東協區域合作：國際關係理論的再檢視

亞太經濟合作評論 第十二期（民國九十三年十二月） 頁87–100 中華台北APEC研究中心

ڌםડાЪүĈ઼ᅫᙯܼநኢ۞Гᑭෛ

盧業中

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ၡࢋ

本文試圖以三種國際關係主要理論（新現實主義、新自由制度主義、 建構主義），來探討東南亞地區的區域合作。與西方國家，尤其是歐盟的發 展經驗相較，東協國家的合作呈現一種不同樣貌，而此種樣貌，並非單一 套用西方學界既有的國際關係理論可以完整解釋。 鑒於對東協的研究中，既有的主要國際關係理論均有其適用性，也有 其侷限性，加上三者並非全然互斥，本文認為，相當程度地結合這三項學 派，確實有助我們了解東南亞區域合作的現實面。既然學習理論的目的， 是為了讓研究者能以更全面的分析工具來理解並解釋現實情況，這樣的理 論融合有其實用性與必要性。唯有如此，研究者才能更精確地解讀不同地 區、不同層次的國家行為與政策。 * 美國喬治華盛頓大學政治學系博士生

1Stephen Walt, "International Relations: One World, Many Theories," Foreign Policy, Vol. 110 (1998 Spring), pp. 29-45.

關於新現實主義與新自由制度主義的辯論，可參閱Baldwin, Keohane, Martin, and Mearsheimer等人著作。 Please refer to David Baldwin, eds., Neorealism and Neoliberalism (NY: Columbia University Press, 1993); Robert Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 39-51; John Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 ( Winter 1995), pp. 5-49.

在此也必須指出，建構主義的陣營也並非鐵板一塊，而是有各種不同的學派。請參閱 Ted Hopf, "The Promise of Constructivism in IR Theory," pp. 181-185; Jepperson et al. "Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security", in Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security (NY: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 46; John Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together?" in Peter Katzenstein, Robert Keohane, and Stephen Krasner, eds., Exploration and Contestation in the Study of World Politics (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1999), pp. 215-245. 本文中所指涉的建構主 義，係以Alex Wendt為代表的傳統建構主義學派。

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ҽጼඕՁޢĂ઼ᅫᙯܼநኢ۞൴णซˢ˞າ۞ล߱Ĉܜ˳ͽֽҫѣ͚੨ّгҜ۞ າன၁͹ཌྷĂዎె˞׎΁நኢ۞߄ጼĂ͍׎ͽາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ̈́ޙၹ͹ཌྷࠎ౵Ą1 ᄃѩ ТॡĂЪүᄃ׶πјࠎ઼छม̢જ۞͹ࢋሀёĄѩඈ൴णͽለ߷઼छࠎ΃ܑĄ ൒҃Ăд׎΁гડ઼छม۞̢જݒϏυтለ༖ਠሄ៍ĂтڌםĞThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEANğ઼छЪүӈࠎ˘ּĄᅳ˿۬৾ă።ΫЯ৵ă̙Т ߆វăགྷᑻ൴णमளඈĂౌֹ଀៍၅छࣇ൑ڱಏ৷гइϡለ༖۞Ъүሀёֽྋᛖѩڌ ݑֲ۞ડાЪүĄፂѩĂధкጯ۰ᄮࠎĂາன၁͹ཌྷᔘߏ˞ྋڌםડાЪү۞౵ָෛ ֎Ą2 ֶፂາன၁͹ཌྷ۞࠻ڱĂᝋ˧πᏊᄃࢦથ͹ཌྷ఺׌ีᛳٺྍநኢ۞ࢦࢋ͚ߗĂߏ Ξͽдֲ͉гડԱזિ၁۞၁ᙋૄᖂć҃ڌם۞௡јͽ̈́׎ޢ၆ٺ߆ڼ̈́щБᛉᗟ۞ ൴णĂቁ၁˵дߙ჌඀ޘ˯௑Ъྍநኢ۞ྋᛖᄃഇޞĄ൒҃Ăώ͛υื޽΍۞ߏĂѩ ჌่ઐࢦٺඕၹّĂ҃نரЧј઼ࣶώ̰֗ొ൴णᄃ̼͛ᄮТ۞ྋᛖĂϏਕৌϒ˞ྋ ڌם઼छม۞Ъү̢જĄְ၁˯Ăд̢જ࿅඀̚Ăڌם઼छมቁ၁хд඾ЪүࢬШĄ ٺߏĂѣֱጯ۰޽΍Ăጐგᝋ˧πᏊᄃ၆ۏኳ˧ณ۞ࢦෛഅགྷ͹ङҘ͞͵ࠧ۞።ΫĂ ԧࣇ̪՟ѣநϤᄮࠎѩඈன෪ಶυ൒ົдֲ߷൴ϠĄ3 ְ၁˯Ăனд̏ז˞ࢦາᑭෛ઼ ᅫᙯܼநኢ̈́׎дڌםડાЪү̝ዋϡّ۞ॡ࣏Ą ώ͛૟ͽ͛ᚥଣ੅̝͞ёĂ ͽڌםડાЪүࠎּĂᑭෛனѣ͹ࢋ઼ᅫᙯܼநኢዋ ϡ۞݀ࢨّĂ֭੫၆఺ֱયᗟ೩΍ܐՎ̝ΞਕԼតĄώ͛ர̶ࠎα̂ొ̶ĄࢵАĂώ ͛૟ࡗர੅ኢາன၁͹ཌྷᄃາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ၆ٺڌםડાЪү۞࠻ڱĄᔵ൒ĂາҋϤ טޘ͹ཌྷ၆າன၁͹ཌྷ೩΍˞ԲҿĂҭώ͛ᄮࠎĂາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ۰֭Ϗ၆1997ѐֲ ߷ܛᏉП፟ഇมĂڌם۞ѣࢨүࠎ೩΍ዋ༊۞ྋᛖĄߊ൒າன၁͹ཌྷ̈́າҋϤטޘ͹

