~~~ •• ~ l~.&··. ~~~~.~*·.&~~~~. .+gr••. iW@ Asylum Case (1950), International Court of Justice Reports, pp. 266-389. For discussions, See L. C. Green. -Right of Asylum Case." International Law Quarterly, Vol. 4 (1951). pp. 229-39; Greenburgh, "Recent Developments in the Law of Diplomatic Asylum," Transactions of the Grotius Society, Vol. 41 (1956). pp. 103-22. ili!® Regina v. Governor of Brixton Prison Ex Parte Kolczynski alld Others (1955) 1 Q. B. 540. ili!@ Universal Declaration of Human Rights Approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations (Paris. 10 December 1948), United Kingdom Treaty Series No. 67 (1946), Cmd. 7015. Cf. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom, 1950. UKTS No. 71 (1953). Cmd. 8969. See for background, Ralph Beddard, Human Rights and Europe. London: Sweet & Maxwell. 1980..

(13) 0. {if: ljlm-H-l\ffilj-ffi- r$1~-<!! ~mIJiJl[]J ~+gr~-N~{w ~. J $Rl l l~~ t\!;(·· r 1. 0. III. WP-:l. ,~ 1. ,~~ 1 ~$R; 1 ~~~-N-< ~ J.E-lPt~. lllm~l;~+tl~ ~ tw:~~~~ ff'$1~-<l!i!! ~~ Jl!l[] JJ ~+gr~-N-<······~ 'rr]g~~~ ~ :)nK~~~~*,. ,]g ~ -N~~~HH ~ ~~rr~~~-N~~t\!;(-N. I ~~{l:!;t .• r I '. 1 -t=i!K -\l .{ll-+l 1 ~ + gCIIm> 4Q~ +< " ~~~ r ~$t ~ ~ ~m!IIII[]J ~ 0. t<-H-~. ttirl/mll ······111. t{~~.gfL-~-N~ ~ ······~:)nKIlJ~*!Jr< ~,~~~ ~~-N1\% -H~rr~~~~~:WJ~~~:)nK)n'~t{~:WHl\rr-Ntii~~~······. ~ o. r i?<~$OO. ••• ~ ~~. ~ ri§~ ~~~~ J ~ 111 +<.~ t\!;( ··. ~~tii~~~~~{w~~ffi~*.~I~~~$-N.~~~ •• ~~~.~.~~~:)nK~ •••• ~~fL-~~.~~ ~ ~:)nK~~~rr~~-<~~~~I~-N~.o@ 0. •• ~~~.l~~.oJ@M-N~tii~i?<~ ~ ~~~~ ~ . -<.-N •••. ~~~[J1J1J!ITW~~;±;\1-Y~~~ ~ :fe":~-R ~ ~:lnK~ ~ms ~-*t~)n'lSl1¥ ~~.-Nl=;±;\1. ~~m$-N~*~~~·· r~~_-N~$~ ~~ ~ .~$_ -N~ ~ oJ~.~$_.~$~-N~$. ~~~ . ~iE: ~ .~~+1 ~ mit~ ~. ~m.-N~~~ •• IlJJ.E-~~~~~~~-R~~ J.E-~~-N~~~ M ~~~~ ~ ~~~:)nK*~-N~~~&~~~~ n ~ ~.~~~~~i?<~~ M~ ~-<.~.~J.E- ~ ~Wo. :±!&~~ ~~~~-IJ. 1~J.R 11~ll1~i§E~:Kl -tK ~ ~ ~ ~ nTII.( i# ~~~ ~ ,g:~ ~~~ ~ ~JJ::WJ:)nK~~~ nTIl( ~. $& ~ o.~:Kl-tK~~l<~~~r~+1S ••• ~Ci§E~:Kl-tK.~#~.=~)M=.~J ~&~~.m~_o.. ••• ~~~~ ~ ~m$~~-Na.~. ~~~.~:Kl*.. ~+1~.m::;lJ1llii{,~~~~m~ijqr~~ ~~ ~~~ i¥i£ ~ .~~~W:JnK* !lm1Wf~~-N~!AA;ll;:!. ~ .~~ 1nH~!. •. ~ ~~WM~~~+1.~~.~~=~m~_~~.. ~*~~~ ~ ~~~-N~~~J.E-i#i§E~:Kl-tK ~~ ~~.~$~~~~+1~~~~~~M.O~~~~~ ~ ~~.~~.g ~ . ~_~.~J.E-.~i#. 0. -N . ~~.~.~i#.~:Kl-tK. ~ ~~W~+1,.~~~.~~~w~~ . m.~ •• ~ .~ • 3:n.lI! -N m ~. r M~;!,l1J. ~+11~~ {W·· r~+1~+1-N~~ll;:!.~~~M~. 0. ~ • • o~M~~~~~W~+1&~~M.~ ~~ ~~)n'rr~~~·~+1S~~.~~l<~~~r.+1E ••• ~~ J ~~m~~~lQ.~ ~ W~-H. .~:mJ S.+1~.m::. Assembly Official Records, 22nd Sess. Suppl. 16.. ;tj@ Declaration on Territorial Asylum 1967, adopted by the General Assembly in Resolution 2312 (XXII) , 14 December 1967. Ge"eral. iW®. -\JI. Clive Parry, The Sources and Evidences of International Law. l\ lanchester: Manchester U. P., 1965; 1. C. l\lacGibbon, "Means for the Identification of International Law General Assembly Resolutions, Custom, Practice and Mistaken Identity." Th. Journal of International Relations Vol. 4 (1981), pp. 1-24.. ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~*~~ ~.

