台灣原生枇杷之遺傳親緣關係及分類研究
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(2) 台灣原生枇杷之分類研究 13. buisanensis Hayata新組合為其型 (forma),即 E. deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai f. buisanensis (Hayata) Nakai。Kanehira (1917) 仍沿用P. deflexa Hemsl. 及P. buisanensis Hayata。Sasaki (1928) 則使用E.. 歸類至今仍存在許多的紛歧。由於過去的分類 歸類主要以外部形態作為依據,近年來已有 利用SSR (Soriano et al. 2005)、RAPD (Hong et. deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai及E. buisanensis (Hayata). al. 2009; Yang et al. 2007a, 2009b)、ISSR (Xie et al. 2007)、AFLP (Yang et al. 2007a, 2009a). Kanehira。Kanehira (1936) 將武威山枇杷歸類為 台灣枇杷變種 (variety) E. deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai. 與Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) (Qiao et al. 2011) 等分子標誌或DNA. var. buisanensis (Hayata) Kanehira & Sasaki, 並發表一新變種E. deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai var. koshunensis Kanehira & Sasaki (恆春山枇杷)。. 片段序列 (Li et al. 2007, 2009, 2011b; Yang et al.. Masamune (1954) 將武威山枇杷及恆春山枇杷. 核糖體RNA基因 (ribosomal RNA gene,. 歸類為台灣枇杷的型。Li (1963) 將台灣枇杷 分為三個型,即E. deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai f.. rDNA) 片段之內轉錄間隔區內 (internal tran-. deflexa (台灣枇杷)、E. deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai f. buisanensis (Hayata) Nakai (武威山枇杷) 及 E. deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai f. koshunensis (Kane-. 很大,已廣泛應用於近緣物種間親緣關係之. hira & Sasaki) H. L. Li (恆春山枇杷),在此之. 2011) 進行枇杷屬的分類研究與遺傳歧異度 分析。. scribed spacer, ITS) 序列與長度在物種間差異 研究 (Alvarez & Wendel 2003; Baldwin 1992; Baldwin et al. 1995; Hamby & Zimmer 1992; Li et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2011),而葉綠體中. 後台灣枇杷大致沿用Li (1963) 的分類。Liu (1972) 及Yu et al. (1974) 均使用同Li (1963) 的. 插入子 (intron) 區域 (Hilu & Liang 1997),是. 學名歸類。Liu & Su (1977) 將台灣枇杷處理. 葉綠體基因組中演化最快速的編碼區域 (Neu-. 的matK基因長度約1500 bp,位於trnK基因的. 為兩個型,即台灣枇杷及武威山枇杷,將恆. haus & Link 1987; Olmstead & Plamer 1994),. 春山枇杷歸類為台灣枇杷的異名 (synonym)。. 適合做為植物親緣關係分析的依據 (Johnson &. Ying (1985) 訂正台灣產薔薇科植物時,沿用Li. Soltis 1995; Kron 1997; Liang & Hilu 1996; Plunkett et al. 1997; Steel & Vilgalys 1994)。. (1963) 的歸類將台灣枇杷分為三個型。Ohashi (1993) 將台灣枇杷分為兩個型,將恆春山枇杷 歸類為台灣枇杷的異名 (synonym)。Liu et al.. 台灣地區許多野生種原的棲息地已遭破壞,益. (1994) 及Lu et al. (2000) 則將台灣枇杷分為三. 顯野生種原保育的重要性,而分類地位的釐. 個型,即台灣枇杷、武威山枇杷及恆春山枇 杷。Lu et al. (2003) 另將武威山枇杷及恆春山. 清,則為種原保育所必需 (Mac 2004)。本研究. 枇杷歸類為台灣枇杷的異名不分變種或型。 Hong et al. (2009) 以逢機擴大多型性去氧核醣. 類上的整合研究,希望藉此研究作為台灣原生. 隨著經濟發展、人口增加與氣候變遷等,. 即針對台灣原生枇杷屬植物進行親緣關係及分 枇杷屬分類鑑定及保育的依據。. 核酸標誌 (RAPD) 分析台灣原生枇杷族群之遺. 材料與方法. 傳變異,結果將台灣枇杷與恆春山枇杷分為兩 型,武威山枇杷因遺傳距離與栽培種枇杷較近 而建議處理為變種。. 試驗材料 台灣原生枇杷材料採自野外之新鮮標本. 整理過去台灣原生枇杷屬的分類歸類 (表. (圖1,表2),引證標本存放於中興大學森林系. 1) 可以發現台灣枇杷及其種下分類群的分類. 標本館 (TCF) 中。除採集之材料外並查閱國內.
