我國地方政府災害防救業務主管核心能力指標建構之探討

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(1)୯ҥᆵ᡼ৣጄεᏢᕉნ௲‫܌زࣴػ‬ ᅺγᏢՏፕЎ. ‫ך‬୯ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅ ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ࡌᄬϐ௖૸ The Study on Development of Core Capability Indicators to Emergency Managers in Local Governments in Taiwan. ࣴ ‫ ز‬ғǺֆ‫ۑ‬ᑉ ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻယ‫ݒ‬၈. ύ๮҇୯΋̋ΒԃΎД ᆵчѱ.

(2) ᖴᇞ όᆅࢂᏢ཰‫܈‬ፕЎ೿ค‫ݤ‬ᐱԾ΋ΓֹԋǴགᖴ೭ࢤਔ໔εৎ‫ޑ‬ᔅԆǴᡣ‫܌زࣴޑך‬ ғࢲளаӧӭԛȨᆙᕲɡԝጕɡख़ғȩൻᕉύǴಖ‫֋ܭ‬΋ঁࢤပǶ ԖΓа‫ڹ‬у੤ٰ‫׎‬৒ယৎ੤Ǵ‫ॺך‬ᇥ೭္ࢂೈᚊ൑Ǵᚊް္‫ޑ‬౲λᚊॺոΚΠೈǴ ೭‫ٿ‬ԃ္ᏢಞΠೈǴግಞΠӳೈǴനࡕౢрឦ‫ܭ‬Ծρ‫ޑ‬໳ߎೈǶ གᖴࡰᏤ௲௤ယԴৣ‫ޑ‬ᝄཁ٠ᔮǴόፕࢂᏢ཰ǵғࢲ‫ࡑ܈‬Γೀ٣೿๏ϒࡰᏤ‫ک‬ගᗺǴ ᡣ‫ך‬ӧ଒ᗉࣴ‫࡙کز‬ආ‫ޑ‬ਔংૈ୼ӣ‫҅ډ‬೼Ƕགᖴೈᚊॺ──Նᇋಹǵॕඁǵససǵև և‫ک‬൏൏──ឫЋ٠຾Ǵӧελࢲ୏аϷᚊೈౢр‫ޑ‬ၸำύǴ୻Ꭶᓨࠨǵϕ࣬ᔅշǴӕ ް΋‫ޑڮ‬ॠ‫ڮ‬௃གᡣ‫ॺך‬΋ଆΠೈǵ΋ଆьೈǵ΋ଆቕ֓ǵ΋ଆԏ‫ڤ‬ফߞǵ΋ଆ஝ውǵ ӆ΋ଆ୲மǶགᖴᚊްᆅ౛঩ॺ──λЈ໡ǵεᖒ໡ǵ໡໥‫ࠧکۆ‬ӵ──΋ၡ‫ޑ‬ഉՔǴค చҹϩᏼ‫آޑך‬ផǵᔅ๱‫ך‬धඊǵ೰‫ך‬໒ЈǴӆ‫ךע‬ᗯऔӞႫӳΠೈǶགᖴယৎ੤੤ۭ ߓӓ‫ݿ‬ԾᜫуΕፕЎ૸ፕǴӧӭԛፕЎᜤౢ‫ޑ‬ၸำύ੝Ӧч΢ᔅԆࡋၸ౟ᓍǴаϷ Tata ӧπբᕷԆϐᎩϝฅ‫ୖޜܜ‬ᆶიᡏ૸ፕ཮ǶགᖴᇬণᏢߏǵJ ‫ۊۊ‬ǵλऍΓ⪭‫ک‬Ӵ‫ޑ‬Ӛ ၡӳ϶ॺကό৒ᜏ‫ךࣁޑ‬ှ،ь‫ډ‬म‫ޑ‬ምᛖǶགᖴ٧ᑯշ௲வΕᏢଆߡਔਔѕᓲǵೀೀ ‫ڐ‬շǴวචคК‫ޑ‬ᜢЈǵऐЈ‫ک‬ངЈ‫ډޔ‬౜ӧǶགᖴշ౛ࣽ‫ޑ‬εৎ──ఠЋࣿǵ☰‫܁ڻ‬ǵ Τ३३ǵߓ๋‫ک‬ഋՆᅦ──ჹ‫ךܭ‬ᒿਔᒿӦǵӚᅿБय़‫ޑ‬ค౛ा‫؃‬՜рජЋǴΨགᖴଵ ࣽ঩໵ቓቓᜫཀᒿਔࣁ‫ך‬ඨ໒Ӛᜪᅪᜤᚇੱ࣬ፋ࠻Ƕགᖴεԃ߃Ο൩ᜫཀᆶ‫ך‬സ‫ڜ‬ଢ଼ಠ ፕЎ‫ൂޑ‬ԴৣǹаϷӧОᐨ‫ڹޑި־‬ఁǴӧႝ၉ύᔅ‫ྐך‬О‫ޑ‬คጔӳᏢߏǶ གᖴ J ‫ کݿ‬Gina ჹ‫ޑךܭ‬Ӛᅿ،‫ۓ‬ᕴࢂ๏ϒཱུε‫ޑ‬х৒ǵคచҹ‫ޑ‬Ѝ࡭ǴаϷค ज़‫ޑ‬ངᆶᜢᚶǶ གᖴᔅշၸ‫ޑך‬ΓǴգॺ೿ࢂ‫ך‬ғ‫ڮ‬ύ‫ޑ‬຦ΓǶ. ֆ‫ۑ‬ᑉ! ᙣᇞ 2013.07.

(3) ύЎᄔा җ‫ܭ‬೿ѱଯࡋว৖ǵβӦ໒วமࡋόᘐගଯǵғࢲࠠᄊᙯᡂǴ᏾ᡏ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬॥ᓀΨό ᘐӛ΢ᚹϲǴԾฅᕉნаϷ‫ޗ‬࿶ૄ১ࡋቚуǴ‫܌্ؠ‬஥ٰ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐёૈၨ۳‫ࣁ׳ܯ‬ѮεǶ ‫ך‬୯ᎁၶӭԛख़ε‫᠍ߟ্ؠ‬Ǵ೷ԋΓ‫ڮ‬଄ౢᝄख़ཞѨǴ‫؂‬ԛ‫᠍ߟ্ؠޑ‬Ǵ೿΋ӆ‫ޑ‬Եᡍ ๱ࡹ۬‫ޑ‬Ӓᐒೀ౛ૈΚǶӧӚቫભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬Һ୍ύǴӦБࡹ۬х֖‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜѱ ࡹ۬ᆶໂᙼѱ୔Ϧ‫܌‬Ǵࣁ௢୏‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ಃ΋ጕǴԖѸाமϯ‫ૈࡹࡼځ‬ໆǴ಍ӝӦ ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ၗྍᆶ‫ڀ‬ਏ౗‫ࡰޑ‬චፓࡋ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂբࣁǶ ฅԶᐕў‫্ؠ‬ύ೷ԋ‫ޑ‬Γ‫ڮ‬໾ΫϷ଄ౢཞѨǴኪ៛Α‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǶ 2009 ԃವ܎լ॥‫ࡕؠ‬೚ӭᏢ‫ޣ‬ගр‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ϐୢᚒǴ‫ځ‬ύᆶӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ Γ঩࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǴᘜય࣬ᜢࣴ‫ࡕز‬ว౜Ǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍‫ޑ‬௢୏ᆶ୺ՉǴ཰୍࣬ᜢΓ঩‫ޑ‬ ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵ‫ૈמ‬ϷᄊࡋࢂᜢᗖӢનϐ΋ǶฅԶ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍‫܍‬ᒤΓ঩ӸӧલЮ஑཰૽ግ аϷٛ‫܍୍཰ؠ‬ᒤΓ঩ࢬ୏‫܄‬ၸε฻੝‫܄‬Ǵࡺ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫܍୍཰ޑ‬ᒤൂՏЬᆅ‫ת‬ᄽཱུ ࣁख़ा‫فޑ‬ՅǶҁࣴ‫ز‬ϐࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝࣁ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ڋ‬ύ‫ޑ‬ಃΒቫભᆶಃΟቫભǴаᑜ ѱϷໂȐᙼǵѱǵ୔ȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ЬᆅϷٛ௱‫ؠ‬ᡏ‫س‬،฼ࡰචΓ঩ࣁࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝǴаࡌ ҥਡЈૈΚࡰ኱Ƕ ҁࣴ‫ز‬а஑ৎᏢ‫ޣ‬ೖፋǵЎ᝘ϣ৒ϩ‫݋‬Ϸቺ๷‫ࡌݤ‬ᄬȨ‫ך‬୯ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ ЬᆅਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ȩǶ೸ၸೖୢ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ஑ৎᏢ‫ޣ‬Ǵว৖ҁࣴ‫ز‬ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱୷ᘵ ᄬय़Ϸϣ఼Ǵуаᇆ໣ϩ‫݋‬୯ሞ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛Γ঩௲‫ػ‬౜‫ݩ‬ǵ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Γ঩௲‫૽ػ‬ግᜪ ձᆶሡ‫؃‬Ǵࡌҥҁࣴ‫ز‬ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱߃ዺǴനಖᙖҗ஑ৎᏢ‫ޣ‬ჹࡰ኱‫ޑ‬ӣ㎸ᆶཀ‫ـ‬অ҅Ǵ ගϲҁࣴ‫ز‬ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ϐߞਏࡋǴࡌҥ 48 ໨ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ǴයૈբࣁВࡕ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ཰୍Ьᆅ௲‫૽ػ‬ግϐୖԵǶ. ӦБࡹ۬ǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ЬᆅǵਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ ᜢᗖຒǺӦ. I.

(4) Abstract Because of several reasons--the rapid urbanization, the enhanced development of the land, the change of the resident’s lifestyle, the continually increased social risks, and the increased environmental and social vulnerabilities--the impacts of disasters on Taiwan could be greater than before. Taiwan has encountered several dreadful disasters which caused serious property loss, and personal injury or death. Each disaster is considered an examination on the government’s ability of handling crisis. In order to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the three-level task of emergency management, local governments (special municipality governments, city and county governments and township offices) are necessary to improve their capability for managing local resources, and for conducting disaster emergency operations. However, in the past decades, the occurred disasters have posed the problems of emergency management task in Taiwan. The problem of Taiwan’s emergency management was raised by scholars after typhoon Morakot (2009). According to the scholars, the knowledge, skill, and attitude of local emergency managers are the key factors that influence the effectiveness of governmental emergency management. However, the lack of officers' professional training and the high turnover rate of officers are the two main defects in Taiwan's emergency management, so the emergency managers play crucial roles in the emergency management. The purpose of this research is to develop core competency indicators by focusing on city and county governments and township offices, which are the second and third level of emergency management system. The subject of this study is the executives of emergency management. Literature analysis and interview with scholars are to develop the initial sketch of core capability indicators, and then Delphi method is applied to construct the core capability indicators. A questionnaire is designed for the purpose of evaluating the importance of each core capability indicator. The core capability indicators are carefully revised and edited with the nineteen Delphi panels afterwords. 48 core capability indicators are established by this study, which could be served as training materials and references to the future emergency managers. Keywords: Local Government, Emergency Manager, Core Capability Indicator. II.

(5) Ҟԛ ύЎᄔा ............................................................................................................I ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... II Ҟԛ .................................................................................................................III ߄ԛ .................................................................................................................. V კԛ ................................................................................................................. VI ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ ...................................................................................................... 1 ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ .................................................................................... 1 ಃΒ࿯ ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒ .................................................................................... 3 ಃΟ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ᆶࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ................................................................. 5 ಃѤ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶज़‫ ڋ‬........................................................................ 5 ಃϖ࿯ Ӝຒ‫ۓ‬က .................................................................................... 6 ಃΒക Ў᝘ӣ៝ .............................................................................................. 9 ಃ΋࿯ ‫্ؠ‬ᆶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ........................................................................ 9 ಃΒ࿯ ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ڋ‬౜‫ ݩ‬........................................................... 15 ಃΟ࿯ ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Γ঩ϐ௲‫૽ػ‬ግ ............................................... 30 ಃѤ࿯ ୯ሞ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛Γ঩௲‫ ػ‬........................................................... 35 ಃϖ࿯ ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ࡌᄬ࣬ᜢࣴ‫ ز‬................................................... 50 ಃΟക ࣴ‫ز‬೛ीᆶБ‫ ݤ‬................................................................................ 59 ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬೛ी .................................................................................. 59 ಃΒ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝ .................................................................................. 61 ಃΟ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ ݤ‬.................................................................................. 61 ಃѤക ࣴ‫่݀ز‬ᆶ૸ፕ ................................................................................ 69 ಃ΋࿯ ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ϐᑔᒧ............................................................... 70 ಃΒ࿯ ಃ΋ӣӝቺ๷‫ݤ‬ୢ‫่݀ڔ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬............................................... 77 ಃΟ࿯ ಃΒӣӝቺ๷‫ݤ‬ୢ‫่݀ڔ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬............................................... 86 ಃѤ࿯ ቺ๷‫ݤ‬ፓࢗᆕӝ૸ፕ............................................................... 93 ಃϖക ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼ ...................................................................................... 103 ಃ΋࿯ ่ፕ ........................................................................................ 103 ಃΒ࿯ ࡌ᝼ ........................................................................................ 107 ୖԵЎ᝘ ........................................................................................................ 111 ߕᒵ΋ ஑ৎೖፋख़ा௶ॊѡ᏾౛ ............................................................... 119 ߕᒵΒ ಃ΋ӣӝቺ๷‫ݤ‬஑ৎୢ‫ ڔ‬............................................................... 123 ߕᒵΟ ಃΒӣӝቺ๷‫ݤ‬஑ৎୢ‫ ڔ‬............................................................... 135 ߕᒵѤ ቺ๷‫ݤ‬஑ৎୢ‫ڔ‬ፓ่ࢗ݀ ............................................................... 149 III.

(6) IV.

(7) ߄ԛ ߄ 2.2.1! ߄ 2.2.2! ߄ 2.2.3! ߄ 2.3.1!. ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ݤ‬ჹӦБࡹ۬ϐၮբϷ୺Չೕ‫ ۓ‬........................................................ 20 ӦБ‫ݤࡋڋ‬ჹӦБࡹ۬Ԗᜢ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ϐೕ‫ ۓ‬.................................................... 25 Ȩ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ుહ 5 ԃύำीฝȩϷȨ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ుહಃ 2 යीฝȩπբ໨Ҟ .. 27 Ӛᑜѱ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᒤϦ࠻ಔԋᇥܴ ....................................................................... 30. ߄ 2.4.1! ߄ 2.4.2! ߄ 2.4.3! ߄ 2.4.4! ߄ 2.4.5!. ऍ୯ᆙ࡚٣୍ᆅ౛Ꮲଣፐำࢎᄬϩᜪ(2012-2013)............................................. 36 ऍ୯ᇯԀᐱҥ૽ግፐำ‫ޑ‬ਡЈૈΚ.................................................................... 37 ऍ୯‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛Γ঩ਡЈૈΚᆶ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛໘ࢤჹᔈ߄ ......................................... 43 Вҁύѧቫભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱૽ግፐำȐ೿ၰ۬ᑜᙍ঩ȑ ......................................... 46 Вҁύѧቫભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱૽ግፐำȐѱᨋ‫׸‬ᙍ঩ȑ............................................. 47. ߄ 2.4.6! ВҁӦБቫભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱૽ግፐำ ....................................................................... 48 ߄ 3.3.1! ஑ৎೖፋӜൂ ...................................................................................................... 61 ߄ 3.3.2! ቺ๷‫ݤ‬஑ৎୢ‫ڔ‬ԋ঩ङඳ߄ ............................................................................... 65 ߄ 3.3.3! ቺ๷‫ݤ‬஑ৎୢ‫ڔ‬ჴࡼਔำᆶӣԏ௃‫ ׎‬................................................................ 65 ߄ 3.3.4! ࡰ኱‫܄‬፦ᆶख़ा‫܄‬ำࡋຑ‫ۓ‬ጄൎᇥܴ߄ ............................................................ 68 ߄ 4.1.1! Ӛӣӝ஑ৎୢ‫ࡰڔ‬኱ϣ఼অ่҅݀ჹྣ߄ ........................................................ 70 ߄ 4.2.1! ಃ΋ӣӝਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ᆶࡰ኱ϣ఼ख़ा‫܄‬ຑ‫ۓ‬ԛኧϩଛ߄ ............................. 77 ߄ 4.2.2! ಃ΋ӣӝ஑ৎୢ‫ࡰڔ‬኱ϣ఼ख़ा‫܄‬ำࡋԛኧϩଛ߄ ......................................... 81 ߄ 4.3.1! ಃΒӣӝਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ᆶࡰ኱ϣ఼ख़ा‫܄‬ຑ‫ۓ‬ԛኧϩଛ߄ ............................. 86 ߄ 4.3.2! ಃΒӣӝ஑ৎୢ‫ࡰڔ‬኱ϣ఼ख़ा‫܄‬ำࡋԛኧϩଛ߄ ......................................... 90 ߄ 4.4.1! ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ᆶ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬Ϸుહीฝπբ໨Ҟϐჹᔈ ......................................... 93 ߄ 5.1.1! ҁࣴ‫ࡌز‬ᄬϐਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ ............................................................................. 105. V.