(14) ~~~~~. ~~@. ~~~. -'1Jl!. •• ~~~.~.~~~&~.·~*~lW~~~.·~~ . ~o. ~~~~~~. ~.~~.~~~.~~ ~ ~o~~~·. 0. ~~~~ ~~ ~~*~+H~r~~~~*~JM1-m. . :l¥~~r ~~;l;l1J$R+~~r~~~~~~!=:1l~~~~J~K. ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~.~~~~~~~ ~~~ .~~~~~~~.~.~~.~~~~~~ ~ ~~ .~~ ~~~~. ~rJ.E-;U:;~~~~U ~~1.W . 1mS~:;li~~{WJ.E- ~~ BE.~~~ ~~l~~H~~ r~~~~~~J (purely political offences ) • 1IQ:1tf-$l~m: !i( ~~~~~~~~~lQ • • ~jjjjj r~~~;1E~~J (relative political offences) • \E ~ ~~-lJ. .. ~~ .tir~t~~~~J~r~~m~~~J~.~ .~. ~~~. ~~\E1.Wo*g ~* ~~~~~~~.~.~. ~~~~\E ~ ~~-lJ·~~~~W~~\EW~-lJ·~:;li~~.J.E-~1mS.~~~~~ ~ ··~~~~r~~m~~~J. *~r~~~~~~J ·~~~~~~~.~~~·~ ~$~~.~~·e:;li~~.~~~~~m~~-m~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~·~~~~~~ .~~~m~~Ro®. ~1~.~~~-m~~*·~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~·~~~~~~-m·~~~~·~-lJ~~· ~ ~~~~~-lJ~~. ~jjjjj~~~~~·~.l~m~~~·~~~*~~~~~ ~~ ·~~~~~~·K~~~~~~-m~~~~~jjjjj*. ~ ~~ ~~.~ ~~~.·W~#~~~·~.~.-m~;l;l1~~~~~.·~~~C~-lJ~~.~~M~~-lJ~~~. ·~l~~·.~.~~·~#~~g~~~.~~~ti~a~~~*~~~.S~.~~~~~~ =. ~·*~~. • eB£:~ffi?lin.J~~ti.I@J~~ ~;lJ1~. ~~~m~~~~~&o.~~~~.W.M1~ •• ~.~~~~m~_ti ~ ·~.~. m~~;l;l1~~~~~ •• ~ . .g~~~~ • lir ~~-lJ_ {t:(~ ~ fffig1.W ~~m~~nI:r . ~~~Jg*~~ m ~~~£!~~. .Jr,..t:tr~~~~. .~ ~ ~.\E~$!~~~~o!l-:;li·~ ~ ~~~~~:l¥:j( ~ ~~$E~~~~ JDI,al ~ ~ t$<~~*,K~~~~-lJ_~~·. x~~. ti;I$ In re Kavic, Bjelanovic and ArseniJevic, Switzerland, Federal Tribunal, April 30, 1952, Intemational Law Reports. Vol. 19, (1952). Case No. 80. pp. 371-74; Art. 22 (7), (8) of the American Convention on Human Rights 1969, which approximates the political offender to the persecuted and emphasized the status of individual rights. American Journal of International Law Vol. 65 (1971), p. 679. See R. Q. Quentin-Baxter. -International Protection of Human Rights," in K. J. Keith ed.• Essays on Human Rights, New Zealand: Sweet & Maxwell. 1968. pp. 133-45; J. Eo S. Fawcett, -The Right to Live and be Free, "in Sir Francis Vallat ed.• An Introduction to the Study oj Human Rights, London: Europa, 1972, pp.72-82..