(3) 14. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 1 期. 表 1. 台灣枇杷之學名處理沿革 Table 1. History of taxonomic treatment of native Eriobotrya in Taiwan Year. Author. Eriobotrya deflexa f. deflexa. 1895 Hemsley. Photinia deflexa n. s. z. 1896 Henry. P. deflexa. Eriobotrya deflexa f. buisanensis Eriobotrya deflexa f. koshunensis. 1906 Matsumura & Hayata P. deflexa 1910 Kawakami. P. deflexa. 1913 Hayata. P. deflexa. Photinia buisanensis n. s.. 1916 Nakai. E. deflexa f. deflexa n. c.. E. deflexa f. buisanensis n. c.. 1917 Kanehira. P. deflexa. P. buisanensis. 1928 Sasaki. Eriobotrya deflexa. Eriobotrya buisanensis. 1936 Kanehira. E. deflexa var. deflexa. E. deflexa var. buisanensis n. c.. E. deflexa var. koshunensis n. var.. 1954 Masamune. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. 1963 Li. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. 1972 Liu. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. 1974 Yu et al.. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. 1977 Liu & Su. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. syn. of E. deflexa. 1985 Ying. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. 1993 Ohashi. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. syn. of E. deflexa. 1994 Liu et al.. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. 2000 Lu et al.. E. deflexa f. deflexa. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. 2003 Lu et al.. E. deflexa f. deflexa. syn. of E. deflexa. syn. of E. deflexa. 2009 Hong et al.. E. deflexa var. deflexa. E. deflexa var. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. z. c.: combination; n.: new; f.: forma; s.: species; syn.: synonym; var.: variety.. 各標本館中所典藏之臘葉標本,收藏於國外之. 以解剖針將花藥中之花粉粒挑出,靜置於放. 模式標本則透過網路資料庫查閱照片影像檔。. 有矽膠乾燥劑之乾燥箱內隔夜,再將乾燥後. 本研究檢視之標本館及其國際代號包括:. 之花粉 沾黏在貼上錫箔膠帶的載檯 (stab) 上. (1) 中央研究院植物研究所標本館,台灣、台. 之後將花粉以鍍膜儀鍍金 (coating) 90秒 (厚度. 北 (HAST);(2) 行政院農業委員會林業試驗所. 約20 nm),再以掃描式電子顯微鏡 (Scanning. 植物園標本館,台灣、台北 (TAIF);(3) 國立台. Electron Microscope, SEM) (HITACHI S-3000N,. 灣大學生命科學系標本館,台灣、台北 (TAI);. Japan) 觀察花粉粒的形態,使用加速電壓15 kv. (4) 國立中興大學森林系標本館,台灣、台中. 進行照片拍攝。. (TCF);(5) 國立自然科學博物館標本館,台. 親緣關係分析. 灣、台中 (TNM);(6) 國立屏東科技大學森林資. 植物總DNA的抽取:每樣品取2.5 g葉. 源管理技術系標本館,台灣、屏東 (PPI)。. 片,依照Gawel & Jarret (1991) 之流程並做適. 花粉形態觀察. 當調整之CTAB方法抽取植物總DNA,並貯存. 將採集到的新鮮標本花朵以FAA液浸泡 固定,經過30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、 95%酒精序列脫水處理 (每處理20分鐘),然後. 於-20℃冰箱中備用。DNA濃度以分光光譜儀 (HITACHI, model 3000, Japan) 測定。 ITS序列之擴增:ITS區域片段序列的擴.