(8) კԛ კ 1.1.1! კ 1.2.1! კ 2.1.1! კ 2.1.2!. ӄౚ࿶ᔮࢲ୏ϐ๊ჹ‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀࡰ኱კ ..................................................................1 ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍௢୏ୢᚒ .........................................................................4 ᄬԋ‫ޑ্ؠ‬Οঁाન.............................................................................................9 ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛‫ޑ‬ൻᕉၸำ........................................................................................... 11. კ 2.1.3! კ 2.2.1! კ 2.2.2! კ 2.5.1! კ 2.5.2!. ᏾ഢҺ୍ൻᕉ (PREPAREDNESS CYCLE) ................................................................. 13 ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬᏾ᡏҢཀკ ........................................................................... 16 ӦБ௱‫ؠ‬ǵύѧЍජᐒ‫ڋ‬Ңཀკ ....................................................................... 19 ‫ૈמ‬ǵૈΚᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ӧ࣬ᜢπբ΢ҬϕբҔᜢ߯კ............................................. 51 Ӈξኳࠠკ .......................................................................................................... 52. კ 2.5.3! Ϧ୍Γ঩ਡЈૈΚᜢ߯ϩ‫݋‬კ ........................................................................... 55 კ 3.1.1! ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬკ .......................................................................................................... 59 კ 3.1.2! ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำ .............................................................................................................. 60 კ 4.1.1! ҁࣴ‫ز‬ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ࢎᄬ ................................................................................... 69. VI.

(9) ಃ΋കġ ᆣፕ. ಃ΋࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ. ᆵ᡼Տӧ٥ࢪεഌܿࠄጔǴӦၠч଑ᘜጕǴ٠ࣁኻ٥εഌ݈༧ᆶ๷ࡓᇯੇ݈༧Ҭࣚ ೀǴӦ౛Տ࿼੝ਸǴឦԾฅ‫্ؠ‬ଯ॥ᓀӦ୔ǴШࣚሌՉтՉϐ"Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis"ࣴ‫ز‬ൔ֋ύࡰрǺᆵ᡼ӕਔኪ៛‫ ܭ‬3 ໨а΢Ϻฅ‫্ؠ‬ϐβӦय़ᑈ Ϸय़ᖏ‫ુ࠶্ؠ‬ϐΓα֡ଯۚШࣚಃ΋(Word Bank, 2005)ǶਥᏵम୯॥ᓀᆅ౛៝ୢϦљ Maplecroft ϦѲϐȨ2011 ԃϺฅ‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀკᒠ(the Natural Hazards Risk Atlas, 2011 NR)ȩǴ ‫ך‬୯࿶ᔮࢲ୏ϐ๊ჹ‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀࡰ኱(Absolute Economic Exposure Index)ӈࣁӄౚಃѤȐӵ კ 1.1.1ȑ Ǵᆶऍ୯ǵВҁᆶεഌӦ୔٠ӈࣁ‫ڀ‬Ԗཱུᆄ॥ᓀϐ୯ৎȐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱қҜਜǴ2012ȑ Ƕ ќѦҗ‫ܭ‬ᆵ᡼೿ѱଯࡋว৖ǵβӦ໒วமࡋόᘐගଯǵғࢲࠠᄊᙯᡂǴ᏾ᡏ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬॥ᓀ Ψόᘐӛ΢ᚹϲǴԾฅᕉნаϷ‫ޗ‬࿶ૄ১ࡋቚуǴ‫܌্ؠ‬஥ٰ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐёૈၨ۳‫ࣁ׳ܯ‬Ѯ εǶ. კ 1.1.1! ӄౚ࿶ᔮࢲ୏ϐ๊ჹ‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀࡰ኱კ ȐЇԾ҇୯ 101 ԃ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱қҜਜǴ2012Ǵ। 31ȑ. 1.

(10) ӆ‫ޣ‬Ǵ਻ংᡂᎂᏤठ‫ཱུޑ‬ᆄ਻ংǴёૈࣁᆵ᡼஥ٰ஥ٰኪߘǵࢫН‫ک‬ଳ‫ײ‬฻‫্ؠ‬Ƕ аᆵ᡼࿶த‫ޑ܄‬Ϻฅ‫্ؠ‬Զ‫ق‬Ǵ‫؂‬ԃӢረࢫፄӝࠠ‫্ؠ‬ԶᏤठ‫ޑ‬ཞѨཱུࣁёᢀǴਥᏵϣ ࡹ೽ 2012 ԃ‫ܭ‬ύ๮҇୯಍ीၗૻᆛวѲȨϺฅ‫্ؠ‬೷ԋΓ঩໾Ϋ‫ࡂ܊‬ཞѨȩ‫ޑ‬಍ीኧ ᏵǴ2001 ԃ 7 Дҽ‫ޑ‬ਲ޲ረ॥೷ԋ޸ጪᑜӀൺໂεᑫ‫ ׸‬27 Γᎁ‫ډ‬βҡࢲশԝΫǴӄᆵ 111 ΓԝΫǴ9 Дҽ‫ޑ‬યಹረ॥ߟ᠍Ǵ೷ԋчᆵ᡼ᝄख़Н஻Ǵᆵч௘ၮ݈ࠄጕǵ఩Нጕǵ ᆵчًઠ฻ӦΠ៓ၡᎁНవؒǴ٠೷ԋ۸ֵܿၡǵϣ෫ǵࠄෝǵԤЗ฻Ӧᝄख़Н஻Ǵᆵ чҬ೯ഐΕᝄख़ష໶ǹ1996 ԃລդረ॥೷ԋᆵ᡼ύǵࠄ೽‫ੇݮ‬Ӧ୔ੇНॹឲǴᆵчᑜѱ ӭೀᝄख़వНǶࠄ‫׫‬ᑜНٚໂǵߞကໂǵജ‫ك‬ໂξࢫᛈวǴӭΓᎁࢲশǴӄᆵ 51 Γԝ Ϋǹ1997 ԃྕ‫ۃ‬ረ॥஥ٰ‫ߘޑ‬ໆઇᚯ݅ޭεଗӦ୷ǴᏲβᕅ஝ပǴ೷ԋ၀‫ ୔ޗ‬28 Γԝ ΫǴӄᆵ 129 ΓԝΫǹ2009 ԃವ܎լረ॥Ϸ‫ځ‬஥ٰ‫ཱུޑ‬ᆄமफ़ߘԶ೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ΖΖН‫ؠ‬ᆶ‫ڵ‬ Ӧ‫্ؠ‬Ǵ೷ԋλ݅‫׸‬ᎁβҡ௝শǴӄᆵ 643 ΓԝΫǴ൐ᆀࣁ΋ঁȨѮࠠ‫(্ؠ‬catastrophe)ȩ ȐᅜӀ๮ǵֆ‫ذ‬ӀǵယߪᑫǴ2010ȑǹ2010 ԃ‫ޑ‬ΥٗК॥‫ؠ‬ᇬߘߟ᠍ǵྛНኪᅍǴଯଯ ࡀӦ୔ᝄख़వНǹӕԃఘৃረ॥஥ٰᇬߘख़ബ᝵޸ϦၡǴ೷ԋ 38 ΓԝΫǴ‫ځ‬ύх֖ε ഌਓՉი 22 ΓѨᙫǹԶ 2012 ԃ‫ࠄޑ‬ᅦ࿎ረ॥஥ٰᇬߘ೷ԋࡀܿӦ୔ӭೀవНǵϺગረ ॥ख़ബើᔁ฻‫ؠ‬௃ǶӧӦ᎜‫্ؠ‬Бय़Ǵ1999 ԃ‫ ޑ‬921 ໣໣εӦ᎜೷ԋӄᆵ 2,415 ΓԝΫǴ ќѦ 2002 ԃ‫ ޑ‬331 εӦ᎜೷ԋᆵч 101 εኴπӦӖᖉᘐ຋Ǵӄᆵ 5 ΓԝΫǶ ୯ሞ΢ଞჹϺฅ‫্ؠ‬Ϸ࣬ᜢࣽ‫زࣴޑ্ؠמ‬ǴᡉҢΟঁख़ा੝ቻǺ΋ǵ‫্ؠ‬೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ ߎᒲཞѨϝӧ࡭ុቚуǹΒǵӧ‫্ؠ‬วғਔω຾Չջਔ‫ޑ‬෧‫ؠ‬۳۳ѝࢂӧ‫ۯ‬጗‫্ؠ‬ཞѨǴ ࣗԿ஥ٰ‫׳‬ε‫ޑ‬ӒᜤǹΟǵᕉნ૰௳аϷғᄊόѳᑽόѝ೷ԋ‫཮ޗ‬ୢᚒǴ‫཮׳‬஥ٰΠԛ ‫্ؠ‬ȐଭγϡǴ2002ȑǶ‫্ؠ‬ჹᆵ᡼ቹៜࣗ႐ԶЪค‫ݤ‬ᗉխǴय़ჹ೚ӭϺฅ‫্ؠ‬ǴҞ߻ Γᜪᗋค‫ݤ‬௓‫ڋ‬ᆶլܺǴ໻ૈуаٛጄǴ٬‫ځ‬ჹΓॺ‫ޑ‬ቹៜफ़ԿനեǶ ٩Ᏽ‫ך‬୯౜Չ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ݤ‬ȐаΠᙁᆀ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ȑ(2012)ಃΒക‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ಔᙃ࣬ᜢచЎ ϐ‫ۓ‬ကǴӚભࡹ۬ϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ಔᙃ٩‫ׇ‬ϩࣁύѧǵ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱᑜѱǵໂᙼѱ฻ΟቫભǴԶ‫ؠ‬ ্ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬ΟቫભϐҺ୍ϩπǴӧ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 6 చǵಃ 8 చϷಃ 10 చύϩձೕጄύѧǵ ᑜѱǵໂᙼΟቫϷ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔϐҺ୍Ƕύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔϐҺ୍ࣁǺ΋ǵ،‫্ؠۓ‬ٛ ௱ϐ୷ҁБଞǹΒǵਡ‫্ؠۓ‬ٛ௱୷ҁीฝϷύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅᐒᜢϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰ ୍ीฝǹΟǵਡ‫ۓ‬ख़ा‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࡹ฼ᆶ௛ࡼǹѤǵਡ‫ۓ‬ӄ୯ᆙ࡚‫্ؠ‬ϐᔈᡂ௛ࡼǹϖǵ ࿎ᏤǵԵਡύѧϷᑜѱ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ٣໨Ƕ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱᑜѱ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔϐҺ୍ࣁǺ΋ǵਡ ‫ۓ‬ӚᑜѱӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǹΒǵਡ‫ۓ‬ख़ा‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱௛ࡼϷჹ฼ǹΟǵਡ‫ۓ‬ᗄ୔ϣ‫্ؠ‬ ϐᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ௛ࡼǹѤǵ࿎ᏤǵԵਡᗄ୔ϣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ٣໨Ƕໂᙼѱ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔϐҺ ୍ࣁǺ΋ǵਡ‫ۓ‬ӚໂᙼӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǹΒǵਡ‫ۓ‬ख़ा‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱௛ࡼϷჹ฼ǹΟǵ௢ ୏౧ණԏ৒Ӽ࿼ǵ‫ؠ‬௃೯ൔǵ‫ࡕؠ‬ᆙ࡚ཟ೯ǵᕉნమ౛฻‫্ؠ‬ᆙ࡚ᔈᡂϷ᏾ഢ௛ࡼǹѤǵ ௢୏‫্ؠ୔ޗ‬ٛ௱٣‫ە‬Ƕவа΢Һ୍ϩπё‫ـ‬Ǵӧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬ύǴύѧቫભϐҺ୍ࣁ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ϐࡹ฼ೕჄǴԶᑜѱϷໂᙼቫભ‫ޑ‬ӦБࡹ۬ϐҺ୍ࣁ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍‫ޑ‬ჴሞ୺ՉǶ ӦБࡹ۬ࣁ୺Չ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբಃ΋ጕൂՏǴ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬፟ϒӦБࡹ۬Ԗᜢ៾ज़ǴѸ໪‫ڀ‬ഢִ ፾‫ޑ‬բ཰ૈΚǴаૈ୼ӢᔈӚᜪࠠ‫্ؠ‬Ǵӕਔᑜѱࡹ۬ᆶໂᙼϦ‫୺܌‬Չಃ΋ጕ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ πբाૈஏϪଛӝǴωૈ٬‫ޑ্ؠ‬໾ΫཞѨԖਏफ़եǶ. 2.

(11) Вҁύѧٛ‫཮ؠ‬᝼ӧ 2002 ԃว߄‫ޑ‬Ȩ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ΓΚၗྍ‫ޑ‬໒ว‫ک‬ճҔൔ֋ȩύࡰ рǺ‫্ؠ‬วғ‫ޑ‬ਔংǴࢂցૈ‫ז‬ೲǵྗዴ‫ޑ‬௱‫ؠ‬ǴȨΓωȩ‫ޑ‬஑཰ૈΚჹ‫্ؠܭ‬ٛ௱‫ޑ‬ ԋਏԖख़ε‫ޑ‬ቹៜǶ୯ϣҭԖ೚ӭࣴ‫ز‬ගϷΓ঩ӧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬Ǵ஭᜽ӵ(2009) ࡰрȨΓȩࢂ᏾ঁ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Չ୏Κ‫ޑ‬ख़ाᜢᗖǴԶࢫᆢர(2008)ග‫্ؠډ‬ٛ௱‫ޑ‬ୢᚒӧ ‫ܭ‬Ьᒤٛ‫ޑؠ‬Γ঩ؒԖ‫ޑ୼ى‬஑཰૽ግǴаठ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ಔᙃᡏ‫ޑس‬ᄽ຾ᆶᡂॠଶᅉό߻ǵ ᜤаပჴǶ. ಃΒ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒ. Չࡹଣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱қҜਜ(2012)ύࡰрǴӦБࡹ۬х֖ᑜѱࡹ۬ᆶໂᙼѱ୔Ϧ‫܌‬Ǵࣁ ௢୏‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࡼࡹಃ΋ጕǴΨࢂ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࡼࡹ‫୷ޑ‬ҡǴԖѸाமϯ‫ૈࡹࡼځ‬ໆǴ಍ӝӦ ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ၗྍᆶ‫ڀ‬ਏ౗‫ࡰޑ‬චፓࡋ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂբࣁǶՠ‫ך‬୯ӦБࡹ۬௢୏‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ǵ Ӣۘ҂‫ࡋڋ‬ϯᆶ஑ᙍϯԶӸӧբ཰ૈໆό‫ޑى‬ୢᚒǶҗ‫্ؠܭ‬ٛ௱཰୍ϐࡰࢴ҂кϩ٩ ஑ߏ‫܈‬ཥҺΓ঩҂ᕇ፾྽௲‫૽ػ‬ግǴ஑཰‫ޕ‬᛽ࡑගϲǴЪ୷ቫ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Γ঩೏୏ϩࢴ཰ ୍Ϸሡୖᆶᆙ࡚ᔈᡂᆶ፺ॶϐ੝‫܄‬Ǵаठ‫ੋ୍཰ځ‬Ϸ஑཰ፄᚇǵᓸΚεǵೢҺख़Ǵ࿶த य़ᖏᓎᕷӦΓ঩ࢬ୏ǶќѦӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբӭ҂ૈԖ஑ೢΓ঩ೀ౛཰୍ǴЪ‫্ؠ‬ ٛ௱཰୍࿶த೏ӦБϦ୍Γ঩ᇡࣁࢂᕮਏόܰ‫ڀ‬ᡏև౜‫୍཰ޑ‬ǴલЮᑈཱུୖᆶϐ୏ᐒǶ җ‫܍ܭ‬ᒤΓ঩࿶தፓ୏Ǵ஑཰‫ޕ‬᛽ᆶ࿶ᡍᜤаಕᑈǴ٬ठ཰୍όዕ஼Ǵ‫׎‬ԋ཰୍௢୏Γ ΚᜤᚒȐӵკ 1.2.1 ‫܌‬ҢȑǶ ᆵ᡼ӭԛᎁၶख़ε‫᠍ߟ্ؠ‬Ǵ೷ԋᝄख़‫ޑ‬Γ‫ڮ‬Ϸ଄ౢཞѨǴԶ‫؂‬ԛ‫᠍ߟ্ؠޑ‬Ǵ೿ Եᡍ๱ࡹ۬Ӓᐒೀ౛ૈΚǴԶӧᐕў‫্ؠ‬ύ‫ޑ‬Γ‫ڮ‬໾ΫϷ଄ౢཞѨǴ೿ኪ៛ᆵ᡼‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǶ2009 ԃವ܎լረ॥ߟ᠍ᆵ᡼೷ԋΖΖН‫ؠ‬Ꮴठᝄख़‫ؠ‬௃ǴᅜӀ๮฻Γଞ ჹᅱჸଣȨΖΖН‫ؠ‬ፓࢗൔ֋ȩǵՉࡹଣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ہ‬঩཮Ȩವ܎լረ॥ٛ௱‫ؠ‬ᔈᡂᔠ૸ ‫ׯ‬຾཮᝼ȩǵаϷᆵчѱࡹ۬Ȩವ܎լረ॥‫্ؠ‬٣ҹᔠ૸฼຾ൔ֋ȩǴϩձ൩‫ݤ‬ೕቫय़ǵ ಔᙃቫय़ǵၮբቫय़ǵࣽ‫מ‬᏾ӝቫय़ගр‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬ϐୢᚒǴ‫ځ‬ύᆶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰ ୍Γ঩࣬ᜢ‫ޣ‬ǴхࡴΠӚᗺȐᅜӀ๮฻ΓǴ2010ȑǺ 1. ύѧԿӦБ֡҂ပჴ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫࣬ݤ‬ᜢೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ 2. ‫ؠ‬ਔୖᆶύѧ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈբ཰Γ঩ǴӭҗӚ࣬ᜢ೽཮Γ঩ࢴঋ፺ॶǴ‫׳‬ඤᓎᕷǵࢬ ୏‫܄‬ଯǴठჹբ཰ࢬำόዕ஼Ǵதࢬ‫׎ܭ‬ԄǶ 3. ӦБࡹ۬೽ϩ஑཰ሦୱඵૈό‫ى‬Ȑ‫ٯ‬ӵǺϩ‫ࣴ݋‬ղȑǴЖલ᝾᝺‫܄‬Ϸ஑཰ࣴղૈΚǴ ҂ዴჴඓඝ‫୔ؠ‬ၗૻǶ 4. ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂය໔ǴᕵӛύѧᆶӦБᐒᜢ໔Ǵࡰචቫભધ໶ǵࡰච೯ૻ‫س‬಍ѨᡫǹᐉӛӚ ‫্ؠ‬Ьᆅᐒᜢ໔Ǵૻ৲҂ૈԖਏྎ೯ᆶ᏾ӝǴठ‫ؠ‬௃ࢗൔϷ೯ൔόֹӄǴค‫ݤ‬ӄय़ඓ ඝ‫ؠ‬௃ၗૻǴջਔᔈᡂǶ 5. ಃΟቫભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ൂՏȐໂᙼѱϦ‫܌‬ȑٛ௱‫ؠ‬фૈόᄆǴค‫ݤ‬ပჴϷਔ౧ණᄖᚆᐒ‫ڋ‬ǵ 3.