2 在此陣營中，Aaron Friedberg之研究最具代表性。 See Friedberg, "Ripe for Rivalry," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Winter 1993/94), pp. 5-33; and "Will Europe's Past Be Asia's Future?" Survival, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Autumn 2000), pp. 147-159.

3 許多研究均持此種看法。請參閱 Denny Roy, "Realism and East Asia," The Journal of East Asian Affairs, Spring/Summer 2000, pp. 159-178; Christopher Hemmer and Peter Katzenstein, "Why is There No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism," International Organization Vol. 56, No. 3 (Summer 2002), pp. 575-607; G. John Ikenberry and Jitsuo Tsuchiyama, "Between Blance of Power and Community: The Future of Multilateral Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific," International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 2 (2002), pp. 69-94; Amitav Acharya, "Will Asia's Past Be Its Future?" International Security, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Winter 2003/04), pp. 149-164; David Kang, "Hierarchy, Balancing, and Empirical Puzzles in Asian International Relations," International Security, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Winter 2003/04), pp. 165-180.

ཌྷϏਕග̟ԧࣇ˘࣎႕ຍ۞ඍ९Ăώ͛ତ඾͔ˢޙၹ͹ཌྷֽ੅ኢڌם઼छม۞ЪүĄ ߙ჌඀ޘ˯Ăଣ੅ڌם઼छ۞ะវᄮТᄃٙᏜĶڌםሀёķ(the "ASEAN way") ቁ၁ѣ ӄԧࣇ˞ྋڌם۞ྻү̈́ڌם઼छ۞ҖࠎĄͽڌםડાЪүࠎּĂ݈ࢗˬ჌͹ࢋ઼ᅫ ᙯܼநኢ֭ܧ఍ٺ࠹̢ᚮۋĂ҃ߏ࠹̢ྃ·۞ېၗĄώ͛૟ซ˘Վ޽΍Ă ઱ѣᖣϤҌ ͌׌჌̙Т۞நኢෛ֎Ăԧࣇ̖ਕྵࠎБࢬг˞ྋڌם઼छ۞ЪүĄ ᝦٺາன၁͹ཌྷăາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷăᄃޙၹ͹ཌྷధк࠹ᙯ඾үӮд੅ኢщБᄃ߆ ڼᛉᗟĂώ͛Ϻ૟ԯࢦ͕ཉٺڌם઼छม۞߆ڼᄃщБЪү̝˯ĄҌٺڌם઼छมЪ ү۞Ω˘ࢦ̂ᛉᗟǕགྷᑻፋЪĂ݋̙̟࿅к੅ኢĄ