(4) 台灣原生枇杷之分類研究 15. 圖 1. 本研究採集材料地理分布圖。 Fig. 1. Samples of native Eriobotrya in Taiwan collected for use in this study. Note differences in latitudinal and altitudinal distributions among these samples. 表 2. 參試樣本清單 Table 2. List of native Eriobotrya samples used in this study Taxon. Collection No./GenBank Accession No.. Collection site. Code/Note. Eriobotrya deflexa f. deflexa. C4624. Yangmingshan, Taipei. 01D. C4678. Beichatianshan, Taoyuan. 02D. CHL0001. Hehuanshan, Taichung. 03D. Eriobotrya deflexa f. buisanensis. Eriobotrya deflexa f. koshunensis. C0130. Meifeng, Nantou. 04D. C0134. Qingqingcaoyuan, Nantou. 05D. C4645. Lushui, Hualian. 06D. C4622. Lidau, Taidong. 07D. C1140. Beidawushan, Pingtung. 01B. C4649. Laiyilindao, Pingtung. 02B. C2325. Dahanlindao 9K, Pingtung. 03B. C4713. Shizi, Pingtung. 04B. C0001. Banpingshan, Kaohsing. 01K. C4615. Guanshan, Pingtung. 02K. C4616. Eluanbi, Pingtung. 03K. Eriobotrya japonica cv. Bianco. FJ449734. NCBI Z. ITS. Eriobotrya bengalensis. FJ571503. NCBI. ITS. Eriobotrya cavaleriei. FJ810022. NCBI. ITS. Eriobotrya fragrans. FJ810024. NCBI. ITS. Eriobotrya seguinii. FJ571507. NCBI. ITS. Photinia serratifolia. FJ810021. NCBI. ITS. Eriobotrya japonica. GQ434196. NCBI. matK. Photinia serratifolia. AM288111. NCBI. matK. z. NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information..
(5) 16. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 1 期. 增採用ITSL與ITS4引子對,其序列分別為 ITSL:TCGTAACAAGGTTTCCGTAGGTG (Hsiao et al. 1995) 及ITS4:TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC (White et al. 1990)。PCR的反應條 件為100 ng模板DNA,0.3 μM引子對,200 μM. 列增幅反應相同。 擴增片段之選殖與分析:以等量pGEM®-T vector、2× ligation buffer及T4 DNA ligase (Promega, WI, USA),加水至體積為10 μL,置於. dNTPs (Stratagene, Germany),1.5 mM MgCl2,. 16℃下4小時進行接合反應 (ligation)。取5 μL 已完成接合反應的溶液,加入50 μL勝任細胞. 1.0單位的Taq DNA聚合酶 (polymerase) 及1×. (competent cell) (E. coli DH5α),緩慢混合均勻. PCR buffer (Phusion, Finnzymes, Finland),反應 總體積為50 μL。擴增 (amplification) 步驟依產. shock),接著加入S.O.C Medium於37℃培養1. 品說明為98℃下30秒初變性 (initial denaturing),. 小時,然後塗布於含有IPTG、X-gal及Ampicil-. 接著98℃10秒,鍊合時間為49℃20秒,72℃30. lin之LB (Luria-Bertani Broth, Miller) 篩選培養. 秒,連續進行35循環,最後以72℃7分鐘結束反. 基上,置於37℃下培養過夜。. 後置於0℃下,再以42℃水浴進行熱休克 (heat. 應。所有反應均在熱循環反應器 (thermocycler). 選殖菌株之篩選與確認:挑取篩選培養基. 進行 (TC-9600-G, Labnet International Inc. Edison,. 上白色菌落,利用聚合酵素連鎖反應 (Econo-. NJ, USA),產物以1.5%瓊膠 (Seakem LE Agarose. Taq® 2X Master Mix, Lucigen, WI. USA) 及電泳. Cambrex Bio Science Rockland Inc., ME, USA) 在. 挑選出分子量正確之選殖菌株,進一步利用限. 0.5× TBE buffer (BDH, England) 中電泳分離。. 制酵素EcoR I (BioLabs, New England) 將插入. 電泳條件為在室溫下以100 V電壓分離35–40分. DNA片段兩端切下,經電泳再次確認此DNA. 鐘 (Mupip, Tokyo, Japan)。