(12) ԏ৒Ӽ࿼᏾ഢૈໆό‫ى‬ǵ௱ජ‫ނ‬ၗ᏾ഢϩଛЖ٫Ǵ‫׳‬தӢҁ‫ڙي‬ཞᝄख़аठค‫ݤ‬วච ᔈԖ௱‫ؠ‬фૈǶ 6. લЮ‫্ؠ‬௃ნኳᔕϐᄽግǴѳВᄽግՉᘶӵሺǴಒ೽բ཰όዕግǴᏤठሡҔϐ೛ഢǵ ೛ࡼค‫ܭݤ‬ಃ΋ਔ໔ǴวචᔈԖਏૈǶ 7. ӦБࡹ۬લϿ‫ؠ‬௃ᆕ᏾ᆶϩ‫ૈ݋‬ΚǴค‫ݤ‬᏾ӝ࣬ᜢٛ௱‫ؠ‬ၗૻǴග‫ٮ‬ѸाϐႣ᝾ᐒ ‫ڋ‬Ƕ. ϣࡹ೽ӧȨ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ుહಃ 2 යीฝȐ૛ਢȑ ȩύගϷǴाගϲӦБ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ԋਏ ϐനЬाᜢᗖǴ२Ӄሡा୻ΚໂᙼϦ‫ૈ܌‬Ь୏வ٣‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢբࣁϐᢀ‫ۺ‬ᆶՉ୏ΚǴ ٠຾ԶࡌҥૈԖਏၮբ‫ޑ‬ᕵӛǵᐉӛᖄᛠ᏾ӝᐒ‫ڋ‬Ǵа٬ளໂᙼϦ‫܌‬ϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Һ୍ૈ ᆶ྽Ӧᑜѱࡹ۬ࠨӝǶ೭٤πբΨ೿ሡा‫ڀ‬ഢ‫୼ى‬નᎦ‫ޑ‬஑཰Γ঩ǴҗӦБࡹ۬ϐϣ೽ ຾Չᡏ‫س‬மϯᆶ፦ᡂπբǴωૈ੿҅ပჴ௢୏Ƕ ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬፟ϒӦБ२ߏѳਔ࿎ᏤǵԵਡ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ٣໨ǵ‫ؠ‬ਔᔈᡂ‫ࡰޑ‬ච៾Ǵՠӧ ҇ᒧ२ߏѤԃ΋Һ‫ࡋڋޑ‬ΠǴӦБ२ߏऩҁ‫্ؠߚي‬ٛ௱ሦୱ஑ߏ‫ޣ‬Ǵჹ‫࣬ܭ‬ᜢೕ‫ۓ‬Ϸ ୺ՉǴၨᜤပჴϷ௢୏ȐࢫᆢரǴ2008ȑǴԶ཰୍‫܍‬ᒤΓ঩ΞӢቫભၸեǵࢬ୏‫܄‬εϷ ஑཰‫ޕ‬᛽ό‫ى‬฻ӢનǴԶቹៜ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ԋਏǶӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅॄೢᆕӝ ‫্ؠ܄‬ٛ௱཰୍ϐ᏾ӝೕჄǴჹ‫୍཰ځܭ‬ᔈԖӄय़ᕕှǴӢԜҁࣴ‫ز‬аӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱཰୍ЬᆅࣁჹຝǴႣයࡌҥ‫ځ‬ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱Ǵаයૈࣁ࣬ᜢΓ঩૽ግೕჄϐୖԵǶ. ›幤Ʊ ょ婈巨ỺƱ ➑⅙⟥. 擰㼻⫆㠫䚣娖᳋山. 昙䁤㥔⋀Ḳ㋮㴥㜑ℬ⇭ᾄ⯯敞㴥 ỢƏ䵺⸟䂡㖗ỢạⓈ㜑䍙恐䕝㕀備姺䷛Ə凛⯯㥔䟌嬿ᷴ嶚˛. ䷸ᴍ⫆㠫奋䚣僅娖. ⟡ⱋ䁤⮚昙㔸ạⓈ⤁ⱓⅣ徍Ə廪䄈㙮凮僤⊂ẻ䴗〄俪凮奶≪䁤⮚ 昙㔸Ḳ憴滅ⷌὃ凮㖠⏸˛䁤⮚ㆰ 孱曧弑‣˚岓Ợ憴˚⢺⊂⤎˛. 坩↓⃄㯼Ʊ ᵸ⎟㯿↓曹䳿. 䳼㐆 ᳋㓑⌆䊼. 䁤⮚昙㔸㥔⋀墒✗㖠⅓⋀ạⓈ婴䂡㘖⏪⊂ᷴ姵⥤Ḳ㥔⋀Ə᷻严㔯 ᷴ㗺␯䏥˛. ⛇巏⯯㥔柿⟆Ə伡Ḷ态嬿Ḳ⯯㥔婴䟌Ə⌻媦㺄态ᷴ㗺˛. კ 1.2.1! ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍௢୏ୢᚒ ȐЇԾՉࡹଣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱қҜਜǴ2012Ǵ। 161ȑ. 4.

(13) ಃΟ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ᆶࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ. ΋ǵࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ ୷‫ܭ‬΢ॊ‫زࣴޑ‬ङඳᆶ୏ᐒǴҁࣴ‫ز‬Ⴃी೸ၸ஑ৎೖፋǵ஑ৎୢ‫ڔ‬Ϸ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ ϩ‫݋‬Ǵࡌҥ‫ך‬୯ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅ௲‫ػ‬ϣ఼Ϸࡰ኱Ǵයఈ೸ၸҁࣴ‫ز‬ԋ݀Ǵ ёၲ‫ډ‬ΠӈҞ‫ޑ‬Ǻ Ȑ΋ȑġᕕှ‫ך‬୯ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅϐ௲‫૽ػ‬ግሡ‫؃‬Ƕ ȐΒȑġКၨ୯ሞ΢‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Γ঩௲‫૽ػ‬ግว৖БӛǶ ȐΟȑġࡌᄬ‫ך‬୯ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅ௲‫૽ػ‬ግਡЈૈΚࡰ኱Ƕ. Βǵࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ ୷‫߻ܭ‬ॊϐࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬Ǵᔕुࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒǴа଺ࣁࣴ‫ز‬຾Չ‫ޑ‬БӛǴҁࣴ‫ز‬ ట௖૸‫ޑ‬ୢᚒӵΠǺ Ȑ΋ȑġӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅ‫܌‬ሡाϐਡЈૈΚϣ఼ࣁՖǻ ȐΒȑġ୯ሞ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Γ঩௲‫૽ػ‬ግว৖౜‫ࣁݩ‬Ֆǻ ȐΟȑġࣁ௢୏‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ϐѳਔೕჄϷ‫ؠ‬ਔᔈᡂǴ‫ך‬୯ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ Ьᆅϐ௲‫૽ػ‬ግᔈх֖ব٤ਡЈૈΚࡰ኱ǻ. ಃѤ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶज़‫ڋ‬. ΋ǵࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ ҁࣴ‫ز‬ϐࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ڋ‬ύϐಃΒቫભᆶಃΟቫભǴа‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜ ȐѱȑϷໂȐᙼǵѱǵ୔ȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅࣁࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝǴхࡴᑜѱ੃ֽٛ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ ౛ࣽȐ‫܈‬᏾ഢᔈᡂࣽȑࣽߏǵໂȐᙼǵѱǵ୔ȑϦ‫ॄ܌‬ೢ‫܍‬ᒤ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ϐ҇ࡹ ፐȐ‫܈‬ၭ࿶ፐ‫ࡌ܈‬೛ፐȑፐߏǶ. 5.

(14) Βǵࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫ڋ‬ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰఼୍ᇂቶ‫ݱ‬Ǵ൳Яࡹ۬ᐒᜢӚൂՏ‫୍ࣣ཰ޑ‬ᆶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Ԗ‫܌‬ᜢᖄǴ ҁࣴ‫ࡰ܌ز‬ϐٛ‫ࣁ୍཰ؠ‬ӧ୺Չ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ਔᆕӝ‫܄‬ჹѦᖄ๎ืαϷ᏾ӝٛ‫ؠ‬ೕ Ⴤϐ཰୍ǴԶߚࡰ‫܌‬Ԗᆶٛ‫࣬ؠ‬ᜢ‫୍཰ޑ‬Ƕ. ಃϖ࿯ġ. Ӝຒ‫ۓ‬က. ࣁ٬ҁࣴ‫܌ز‬٬Ҕ‫ޑ‬ӜຒཀကܴዴǴ૟ஒख़ाӜຒуаࣚ‫ۓ‬ӵΠǺ. ΋ǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ‫ך‬୯‫ؠ‬ٛ‫(ݤ‬2000)ಃ΋చᇥܴҥ‫ݤ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬Ǻ Ȩࣁ଼ӄ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ڋ‬Ǵமϯ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ фૈǴаዴߥΓ҇ғ‫ڮ‬ǵ‫ي‬ᡏǵ଄ౢϐӼӄϷ୯βϐߥӄǴ੝‫ۓڋ‬ҁ‫ݤ‬Ƕȩӧӕ‫ݤ‬ ಃΒచಃ΋໨ಃΒී߾‫ۓ‬ကȨ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ȩࢂ‫্ؠ‬Ⴃٛǵ‫ؠ‬ਔᔈᡂϷ‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌ฻ ௛ࡼǶऍ୯ᖄٖᆙ࡚٣୍ᆅ౛ᕴ࿿ (Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA) ‫ۓ‬ကᆙ࡚٣୍ᆅ౛(Emergency management)ࣁӢᔈԾฅ‫্ؠ‬ǵΓࣁ‫্ؠ‬аϷ৮‫װ܀‬ ᔐϐ࠶ુǴ‫ڐ‬ፓϷ᏾ӝ‫܌‬Ԗሡा‫ޑ‬Չ୏Ǵаࡌҥǵᆢ࡭Ϸ‫ׯ‬๓Ԗᜢ‫ߥܭ‬ៈǵ᏾ഢǵ ᔈᡂǵൺচǵ෧‫࣬ޑؠ‬ᜢπբ (FEMA, 2011)Ƕᆕӝ΢ॊǴ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ϐπբǴΏ఼ᇂ ‫߻ؠ‬ϐ॥ᓀᆅ౛(risk management)Ǵᆶ‫ࡕؠ‬ϐࡕ݀ᆅ౛(consequence management)Ǵ ග‫ٮ‬Γ҇ғ‫ڮ‬ᆶӼӄߥምǴаϷᗉխ࿶ᔮཞѨϐ࣬ᜢҺ୍ȐଭγϡǴ2012ȑ ǶӚભࡹ ۬ᔈ٩‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ϐೕ‫ۓ‬ᔕ‫ۓ‬Ӛ໨‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǴаࣁ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢπբϐ୺Չ٩ᏵǶ. ΒǵӦБࡹ۬ (local government) ӦБࡹ۬ࢂࡰӧ੝‫ۓ‬Ӧ౛୔ୱϣՉ٬‫ݯ‬౛៾ճ‫܈ࡋڋޑ‬ಔᙃȐֈ‫ػ‬၈Ǵ2006ȑǶ ٩‫ך‬୯ӦБ‫(ݤࡋڋ‬2010)ჹ‫ܭ‬ӦБಔᙃᡏ‫س‬ϐೕ‫ۓ‬ǴӦБჄϩࣁ࣪ǵ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǶ࣪Ⴤ ϩࣁᑜǵѱǹᑜჄϩࣁໂǵᙼǵᑜᗄѱǶ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱϷѱ֡Ⴤϩࣁ୔ǴԶ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ ϷໂȐᙼǵᑜᗄѱȑ֡ࣁӦБԾ‫ݯ‬იᡏǴ٩‫ݤ‬ᒤ౛ӦБԾ‫ݯ‬Ǵ٠୺Չ΢ભࡹ۬‫ہ‬ᒤ ٣໨Ƕќ‫ך‬୯ӦБՉࡹᐒᜢಔᙃྗ߾(2010)‫܌‬ᆀӦБՉࡹᐒᜢǴࢂࡰ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱࡹ۬ǵ ᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬ǵໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫܌‬Ϸ‫܌ځ‬ឦᐒᜢǶҞ߻‫ך‬୯Ԗᆵчѱǵཥчѱǵᆵ ύѱǵᆵࠄѱǵଯ໢ѱ฻ 5 ঁ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǹᆵ᡼࣪ᗄ 12 ᑜǵ3 ѱǵ213 ঁໂȐᙼǵѱǵ ୔ȑǹаϷᅽࡌ࣪ᗄ 2 ᑜǵ10 ໂȐᙼȑǶ. 6.

(15) Οǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅ ҁࣴ‫্ؠࡰ܌ز‬ٛ௱཰୍ЬᆅǴࣁቶက௢୏‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ਔǴᆕӝ‫܄‬ჹѦᖄ๎ ืαϐൂՏЬᆅǴ‫៾୍཰ځ‬ೢхࡴ᏾ӝѳਔ‫ޑ‬ٛ‫ؠ‬ೕჄϷ‫ؠ‬ਔ‫ޑ‬ᆙ࡚ᔈᡂϐᆕӝ‫܄‬ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ǵӧಃ΋ጕ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬ϐၮբ΢ǴΏ‫ת‬ᄽӚᐒᜢ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ཰୍ фૈ᏾ӝѳᆵϐ‫ف‬ՅǶ. ѤǵਡЈૈΚ (core capabilities) ਡЈૈΚࢂಔᙃϣӭᅿ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵ‫ೌמ‬ǵૈΚϷᄊࡋ‫ޑ‬᏾ӝǴࣁ୺Չ཰୍‫ޑ‬ᜢᗖૈ ΚǴёа೸ၸঁΓ‫܈‬ಔᙃၸѐ‫ډ‬౜ӧ‫ޑ‬࿶ᡍಕᑈϷ‫ޕ‬᛽ᏢಞǴЪਡЈૈΚёࣁಔᙃ ගϲᝡ‫ݾ‬ᓬ༈Ǵ٠ё࿶җ૽ግว৖Զள‫ׯډ‬๓Ƕҁࣴ‫ز‬ଞჹӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ ЬᆅਡЈૈΚ‫ۓ‬ကࣁǺࣁ٬ӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅૈа҅ዴ‫ޕޑ‬᛽‫ک‬ᢀ‫ۺ‬ೕჄ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ཰୍Ǵ٠ЪૈԖਏӦ௢୏Ǵଞჹ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬ᆶၮբǵٛ‫ؠ‬ೕჄǵᆙ ࡚ᔈᡂϷ୺Չ཰୍ϐᄊࡋ฻य़ӛǶ. ϖǵࡰ኱ (indicator) ࡰ኱ࢂҔаᡉҢ‫߄ࡋڋ‬౜௃‫ޑ׎‬΋ᅿߞဦ(Spee ᆶ Bormans, 1992)Ǵ‫ࢂ܈‬΋ᅿࡰ ЇǴёаᙖаᕕှ٠ෳໆ٣‫ޑނ‬፦‫܈‬ໆ(Cuttance, 1990)Ƕࡰ኱‫܌‬ж߄‫ޑ‬ό໻ࢂ΋ᅿ ϸᔈࣴ‫زࣴޣز‬Ьᚒϐ಍ीෳໆБԄǴҭёаբࣁᡉҢ٣‫߄ނ‬౜௃‫׎‬ϐჹྣǴϷᕕ ှ٣‫ނ‬፦ໆϐ‫ڀ‬ᡏࡰЇȐ೾ࡿՙǴ2001ȑ Ƕࣁ٬ࡰ኱ҁ‫ܭي‬ӚБय़೿‫ڀ‬Ԗж߄‫܄‬Ǵࡰ ኱Ѹ໪ϸᔈࡌᄬЬᚒϐᜢᗖाનǶ. 7.