(15) ru:;~ ( Ex lradi tion ) ~ffi- !!m~ N ~-N f.1li ~ ~~ *WN~ ~$.$ ,g:~!Iil\; ~ fE~.wIJl:!Hl1i!W.ffi- ~~~-N {Jll~-< ~ 11ri~:IDK* m. ... *~~* . ~ •• ~~~~.~~~~~.o® •• ~.~~~ g. M~.~~W ~ ~~~.~ .~ - g~~~~~~.M= ~~ N. .~-N~~.~N m.~ ~ a~ ~l.~.o~M~~l.~S.~~.*~.~*.~~~~~D~~~=.*M. •• ~M . ~~ ~ ~. *~~ ~-<~M.~~ ~ ~~~. .-<~~. ~ :f;K1§X~~111. ... •• *M= -<~~~ ~~ ' ~d , •• ,m ~ -<•• ~E~~ ~~W~ ~ o. ~ ~o~m% OO~ ~~~~~~ -~ ~~.M~~~~~~ ~ ~~N~¢o~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~*~~~~~~ ti M~.mN ~ n~~~-N M~ ~ ~~~~mJ!<~. (rn-) ~~~~l)jlJ-J ~. 1~lEliliII 1~<4~~~~~·~. 1 \!!ll\~{Ilja l:m. ~4t1~~~~. 3~ ~mJ!< E~ I!l~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~.~~~ .~. E~ ~ ~~~~~I~~N~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ o ®. C.Political Crime ) ~ 1@!1(jji,.*f1J ~~m! ~ ~~:j({W~~ m::~ ~ ~~~~*IT£:NU~ ~. r~ ;lJ1 J. 0. ®. r ~~~ I!~~lg~~:lnK.~ ~ ~ *~~~~~J. 0. ~l\l *ffi r~i'kl:lt1W~.~J. •• m~~~;l71~~~~~ ~~ *~ ~ W~ ~~~I~~ . ~~~~~~~~~ ~ *OO~~ o~~~~. ~~;l71~~~ r~~~u ~~~oM ttJ( ~ ~. 1<]{:1K{!t-. ~~~g~l4!1~~ ]{:1 ~~ ~ .. .1W. 3~~-&'. (Belgian Attentat Clause). .. \Ill( fi:lfi:l<. 0. -\J III. ~® 1. A. Shearer, E:dradition in International Law, Manchester: Manchester U .P. 1971, pp. 22-23; ~~U - iirill-NI!V" ...ItI - *~111 111{111ll? ~ l1lnil~HsI~ - tm(\1!imK - ~~l!!1~~ 0 iIil® Gerh ard von Glahn, Law Among Nations, New York: MacMillan Co., 1965, pp. 238-39; The International Law Association Reports of the 59th Conference. Belgrade: 17-23 August 1980 p. 515, per J. Chao. it1~ The ftattentat" clause. was fir5t devised by the authors of the Belgian law of 1856 as a result of an attempted assassination of Napoleon III and was included thereafter in many bilateral extradition treaties. The clause may be criticized from two points of view. It may first be questioned whether or not there are practical means whereby the rule of a tyrant may be ended. On the other hand, if assassination should always be regarded as an excessive measure. not deserving of protection under extradition law, it may be questioned why the operation of the clause is restricted to heads of State and their immediate families. In constitu tional monarchies and republics with ceremonial presidents. the leader of the government is the more vulnerdale figure-indeed, there would seem to be no logical reason not to include all government ministers and officials as well. Shearer, supra note 27, p. 185. ~~~i*-<~ ~)g~-N - c;~~;mlti~~l\~ , /&1-lJu)g~~~~• • ~ ~QI(~\l1.~jg\\l$-<~~ 0 !fit-J;><~ ~ ~ii!!I - ~~ .. 1\:i2 *"{;:lI!lllU;: - ~.~+ <~111~+4Jm. ~.~U~~~~~~ ~~~~N~.~~.