分子量標誌為採50 bp. 片段能與質體接合及隨質體複製。然後進行質. ladder (Promega, USA)。電泳完後以10 mg/mL溴. 體的抽取與純化利用 (miniprep purification kit,. 化乙錠 (ethidium bromide, EtBr) (BDH, England). Protech., USA),並以電泳判定其品質。每一. 染色,並在260 nm波長之紫外光中,觀察DNA. 樣品均選取5個經確認之選殖菌株送交台灣波. 條帶,並以影像分析系統進行照相及存檔,再. 仕特生物科技股份有限公司進行解序,以ABI. 以熱感相片紙輸出記錄。 matK序列之擴增:採用Hu et al. (2000) 所. PRISM® 377 DNA Sequencer定序,並將5次結 果進行相互驗證。. 設計的引子進行擴增反應,其中matK-forward. DNA序列資料分析:參試樣品之序列先. 的序列為CGTAAACAGTCTTCTTATTTACG, matK-backward的序列為TATGTTTACGAGC-. 以BioEdit (v.7.0.9, Tom Hall, Ibis Bioscience, CA,. CAAAGTTCTA。PCR的反應條件則參考Potter et al. (2002) 發表的方法。反應條件為50 ng模板. sequence alignment),再利用Molecular Evolu-. USA) 軟體進行對齊與多重序列排序 (multiple. DNA,1.0 μM引子對,200 μM dNTPs (Strata-. tionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA v.4.0) (Tamura et al. 2007) 軟體進行親緣關係分析及平均遺傳. gene, Germany),1.5 mM MgCl2,1.0單位的Taq. 距離的計算,並從National Center for Biotech-. DNA聚合酶及1× PCR buffer (Invitrogen, USA), 反應總體積為25 μL。擴增步驟為95℃下1.5分. nology Information (NCBI) 下載之栽培種枇 杷 (E. japonica) 與石楠 (P. serratifolia) 之ITS. 鐘初變性,接著95℃30秒,鍊合時間為42℃30. 與matK序列,及栽培種枇杷品種 (E. japonica cv. ‘Bianco’) 與4份同屬不同種的南亞枇杷 (E. bengalensis)、大花枇杷 (E. cavaleriei)、香花. 秒,72℃1.5分鐘,連續進行40循環,最後以 72℃10分鐘結束反應。其餘方法與條件與ITS序.
(6) 台灣原生枇杷之分類研究 17. 枇杷 (E. fragrans) 及小葉枇杷 (E. seguinii) 的 ITS序列分別當做外群進行比對 (表2)。任兩序 列間的距離 (pairwise distance) 以Kimura’s twoparameter模型 (Kimura 1980) 計算,再以complete deletion方式建構鄰接樹 (Neighbor-joining. A. tree, NJ tree) (Saito & Nei 1987),並進行interior branch test重複1000次檢定樹型分枝 (node) 的 可信度 (Sitnikova et al. 1995)。. 結 果 花粉形態觀察 台灣原生枇杷屬植物之花粉均為近球形或 至略扁球形,且為三溝孔粒 (tri-colporate),內 孔為長方形,溝較長,兩端較窄;極面觀則呈 三裂圓形 (tri-lobed circular)。極軸 (polar axis) 長約為21.2–25.1 μm,赤道軸 (equatorial axis) 長約為22.0–26.3 μm。外壁紋飾有皺波及散條 紋,具孔穴至無孔穴 (圖2–4)。 台灣枇杷 (E. deflexa f. deflexa) 的花粉 (圖2). 圖 2. 台灣枇杷花粉的掃描式電子顯微鏡照片。(A、 B) 極面;(C、D) 赤道面;(E、F) 溝孔。 Fig. 2. SEM-micrographs of pollen grains of Eriobotrya deflexa f. deflexa, showing polar view (A, B), equatorial view (C, D), and colporate view (E, F).. 極軸長約25.1 μm,赤道軸長約26.3 μm,PE比 值為0.95,外壁紋飾為皺波有淺散條紋無刺穿 孔 (表3);武威山枇杷 (E. deflexa f. buisanensis) 的花粉 (圖3) 極軸長約22.3 μm,赤道軸長約 22.8 μm,PE比值0.98,外壁紋飾為較深之散條. A. 紋具稀疏刺穿孔 (表3);恆春山枇杷 (E. deflexa f. koshunensis) 的花粉 (圖4) 極軸長約21.2 μm,赤 道軸長約 22.0 μm,PE比值0.96,外壁紋飾為較 深之散條紋具明顯較多的刺穿孔(表3)。 台灣枇杷外壁紋飾為皺波有淺散條紋無刺 穿孔,與武威山枇杷、恆春山枇杷的外壁紋飾 有較深的散條紋且具刺穿孔可以區別。另武威 山枇杷及恆春山枇杷的刺穿孔分別為稀疏的刺 穿孔及明顯較多的刺穿孔,亦可作為區分之依 據 (表3)。. 親緣關係分析 ITS DNA序列親緣關係分析:每一群各選 取5個再次確認之選殖菌株進行解序,這些選. 圖 3. 武威山枇杷花粉花粉的掃描式電子顯微鏡照 片。(A、B) 極面;(C、D) 赤道面;(E、 F) 溝孔。 Fig. 3. SEM-micrographs of pollen grains of Eriobotrya deflexa f. buisanensis, showing polar view (A, B), equatorial view (C, D), and colporate view (E, F)..