(16)

(17) ಃΒകġ Ў᝘ӣ៝. ಃ΋࿯ġ ‫্ؠ‬ᆶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱. ΋ǵ‫ۓޑ্ؠ‬ကᆶᜪࠠ ‫(্ؠ‬disaster)Ǵӧ‫ך‬୯‫ؠ‬ٛ‫(ݤ‬2000)ύǴ൩ӷကаȨ‫ؠ‬ᜤ‫܌‬೷ԋϐᅾ্ȩᆀϐǶ ฅԶҗ‫ܭ‬ԾฅᕉნᡂᎂаϷ‫཮ޗ‬࿶ᔮᆶࣽ‫זמ‬ೲᡂϯǴу΢൞ᡏࢲ୏аϷၗૻҬࢬ ᓎᕷϐቹៜǴ‫ۓޑ্ؠ‬ကਔதᡂ୏ǴЪВᖿፄᚇǶ‫ۓޑ্ؠ‬ကᆶȨӒ্ȩ(hazard)ǵ Ȩ॥ᓀȩ(risk)аϷȨᆙ࡚٣ҹȩ(emergency)ԖஏϪ‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯ǶӒ্ࢂࡰჹΓᜪϷ‫ځ‬ғ ‫ڮ‬ǵᅽࣸǵ‫ނ‬፦‫ک‬ᕉნ‫(ુ࠶ޑ‬Harris et al., 1978)ǴԶ॥ᓀࢂࡰ٩Ᏽ౜Ԗ‫ޑ‬ၗ਑ኧᏵ ϷࣽᏢ‫ޕ‬᛽Ǵӧ੝‫ۓ‬Ӧᗺวғ‫ޑ্ؠ‬ёૈ‫(܄‬Pearce, 2000)Ǵவ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛‫ࡋفޑ‬Զ‫ق‬Ǵ Ӓ্ࢂࡰወӧ‫্ؠޑ‬ǴԶ॥ᓀࢂࡰ‫্ؠ‬วғ‫ޑ‬ᐒ౗Ƕ ਥᏵᖄӝ୯୯ሞ෧‫ؠ‬Μԃ(International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, IDNDR)ჹ‫ۓޑ্ؠ‬ကࣁǺ‫ډڙ‬Ӓ্วғቹៜǴᝄख़‫ޑ‬ઇᚯ‫཮ޗ‬ၮբǴ೷ԋεೕኳΓ ‫ڮ‬໾Ϋ‫ނک‬፦ϷᕉნཞѨǴ٠Ъຬр྽Ӧ‫཮ޗ‬ёᏧҁ‫ي‬ၗྍᔈб‫ૈޑ‬Κ(Disaster and Hazard Assessment, 1992)ǶԶࡕᖄӝ୯୯ሞ෧‫ؠ‬฼ౣઝਜೀ(International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, ISDR)‫ۓ‬က‫ࢂ্ؠ‬ғ‫ڮ‬ǵ‫ނ‬፦ǵ࿶ᔮаϷᕉნӢ٣ҹ‫ޑ‬วғԶ೷ ԋཞѨǴ٬‫཮ޗ‬ᡏ‫ڋ‬ၮբ࡚ೲ஝ှǴЪຬр‫ځ‬Ծ‫ي‬ᏱԖၗྍ‫ૈ܌‬ᔈб(ISDR, 2004)Ƕ КճਔᎹ‫ފ‬εᏢࢬՉ੯ੰ‫ز্ࣴؠ‬ύЈ(Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, CRED)ࡌ࿼‫ޑ‬ᆙ࡚٣ҹၗ਑৤(Emergency Events Database, EM-DAT)߾‫ۓ‬ က‫ൂࣁ্ؠ‬΋٣ҹ‫ځ܈‬ቹៜǴຬр྽Ӧ‫ૈ཮ޗ‬ᔈб‫ૈޑ‬ΚǴѸ໪൨‫؃‬ӄ୯‫܈܄‬୯ሞ Ѧජ(EM-DAT, 1992)Ƕаനᙁൂ‫ޑ‬ӷय़ཀကٰᇥǴ‫ࡰࢂ্ؠ‬ӢӒ্วғԶᏤठΓᜪ ғ‫ڮ‬଄ౢ‫܈‬ᕉნၗྍεໆཞѨϐ٣ҹȐଭγϡǴ2002ȑǶ. ᵸ. 㼻⩱ ∯⩱. ㋋⟯. კ 2.1.1! ᄬԋ‫ޑ্ؠ‬Οঁाન Ȑၗ਑ٰྍǺҁࣴ‫ز‬ᛤᇙȑ 9.

(18) வ߻ॊჹ‫ޑ্ؠ‬ှញёаว౜Ǵ‫ࢂ্ؠ‬аȨΓȩࣁрวᗺǴᇥܴᕉნᆶΓ‫ޑ‬ᜢ ߯Ƕջ‫ࢂ্ؠ‬΋ᅿ౜ຝǴ‫ޔ‬ௗ‫܈‬໔ௗჹΓᜪ‫ޑ‬ғ‫ڮ‬ǵ଄ౢǵࣗԿࢂ๤፾ౢғӒ্‫܈‬ ཞ্ȐЦ‫ד‬㊆Ǵ1997ȑ Ǵඤ‫ق‬ϐǴ‫ޑ্ؠ‬ౢғѸ໪х֖ΟঁाનǴ΋ࣁӒ্‫ޑ‬วғǵ ΒࣁΓᜪǵΟࣁཞѨǴલϿΟ‫ޣ‬ϐ΋൩όૈᆀࣁ‫্ؠ‬Ȑӵკ 2.1.1ȑǶаӦ᎜‫ࣁ্ؠ‬ ‫ٯ‬ǴऩӧคΓ‫ޑ‬λ৞วғεೕኳӦ᎜Ǵ‫ࢂ܈‬ӧ೿ѱ္วғλೕኳӦ᎜ЪؒԖғ‫܈ڮ‬ ଄ౢ‫ޑ‬ཞѨǴԜ‫ٿ‬ᅿ௃‫׎‬೿ѝૈᇥࢂԾฅ౜ຝǴԶό೏ᆀࣁ‫্ؠ‬ǶӢԜȨ‫্ؠ‬ȩύ ᗦ֖ుࠆȨΓȩ‫ޑ‬ཀ఼ǴᆶΓᜪࢲ୏৲৲࣬ᜢȐ݅‫ذ‬ఘǴ2001ȑǶ ‫ޑ্ؠ‬ᜪࠠǴԾԐය‫ز্ࣴؠ‬ሦୱ‫ۈ‬ว৖ਔ‫ޑ‬ᘜᜪǴջऊౣϩࣁϺฅ‫(ޑ‬natural) ‫ک্ؠ‬Γࣁ‫(ޑ‬man-made)‫ٿ্ؠ‬ᜪǴӧ‫ך‬୯‫ؠ‬ٛ‫(ݤ‬2000)ಃΒచύ‫ۓ‬က‫্ؠޑ‬ᜪࠠǴ х֖॥‫ؠ‬ǵН‫ؠ‬ǵ᎜‫ؠ‬ǵ‫ؠײ‬ǵൣ্ǵβҡࢬ‫্ؠ‬฻Ϻฅ‫্ؠ‬ǴаϷО‫ؠ‬ǵᛈࣆǵ ϦҔ਻ᡏᆶ‫ݨ‬਑ᆅጕǵᒡႝጕၡ‫্ؠ‬ǵ᝜‫ؠ‬ǵ‫ޜ‬ᜤǵੇᜤǵഌ΢Ҭ೯٣ࡺǵහ݅О ‫ؠ‬ǵࢥ‫܄‬ϯᏢ‫ނ‬፦‫্ؠ‬฻‫্ؠ‬Ǵεठ‫ݮ‬Ҕ߻ॊϺฅ‫্ؠ‬ϷΓࣁ‫ޑ্ؠ‬ᘜᜪ‫س‬಍Ƕՠ ᒿ๱π཰ϯ‫཮ޗ‬Ϸ೛ी‫ޑೌמ‬ว৖ǵ࿶ᔮ่ᄬ‫ׯ‬ᡂǵΓα೿ѱϯǵ‫۔‬Ⴛᡏ‫س‬฻ӢનǴ ೴ ᅌ ᜤа ୔ձ Ϻ ฅ‫্ ؠ‬ᆶ Γࣁ ‫ޣ ٿ্ ؠ‬Ƕ Smith ӧ 1996 ԃ ග ра ᕉ ნӒ ্ (environmental hazard)ٰ಍ᆀϺฅ‫্ؠ‬ᆶΓࣁ‫্ؠ‬Ǵ٠ஒӒ্ᜪࠠϩࣁаΠ 6 ᜪǺӦ ෘᄬ೷(tectonic)ǴхࡴӦ᎜ϷОξᛈวǹ፦ໆ౽୏(mass movement)Ǵхࡴ‫ڵ‬Ӧ‫্ؠ‬ǵ ξ஝‫ک‬ഓ஝ǹε਻(atmospheric)Ǵхࡴኪ॥ߘ‫਻ک‬௽ǹғ‫ނނ‬౛(biophysical)Ǵхࡴ ਻ং౦தϷࢬՉੰǹНЎ(hydrological)ǴхࡴН‫ؠ‬Ϸ‫ؠײ‬ǹаϷࣽ‫(מ‬technological)Ǵ хࡴϯᏢ‫্ؠ‬ǵਡ‫্ؠ‬ϷԦࢉǶ‫ޑ্ؠ‬ԋӢନΑԵໆ٣ҹҁ‫ޑي‬ઇᚯ‫܄‬ѦǴҗ‫ܭ‬೿ ѱϯ౜ຝِೲว৖ǴӢӒ্วғ‫ޑ‬Ȩ୔Տȩ‫܌‬Ꮴठ‫ޑ‬೿ѱ‫্ؠ܄‬Ǵёૈ‫ޔ‬ௗቹៜ‫ؠ‬ ্ೕኳǴҭόё۹ຎȐଭγϡǴ2002ȑǶ ೯த‫্ؠ‬٣ҹวғ‫่݀ޑ‬ǴཱུϿ߳ज़ӧൂ΋‫܌্ؠ‬೷ԋϐቹៜǴচғ‫্ؠ‬۳۳ ‫ޔ‬ௗ‫܈‬໔ௗ़ғΒԛ‫্ؠ‬ǴࣗԿೱ஥ᏤठΟԛ‫্ؠ‬Ǵ‫׎‬ԋ΋ᅿ᜘่‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯ǴᆀࣁȨፄ ӝࠠ‫(্ؠ‬multi-disaster or multi-hazard)ȩ Ǵ೷ԋೱᙹ‫ؠ܄‬௃Ǵᔈаӭϡ‫ޑ‬БԄख़ཥࡘ ԵǶ. Βǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ‫্ؠ‬ค‫ݤ‬ᗉխǴय़ჹ‫্ؠ‬ёૈ஥ٰ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐǴሡाԖ‫܌‬ٛጄϷྗഢǴय़ჹ‫ޑ্ؠ‬ ٛጄϷྗഢπբӧӚ୯Ԗόӕ‫ޑ‬ᇥ‫ݤ‬Ƕ‫ך‬୯‫ؠ‬ٛ‫(ݤ‬2000)ಃ΋చᇥܴҥ‫ݤ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬Ǻ Ȩࣁ ଼ӄ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ڋ‬Ǵமϯ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱фૈǴаዴߥΓ҇ғ‫ڮ‬ǵ‫ي‬ᡏǵ଄ౢϐӼӄϷ୯ βϐߥӄǴ੝‫ۓڋ‬ҁ‫ݤ‬Ƕȩӧӕ‫ݤ‬ಃΒచಃ΋໨ಃΒී߾‫ۓ‬ကȨ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ȩࢂ‫্ؠ‬ Ⴃٛǵ‫ؠ‬ਔᔈᡂϷ‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌ฻௛ࡼǶ FEMA аȨᆙ࡚٣୍ᆅ౛ȩ(Emergency Management)բࣁࡰᆀ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ ЬाҔᇟǴ٠ஒ‫ۓځ‬ကࣁǺஒёҔ‫ޑ‬ၗྍԖಔᙃ‫ޑ‬຾Չϩ‫݋‬ǵೕჄǵ،฼аϷࢴᇾǴ аଞჹ‫܌‬Ԗᜪձ‫ޑ‬Ӓ্ፂᔐǴ୺Չ෧‫ؠ‬ǵ᏾ഢǵᔈᡂᆶൺচख़ࡌҺ୍Ƕᆙ࡚٣୍ᆅ 10.

(19) ౛‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱ࣁǺࡳ௱ғ‫ڮ‬ǵႣٛ໾্ǵߥៈ଄ౢᆶᕉნ(2006)ǶFEMA ӧ 2011 ԃΞଞ ჹᆙ࡚٣୍ᆅ౛ቚуаΠ‫ۓ‬ကǺӢᔈԾฅ‫্ؠ‬ǵΓࣁ‫্ؠ‬аϷ৮‫װ܀‬ᔐϐ࠶ુǴ‫ڐ‬ ፓϷ᏾ӝ‫܌‬Ԗሡा‫ޑ‬Չ୏Ǵаࡌҥǵᆢ࡭Ϸ‫ׯ‬๓Ԗᜢ‫ߥܭ‬ៈǵ᏾ഢǵᔈᡂǵൺচǵ ෧‫࣬ޑؠ‬ᜢπբǶ Вҁ‫্ؠ‬ჹ฼୷ҁ‫(ݤ‬2010)ಃ΋చܴुҥ‫ݤ‬Ҟ‫ࣁޑ‬Ǻ‫্ؠ‬วғਔૈߥៈ୯βϷ ୯҇‫ޑ‬ғ‫ڮ‬ǵ‫ي‬ᡏϷ଄ౢǶ೸ၸ୯ৎǵӦБϦӅიᡏϷ‫ځ‬дϦӅᐒᜢǴࡌҥٛ‫࣬ؠ‬ ᜢϐѸाᡏ‫ڋ‬ϷܴዴϐೢҺᘜឦǶ٠೸ၸਡ‫ۓ‬ٛ‫ؠ‬ीฝǵ‫্ؠ‬ႣٛϷ‫্ؠ‬ᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ ௛ࡼǵ‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌϷٛ‫࣬ؠ‬ᜢϐߎᑼ௛ࡼǴаϷ‫ځ‬дѸ໪ϐ‫্ؠ‬ೀ౛চ߾Ǵ௢୏ ӄय़‫܄‬ǵीฝ‫܄‬ϐٛ‫ؠ‬ՉࡹྗഢǴ຾Զᆢ࡭‫཮ޗ‬જ‫ׇ‬ᆶዴߥϦӅᅽࣸǶӧӕ‫ޑݤ‬ಃ ΒచύаȨٛ‫ؠ‬ȩࣁ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ЬाҔᇟǴ٠ஒ‫ۓځ‬ကࣁٛ஻‫ܭ্ؠ‬҂ฅǵ‫ܭ‬ ‫্ؠ‬วғਔٛЗ‫্ؠ‬ᘉεаϷ຾Չ‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌǶ ჹ‫্ؠܭ‬ٛ௱ϐ‫ۓ‬ကӚ୯ᗨฅόֹӄ΋ठǴՠ୷ҁπբࢎᄬࠅคৡ౦Ƕଭγϡ (2012)ᇡࣁ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբǴ఼ᇂ‫্ؠ‬วғ߻ϐ॥ᓀᆅ౛(risk management)Ǵᆶ‫্ؠ‬ว ғࡕϐࡕ݀ᆅ౛(consequence management)Ǵග‫ٮ‬Γ҇ғ‫ڮ‬ϷӼӄߥምǴ٠ᗉխ࿶ᔮ ཞѨǶऍ୯ஒ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբϩࣁႣٛǵᔈᡂǵൺচख़ࡌࢎᄬǴԶಒϩ‫ځ‬ϣ৒Ǵё٩ ਔ‫ׇ‬ϩࣁႣٛϷߥៈǵ෧‫ؠ‬ǵ᏾ഢǵᔈᡂᆶൺচख़ࡌǴԜϖ໘ࢤࣁ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛‫ޑ‬ൻᕉ ၸำ(FEMA, 2011)Ǵӵკ 2.1.2 ‫܌‬ҢǶԶ‫ך‬୯௦Ҕᜪ՟ऍ୯ϐࢎᄬǴՠ໻аѳਔ෧‫ؠ‬ǵ ‫߻ؠ‬᏾ഢǵ‫ؠ‬ਔᔈᡂǵᆶ‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌ฻Ѥ໘ࢤࣁ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ЬाࢎᄬǶ ҁࣴ‫ୖز‬Ե FEMA ӧ 2011 ԃ 5 ДϦ໒‫ޑ‬ᐱҥࣴ‫ ز‬IS230ɡᆙ࡚٣୍ᆅ౛‫୷ޑ‬ᘵ (Fundamentals of Emergency Management)Ǵஒ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛ϐൻᕉၸำᜢᗖ໘ࢤ᏾౛ᇥ ܴӵΠǶ. კ 2.1.2! ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛‫ޑ‬ൻᕉၸำ Ȑၗ਑ٰྍǺҁࣴ‫ز‬ᛤᇙȑ. 11.