(16) ~~~$~. ~~~. ~~~. ~~~~~~. :E~iMMB~~ ~ -<l!~ Wil*~-m. 0. -\l51. .... 0. 0. .. 0. ~~~~~~m~~ ~ N~~"~~.~~$~~ .. ~~~~~«~.~~N~!!iii; .. .. ~~-<~~~SH\1~ ~~ 'iK ll! ~N'H-l~ .. ~~~~-<~N 1.b; ~. 0. E.~.l«l.~*l$ • • ~~ ~.~N~~~ ... ~~~~m~~~o g~-H 1 <~11. rf1;~;l;l1J :mR+ ~ ~{W " r.g~ffi\i;lQ.-H-" $I ~ ~lliii;N~~-!<.m~~!!iii;~ .. $ ~f1!">~ J ~-!flE~~+K~I+l~~-3-!<.l ~ l llgr~+~~mW~~~~~ ~ .. ~~~~~RP~~~~ 1 ~1I1-\l.+ 1m:::+Km .~I~r~~~.~m~~~~~J ... ~~~~ ... ~~.=,.a~.~~.~aw ~.~.~ ~ W~~~~N~~~f1!">~o~Wl~~~~~.~·· r~~~$~~ .. ~~~~~~ .. ~~f1;~ .. ~~~~~. ;tlii~ (International Criminal Court) ~IWJ ~ 11 <~~~*:Bi~ .. $ 1~H~ ~ I ~~[!]111E::ttl,;;j~~~ ~ 1 ~11 <.i.U$-!<E{i. r f1!">~<~~ tl!j-tWU $-m~~m~~~f1!">~~~ .. ;Bj$n~m~~N:ttl.~~i'£{\!:l .. fillj-~:IDR\-R~ ~11~.{W·· rm~~ 1 hlli:~~ I -<~~~-<::t~~~~~'\:$-<~~~~' ll$~~gg~~'''~~ffiK~~~~N~ .. ~~~~~ ~~ ~~m~N~~~~~~oJ $ ~l~~~~ "~ ~ ~~-< ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~ N~~~~. ..... ~~~*~~~~N*~~.Q,::r. 0. ~.~. *~ ~ ~~_. ~~~ r~~~J. ... -H1\!~,g:~-H-. 0. - ~~Q~~~~K-n..-,~lmS~t£';;ji\!$. 0. ~~~~rnt-~HE~. 0. ~~-!<~~NS .. ~~N~.~~~.M ~~ - • • ~«~~-~.~ ~ ~ -~~.~~-~ ~~o~E~~ 1 -\l~111.ttt- r tll ~J ~ I tar 11+~~1-'<~~~ {4r ~~~\llP~-m~~ ~N~-W1!qI -m~~W-<~-lW'~ .. ~:4B~~f1!">~ )~H~atim*iK~' ~-H$'limNt¥:i~g ~-H~H~.~:4B~~~N-H-'~" ~~ 1 <1 1 11il.z..f~ rm:4B~I~-;;:r;~~iIcU ~r(~ 1 < 1l1g[{It r ;tli~f1!">~~~J o:j( ~ .. ~~f1!">. ~N @ ,*o. m~~~f1!">~~~W+~~~$$.~o • • ~ ~.~ ~ ~~~ . N~-.g~a'~-H~~~~~~~ ~~ .~~. CN)~~~~ru..~~m:. 1ilii9 . requesting state; and it does not exclude other offenses having a political objective. Harvard Research Institute in International. The term "political offense~ includes treason. sedition and espionage. whether committed by one or more person; it includes any offense connected with the activities of an organized group directed against the security or governmental system of the. Law. "Extradition." American Journal of International Law. special supplement Vol. 22 (1928). pp. 123-37..