(7) 18. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 1 期. 的序列長度為204 bp,GC含量為69.12–70.59%,. 殖菌株經定序後,以BioEdit軟體進行對齊排 列,產生一致性序列 (consensus sequences), 並參考NCBI網站中序列比對資料庫 (BLAST) 中栽培種枇杷 (E. japonica) Bianco品種的序列 (GenBank accession number: FJ449734) 區分其 ITS1、ITS2及5.8S的序列。本試驗綜合14份台 灣原生枇杷材料之ITS一致性序列分別獲得593 鹼基對 (base pair, bp),其中ITS1的序列長度均 為223 bp,GC含量為64.57–65.02%,僅出現1 個變異位點 (variation sites) (位於205 bp);ITS2. 出現6個變異位點 (分別位於78 bp, 94 bp, 96 bp, 164 bp, 176 bp, 198 bp);而5.8 S的序列長均 為166 bp,GC含量均為65.45%,無變異位點 (表4)。 以本試驗14份台灣原生枇杷及NCBI下載 枇杷屬植物之ITS序列建構各序列間之親緣關 係樹 (phylogenetic tree),並依Kimura’s twoparameter (Kimura 1980)方法計算出距離指數, 由此矩陣為基礎並以1份栽培種枇杷、4份原生 於中國大陸同屬不同種的枇杷及1份石楠 (表 2) 為外群建構鄰接樹 (NJ tree) (圖5),並以interior branch test重複1000次評估各分枝點的可 信度。結果指出各地採集的台灣原生枇杷聚結. A. 為一群,其可信度高達96%,與其他參考材料 分開。 參試的三份恆春山枇杷樣品,其中採自南 部鵝鑾鼻的恆春山枇杷與採自北部北插天山、 中部梅峰和合歡山的台灣枇杷群聚為第一群; 而採自北大武山及關山的另外二份樣品則與採 自南迴公路獅子鄉路段、來義林道與北大武山 的武威山枇杷及採自台東利稻的台灣枇杷樣品 無差異而成一群,另一份參試的武威山枇杷是 採自大漢林道9公里處,卻與採自北部陽明山的 台灣枇杷聚結為一群,此二群再與採自花蓮綠 水步道的台灣枇杷聚結為第二群;採自中部青. 圖 4. 恆春山枇杷花粉的掃描式電子顯微鏡照片。 (A、B) 極面;(C、D) 赤道面;(E、F) 溝孔。 Fig. 4. SEM-micrographs of pollen grains of Eriobotrya deflexa f. koshunensis, showing polar view (A, B), equatorial view (C, D), and colporate view (E, F).. 青草原的台灣枇杷單獨自成一群而為第三群。 計算台灣原生枇杷三群間平均遺傳距離 (average pairwise genetic distance) (表5) 指出,. 表 3. 台灣原生枇杷之花粉形態 Table 3. Pollen morphology of native Eriobotrya in Taiwan Polar axis (P)/μm. Equatorial axis (E)/μm. P/E. Shape. Sculptural type. Eriobotrya deflexa f. deflexa. 25.1. 26.3. 0.95. Nearly spherical. Wrinkle wave and shallow None bulk stripe. Eriobotrya deflexa f. buisanensis. 22.3. 22.8. 0.98. Nearly spherical. Scattered deep stripes. Sparse. Eriobotrya deflexa f. koshunensis. 21.2. 22.0. 0.96. Nearly spherical. Scattered deep stripes. Dense. Taxon. Puncture.