(20) Ȑ΋ȑġѳਔ෧‫(ؠ‬mitigation) ෧‫ޑؠ‬ЬाҞ‫ࢂޑ‬फ़ե‫੃܈‬ନჹ‫ܭ‬ғ‫ڮ‬଄ౢ‫ߏޑ‬ය‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀǴхࡴ෧ᇸ ჴሞ‫܈‬ወӧ‫ޑ‬Ӓ্‫܌‬ౢғ‫݀ࡕޑ‬Ƕ෧‫ؠ‬௛ࡼԖ೚ӭᅿǴ۳۳ࢂ٩Ᏽၸѐ‫ؠޑ‬ ্࿶ᡍว৖ԶٰǴӧ‫߻ؠ‬ǵ‫ؠ‬ύϷ‫ࣣࡕؠ‬ёՉ୏Ƕ೸ၸࡹ฼ᆅ౛аϷӚᅿӢ ᔈ௛ࡼǴٰ෧ᇸ‫্ؠ‬ቹៜ‫܈‬ٛЗ‫্ؠ‬วғǶ෧‫ؠ‬௛ࡼ೯த౐ੋ‫ډ‬फ़եૄ১ࡋ (vulnerability) ‫ ޑ‬ჹ฼Ǵ Զૄ১ ࡋ‫ޑ‬य़ ӛхࡴ Ǻ୷ᘵࡌ ೛ૄ১ ࡋ (physical vulnerability) ǵ ‫ ૄ ཮ ޗ‬১ ࡋ (social vulnerability) ǵ ࿶ ᔮ ૄ ১ ࡋ (economic vulnerability) а Ϸᕉნૄ১ࡋ (environmental vulnerability) (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2004)Ƕ෧‫ؠ‬ёϩࣁ่ᄬ‫܄‬෧‫ؠ‬ǵ ߚ่ᄬ‫܄‬෧‫ؠ‬ǵ୷ᘵࡌ೛෧‫ؠ‬аϷ‫ߥ্ؠ‬ᓀǶ่ᄬ‫܄‬෧‫ࡰࢂؠ‬аமϯࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ ‫܈‬ᄬᑐ೛ࡼаफ़ե॥ᓀǴ‫ٯ‬ӵமϯࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ऐ᎜‫܄‬ǵᑫࡌ൒ٛᆶ‫ܜ‬Нઠǹߚ่ ᄬ‫ޑ܄‬෧‫ࡰࢂؠ‬ၮҔࡹ฼ᆶ௛ࡼǴϩණۚՐ‫҇ޑ‬౲аफ़ե‫্ؠ‬วғਔ໾Ϋ‫ޑ‬ ॥ᓀǴ‫ٯ‬ӵҥ‫ݤ‬࿣Зଯ॥ᓀӦ୔ۚՐ҇౲ǵज़‫ڋ‬໒วமࡋǵаᓬඁิ౗Ⴔᓰ ե॥ᓀӦ୔೛࿼Րӻǵ‫܈‬ճҔӅӕߥᓀ௛ࡼаफ़ե‫্ؠ‬ཞѨ฻ǹ୷ᘵࡌ೛෧ ‫ࢂ߾ؠ‬மϯ‫ٮ‬Н‫ٮ‬ႝ฻ᜢᗖ୷ᘵ೛ࡼ‫ޑ‬ऐ‫܄ؠ‬Ǵа෧Ͽ‫্ؠ‬วғਔǴӢલН લႝ‫܈‬ᆅጕઇ຋‫܌‬೷ԋ‫ޑ‬໾Ϋǹ‫ߥ্ؠ‬ᓀ߾ࢂ෧጗‫ޑ҇ؠ‬଄୍ॄᏼǴᗨฅό ૈफ़եჴ፦ᕉნ‫ૄޑ‬১‫܄‬Ǵՠёᙖҗ‫ߥ׫‬Γ‫ޑ‬Ӆӕϩᏼٰ‫܍‬ᏼ‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀǶ ȐΒȑġႣٛϷߥៈ(prevention/protection) ႣٛϷߥៈࢂࡰ௦‫ڗ‬Չ୏‫ࢂ܈‬уаυႣаᗉխ‫ߔ܈‬З‫ޑ্ؠ‬วғǴаߥ ምΓ҇‫ޑ‬ғ‫کڮ‬଄ౢӼӄǶ‫ځ‬ጄᛑੋϷၗૻ‫ځک‬дߞ৲‫ޑ‬΋‫س‬ӈࢲ୏Ǵ‫ځ‬ύ ёૈхࡴϸӛ௛ࡼǴ‫ٯ‬ӵǺ࠶ᓵᏹբǵуமᔠࢗǵуமᅱෳ฻Ƕ ȐΟȑġ‫߻ؠ‬᏾ഢ(preparedness) җ‫ܭ‬෧‫ؠ‬πբค‫ֹݤ‬ӄ௨ନ‫্ؠ‬วғ‫ޑ‬ёૈ‫܄‬Ǵࡺ᏾ഢࢂਥᏵ‫্ؠ‬ёૈ ஥ٰ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐ‫ྗޑ଺܌‬ഢπբǴ‫ځ‬Ҟ኱ࢂӧ‫্ؠ‬วғϐ߻ࡌҥ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂૈໆǵ ᆢ࡭٠࡭ុ‫ׯ‬຾Ǵ྽ᆙ࡚‫ݩރ‬วғਔǴफ़ե‫্ؠ‬ፂᔐǶӒ্ૄ১ࡋϩ‫(݋‬Hazard Vulnerability Assessment, HVA)‫ࢂ่݀ޑ‬᏾ഢπբೕჄനख़ा‫ޑ‬٩ᏵǴόӕӦ ୔Ϸ‫܌཮ޗ‬ሡा‫߻ؠޑ‬᏾ഢπբǴҭஒӢࣁόӕ‫ૄޑ‬১ࡋϣ఼ԶԖ‫܌‬ৡ౦Ƕ FEMA ஒ᏾ഢπբೕጄࣁϖঁ᏾ഢҺ୍ൻᕉ(preparedness cycle)ӵკ 2.1.3 ‫܌‬ ҢǴ‫ځ‬ϣ৒хࡴǺ 1. ीฝ(plan)Ǻጓुᆙ࡚ᔈᡂीฝ(Emergency Operations Plan, EOP)Ǵаዴҥ ೢҺǵ௤៾ǵำ‫ׇ‬ǵ‫܌‬ሡၗྍ‫ྍٰޑ‬฻Ƕ 2. ಔᙃᆶଛഢ(organize/equip)Ǻዴҥᔈᡂಔᙃǵ‫ܕ‬༅஑཰Γ঩ǴаϷೕჄ‫ؠ‬ ্ᔈᡂ‫܌‬ሡा‫ޑ‬೛ࡼǵ೛ഢǵးഢǵᏵᗺ‫ޑ‬ଛӝǶ 3. ૽ግ(train)ǺଞჹᔈᡂҺ୍‫ޑ‬ሡाǴჹ‫܌‬ᆅᗄ‫ޑ‬Γ঩ᆶၗྍǴჴࡼ௲‫૽ػ‬ ግǶ 12.

(21) კ 2.1.3! ᏾ഢҺ୍ൻᕉ (preparedness cycle) (FEMA, 2011). 4. ᄽಞ(exercise)Ǻଞჹᆅᗄ୔аϷၠᆅᗄ୔ǴᖐՉόӕᜪࠠ‫ޑ‬ᄽಞǴхࡴ‫ރ‬ ‫ݩ‬௢ᄽ‫܈‬ჴծᄽግ฻Ǵаமϯόӕಔᙃϐ໔ϟय़‫ڐޑ‬ፓ‫܄‬Ƕ 5. ຑ՗ᆶ‫ׯ‬๓(evaluate/improve)Ǻଞჹ᏾ഢπբύว౜‫ޓޑ‬ᗺǴ‫܈‬ወӧ‫ޑ‬Ӓ ্࠶ુᖿ༈Ǵ‫ۓ‬යගрຑ՗ᆶ‫ׯ‬๓БਢǴӣ㎸Կ᏾ഢҺ୍ൻᕉύǴа࡭ុ மϯᔈᡂૈໆǶ ᏾ഢπբѸ໪җࡹ۬ǵ҇໔஑཰ಔᙃǵ҇໔‫ד‬πიᡏǵख़ाҾ཰ǵ‫୔ޗ‬ ಔᙃǵৎ৥ᆶঁΓ‫ޑ‬ӄय़ୖᆶǴЪጄൎ࣬྽ቶ‫ݱ‬Ǵх֖ࡌ࿼॥ᓀୀෳϷႣ᝾ ‫س‬಍ǵዴᇡ౧ණำ‫ׇ‬ϷӼ࿼ჹ฼ǵᆢៈᆙ࡚‫ٮ‬ᔈϷ೯ૻ‫س‬಍ǵख़ाΓ঩೯‫ޕ‬ Ϸ୏঩ำ‫ׇ‬ǵ٣߻ࡌҥ‫ޑ‬ϕ࣬Ѝජ‫ۓڐ‬ᆶ໒αࠨऊǵ‫্ؠ‬ଯ॥ᓀ୔‫҇ۚޑ‬௲ ‫૽ػ‬ግ฻Ƕ ȐѤȑġ‫ؠ‬ਔᔈᡂ(response) ᔈᡂࢂ‫ؠ‬ਔ‫ޑ‬Ӣᔈ௛ࡼǴ໪Ԗ࡚ॐ‫܄‬ϐՉ୏Ǵࡺᔈᡂࢂ٩Ᏽᆙ࡚ᔈᡂी ฝ(EOP)‫܌‬ҥջ௦‫ޑڗ‬Չ୏ǴЬाҺ୍хࡴǺཛྷ௱Չ୏ǵεໆ‫៝ྣ҇ؠ‬ǵᙴ ᕍྣ៝ǵᖏਔᗉᜤ൑‫܌‬໒೛ǵᔈᡂύЈ໒೛ǵᆙ࡚ၗૻ୍ܺ‫ޑ‬ග‫ٮ‬ǵᔈᡂբ ཰‫ޑ‬Ӽӄᆢ࡭ǵჹ‫ុ࡭ޑુ࠶ܭ‬ᅱ௓ᆶፓࢗǵჹ‫ܭ‬ϦӅፁғ‫ޑ‬ᆅ‫ڋ‬ǵ‫୔ؠ‬Ϧ Ӆજ‫ׇ‬ᆢ࡭ᆶ੝ਸ୺‫ݤ‬ǵᜢᗖ୷ᘵ೛ࡼ‫ࡠޑ‬ൺၮբǵख़ाࡹ۬ᐒૈᆶ୘཰ܺ ୍‫ុ࡭ޑ‬ၮբ฻Ǵඤ‫ق‬ϐǴᔈᡂࢂஒ᏾ഢीฝбፏՉ୏Ƕ ‫ؠ‬ਔᔈᡂ‫ޑ‬ಃ΋ঁҺ୍ࢂ຾Չ‫ז্ؠ‬ೲຑ՗(rapid assessment)Ǵ‫ࡹ୔ؠ‬ ۬ନΑॄೢ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂѦǴᔈ࡭ុຑ՗ҁ‫ૈي‬ΚǴаߥៈ྽Ӧ҇౲‫ޑ‬ғ‫ڮ‬଄ౢǶ ‫ז্ؠ‬ೲຑ՗хࡴ‫܌‬Ԗ‫্ؠޑ‬ջਔ‫ݩރ‬٠ߥ࡭‫ޔ‬ௗᖄᛠǴаዴ‫߃্ؠۓ‬යΓ ‫ڮ‬ཛྷ௱‫ک‬ᆢ࡭ғ‫ޑڮ‬ሡाǴ٠ዴ‫܌ۓ‬Ԗ‫ޑ‬ҥջӒ্Ƕ‫ז্ؠ‬ೲຑ՗ё٬྽Ӧ ࡹ۬،‫ۓ‬ᔈᡂՉ୏‫ޑ‬໩‫ׇ‬ǵϩଛีԖ‫ޑ‬ၗྍǵаϷِೲЪྗዴ‫ޑ‬ፎ‫؃‬ЍජǶ 13.

(22) ӧ‫ז্ؠ‬ೲຑ՗ϐ߻‫ޑ‬ќ΋໨ख़ाπբࢂа‫ז‬ೲЪྗዴ‫ؠޑ‬௃ၗૻǴග ‫্ؠٮ‬ຑ՗Ǵ‫্ؠ‬ၗૻሡाԖಔᙃ‫ޑ‬ᇆ໣БԄǴᆀࣁ୷ҁ‫ؠ‬௃೯ൔࢎᄬ (Essential Elements of Information, EEI)Ǵ໨ҞхࡴǺΓ‫ڮ‬ཛྷ௱ሡ‫؃‬Ǵ‫ٯ‬ӵࡕ ଌǵཛྷ௱‫ک‬௱ජǹᗖ୷ᘵ೛ࡼ‫ޑ‬Տ࿼Ǵ‫ٯ‬ӵǺҬ೯ၮᒡǵϦҔ٣཰ǵ೯ૻ‫س‬ ಍ǵᐯ਑‫ک‬Н‫ٮޑ‬ᔈǹख़ा೛ࡼ‫ޑ‬Տ࿼Ǵӵ᝾ჸֽ‫੃ک‬ֽٛǵᙴᕍᐒᄬǴ‫ٮ‬ Н‫ک‬ԦНೀ౛೛ࡼǴаϷ൞ᡏǹёૈჹӦ୔೷ԋख़εፂᔐ‫ޑ‬॥ᓀǴ‫ٯ‬ӵεᡘ ‫ک‬ٛࢫ൒ǵғౢ‫܈‬ᓯӸӒᓀ‫ނ‬፦‫ޑ‬೛ࡼǹаϷӢ‫্ؠ‬೷ԋሡाԏ৒‫ޑ‬Γኧ಍ ीǶ‫ؠ‬௃೯ൔѸ໪х֖ወӧ‫ޑ‬ೱᙹਏᔈ٣ҹૻ৲Ǵೱᙹਏᔈ٣ҹࢂӢࣁচғ ‫ޔ্ؠ‬ௗ‫܈‬໔ௗቹៜᏤठวғ‫ޑ‬٣ҹǴೱᙹਏᔈ٣ҹёૈ཮೷ԋᝄख़‫ޑ‬ઇᚯǶ ӧ٣ҹวғϐ߻Ԗ‫ؼ‬ӳ‫ޑ‬ೕჄǵ૽ግ‫ک‬௢ᄽǴаϷӧ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂਔ٩ྣीฝՉ ୏Ǵ೿ёа෧Ͽೱᙹਏᔈ٣ҹϷ‫ځ‬ቹៜǶ Ȑϖȑġ‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌ (recovery) ‫ࡕؠ‬ख़ࡌ‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱ࢂ٬‫཮ޗ‬ӧ‫্ؠ‬ϐࡕૈख़ӣ҅த‫سޑ‬಍‫୏ࢲک‬ǴԖ٤ख़ ࡌՉ୏ӧᔈᡂ໘ࢤ൩ς࿶ёа໒‫ۈ‬Ƕख़ࡌՉ୏ሡाঁΓǵ҇໔იᡏǵߚࡹ۬ ಔᙃᆶࡹ۬Ӆӕ‫ڐ‬ፓӝբǴаଞჹ‫ޑؠڙ‬Ӧ୔Ϸࡹ۬ว৖ൺচीฝǶൺচख़ ࡌ‫ޑ‬ಃ΋‫ࢂ؁‬຾Չᆕӝ‫্ؠ‬ຑ՗Ǵа،‫ۓ‬πբ໨Ҟ‫ޑ‬ᓬӃ໩‫ׇ‬Ϸዴᇡሡ‫؃‬ᆶ ၗྍǴ‫ځ‬д‫ࡕؠޑ‬ൺচπբǴх֖ග‫ٮ‬ԏ৒൑‫܌‬٠ᅰೲࡠൺ҇౲ϐՐࡂǵϦ Ӆࡌ೛Ϸ୷ᘵ೛ࡼϐঅൺ‫܈‬ख़ࡌǵ໾஻Ϸᄌ‫ੰ܄‬஻ϐࡕុྣ៝ǵᎂۚ‫ߏޣ‬ය Ӽ࿼ᆶғࢲЍජǵ‫্ؠ‬௱շǵࡠൺϦӅ୍ܺϷ࿶ᔮࢲ୏ǵঅ҅‫ݤ‬ೕᆶՉࡹำ ‫ׇ‬ϐ፾Ҕ‫܄‬฻Ǵёவኧঁࢃය‫ډ‬ኧԃό฻Ƕ ൺচख़ࡌࢂ΋ঁፄᚇЪߏය‫ޑ‬ၸำǴόѝࢂۚՐӦ୔‫ޑ‬ख़ࡌǴᗋхࡴҾ ཰ǵϦӅ୷ᘵ೛ࡼ‫ޑ཮ޗک‬࿶ᔮਁᑫ‫ک‬ғࢲࠔ፦‫ࡠޑ‬ൺǶߏයൺচሡाሦᏤ ‫ک‬ೕჄय़‫ޑ‬ԵໆǴхࡴǺᡣ҇౲ᕕှၸำǴᗉխόϪჴሞ‫ޑ‬යఈǵჴࡼ෧‫ؠ‬ ௛ࡼаٛЗ҂ٰ‫্ؠޑ‬ཞѨǵਈᜄᆅ౛ǵᆶҾ཰ӝբ‫ޑ‬უՔᜢ߯ǵᕉნ᝼ᚒ ‫ޑ‬ԵໆǵࣁϦӅ଼ந‫܌‬௦‫ޑڗ‬௛ࡼǴхࡴ੯ੰǵԡࢉϷ‫ځ‬дೱᙹਏᔈ٣ҹ‫ޑ‬ ॥ᓀǵ‫ߏ҇ؠ‬යྣ៝ǵаϷᐏఉǵၰၡǵϦӅπำ‫ځک‬д୷ᘵ೛ࡼ‫ޑ‬ख़ࡌǶ. ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ఼ᇂቶ‫ݱ‬Ǵӧ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛ൻᕉၸำύǴ൳Яࡹ۬ᐒᜢӚൂՏ‫୍཰ޑ‬ ࣣᆶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Ԗ‫܌‬ᜢᖄǴҁࣴ‫ࡰ܌ز‬ϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ࣁӧ୺Չ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ਔᆕӝ ‫܄‬ჹѦᖄ๎ืαϷ᏾ӝٛ‫ؠ‬ೕჄϐ཰୍ǴЬाࣁѳਔ‫ޑ‬ٛ‫ؠ‬ೕჄаϷ‫ؠ‬ਔᔈᡂπբǴ Զߚࡰ‫܌‬Ԗᆶٛ‫࣬ؠ‬ᜢ‫୍཰ޑ‬Ƕ. 14.