(17) ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~o~l~~N~m~~~~~~~~~~~'*~'~~~'~~~~~N~~o® Cf&:)~~~~ru>~NMl-m. ... ~~~~~ ~ ~~~.~~~~ 1.~. ~~~~~~~*~N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~*~~~N~~~~. 0. ~ ~~N~~.~.~~n.~~~.~~~~m~ ~.~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~. ~l~~~~iffi~ru>~~~~~\%~'>~··:JnK 1 ' .~~~*+H ~ ~~.~~~ ·~:JliKl1 ' .p~H~t~1!ffl!i~~~ •• ~.~~~~~_.~~$~E~~ D ~.~*. ~-\l 1 '*<~~~:ttl-N.m~.:di-H- ~ ~fmQ:\-NK+5I~mI~(. *~~o~~E.~~~~ ~ ~ti~~$ . ~.~. ~ ~~~. 1~gr<,*W11. ~ ~ l . ~.~~.~~~~~~~~~~.o. -m~.m~~-RH~itHt!lI!Ij(~~~:tti ~ ~. ~~~. ~ ~*~.*~~.-RH-H-.~.~~m$~&-N~~~~. ~r~~~~ru>~~~J ~~m~~ti.~~. •• ~~~e~~* . ~ ••. o. ~~~. •• ~~~Q:\. :ttiru>~-N~~~®e*~~~~~~.~*~~~o~l~-\l O~ r~~~~J-N~ ~ ~~~~W~~~~~~~ ~ B.~~*~MM -N~~~~ Bm\-.~-N~t{. :[tam\- .~-Nru>~. Ott-). ••. ~®. A fugi ti ve will only be returned for a returnable offence. See Scheme Relating to the Rendition of Fugitive Offenders Within the Commonwealth Formulated at a Meeting of Commonwealth Law Ministers, London, April 26-May 3. 1966. See Manuel R. Garcia-Mora. ftThe Nature of Political Offenses: A Knotty Problem of Extradition Law." Virginia Law Review. Vol. 48 (1962). pp. 1226-57; Martin E. Gold. "Non-extradition for Political Offenses: the Communist Perspective," Harvard International Law Journal. Vol. 11 (1970), pp. 191-211. Shearer. Supra note 27. p. 166; R. B. M. Cotterrell, "Extradition and Offences of a Political Character," Law Quarterly Review, Vol. 89 (1973). pp. 476-79; Christine Van den Wijngaert. The Political Offence Exception to Extradition. Nitherlands: Kluwer, 1980, pp. 4-18.. ~. ~~~~.~. ~~. '~ . '.~~.~N~.o@ ~ ~ ~S.~~~.~ru> ~. Ilti@ . 0. ~;;r;~~~~l;t\'U!ga1t.~1;;;r; ~N~~1;Jlql~~ 1~4J 1~ r${~r.r;~~~J ~m~~II~~ll~~~··l:i:l.~-W~{~iI\!-4~~-R' @-Rfa{~~!!E~-R~ .-R~iI!It\1l~l:i:l.~:\IlI(~*~ N!:t:WHl\;j,\1m~~~~~tl1lil\!a1t.~1;;;r;~N~~1; 0 :ij~;;r; ~~~:\l\i~ r~~~~;;r;~~~J N~!!E ~ ~§cz:;-w~m~~~. ~~mW~~~N~~~-4~~~'~~~~~ ~-4~N~~'\1l~~ ~~~~N~~Jlql~~~!!Er~~~~r.r;~~~J. ~f.I::l. 1itI@ Swedish acceptance of U. S. servicemen deserting from Germany and Vietnam in 1967 and 1968 is well publicized example of asylum to military offenders. The Netherlands, by contrast, has declared that it will not give asylum to American military deserters since it is obliged to return them by the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. Switzerland. not being a party to that treaty, will not extradite American deserters. Nieuwe Rotterdamse Courant, 13 September 1967. p.9 and 19 September 1967, p.4. ~~~U~~~~~ ~~~~~N~~~~ .