(8) 台灣原生枇杷之分類研究 19. 表 4. 台灣原生枇杷 ITS 序列長度及其 GC 含量 Table 4. Length and GC content of ITS sequence of native Eriobotrya in Taiwan Length of ITS1 (bp). GC Content of ITS1 (%). Length of ITS2 (bp). GC Content of ITS2 (%). Length/GC Content of 5.8 S (bp)/(%). 01D. 223. 64.57. 204. 70.59. 165/65.45. 02D. 223. 64.57. 204. 69.12. 165/65.45. 03D. 223. 65.02. 204. 70.09. 165/65.45. 04D. 223. 65.02. 204. 70.59. 165/65.45. 05D. 223. 65.02. 204. 70.59. 165/65.45. 06D. 223. 64.57. 204. 69.61. 165/65.45. 07D. 223. 64.57. 204. 70.59. 165/65.45. 01B. 223. 64.57. 204. 70.09. 165/65.45. 02B. 223. 64.57. 204. 70.09. 165/65.45. 03B. 223. 64.57. 204. 70.59. 165/65.45. 04B. 223. 64.57. 204. 70.09. 165/65.45. 01K. 223. 64.57. 204. 70.09. 165/65.45. 02K. 223. 64.57. 204. 70.09. 165/65.45. 03K. 223. 65.02. 204. 69.12. 165/65.45. Code z. z. Code: see Table 2.. 山枇杷間為0.0022,約是台灣枇杷與武威山枇 杷間及台灣枇杷與恆春山枇杷間平均遺傳距離 的1/2;而台灣枇杷不同樣品間之平均遺傳距 離則為0.0058,武威山枇杷為0.0009,恆春山 枇杷間為0.0035。 matK部分序列親緣關係分析:以前述相 同方法解序14份台灣原生枇杷之matK部分序列 並進行栽培種枇杷 (E. japonica) 之此部分matK 序列 (GenBank accession number: GQ434196) 比 對,共獲得658 bp,所有序列於排序後並無任 何的變異位點,GC含量為34.2%。 此資料進一步以NCBI下載之栽培種枇杷 圖 5. 由 ITS 序列建構之台灣原生枇杷及枇杷之鄰 接法親緣關係樹。 Fig. 5. Neighbour-joining phylogenic tree inferred from ITS data. The value of the interior branch tests > 50% is shown on each branch. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of base changes along each branch. The solid diamond (◆) indicates the native Eriobotrya in Taiwan. (Code: see Table 2).. 1000次評估各分枝點的可信度。結果也顯示各. 台灣枇杷與武威山枇杷間為0.0041,台灣枇杷. 討 論. 與恆春山枇杷間為0.0044,武威山枇杷與恆春. 與石楠為外群,以其部分matK序列建構鄰接親 緣關係樹 (圖6),同樣以interior branch test重複 地採集的台灣原生枇杷樣品聚結為一群,其可 信度達92%,並與其他參考材料分開。. 台灣原生枇杷屬過去常被區分為2至3個型.
(9) 20. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 1 期. 表 5. 台灣原生枇杷三群及群間之平均遺傳距離 Table 5. Average genetic distance among the three taxa of native Eriobotrya in Taiwan and among samples of each taxon (diagonal) Taxon. Eriobotrya deflexa f. deflexa. Eriobotrya deflexa f. buisanensis. E. deflexa f. deflexa. 0.0058. E. deflexa f. buisanensis. 0.0041. 0.0009. E. deflexa f. koshunensis. 0.0044. 0.0022. Eriobotrya deflexa f. koshunensis. 0.0035. 台灣原生枇杷為單源群 (monophyletic group), 沒有混入參考的原生於亞洲中國的種或一些 栽培種,此結果不僅支持 Li et al. (2007, 2009, 2011a) 的推論,並指出台灣原生枇杷在遺傳上. 圖 6. 由 matK 部分序列建構之台灣原生枇杷及枇杷 之鄰接法親緣關係樹。 Fig. 6. Neighbour-joining phylogenic tree inferred from partly matK data. The value of the interior branch tests > 50% is shown on each branch. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of base changes along each branch. The solid diamond (◆) indicates the native Eriobotrya in Taiwan. (Code: see Table 2).. 或變種,本試驗整合形態特性、花粉形態及分 子層次的資料,期望能進一步釐清其分類階級 與遺傳親緣關係。 枇杷屬植物主要起源於亞洲中國,其中至 少有21分類群 (taxa) 即原生於此 (Badenes et al. 2009; Li et al. 2011a; Lin et al. 2004; Yang et al. 2005, 2007b, 2007c; Yang & Lin 2007)。雖然中 國大陸的枇杷屬遺傳資源研究將E. deflexa材料 加入分析,但僅含台灣枇杷及恆春山枇杷等二 份材料。本試驗之E. deflexa參試材料為採自台 灣各地之台灣枇杷及其種下分類群樣品共14份 材料,並加入原生亞洲大陸的物種參與分析。 ITS序列與matK基因部分序列分析結果均指出. 的獨立性,顯示台灣原生枇杷應為同一種。 雖然台灣原生枇杷為單源群,但由花序 之被毛情形 (圖7–9)、葉部形態 (圖10) 及花粉 外壁紋飾 (表3) 可清楚地將其區分出台灣枇杷 (圖2、7)、武威山枇杷 (圖3、8) 及恆春山枇杷 (圖4、9) 等三群。武威山枇杷的分布範圍從屏 東大武山以南,恆春山枇杷的分布範圍則侷限 於恆春及高雄低海拔高位珊瑚礁岩區,兩間的 平均遺傳距離最小 (0.0022),雖然形態上兩者 花序皆被淡褐色至灰白色短毛,但兩者的葉片 與花粉粒形態可明顯地區分。武威山枇杷的葉 片為圓披針形,長9–14 cm,寬1.5–2.5 cm,葉 緣鋸齒狀,先端銳尖至漸尖 (圖10),花粉外壁 刺穿孔較稀疏 (圖3);而恆春山枇杷的葉片呈 倒卵長圓形,長7–14 cm,寬3–7 cm,葉緣淺 圓齒狀或近全緣,先端圓鈍或鈍尖 (圖10),花 粉外壁刺穿孔較多 (圖4)。台灣枇杷廣泛分布 於屏東大武山以北各地,與其他兩群間的平均 遺傳距離皆為武威山枇杷與恆春山枇杷間者2 倍 (0.0041, 0.0044)。形態上,台灣枇杷的花序 為密被棕色長絨毛,葉長橢圓形,長10–25 cm, 寬3–7 cm,葉緣鋸齒狀,先端銳尖至漸尖 (圖 10),花粉外壁紋飾為皺波散條紋較淺且無刺 穿孔 (圖2),可以清楚地與武威山枇杷及恆春 山枇杷區別。 武威山枇杷與恆春山枇杷的分布與範圍大.
(10) 台灣原生枇杷之分類研究 21. 圖 7. 台灣枇杷。(A) 樹形;(B) 花序;(C) 花;(D) 花縱剖;(E) 花瓣;(F) 果序;(G) 果;(H) 果縱剖面;(I) 果橫剖面;(J) 種子。 Fig. 7. Eriobotrya deflexa f. deflexa. (A) Tree shape; (B) Inflorescence; (C) A flower; (D) Vertical-section of a flower; (E) A flower petal; (F) A fruit bunch; (G) Surface view of a fruit; (H) Vertical section of a fruit; (I) Cross-section of a fruit and (J) Seeds..
(11) 22. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 1 期. 圖 8. 武威山枇杷。(A) 樹形;(B) 花序;(C) 花;(D) 花縱剖;(E) 花瓣;(F) 果序;(G) 果;(H) 果縱剖面;(I) 果橫剖面;(J) 種子。 Fig. 8. Eriobotrya deflexa f. buisanensis. (A) Tree shape; (B) Inflorescence; (C) A flower; (D) Vertical-section of a flower; (E) A flower petal; (F) A fruit bunch; (G) Surface view of a fruit; (H) Vertical section of a fruit; (I) Crosssection of a fruit and (J) Seeds..
(12) 台灣原生枇杷之分類研究 23. 圖 9. 恆春山枇杷。(A) 樹形;(B) 花序;(C) 花;(D) 花縱剖;(E) 花瓣;(F) 果序;(G) 果;(H) 果縱剖面;(I) 果 橫剖面;(J) 種子。 Fig. 9. Eriobotrya deflexa f. koshunensis. (A) Tree shape; (B) Inflorescence; (C) A flower; (D) Vertical-section of a flower; (E) A flower petal; (F) A fruit bunch; (G) Surface view of a fruit; (H) Vertical section of a fruit; (I) Cross-section of a fruit and (J) Seeds..