(23) ಃΒ࿯ġ ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ڋ‬౜‫ݩ‬. ΋ǵ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ཷس‬ा ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫୷س‬ҁಔᙃࢎᄬǴࢂୖԵВҁ‫ک‬ऍ୯‫ݤ଺ޑ‬Ǵ఼ᇂӚભࡹ۬‫܌‬ ೛ϐٛ‫ؠ‬ಔᙃᆶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝȐࢫᆢரǴ2008ȑ ǶԶ‫ך‬୯‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ϐࢎᄬǴεठ΢ᜪ՟ ‫ܭ‬Вҁ‫্ؠޑ‬ჹ฼୷ҁ‫ݤ‬ǴՠਡЈၮբཷ‫ۺ‬Ԗ࣬྽ε‫ޑ‬όӕǴࡺӧჴሞၮբ΢Ԗ΋ ‫ۓ‬ϐৡ౦ȐଭγϡǴ2012ȑǶ ‫ך‬୯‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ ܭݤ‬2000 ԃ 7 Д 19 Вҗᕴ಍ϦѲࡼՉࡕᗨӭԛঅुǴՠύѧᆶӦБ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬ϐ୷ҁࢎᄬ٠҂Ԗख़εፓ᏾Ƕ٩Ᏽ౜Չ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃΒക‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ಔᙃ࣬ ᜢచЎϐ‫ۓ‬ကǴ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ಔᙃ٩‫ׇ‬ϩࣁύѧǵᑜѱǵໂᙼ฻Οቫભٛ‫ؠ‬ᡏ‫س‬ǴӆӚ Ծु‫্ؠۓ‬ٛ௱ीฝǵ‫্ؠ‬Ⴃٛǵ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂǵ‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌ฻࣬ᜢբࣁϐచЎǶ྽ ၶԖख़ε‫্ؠ‬วғ‫܈‬ԖёૈวғਔǴύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅᐒᜢ२ߏᔈຎ‫্ؠ‬ϐೕ ኳǵ‫܄‬፦ǵ‫ؠ‬௃ǵቹៜቫय़Ϸᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ௛ࡼ฻‫ݩރ‬Ǵ،‫ۓ‬ύѧ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈ໒೛ਔ ᐒϷ‫ځ‬ϩભǴӚᑜѱࡹ۬٩ύѧᔈᡂύЈϐ೯‫ޕ‬ǴҥջԋҥӦБ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈǶࣁ ෧Ͽ‫্ؠ‬วғ‫܈‬ٛЗ‫্ؠ‬ᘉεǴӚભࡹ۬ѳਔᔈ٩៾ೢჴࡼ෧‫ؠ‬٣‫ە‬Ϸ‫্ؠ‬᏾ഢ٣ ໨Ǵ‫্ؠ‬วғਔ୺ՉӚ໨ᔈᡂ௛ࡼȐ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬Ǵ2012ȑǶаΠ᏾౛‫ך‬୯ 2012 ԃϦ֋ჴ ࡼϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ݤ‬Ϸ࣬ᜢ‫ݤ‬ೕǴ٩ύѧಔᙃǵӦБಔᙃǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝϷ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύ Јᇥܴ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠޑ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬Ƕ Ȑ΋ȑġύѧಔᙃ ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ϐύѧᡏ‫س‬ЬाԖύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔǵύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ہ‬঩཮ȐҞ ߻຀ભϯȑǵՉࡹଣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᒤϦ࠻ǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱஑ৎᒌ၌‫ہ‬঩཮Ϸ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࣽ‫מ‬ ύЈǴӚൂՏ‫ڀ‬Ԗόӕ‫ޑ‬Һ୍ᆶ៾ज़Ƕ 1. ύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ ࣁ௢୏‫্ؠ‬ϐٛ௱ǴՉࡹଣ٩‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 6 చೕ‫ۓ‬Ǵ೛ύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔǴ ٠ु‫ۓ‬Ȩύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ೛࿼ाᗺȩǴ‫ځ‬ЬाҺ୍хࡴǺ،‫্ؠۓ‬ٛ௱ ϐ୷ҁБଞǵਡ‫্ؠۓ‬ٛ௱୷ҁीฝϷύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅᐒᜢϐ‫্ؠ‬ ٛ௱཰୍ीฝǵਡ‫ۓ‬ख़ा‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࡹ฼Ϸ௛ࡼǵਡ‫ۓ‬ӄ୯ᆙ࡚‫্ؠ‬ϐᔈᡂ ௛ࡼǵ࿎ᏤǵԵਡύѧϷᑜѱ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ٣໨Ƕ٩ύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ೛ ࿼ाᗺಃѤచೕ‫ۓ‬ύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ‫ ؂‬3 ঁДє໒΋ԛǴѸाਔǴளє໒ ᖏਔ཮᝼Ƕ. 15.

(24) კ 2.2.1! ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬᏾ᡏҢཀკ ȐՉࡹଣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔǴ2010ȑ 2. Չࡹଣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᒤϦ࠻ ࣁ୺Չύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔਡ‫ۓ‬ϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࡹ฼Ǵ௢୏ख़ε‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Һ୍ ᆶ௛ࡼǴՉࡹଣ೛࿼‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᒤϦ࠻ǴЬाॄೢᒤ౛ύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔϐ ჿႻբ཰Ƕѳਔᅱ௓‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀᆶຑ՗Ӛ೽཮ᆶӚӦБࡹ۬ӧٛ‫ؠ‬ǵ෧‫ؠ‬ǵ ᏾ഢ཰୍ϐ୺ՉᕮਏǴаૈԖਏ᏾ӝፄӝࠠ‫্ؠ‬วғ߻ၠ೽཮ϐ෧‫ؠ‬᏾ഢ ཰୍Ƕ‫্ؠ‬วғਔ߾Ѝජύѧ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈǴ٩Ᏽ኱ྗբ཰ࢬำǴԖ‫س‬಍ ‫ޑ‬ᔈᡂ٠ಕᑈ࿶ᡍǴ٠‫ڐ‬ፓӦБࡹ۬ᔈᡂϷൺচբ཰ǴаගϲՉࡹਏૈ٠ மϯ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࡼࡹϐࡰචᅱ࿎ᆶ‫ڐ‬ፓфૈǶ 3. ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱஑ৎᒌ၌‫ہ‬঩཮Ϸ୯ৎ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࣽ‫מ‬ύЈ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱஑ৎᒌ၌‫ہ‬঩཮Ϸ୯ৎ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࣽ‫מ‬ύЈϐЬाҺ୍ࣁග‫ٮ‬ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࡹ฼ᆶ௛ࡼϐࡌ᝼Ϸᒌ၌٣໨Ǵჹ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࣽ‫מ‬ϐࣴวගрࡌ᝼ Ϸᒌ၌ǴаϷፓࢗ‫্࣬ؠ‬ᜢ٣໨ϐࡌ᝼Ϸᒌ၌٣໨Ƕ ȐΒȑġ ӦБಔᙃ 1. ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ ٩‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 8 చϷಃ 9 చೕ‫ۓ‬Ǵᑜѱࡹ۬೛‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔǴҗ҅ǵୋ२ ߏঋҺє໣ΓϷୋє໣Γǹᑜѱߏ൩ԖᜢᐒᜢǵൂՏ२ߏǵै٣ᐒᜢж߄ Ϸ‫ڀ‬Ԗ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Ꮲ᛽࿶ᡍϐ஑ৎǵᏢ‫ࢴޣ‬ঋ‫܈‬ငঋࣁ‫ہ‬঩Ƕ΢ॊ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ 16.

(25) ཮ൔ٣୍җ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᒤϦ࠻ȐаΠᙁᆀ‫ؠ‬ٛᒤȑ୺ՉǴ ٠җӚᑜѱ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱஑ৎᒌ၌‫ہ‬঩཮Ǵග‫্ؠٮ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբϐ ࣬ᜢᒌ၌Ƕ Ӛᑜѱࡹ۬ٛ‫཮ؠ‬ൔϐҺ୍хࡴǺਡ‫ۓ‬ӚᑜѱӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǵਡ‫ۓ‬ ख़ा‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱௛ࡼϷჹ฼ǵਡ‫ۓ‬ᗄ୔ϣ‫্ؠ‬ϐᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ௛ࡼǵ࿎ᏤǵԵਡ ᗄ୔ϣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ٣໨ǵаϷ‫ځ‬д٩‫ݤ‬зೕ‫ۓ‬٣໨Ƕ 2. ໂǵᙼǵѱǵ୔Ϧ‫܌‬ ٩‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 10 Ϸಃ 11 చೕ‫ۓ‬ǴໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫܌‬೛ໂȐᙼǵѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ ٛ௱཮ൔǴҗໂᙼߏᏼҺє໣ΓǹҗϦ‫܌‬ЬҺઝਜ‫܈‬ઝਜᏼҺୋє໣Γǹ җໂᙼߏ൩Ӛ၀Ӧ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝύࡰ‫ۓ‬ϐൂՏж߄ࢴঋ‫܈‬ငঋࣁ‫ہ‬঩Ǵ Ϧ‫܌‬೛‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔǴ΢ॊ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ٣୍җໂᙼ‫ؠ‬ٛᒤ୺ՉǶ ໂᙼቫભϐٛ‫཮ؠ‬ൔҺ୍хࡴǺਡ‫ۓ‬Ӛ၀ໂᙼӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǵਡ‫ۓ‬ ख़ा‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱௛ࡼϷჹ฼ǵ௢୏౧ණԏ৒Ӽ࿼ǵ‫ؠ‬௃೯ൔǵ‫ࡕؠ‬ᆙ࡚ཟ೯ǵ ᕉნమ౛฻‫্ؠ‬ᆙ࡚ᔈᡂϷ᏾ഢ௛ࡼǵ௢୏‫্ؠ୔ޗ‬ٛ௱٣‫ە‬ǵаϷ‫ځ‬д ٩‫ݤ‬зೕ‫ۓ‬٣໨Ƕ୔ளКྣೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ ȐΟȑġ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝ ٩‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 2 చಃ 3 ໨Կಃ 6 ໨ϐ‫ۓ‬ကǴ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝхࡴ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱୷ҁी ฝǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝϷӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱୷ҁीฝࢂࡰҗύѧ‫্ؠ‬ ٛ௱཮ൔਡ‫ۓ‬ϐӄ୯‫্ؠ܄‬ٛ௱ीฝǴ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝࢂࡰҗύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰ ୍ЬᆅᐒᜢϷϦӅ٣཰൩‫ځ‬ඓ౛཰୍‫܈‬٣୍ᔕुϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǴӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ीฝࢂࡰҗᑜѱϷໂᙼ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔਡ‫ۓ‬ϐᑜѱϷໂᙼ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǶӚ‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱ीฝϐϣ৒ೕ‫ؠܭۓ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 3 കǴᇥܴӵΠǶ 1. ύѧ ٩Ᏽ‫ך‬୯‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ࣁۓܴݤ‬Ԗਏ௢୏‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ϐπբǴӚભࡹ۬ᆶ࣬ᜢϦӅ ٣཰ᔈᔕ‫্ؠۓ‬ٛ௱୷ҁीฝǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝϷӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǹ ٠‫ܭ‬ಃ 17 చೕ‫্ؠۓ‬ٛ௱୷ҁीฝᔈҗύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ہ‬঩཮ᔕुǶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱୷ҁीฝࣁ΋ᆜा‫܄‬ϐӄ୯ٛ௱‫ؠ‬πբࡰᏤीฝǴϣ৒ܴ‫ךۓ‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱ࡼࡹϐ᏾ᡏ‫܄‬ीฝǵ࣬ᜢπբ٣໨ᆶᔕु‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝϷӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ ٛ௱ीฝϐाᗺ฻ǶаගܹѤεᄬय़хࡴ෧‫ؠ‬ǵႣٛǵᔈᡂ‫ډ‬ख़ࡌϐ‫্ؠ‬ ٛ௱Ӛ໘ࢤπբ୺ՉૈΚᆶख़ᗺπբǴ෧Ͽ‫্ؠ‬วғᆶ҇౲ғ‫ڮ‬଄ౢཞѨǴ ຾Զࡌҥե‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀ٠ᗌӛ҉ុว৖ϐࠤໂᆶ୯βǶ ќ٩ྣ‫ך‬୯‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ϐೕ‫ۓ‬Ǵύѧٛ‫୍཰ؠ‬Ьᆅᐒᜢᔈ٩ٛ‫୷ؠ‬ҁीฝǴ ൩‫ځ‬Ьᆅٛ‫ؠ‬٣໨Ǵᔕुٛ‫୍཰ؠ‬ीฝǴൔፎύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔਡ‫ࡕۓ‬ჴ ࡼǴϦӅ٣཰ᔈ٩ٛ‫୷ؠ‬ҁीฝᔕुٛ‫୍཰ؠ‬ीฝǴଌፎύѧҞ‫ޑ‬٣཰Ь ᆅᐒᜢਡ‫ۓ‬Ƕࣁပჴ‫؂‬ԃࡋϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբǴՉࡹଣќጓ‫্ؠۓ‬ٛ௱қҜ ਜǶ 17.

(26) 2. ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ Ӛᑜѱ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ୺ՉൂՏᔈ٩‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱୷ҁीฝǵ࣬ᜢ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰ ୍ीฝϷӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ወ༈੝‫܄‬Ǵӧόள࣌᝻‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱୷ҁीฝϷ࣬ᜢ‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱཰୍ीฝϐ߻ᚒǴᔕुӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǴ࿶Ӛ၀‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔਡ‫ࡕۓ‬ ჴࡼǴ٠ൔύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔഢࢗǶໂᙼϦ‫܌‬ᔈ٩΢ભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝϷӦ ୔‫্ؠ‬ወ༈੝‫܄‬ǴᔕुӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǴ࿶Ӛ၀‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔਡ‫ࡕۓ‬ჴ ࡼǴ٠ൔ‫܌‬ឦ΢ભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔഢࢗǶӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝϣ৒ᔈхࡴǺ (1)‫্ؠ‬Ⴃٛ࣬ᜢ٣໨ (2)‫্ؠ‬ᆙ࡚ᔈᡂჹ฼࣬ᜢ٣໨ (3)‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌ࣬ᜢ٣໨ (4)‫ځ‬дՉࡹᐒᜢǴϦӅ٣཰Ǵ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǴᑜȐѱȑǵໂȐᙼǵѱǵ୔ȑ‫্ؠ‬ ٛ௱཮ൔᇡࣁѸाϐ٣໨ ȐѤȑġ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈ ٩Ᏽ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 13 చǴ྽Ԗख़ε‫্ؠ‬วғ‫܈‬ԖวғϐဤਔǴύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ཰୍Ьᆅᐒᜢ२ߏᔈຎ‫ځ‬ೕኳǵ‫܄‬፦ǵ‫ؠ‬௃ǵቹៜቫय़฻،‫ۓ‬ύѧ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύ Јϐ໒೛ਔᐒᆶϩϷǹ٠ύѧ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈԋҥࡕǴளຎ‫ؠ‬௃ࣴղ௃‫܈ݩ‬ᖄᛠ ሡाǴ೯‫ޕ‬ᑜѱࡹ۬ҥջԋҥӦБ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈǶ ٩Ᏽ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 12 చǴࣁႣٛ‫܈্ؠ‬Ԗਏ௢Չ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂ௛ࡼǴ྽‫্ؠ‬วғ ‫܈‬ԖวғϐဤਔǴᑜѱϷໂᙼ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔє໣Γᔈຎ‫্ؠ‬ೕኳԋҥ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂ ύЈǴ٠ᏼҺࡰච‫۔‬ǶӦБ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈԋҥਔᐒǵำ‫ׇ‬ϷጓಔǴҗᑜѱࡹ۬ ϷໂᙼϦ‫ۓ܌‬ϐǶ. ΒǵӦБࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ௖૸ ٩Ᏽ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ϐ‫ۓ‬ကǴ‫ך‬୯‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ಔᙃ٩‫ׇ‬ϩࣁύѧǵ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱᑜѱǵໂᙼѱ฻ ΟቫભǴӆᏵаु‫ۓ‬ӚԾϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢբࣁǶԜΟቫભϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬ǴࢂаӦ БԾ‫ݯ‬ᆒઓǴ٩ᒧᖐ‫ࡋڋ‬բࣁӚቫભϩപϐ୷ྗǴӢԜόх֖‫ޔ‬ᗄѱϷচ࣪ᗄѱϣ όᖐՉԾ‫ݯ‬ᒧᖐϐȨ୔ȩቫભǶӚᑜѱϷໂᙼѱϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫س‬ၮբೕጄϷ࣬ᜢ௛ ࡼǴ֡җӚӦБԾ‫ݯ‬იᡏु‫ۓ‬ǴߥԖᐱҥၮբϐ੝‫܄‬ǶฅԶໂᙼѱϦ‫ࣁ܌‬ᑜϐΠભ Ծ‫۬ࡹݯ‬Ǵ୔Ϧ‫ޔࣁ܌‬ᗄѱϷѱ‫܌‬ᗄϐᐒᜢǴ‫ܭ‬ӦБԾ‫ݯ‬٣୍ϐ‫ف‬ՅόӕǴՠ‫ؠܭ‬ ্ٛ௱཰୍ϐϩπᔈԖӕ฻ϐೕჄȐଭγϡǵ݅҉৚ǵֆ‫ۑ‬ᑉǵ೾࠽ࣿǴ2009ȑǶ. 18.