(18) ... ~~~~~ ~}L-~grlB. ~~~. ~~~. ~~~~~~. •• ~o~~.~~~~~~r.~.G~~~~~~~. ... -\lK. o@. 1~~~. [jg: 1 (tc~~~~ . 1lf~ill:ti~ - i$::~.~~ ow; W~~~~t~~:i¥n~~;l;li - ~.~. ~~J. 3~~~~~ •• ~o~e~~ •• ~~.~~*~~~o~~~.~~~~~~*~~.~~~~~o ••• ~~e~~~.~.~.~-¥~5~~$m~.~~ . M~~~.~o -~. E~~~~M~~t. 0. E~~~M~. ~ ~~~~~~~~~-~~~~.~o. ~~{WW~lB ~ r?S}L-Iu'~~BS\-.~ ~Iu'~~o. (N) BB!-. ~~~~~~. 0. @ ~~. :m ~ ~ ~~~}j~ ~ . ::!t~~i$::. ~~t«. ' ~ , ~$'~~~ - ~<1P-:!nK. N~~~~o. .. r ~ \lW~r~lJ (Santa Maria)~.~~~t~. ••. 0. 1<-\l11.!!tfgI~!:k:~-dt1~~ - t-rJ!lR~ - ~~~~~~~ - fgI~\;k ~Jll~ :h~~~ ~~~~. - ~~~~~ ,K~N~[!Jl~ - * ~~~ ~~-Y~~-R. ~m~~~~~~~~~~~~ . -~~~[jg:~~~~~-~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~ ~~~-~~~~ ~~1J1~:JnK~*!~~ ~ (Cartagena) ~~~~eat-~. 0. ~~~<1P--W~5~~-dt1~K~~*~~~~S-~~~ .~-~~~~fgI~!:k:. (IE:) • • ~~r.t>~~MI-m ~ ~ ~~tEI1lME~~~~~~~~lt:~~. W\;k~~ - 1~K l' .!!ttEl ~!¢( ~ m: ~ (Henrique NIalta Galvao) ~~ ~ ~;fu (Antonio de Oliver Salazaz) •• W~~-Y~.~ •• ~~~- ~ ~~~~ ~ N~~- ~ $\;k~~~ ~ ~~WU~.~~o ~ ~-y~ •. ~*~.~~~~-~~~~-m~tElm~N~~-~~~~m-Y~.~~~- ~~ ~~~~~U~.~~otEI~. ~~~-. •. iW@ "Extradition for offences under military law which are not offences under or dinary criminal law is excluded from the application of this convention." Art. 4, European Convention on Extradition (Paris, 1957). See O'Higgins, "The European Convention on Extradition," International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9 (1960), p. 497; 1. P. McMahon, "Air Hijacking: Extradiction as A Deterrent," Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 58 (1970). p. 1138. IW® The maritime activities of insurgents may give rise to question of piracy under the Piracy Act. 1850, or common law. It would seem that in surgent vessels committing acts of violence on the high seas against vessels of states other than that against which the insurrection is directed may properly be considered as pirates in English law, especially if the acts of violence are in no way connected with the insurrection. See The Magellan Pirates (1853) 1 Spinks 81; The Three Fri(mds (1897) 166 u. S. 1 (U. S. A., Supreme Court). So long as the insurgent vessel refrains from molesting foreign shipping it is probably not considered piracy..

(19) ~.a~~m$~S ~~~=M~~.~~M« ~. -~~~.~~ ~. ~~~~~~~-~S~~~ti~~~.. ••. 0. i$::~ 1 <~ <.(It-~ ~~ -dJi~aK. - fE~~~. - -2~:rct-il<CCallao). ~.M~~~t-.~.~~~M-fE-2~~ ~ o®. Huascar) ~ ~ ~ii€~bt~~ - 1~~~~ lF.li t(-i!$!~* - ~1**«~~~~~~. - §$1~Ia'~~~~~~ ~. -~~W~~~~.W~~iliN ~ . ~~M~~-~~ . ~ ~M-ru ~ * ~ ••• ~$hl . o®. ( The. $*H~t\1,\! ijmf-.il ~ 1ffi1r ~ MN~~~~M. ;@N BIEl-~~ fir1~t-. ~- ~m *~~~ ~EW~ .~ . -~ ~. $S ~ ~~*~~M~~~fE ~ -dJiOO . -~OO.~~~W~~l~~O~r.~«~J. - ~H£i'If\:-R~~. ~~ • • < . ~ • • ~~-w M~ ~* m. -~~ ~~ ~ M-~ @ ~. ~~ - ~ • •• ~~-~~ • • ~~~ ~ l~~.~~-~~~~~~~~~.G~M~ ~~ ~-~~~=~~¥r • • ~~M~~~Je~~M~oi$::& 1~~~ Jl1<'I-k~ . - ~:\Q::ilf ~. 1W~~~.~);\li - ~4$!-Hlof:j(. •. 1 ~5I~.(lt-~rn:::gf1l!?;il:2~111~i;!lli •• {l!Il - ~ $S ~;Jg~ ~ ~:j@o. m~r4..,~ ~ ~H!IlI ~~ ~. M~ ~. ~~ ~ e ~~s •. 0. ~ ~ ilIK ~lf~]~~im. '. ~ -l<~~. , HJ)gL, .J:iH4-l< '. ¢~. , ft ~. ,~. -~~.