(13) 24. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 1 期. 布範圍包括台灣、海南與廣東信宜等地。演化 途徑為其原始種E. serrate Vidal (齒葉枇杷) 與E. kwangsiensis Chun (廣西枇杷) 沿著西江流域與 周邊輻射散布,並發生DNA序列的交換而演化 發生。惟E. kwangsiensis Chun至今仍未明確描 述 (Lin et al. 2004),而台灣原生枇杷甚至曾被 稱為台廣枇杷 (Yu 1979),在廣東鳳凰山 (Fenghuanshan) 也有採集的紀錄 (Yang & Lin 2007), 且E. kwangsiensis Chun的葉形為長橢圓葉,與 恆春山枇杷葉形相似;又E. serrate Vidal至今 仍難以歸類 (Yang & Lin 2007),其葉片倒卵形 或倒披針形及葉緣有鋸齒的特徵則與台灣枇杷 及武威山枇杷葉形相似。因此E. serrate Vidal 與E. kwangsiensis Chun是否為台灣原生枇杷的 原始種仍有待釐清。 本研究整合形態性狀、花粉粒形態、核基 圖 10. 台灣原生枇杷分類群之葉部形態比較。(A) 台灣枇杷;(B) 恆春山枇杷;(C) 武威山枇杷。 Fig. 10. Comparision of leaf morphlogy of native Eriobotrya in Taiwan. (A) f. deflexa; (B) f. koshunensis and (C) f. buisanensis.. 因組ITS序列及葉綠體基因組matK基因部分序 列之資料,確認台灣枇杷、武威山枇杷及恆春 山枇杷等三群之親緣關係非常相近,且屬同一 個種,雖然在葉部形態、花序之被毛情形及花 粉外壁紋飾有明顯差異,但目前之分子資料仍. 小相當接近,然而恆春山枇杷樣品間的平均遺. 無法有效區分種下分類群,未來將增加其他分. 傳距離卻是武威山枇杷者的4倍 (表5),此種高. 子資料,做進一步的釐清。. 度歧異化的情形值得進一步的探討;台灣枇杷 分布範圍廣泛,但在大武山以南幾乎不見蹤 跡,其樣品間的平均遺傳距離 (0.0058) 則分別 是恆春山枇杷 (0.0035) 與武威山枇杷 (0.0009) 者的1.7與6.4倍左右 (表5),此種區域性的分布 情形是否受氣候環境 (Su et al. 2009; Wendel & Dolye 1998) 或其他因素所造成,則有待進一 步的分析。 Lin et al. (2004)、Li et al. (2009) 及Yang & Lin (2007) 依據形態特徵及分子標誌分析的結 果,將台灣原生枇杷歸屬於多雄蕊、少柱頭與 葉片大小中等組 (section) 之西江亞組,其特徵 為雄蕊數多於20枚、柱頭數少於 (含) 4枚。Li et al. (2009) 並指出台灣原生枇杷是後生種,分. 引用文獻 (Literature cited) Alvarez, I. and J. F. Wendel. 2003. Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29:417–434. Badenes, M. L., S. Q. Lin, X. H. Yang, C. M. Liu, and X. M. Huang. 2009. Loquat (Eriobotrya Lindl.). p.525–538. in: Genetics and Genomics of Rosaceae. (Folta, K. M. and S. E. Gardiner, eds.) Springer Press. New York. 636 pp. Baldwin, B. G. 1992. Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in plants: an example from the compositae. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1:3–16. Baldwin, B. G., M. J. Sanderson, J. M. Porter, M. F. Wojciechowski, C. S. Campbell, and M. J. Donoghue. 1995. The ITS region of nuclear ri-.
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(17) 28. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 1 期. Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Study of Native Eriobotrya in Taiwan1 Kun-Cheng Chang2,3, Hui-Lung Chiu4,6, Yen-Hsueh Tseng2, and Shu-Lin Deng5 Abstract Chang, K. C., H. L. Chiu, Y. H. Tseng, and S. L. Deng. 2012. Phylogenetic and taxonomic study of native Eriobotrya in Taiwan. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 61:12–28.. The native Eriobotrya plants in Taiwan are the wild relative of loquat crop, and they distribute across the entire island of Taiwan. The taxon of native Eriobotrya in Taiwan was treated inconsistently in past decades, either as species, variety, or forma. This study was conducted to reassess the systematic status of native Eriobotrya plants in Taiwan by investigations of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), partly matK gene sequences of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), and morphological features of leaves, inflorescences, and pollens. Results of ITS sequences analysis showed that only 7 variation sites were detected in 593 base pairs (bp) of ITS sequences obtained from the 14 samples of Eriobotrya plants collected in Taiwan. In addition, no variation sites were detected in 658 bp of partial matK gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the native Eriobotrya in Taiwan belonged to one monophyletic group which was well separated from other referenced taxa from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However, the distinction among three taxa of the native Eriobotrya in Taiwan was still unclear. If affirmed by more other nucleotide sequences would support to clarify the taxon under Eriobotrya deflexa. Key words: Eriobotrya deflexa, Rosaceae, ITS sequences, matK sequences, Phylogeny.. 1. Contribution No. 2617 from Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Council of Agriculture. Accepted: December 29, 2011. 2. Ex-graduate Student and Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC. 4. Assistant Researcher, Plant Germplasm Division, TARI, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 5. Assistant Researcher, Chung Pu Research Center, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC. 6. Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]; Fax: (04)23331705..
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