෮ăາன၁͹ཌྷᄃڌם

າன၁͹ཌྷ۰4 ᄮࠎĂ ઼ᅫវր৿ͻ˘࣎౵੼ᝋރ۞൑߆عېၗĂֹ଀Ķҋܲķ јࠎវր̚۞͹ࢋҖࠎ۰Ǖ઼छǕ۞͹ࢋҖࠎ໤݋ĄፂѩĂ ઼छม۞ᝋ˧πᏊᄃඕ༖ ͽ၆ԩΩ˘ૻᝋ૟јࠎ૱ၗĄາன၁͹ཌྷ۰ٚᄮѣॡ઼छົ౅࿅઼ᅫטޘֽҖࠎĂҭ ѩඈ઼ᅫטޘ่ߏͅߍ༊઼ְ۞઼छӀৈ҃̏Ą҃Ч઼၆׎Ӏৈ۞ࢍზ݋ߏֽҋ઼ᅫ វր̰ۏኳ˧ณ۞̶੨҃ؠĄϤٺགྷᑻ˧ณᄃ࢕ְ˧ณ۞Ξ̢ೱّĂ઼छม۞གྷᑻᙯ ܼ૟ߏᚮۋ̂ٺЪү۞ሀёĂ҃Ч઼૟ͽࢦથ͹ཌྷ੠Րώ֗Ӏৈ۞ໂ̼̂Ą ૟າன၁͹ཌྷ۞ૄώϲಞइϡҌڌם˯ĂԧࣇΞͽ൴னĄ5 ௐ˘Ă ྍડા۞৩Ԕ ܼϤડાγૻᝋม۞̢જٙՙؠĂ҃ڌݑ઼ֲछЯ఍ٺ࠹၆ྵऴ۞ဩڶ҃൑ڱ྿јщ Б˯۞ҋගҋ֖Ąдѩଐڶ˭Ăᝋ˧πᏊ૟ߏჯᘭྍгડщБ۞઱˘͞ёĄ׎ѨĂྍ ડાม۞གྷᑻЪүϏυਕഴ͌ጼۋ۞ΞਕّĂ҃ͅΞਕ͔੓ՀкᇝᑡĄௐˬĂ઼ᅫט ޘ̙֭ਕࢨט͹ࢋૻᝋ۞ጼரઐр̈́ҖࠎĂ҃ڌםᄃڌםડાኢጪ(the ASEAN Regional Forum, ARF)۞֎Ғໂ׎ѣࢨĂ่่ߏ߆عม۞ኢጪĂдΞ࿰֍۞૟ֽ˵֭൑ Їң֕Ш෹઼छ(supranational)௡ᖐ۞ΞਕّĄЧ઼ม၆ٺপؠᛉᗟ۞ॲώमளĂֹ଀ كѩ۞ਾ͕Ъү·႕ӧᙱĄ

າன၁͹ཌྷᄮࠎ׎͹ૺٸኜαঔ࠰໤Ăдዋϡ˯՟ѣડાٕॡมล߱۞मளĄ

4 此處，個人以Kenneth Waltz與John Mearsheimer之主張為代表，而不著墨於現實主義其他陣營，如攻 勢現實主義、新古典現實主義等分別。

5 Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of Southeast Asia (London: Routledge, 1989); Amitav Acharya, "Realism, Institutionalism, and the Asian Economic Crisis," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 21, No.1 (April 1999), pp. 1-29; Roy, "Realism and East Asia;" Sorpong Peou, "Realism and Constructivism in Southeast Asian Security Studies Today: A Review Essay," The Pacific Review, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2002), pp. 119-138.