(27) კ 2.2.2! ӦБ௱‫ؠ‬ǵύѧЍජᐒ‫ڋ‬Ңཀკ ȐЇԾ҇୯ 101 ԃ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱қҜਜǴ2012Ǵ। 163ȑ. Չࡹଣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱қҜਜ(2012)ࡰрǴ‫ך‬୯ٛ‫ؠ‬ᡏ‫س‬ᔈࠆ෌ӦБ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᔈᡂૈ ΚǴ٠ࡌҥܴዴ‫ޑ‬ȨӦБ௱‫ؠ‬ǵύѧЍජȩᐒ‫ڋ‬Ƕӧ‫্ؠ‬วғϐਔǴӦБࡹ۬ϐᑜ ѱϷໂᙼࣁ௱‫ؠ‬ϐಃ΋ጕǴໂᙼቫભϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ǵᔈ๱ख़‫୔ޗ‬ٛ‫ؠ‬ǵ᏾ഢǵಃ ΋ጕᔈᡂЍජȐ౧ණԏ৒Ӽ࿼ȑǵ‫ؠ‬௃೯ൔǵ‫ࡕؠ‬ᆙ࡚ཟ೯ǵᕉნమ౛ϐҺ୍Ƕऩ Ӣ‫ؠ‬௃ख़εǴໂᙼѱ୔ค‫ݤ‬ӢᔈਔǴ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱᑜѱࡹ۬ள٩ྣ‫ؠ‬ٛ‫ݤ‬ಃ 34 చೕ‫ۓ‬Ǵ ຾ՉЍජϐ࣬ᜢ୏঩ำ‫ׇ‬ǴаϷග‫ٮ‬ၗྍᆶႣᆉȐଭγϡ฻ΓǴ2009ȑǶԶჴሞ௱ ‫ؠ‬ନΑһᒘࡹ۬ϐૈໆǴҭᔈᘉϷ‫׸‬ٚ‫ࢂ܈‬೽ပǵ‫୔ޗ‬฻҇໔ΚໆǴаૈၲԋ‫ؠ‬ਔ ϐԾշϕշǶԶύѧࡹ۬‫܈‬ᑜѱቫભࡹ۬ඓඝၨӭ௱‫ؠ‬ၗྍǴӧӦБࡹ۬ගрሡ‫؃‬ ਔǴૈ຾ՉၗྍϐፓࡋϷϩଛǴаЍජӦБࡹ۬௱‫ؠ‬Ȑӵკ 2.2.2ȑǶ ќᔈமϯӦБ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ૈΚǴхࡴǺΓΚǵ஑཰ǵಔᙃǵႣᆉǶҞ߻‫ך‬୯ӦБ ࡹ۬‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ጓಔǴӧᑜѱቫભۘԖ੃ֽٛΓ঩բࣁ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ಔᙃϐЬΚǴ Զ‫ځ‬дൂՏҭ֡ૈ٩‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᔈᡂಔᙃϐೕ‫୺ۓ‬ՉӚ໨཰୍Ϸ௱‫ؠ‬πբǶՠӧໂᙼ ቫભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ڋ‬Ǵ۳۳ӢࣁӦБ२ߏၨख़ຎ௱‫ؠ‬Ϸ‫ࡕؠ‬ख़ࡌय़ӛǴԶჹ‫ܭ‬ٛ‫ؠ‬Ϸ ෧‫ؠ‬Бय़߾ၨલЮǴаठໂᙼቫભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᡏ‫ڋ‬ό୼ֹഢȐࢫᆢரǴ2008ȑǶ ӦБࡹ۬ࣁय़ჹ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբ‫ޑ‬ಃ΋ጕǴӢԜ‫ځ‬ಔᙃϷၮբϐ‫ف‬Յҭ࣬྽ख़ाǶ ‫্ؠ‬ᆅ౛πբЬाࢂа‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ࣁݤ‬٩ᏵǴ‫ځ‬ύх֖Ӝຒ‫ۓ‬ကǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ൂՏಔᙃ ϷҺ୍ǵ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈϐԋҥϷҺ୍ǵ෧‫ؠ‬ǵ᏾ഢǵᔈᡂǵൺচख़ࡌ໘ࢤӚભࡹ۬ ٩៾ೢჴࡼϐπբ໨Ҟǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝϐϣ৒ǵᆙ࡚ᗉᜤ௛ࡼϷ‫্ؠ‬ᄽಞჴࡼϐೕ ‫ۓ‬ǵ‫ؠ‬௃ࢗൔ೯ൔᐒ‫ڋ‬ǵፎ‫؃‬ЍජϷ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂਔѸा௦‫ڗ‬ம‫ڋ‬բࣁǵӚભࡹ۬ख़ࡌ ௢୏‫ہ‬঩཮ಔԋϷှණϐೕ‫ۓ‬ǵ‫ؠ‬ਔཟ௱Ϸ‫ࡕؠ‬ख़ࡌሡाՉࡹำ‫ׇ‬ᙁϯϐೕ‫ۓ‬฻Ǵ аΠ᏾౛‫ך‬୯ 2012 ԃϦ֋ჴࡼϐ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ݤ‬ჹӦБࡹ۬ϐၮբϷ୺Չೕ‫ۓ‬ǴӵΠ߄ 2.2.1Ƕ. 19.

(28) ߄ 2.2.1! ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ݤ‬ჹӦБࡹ۬ϐၮբϷ୺Չೕ‫ۓ‬ చ ಃ ಃ ಃ. ဦ చ. Ў ഢ. Ӧ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǺࡰҗ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑϷໂȐᙼǵѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱཮ൔਡ‫ۓ‬ϐ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑϷໂȐᙼǵѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǶ ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬೛‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔǴ‫ځ‬Һ୍ ӵΠǺ ΋ǵਡ‫ۓ‬Ӛ၀‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǶ Βǵਡ‫ۓ‬ख़ा‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱௛ࡼϷჹ฼Ƕ Οǵਡ‫ۓ‬ᗄ୔ϣ‫্ؠ‬ϐᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ௛ࡼǶ Ѥǵ࿎ᏤǵԵਡᗄ୔ϣ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ᜢ٣໨Ƕ ϖǵ‫ځ‬д٩‫ݤ‬зೕ‫ۓ‬٣໨Ƕ ಃ 9 చ ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ࿼є໣Γ΋Γǵୋє໣Γ΋Γ‫܈‬Β ΓǴϩձҗ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬҅ǵୋ२ߏঋҺǹ‫ہ‬঩ऩυΓǴ җ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑߏ൩ԖᜢᐒᜢǵൂՏ२ߏǵै٣ᐒᜢж߄Ϸ‫ڀ‬ Ԗ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱Ꮲ᛽࿶ᡍϐ஑ৎǵᏢ‫ࢴޣ‬ঋ‫܈‬ငঋǶ ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᒤϦ࠻୺Չ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ཮ൔ٣୍ǹ‫ځ‬ಔᙃҗ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬‫ۓ‬ϐǶ ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱஑ৎᒌ၌‫ہ‬঩཮ග‫ޔٮ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱πբϐ࣬ᜢᒌ၌Ƕ ಃ 1 0 చ ໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫܌‬೛ໂȐᙼǵѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔǴ‫ځ‬Һ୍ӵΠǺ ΋ǵਡ‫ۓ‬Ӛ၀ໂȐᙼǵѱȑӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǶ Βǵਡ‫ۓ‬ख़ा‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱௛ࡼϷჹ฼Ƕ Οǵ௢୏౧ණԏ৒Ӽ࿼ǵ‫ؠ‬௃೯ൔǵ‫ࡕؠ‬ᆙ࡚ཟ೯ǵᕉნమ౛฻‫ؠ‬ ্ᆙ࡚ᔈᡂϷ᏾ഢ௛ࡼǶ Ѥǵ௢୏‫্ؠ୔ޗ‬ٛ௱٣‫ە‬Ƕ ϖǵ‫ځ‬д٩‫ݤ‬зೕ‫ۓ‬٣໨Ƕ ಃ 1 1 చ ໂȐᙼǵѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ࿼є໣Γǵୋє໣ΓӚ΋ΓǴ‫ہ‬঩ऩυ ΓǶє໣ΓҗໂȐᙼǵѱȑߏᏼҺǹୋє໣ΓҗໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫܌‬ ЬҺઝਜ‫܈‬ઝਜᏼҺǹ‫ہ‬঩җໂȐᙼǵѱȑߏ൩Ӛ၀ໂȐᙼǵѱȑ Ӧ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝύࡰ‫ۓ‬ϐൂՏж߄ࢴঋ‫܈‬ငঋǶ ໂȐᙼǵѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᒤϦ࠻୺ՉໂȐᙼǵѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ٣୍ǹ ‫ځ‬ಔᙃҗໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫ۓ܌‬ϐǶ ୔ளКྣ߻చϷ߻Β໨ೕ‫ۓ‬Ǵԋҥ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔϷ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᒤϦ ࠻Ƕ ಃ 1 2 చ ࣁႣٛ‫܈্ؠ‬Ԗਏ௢Չ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂ௛ࡼǴ྽‫্ؠ‬วғ‫܈‬Ԗวғϐဤ ਔǴ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑϷໂȐᙼǵѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔє໣Γᔈຎ‫ؠ‬ ্ೕኳԋҥ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈǴ٠ᏼҺࡰච‫۔‬Ƕ ߻໨‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈԋҥਔᐒǵำ‫ׇ‬ϷጓಔǴҗ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ ۬ϷໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫ۓ܌‬ϐǶ ಃ 1 5 చ Ӛભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔᔈ่ӝ҇ٛϷӄ҇ٛፁ୏঩ྗഢᡏ‫س‬Ǵჴࡼ࣬ᜢ ‫্ؠ‬᏾ഢϷᔈᡂ٣໨ǹ‫ځ‬ჴࡼᒤ‫ݤ‬Ǵҗϣࡹ೽཮ӕԖᜢ೽཮‫ۓ‬ϐǶ. ஑ҔӜຒ‫ۓ‬ကǶ. ಃ 1 8 చ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝǵӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝϣ৒ϐೕ‫ۓ‬ ಃ 2 ී ӵΠǺ ΋ǵ‫্ؠ‬Ⴃٛ࣬ᜢ٣໨Ƕ Βǵ‫্ؠ‬ᆙ࡚ᔈᡂჹ฼࣬ᜢ٣໨Ƕ Οǵ‫ࡕؠ‬ൺচख़ࡌ࣬ᜢ٣໨Ƕ. ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝ ϣ৒ϐೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. 20. 2 6 8. చ ໨ చ. ຏ. ೕ‫ޔۓ‬ᗄѱǵᑜ Ȑѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ཮ൔϐҺ୍Ƕ. ೕ‫ޔۓ‬ᗄѱǵᑜ Ȑѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ཮ൔϷ‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱ᒤϦ࠻ϐಔ ᙃǶ. ೕ‫ۓ‬ໂȐᙼǵѱȑ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ ϐҺ୍Ƕ. ೕ‫ۓ‬ໂȐᙼǵѱȑ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ ൔϐಔᙃǶ. ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈ ԋҥϐೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. Ӛભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ ཮ൔ่ӝӄ҇ ٛፁ୏঩ྗഢ ᡏ‫س‬Ƕ.

(29) చ. ဦ చ. Ў ഢ. Ѥǵ‫ځ‬дՉࡹᐒᜢǵϦӅ٣཰ǵ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑϷໂȐᙼǵѱȑ ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔᇡࣁѸाϐ٣໨Ƕ ಃ 2 0 చ ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔ୺ՉൂՏᔈ٩‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱୷ҁीฝǵ ࣬ᜢ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝϷӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ወ༈੝‫܄‬ǴᔕुӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ी ฝǴ࿶Ӛ၀‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔਡ‫ࡕۓ‬ჴࡼǴ٠ൔύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔഢࢗǶ ߻໨‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝόள࣌᝻‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱୷ҁी ฝϷ࣬ᜢ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝǶ ໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫܌‬ᔈ٩΢ભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝϷӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ወ༈੝‫܄‬Ǵᔕ ुӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǴ࿶Ӛ၀‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔਡ‫ࡕۓ‬ჴࡼǴ٠ൔ‫܌‬ឦ ΢ભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཮ൔഢࢗǶ ߻໨ໂȐᙼǵѱȑӦ୔‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǴόள࣌᝻΢ભ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǶ ಃ 2 2 చ ࣁ෧Ͽ‫্ؠ‬วғ‫܈‬ٛЗ‫্ؠ‬ᘉεǴӚભࡹ۬ѳਔᔈ٩៾ೢჴࡼΠӈ ෧‫ؠ‬٣໨Ǻ ΋ǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝϐᔕुǵ࿶຤ጓӈǵ୺ՉϷᔠ૸Ƕ Βǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱௲‫ػ‬ǵ૽ግϷᢀ‫࠹ۺ‬ᏤǶ Οǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ࣽ‫מ‬ϐࣴว‫܈‬ᔈҔǶ Ѥǵ‫ݯ‬ξǵٛࢫϷ‫ځ‬д୯βߥӄǶ ϖǵԴᙑࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ǵख़ाϦӅࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ᆶ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱೛ࡼǵ೛ഢϐᔠࢗǵ ံமǵᆢៈϷ೿ѱ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᐒૈϐ‫ׯ‬๓Ƕ Ϥǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱΢Ѹाϐ਻ຝǵӦ፦ǵНЎᆶ‫ځ‬д࣬ᜢၗ਑ϐᢀෳǵ ᇆ໣ǵϩ‫݋‬Ϸࡌ࿼Ƕ Ύǵ‫্ؠ‬ወ༈ǵӒᓀࡋǵნ‫ݩ‬ኳᔕᆶ॥ᓀຑ՗ϐፓࢗϩ‫݋‬ǴϷ፾ਔ ϦѲ‫่݀ځ‬Ƕ ΖǵӦБࡹ۬ϷϦӅ٣཰Ԗᜢ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱࣬ϕЍජ‫ۓڐ‬ϐु‫ۓ‬Ƕ ΐǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱იᡏǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ד‬ᜫಔᙃϐߦ຾ǵᇶᏤǵ‫ڐ‬շϷዛᓰǶ Μǵ‫ߥ্ؠ‬ᓀϐೕჄϷ௢୏Ƕ Μ΋ǵԖᜢ১༈௼ဂ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ජշѸा٣໨Ƕ ΜΒǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ၗૻᆛၡϐࡌҥǵҬࢬϷ୯ሞӝբǶ ΜΟǵ‫ځ‬д෧‫࣬ؠ‬ᜢ٣໨Ƕ ߻໨‫ۓ܌‬෧‫ؠ‬٣໨ǴӚભࡹ۬ᔈ٩៾ೢӈΕӚ၀‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǶ ϦӅ٣཰ᔈ٩‫্ؠځ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝǴჴࡼԖᜢ෧‫ؠ‬٣໨Ƕ ಃ΋໨ಃΎීԖᜢ‫্ؠ‬ወ༈ϐϦ໒ၗ਑ᅿᜪǵ୔ୱǵբ཰ำ‫ׇ‬Ϸ‫ځ‬ д࣬ᜢ٣໨ϐᒤ‫ݤ‬ǴҗӚύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱཰୍Ьᆅᐒᜢ‫ۓ‬ϐǶ ಃ 2 3 చ ࣁԖਏ୺Չᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ௛ࡼǴӚભࡹ۬ᔈ٩៾ೢჴࡼΠӈ᏾ഢ٣໨Ǻ ΋ǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ಔᙃϐ᏾ഢǶ Βǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ϐ૽ግǵᄽಞǶ Οǵ‫্ؠ‬ᅱෳǵႣൔǵ᝾ൔวѲϷ‫ځ‬೛ࡼϐமϯǶ Ѥǵ‫ؠ‬௃ᇆ໣ǵ೯ൔᆶࡰච‫܌‬ሡ೯ૻ೛ࡼϐࡌ࿼ǵᆢៈϷமϯǶ ϖǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ނ‬ၗǵᏔ‫׷‬ϐᓯഢϷᔠࢗǶ Ϥǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱೛ࡼǵ೛ഢϐ᏾ഢϷᔠࢗǶ Ύǵჹ‫֫ܭ‬ᛖ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂ௛ࡼϐ೛ࡼǵ‫ނ‬ҹǴࡼау‫ڰ‬ǵ౽ନ‫ׯ܈‬๓Ƕ Ζǵ୯ሞ௱‫ؠ‬ЍජϐଛӝǶ ΐǵ‫ځ‬дᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ᏾ഢ٣໨Ƕ ߻໨‫ۓ܌‬᏾ഢ٣໨ǴӚભࡹ۬ᔈ٩៾ೢӈΕӚ၀‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝǶ ϦӅ٣཰ᔈ٩‫্ؠځ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝǴჴࡼԖᜢ‫্ؠ‬᏾ഢ٣໨Ƕ ࣁዴߥٛ௱‫ؠ‬஑Ҕ༾‫ݢ‬೯ߞϐᄣ೯Ǵϣࡹ೽ள൩ႝ‫ݢ‬໺ᒡᄣ೯ϐѸ ाጄൎǴჄ‫ۓ‬ႝ‫ݢ‬໺ᒡምᛖٛЗ୔ୱǴ٠Ϧ֋ϐǶ ࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ϐଆ೷Γ‫߻ܭ‬໨Ϧ֋୔ୱϣԖཥࡌǵቚࡌϐࡌᑐՉࣁǴ٠಄ ӝΠӈೕ‫ۓ‬ϐ΋‫ޣ‬Ǵ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬‫ۈ‬ள๏ϒࡌᑐ೚ёǺ. ຏ. ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ीฝ ϐᔕ‫ۓ‬Ϸൔਡ ำ‫ׇ‬ϐೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. ෧‫ؠ‬໘ࢤӚભ ࡹ۬٩៾ೢჴ ࡼϐπբ໨ҞǶ. ᏾ഢ໘ࢤӚભ ࡹ۬٩៾ೢჴ ࡼϐπբ໨ҞǶ. 21.