~M~~rIa'M~ ~ ~~J -fE~~M~O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M~~~~~~~w-~Ia'~r~ l:kt(-i~J :ll* <~~11 ~ ~~fE $U 1::1~ ~ ~ ~$l:~ ~. ~,m*'$~ ~ ,HJ:rct~,~:rct~'~~~~ ~ ~~~~M~~ ~~ m . ~~~~rIa'M~~~~ J -@~~r~. l:k~~J~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~M~~.~~ * ~-~ ~ r~l:k~~ J ilf- ilIK~ l~.~m.~~<~~~~fE~M~~. - fE(Eil.~~~@l~~t~. 0. D ~ g-~~ ~~ ~~~~M ~ ~;Jg~~ ~ ~-~~~ ~ ~~~~~ -~~r ~ ~~~J.~~~~~~~M~m~ 1W~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~-~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~-~~~;Jg~~~m~~~-Ia'~~ ~~~~~~ . ·. ~ &~~~~K<~~& . ~;Jg~-~ ~ ~~ o®. it!$ D. W. Greig. International Law, 2nd ed.• London: Butterwo rths. 1976. p. 33I.. it!® T he Httasca.r. Pitt Cobbett ed.. Leading Cases on International Law. 5th ed.• London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1937. Vol. I. p. 299.. II.S Alona E. Evans &; J ohn F. Murphy, Legal Aspects of International Terrorism. Lexington. Massachussetts: D. C. Heath & Co. • 1978, p. 48.. ~~. it!® R. H. Manki ewicz, "The 1970 Hague Convention." The Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 27 (1971). pp. 206-207_ ~ lnJ!-1$(J.liJlV~tilr~¢ ~l!i ~;Iti.LJ -N~~~-w.

(20) <. '. ~~~~~. r< 1\% {:11. ~~~. ~~~~~~. ~~~. .tt ~ ,t-/ ~ ~ 'R ~ .. ~. ~~ -tr-. ~ ~{:I1tr~i,}-N~ ~~ 'h:(~111 1:,~. ~ ~.ti~4~ . -NdDo. ... -\l<. ~~~~~4 1\%~~~~~~ 1~ ~ ~~*~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~r<~~-N~ ~ ~~r<~ ~~~ -N~~~~~~~~ ~111!llfg!?S. (.) • • 0. (~).~~~.~m~~~~.w . ~~~~a ~ o. (H$:) ~~~~~~ ~ ~r< (~{:11 il~~~D. * ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ 1~~~~D~~~~~ ~ ~~~W ~. ~~~4~~~~~~~~~~~4-N ~.~~~. ~~ ~~~4~ .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m~~~*~~~~~D~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~o. m~~ .~~~.~.~~m~~~~.~~••• ~~ ~ ~~W ~~.*.~. ~~-N~~~€o@l.~ ~ ~. ~~. ~~~l~~~ ~~~~*~-N~.~~~~~r~~~~J~r~ ~~~~J-N~~~~~~'W~~~~o. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W$~~ ~ o~~ffi~.~~~~~~ ~4-Nl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. a 4ai! ~ IlI{B4J+J J~IfI~Km ~ ~II~ 0. W~~~~~. ~~ ~ ~~~.g}L .. ~. , ditI~. .. 1m( I 0. 0. D. M.1@ Alec Samuels. "Legal Problems:An Introduction. T J ALC Vol. 37 (1971). pp. 168-69; J. G. Starke. Introduction to International Law, 9th ed. London: Butterworths. 1984. pp. 227-232. iIitl@ Nancy Douglas Joyner. Aerial Hijacking as an International Crime. N. Y.: Oceana Publ. .1974; 1\-1. Cherif Bassiouni.International Terrorism & Political Crimes. Illinois: Bannerstone Home. 1975; H. Steelman, "International Terrorism vis-a-vis Airhijacking," Southwestern University Law Review. Vol. 9 (1977), p. 101. iIitI@ Mark E. Fingerman. "Skyjacking and the Bonn Declaration of 1978: Sanctions Applicable to Recalcitrant Nations." California Westem International Law Journal. Vol. 10 (1980). p. 123; James J. Busuttil, "The Bonn Declaration on Tnternational Terrorism." !lItem aUonal alld Comparative Low Quarterly Vol. 31 (1982). pp. 474-87. ll!$l:l:i:~ ~ 1I~IIifIHi!:EIiI(lll~ C¥.l~ .. ~},~~~<-1fiii''' I ~< 1Jl~+~).

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