(30) చ. ဦ చ. ಃ 24 చ. ಃ 25 చ. ಃ 26 చ ಃ 27 చ. 22. Ў ഢ. ΋ǵᆶϣࡹ೽‫ڐ‬୘ၲԋ‫ׯ‬๓БਢǶ Βǵӕཀϣࡹ೽ᒧ᏷ཞѨനλϐБ‫ݤ‬Ǵ٬Ҕ၀ࡌᑐ‫ࡂނ‬ഗቫࢎ೛༾ ‫ݢ‬ႝᆵ‫܈‬ፁࢃӦౚႝᆵǴаᆢ࡭ႝ‫ݢ‬ᄣ೯Ƕ ϣࡹ೽ჹ‫߻ܭ‬໨Ӣ‫ڐ‬୘ၲԋ‫ׯ‬๓БਢǴ‫܈‬٬Ҕ၀ࡌᑐ‫ࡂނ‬ഗቫࢎ೛ ༾‫ݢ‬ႝᆵ‫܈‬ፁࢃӦౚႝᆵǴठ೷ԋ࣬ჹΓཞѨǴᔈ๏б࣬྽ϐံᓭǶ ߻໨ϐཞѨံᓭǴᔈа‫ڐ‬᝼ࣁϐǴբԋ‫ڐ‬᝼ਜǴ٠ளࣁ୺ՉӜကǶ ԖᜢཞѨံᓭϐำ‫ׇ‬ǵБ‫ݤ‬ǵයज़ǵߎᚐϷ‫ځ‬д࣬ᜢ٣໨ϐᒤ‫ݤ‬Ǵ җϣࡹ೽‫ۓ‬ϐǶ ࣁߥៈΓ҇ғ‫ڮ‬ǵ଄ౢӼӄ‫܈‬ٛЗ‫্ؠ‬ᘉεǴ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ ۬ǵໂȐᙼǵѱǵ୔ȑϦ‫্ؠܭ܌‬วғ‫܈‬ԖวғϐဤਔǴᔈᝀ֋‫܈‬ ம‫ځڋ‬ᄖᚆǴ٠բ፾྽ϐӼ࿼Ƕ ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬ǵໂȐᙼǵѱǵ୔ȑϦ‫্ؠܭ܌‬ᔈᡂϐѸा ጄൎϣǴჹ‫ܭ‬Ԗᘉε‫֫܈্ؠ‬ᛖ௱‫ؠ‬ϐ೛ഢ‫ނ܈‬ҹϐ‫܌‬Ԗ៾Γǵ٬ ҔΓ‫܈‬ᆅ౛៾ΓǴᔈᝀ֋‫܈‬ம‫ځڋ‬ନѐ၀೛ഢ‫ނ܈‬ҹǴ٠բ፾྽ϐ ೀ࿼Ƕ Ӛભࡹ۬Ϸ࣬ᜢϦӅ٣཰Ǵᔈჴࡼ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱૽ግϷᄽಞǶ ჴࡼ߻໨‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱૽ግϷᄽಞǴӚᐒᜢǵϦӅ٣཰‫܌‬ឦΓ঩ǵۚ҇ Ϸ‫ځ‬дϦǵ‫د‬ҥᏢਠǵიᡏǵϦљǵቷ൑ԖӅӕୖᆶ‫ڐ܈‬շϐက୍Ƕ ୖᆶ߻໨‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱૽ግǵᄽಞϐΓ঩Ǵ‫܌ځ‬ឦᐒᜢȐᄬȑǵᏢਠǵ იᡏǵϦљǵቷ൑ᔈ๏ϒϦଷǶ Ӛભࡹ۬Ϸ࣬ᜢϦӅ٣཰ᔈ࿼஑ᙍΓ঩ǴໂȐᙼǵѱǵ୔ȑϦ‫ܭ܌‬ ҂࿼஑ᙍΓ঩߻Ǵள࿼ঋᙍΓ঩Ǵ୺Չ‫্ؠ‬ႣٛӚ໨πբǶ ࣁჴࡼ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂ௛ࡼǴӚભࡹ۬ᔈ٩៾ೢჴࡼΠӈ٣໨Ǻ ΋ǵ‫্ؠ‬᝾ൔϐวѲǵ໺ሀǵᔈᡂ‫י‬ഢǵΓ঩౧ණǵཟ௱ǵᗉᜤϐ ᝀ֋ǵ‫ؠ‬௃ᇆ໣ϷཞѨࢗൔǶ Βǵ᝾‫୔י‬ୱჄ೛ǵҬ೯ᆅ‫ڋ‬ǵજ‫ׇ‬ᆢ࡭Ϸҍ࿾ٛ‫ݯ‬Ƕ Οǵ੃ٛǵٛԧϷ‫ځ‬дᔈᡂ௛ࡼǶ Ѥǵ‫҇ؠڙ‬౲ᖏਔԏ৒ǵ‫཮ޗ‬௱շϷ১༈௼ဂ੝ਸߥៈ௛ࡼǶ ϖǵ‫ูٽؠڙ‬ϷϿԃǵᏢғϐᔈ࡚ྣ៝Ƕ ϤǵӒᓀ‫ࠔނ‬೛ࡼϷ೛ഢϐᔈᡂೀ౛Ƕ Ύǵ໺ࢉੰٛ‫ݯ‬ǵቲక‫ނ‬ೀ౛ǵᕉნ੃ࢥǵ१ࠔፁғᔠᡍϷ‫ځ‬дፁ ғ٣໨Ƕ Ζǵཛྷ௱ǵᆙ࡚ᙴᕍ௱ៈϷၮଌǶ ΐǵ‫ڐ‬շ࣬ᡍǵೀ౛ᑡᜤ‫ࡁޣ‬ᡏǵᒪ‫ނ‬Ƕ Μǵ҇ғ‫ނ‬ၗᆶ໯ҔНϐ‫ٮ‬ᔈϷϩଛǶ Μ΋ǵНճǵၭ཰೛ࡼ฻‫্ؠ‬ٛഢϷཟঅǶ ΜΒǵ៓ၡǵၰၡǵᐏఉǵε౲ၮᒡǵૐ‫ޜ‬ઠǵෝ୵ǵϦҔ਻ᡏᆶ ‫ݨ‬਑ᆅጕǵᒡႝጕၡǵႝߞǵԾٰНϷၭᅕ཰฻ϦӅ೛ࡼϐཟ অǶ ΜΟǵӒᓀࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ϐᆙ࡚ຑ՗Ƕ ΜѤǵᅆࢬ‫ނ‬ǵ؇ؒࠔϷ‫ځ‬д௱р‫ࠔނ‬ϐߥᆅǵೀ౛Ƕ Μϖǵ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂၸำֹ᏾૶ᒵǶ ΜϤǵ‫ځ‬д‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂϷٛЗᘉε٣໨Ƕ ߻໨‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂ௛ࡼ٣໨ǴӚભࡹ۬ᔈ٩៾ೢӈΕӚ၀‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ी ฝǶ ϦӅ٣཰ᔈ٩‫্ؠځ‬ٛ௱཰୍ीฝǴჴࡼԖᜢ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂ٣໨Ƕ ಃ΋໨ಃΜΟීԖᜢӒᓀࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ᆙ࡚ຑ՗ϐ፾Ҕ‫্ؠ‬ᅿᜪǵჴࡼਔ ᐒǵೀ౛Γ঩ǵำ‫ׇ‬ǵӒᓀ኱ᇞϐ஭ຠǵှନϷ‫ځ‬д࣬ᜢ٣໨ϐᒤ ‫ݤ‬Ǵҗϣࡹ೽‫ۓ‬ϐǶ. ຏ. ᆙ࡚ᗉᜤ௛ࡼ ϐೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. ‫্ؠ‬ᄽಞჴࡼ ϐೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. ٛ‫ؠ‬஑ᙍΓ঩ ೛࿼ϐೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ ᔈᡂ໘ࢤӚભ ࡹ۬٩៾ೢჴ ࡼϐπբ໨ҞǶ.

(31) చ. ဦ చ. Ў ഢ. ಃ 2 8 చ Ӛભ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈԋҥࡕǴୖᆶጓಔᐒᜢ२ߏᔈ٩ೕ‫ۓ‬ᒃԾ‫ࢴࡰ܈‬ ៾ೢΓ঩຾ᎫǴ୺Չ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂπբǴ٠җ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈࡰච‫ॄ۔‬ೢ ࡰචǵ‫ڐ‬ፓᆶ᏾ӝǶ Ӛભ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈᔈԖ‫ۓڰ‬ϐၮբೀ‫܌‬Ǵкჴ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱೛ഢ٠բ‫ۓ‬ යᄽግǶ ࣁխύѧ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈӢख़ε‫্ؠ‬ठค‫ݤ‬ၮբǴ‫ࣁ܈‬Ѝජၠ‫ޔ‬ᗄ ѱǵᑜȐѱȑೀ౛୔ୱ‫܄‬ख़ε‫্ؠ‬Ǵᔈ౦Ӧ೛࿼ഢජᔈᡂύЈǶ ಃ 3 0 చ ҇౲ว౜‫܈্ؠ‬Ԗวғ‫্ؠ‬ϐဤਔǴᔈջЬ୏೯ൔ੃ٛ‫܈‬᝾ჸൂ Տǵ‫׸‬Ȑٚȑߏ‫׸܈‬Ȑٚȑ༸٣Ƕ ߻໨ϐ‫ڙ‬౛ൂՏ‫܈‬Γ঩ௗ‫ؠڙ‬௃೯ൔࡕǴᔈِೲ௦‫ڗ‬Ѹाϐ௛ࡼǶ Ӛભࡹ۬ϷϦӅ٣཰ว౜ǵᕇ‫܈্ؠޕ‬Ԗวғ‫্ؠ‬ϐဤਔǴᔈЬ୏ ᇆ໣ǵ໺ၲ࣬ᜢ‫ؠ‬௃٠ِೲ௦‫ڗ‬Ѹाϐೀ࿼Ƕ ಃ 3 1 చ Ӛભࡹ۬ԋҥ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈࡕǴࡰච‫্ؠܭ۔‬ᔈᡂጄൎϣǴ٩‫៾ځ‬ ೢϩձჴࡼΠӈ٣໨Ǵ٠аӚભࡹ۬ӜကࣁϐǺ ΋ǵᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ௛ࡼϐ࠹ҢǵวѲϷ୺ՉǶ ΒǵჄ‫ۓ‬᝾‫୔י‬ୱǴᇙวᖏਔ೯Չ᛾Ǵज़‫܈ڋ‬࿣ЗΓ҇຾Ε‫ځڮ܈‬ ᚆѐǶ Οǵࡰ‫ۓ‬ၰၡ୔໔ǵНୱǵ‫ޜ‬ୱଯࡋǴज़‫܈ڋ‬࿣Зً፶ǵಭಬ‫܈‬ૐ ‫ޜ‬Ꮤϐ೯ՉǶ Ѥǵቻፓ࣬ᜢ஑ߐᙍ཰ǵ‫ೌמ‬Γ঩Ϸ‫܌‬ቻҔ‫ނ‬ၗϐᏹբΓ঩‫ڐ‬շ௱ ‫ؠ‬Ƕ ϖǵቻҔǵቻᖼ҇໔ཛྷ௱Хǵ௱‫ؠ‬ᐒ‫ڀ‬ǵً፶ǵಭಬ‫܈‬ૐ‫ޜ‬Ꮤ฻း ഢǵβӦǵН៾ǵࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ǵπբ‫ނ‬Ƕ Ϥǵࡰචǵ࿎Ꮴǵ‫ڐ‬ፓ୯ैǵ੃ٛǵ᝾ჸǵ࣬ᜢࡹ۬ᐒᜢǵϦӅ٣ ཰ǵ҇ٛი໗ǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱იᡏϷ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ד‬ᜫಔᙃ୺Չ௱‫ؠ‬π բǶ ΎǵӒᓀࡌᑐ‫ނ‬ǵπբ‫ނ‬ϐ‫ܨ‬ନϷ‫্ؠ‬౜൑ምᛖ‫ނ‬ϐ౽ନǶ ΖǵᓬӃ٬Ҕ໺ኞ൞ᡏᆶ೯ૻ೛ഢǴᇆ໣Ϸ໺ኞ‫ؠ‬௃ᆶᆙ࡚ᔈᡂ࣬ ᜢၗૻǶ ΐǵ୯Ѧ௱‫ؠ‬ಔᙃٰᆵ‫ڐ‬շ௱‫ؠ‬ϐҙፎǵௗࡑǵೢҺ‫୔ؠ‬ϩଛϷ‫ڐ‬ ፓᖄᛠǶ Μǵ‫ؠ‬௃ϐ༼᏾ǵ಍ीǵഋൔϷຑ՗Ƕ Μ΋ǵ‫ځ‬дѸाϐᔈᡂೀ࿼Ƕ ၴϸ߻໨ಃΒීǵಃΟීೕ‫ۓ‬ठᎁၶӒᜤǴ٠җӚભ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈ ຾Չཛྷ௱Զᕇ௱‫ޣ‬ǴӚભࡹ۬ள൩ཛྷ௱‫܌‬ғ຤ҔǴаਜय़‫ڮ‬ᕇ௱‫ޣ‬ ‫܈‬ёᘜೢϐ཰‫ޣ‬ᛦયǹ‫ځ‬຤Ҕϐीᆉǵϩᏼǵբ཰ำ‫ׇ‬Ϸ‫ځ‬дᔈᒥ Չ٣໨ϐᒤ‫ݤ‬Ǵҗϣࡹ೽‫ۓ‬ϐǶ ಃ΋໨ಃϤී‫҇ۓ܌‬ٛი໗ǵ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱იᡏϷ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱‫ד‬ᜫಔᙃϐ ጓಔǵ૽ግǵ‫ڐ‬շ௱‫ؠ‬Ϸ‫ځ‬дᔈᒥՉ٣໨ϐᒤ‫ݤ‬Ǵҗϣࡹ೽‫ۓ‬ϐǶ ಃ 3 2 చ Ӛભࡹ۬ࣁჴࡼಃΒΜΎచಃ΋໨Ϸ߻చಃ΋໨‫ۓ܌‬٣໨Ǵჹ‫ܭ‬௱ ‫܌ؠ‬ሡѸा‫ނ‬ၗϐᇙ೷ǵၮᒡǵೡ፤ǵߥᆅǵঊᓯ཰‫ޣ‬ǴளቻҔǵ ቻᖼ‫ߥځڮ܈‬ᆅǶ ࣁ୺Չ٩߻໨ೕ‫ۓ‬բԋϐೀϩǴளࢴᇾឫԖ᛾ܴЎҹϐΓ঩຾Ε཰ ‫ޣ‬ᔼ཰൑‫ނ܈܌‬ၗ‫܌‬ӧೀ‫܌‬ᔠࢗǶ ಃ 3 4 చ ໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫܌‬ค‫ݤ‬Ӣᔈ‫্ؠ‬ೀ౛ਔǴᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬ᔈЬ୏ࢴ঩ ‫ڐ‬շǴ‫܈‬٩ໂȐᙼǵѱȑϦ‫܌‬ϐፎ‫؃‬Ǵࡰࢴ‫ڐ‬ፓΓ঩ග‫ٮ‬Ѝජ‫ڐ‬շǶ ‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬ค‫ݤ‬Ӣᔈ‫্ؠ‬ೀ౛ਔǴ၀‫্ؠ‬ϐύѧ‫্ؠ‬ٛ ௱཰୍ЬᆅᐒᜢᔈЬ୏ࢴ঩‫ڐ‬շǴ‫܈‬٩‫ޔ‬ᗄѱǵᑜȐѱȑࡹ۬ϐፎ ‫؃‬Ǵࡰࢴ‫ڐ‬ፓΓ঩ග‫ٮ‬Ѝජ‫ڐ‬շǶ. ຏ. ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈ ԋҥϷᄽግϐ ࣬ᜢೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. ‫ؠ‬௃ࢗൔ೯ൔ ᐒ‫ڋ‬Ƕ. ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂύЈ ࡰච‫៾۔‬ೢϐ ࣬ᜢೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. ‫্ؠ‬ᔈᡂਔѸ ा௦‫ڗ‬ம‫ڋ‬ϐ բࣁϐೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. ፎ‫؃‬Ѝජϐೕ ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. 23.