ᙋኜڌם̈́ڌםડાኢጪ۞ᚯޙ࿅඀Ăາன၁͹ཌྷ۞͹ૺቁ၁дߙֱ͞ࢬѣ׎ड़˧Ą аᜪڌם۞јϲĂд1960ѐ΃ޢഇĂڌם౹઼ؕቁ၁૟෸ݑ઼̼࡚֔̈́๕˧ၣ΍ڌݑ ֲෛࠎ͹ࢋރ਎Ą1994ѐڌםડાኢጪ۞јϲ݋ߏ၆઼̚૦੓(઼ٕ̚ރ਎ኢ)۞˘჌ ͅᑕĄӈܮߏ఺ೀѐڳڳ഼഼۞ڌםΐˬ፟טĂ˵Ξෛࠎߏڌם઼छࠎ˞ྋՙറඈᄃ ઼̚ม۞̢જӧဩ۞˘჌͞ёĄ઼̚۞Ꮈ੓ቁ၁ֹڌם઼छຏזᇎᇋĂҭ၆ޢ۰҃֏ ઼̚ၟҌϫ݈ࠎͤإϏၹјځព҃ϲӈ۞ރ਎Ăֹ଀ڌם઼छυืଳפᝋ˧πᏊֽט Ꮚ઼̚Ą6 ࣃ଀ڦຍ۞ߏĂྚᛖڌם۞൴ण̝ᅫĂາன၁͹ཌྷ۰ቁ၁ҲҤ˞טޘᄃᄮТඈЯ ৵Ąజෛࠎன၁͹ཌྷ۰۞Michael LeiferӈᄮࠎĂٙᏜ۞ᄮТĂ·׎ณҡᐌ઼छӀৈ҃ Ϡ۞ઘயݡĂ֭Ϗਕซ˘Վܳซ઼छม၆ٺщБᛉᗟ۞ЪүĄҌٺкᙝ۞઼ᅫטޘĂ ݋ߏ৿ͻड़த۞Ą7 _{ֶፂ1976ѐĮڌם̓рЪү୧ࡗį҃јϲ̝ۋბྋՙপҾ؎ࣶົĂ} ׎јड़̙ၓְ၁˯ֽҋٺົ઼ࣶมઐрͽםથ΃ആ෦఩ͽྋՙۋბĄГ۰Ăڌםડા ኢጪ۞ͣ৿טޘ̼ᄃڱט̼Ăְ၁˯ߏ࠹ᙯ઼छ၆ٺ༊ܐѩטޘనࢍ۞˘჌ጼரͅ ᑕĂ̪ߏͽ઼छӀৈࠎޥ҂ࢦ͕Ă҃ܧͽડાኢጪ۞טޘ̼ࠎϫᇾĄ8 າன၁͹ཌྷ۞៍၅Ă͔੓ధк׎΁நኢ۞͚޺۰̈́ڌם៍၅छ۞ԲෞĄᓁវ҃ ֏ĂາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ۰ኳႷາன၁͹ཌྷѣᙯᝋ˧੽ۋ۞ኢࢗĂᄮࠎ઼ᅫטޘ̈́ߙֱপ ؠ۞ఢቑ(norms)Ăᄃטޘٙ೩ֻ۞ྤੈϹೱඈΑਕĂቁ၁ѣӄٺࢫҲ઼छมഡᙾҖࠎ ۞൴ϠĄޙၹ͹ཌྷ۰݋͹ૺ઼ᅫវր۞൑߆عېၗߏ઼छౄј۞Ă઼҃छม۞̶֗ᄮ ТߏགྷϤۤົ̢જٙޙၹĂ఺჌̢જϏυ˘ؠߏາன၁͹ཌྷٙ͹ૺ۞ᝋ˧πᏊĄ၆ٺ ڌם៍၅छ҃֏Ăາன၁͹ཌྷҋ➬ࠎĶ˘វዋϡķ۞͹ૺĂυืΩүአፋ̖ਕ௑Ъڌ ݑֲгડĄ҃дѩ࿅඀̚Ăԧࣇυืᙯڦ༊г̼͛̈́׎পѣ።ΫĄᓝּ҃֏Ăᔵ൒ Michael Leiferᄃజෛࠎޙၹ͹ཌྷ۰۞ Amitav Acharya ଳҖ˞̙Т۞நኢෛ֎ֽ៍၅ڌ םĂҭ΁ࣇౌᄮࠎĂڌݑֲгડপѣ۞።Ϋࡦഀ̼̈́͛Я৵඗၆̙ਕజࡁտ۰ٙن ரĄ9

6 Amitav Acharya, "Will Asia's Past Be Its Future?" 關於對威脅平衡(balance of threat)的論點，請參閱 Stephan Walt, The Origins of Alliances (NY: Cornell University Press,1987). 其他以新現實主義檢視東協 安全合作的研究，請參閱Ralf Emmers, Cooperative Security and the Balance of Power in ASEAN and the ARF (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).

7 Sorpong Peou, "Realism and Constructivism in Southeast Asian Security Studies Today: A Review Essay." 8 Miles Kahler, "Legalization as Strategy: The Asia-Pacific Case," International Organization, Vol.54, No. 3

(Summer 2000), pp. 549-571.

9 關於Leifer與Acharya觀點的比較，請參閱Sorpong Peou, "Realism and Constructivism in Southeast Asian Security Studies Today: A Review Essay."

ણăາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ۞֎Ғ

າҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ૟טޘؠཌྷࠎĈĶҖࠎ۰дপؠᅳાٙВТഇ୕۞˘րЕࣧ݋ă ఢቑăఢ݋ᄃՙඉ඀ԔķĄ1 0 າҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷᄃາன၁͹ཌྷ࠰ߏ໚ҋநّ͹ཌྷ(rational-ism)ޥჯĂᔵ൒ᗕ͞ૻአ۞඀ޘ̙ТĂҭᗕ͞ౌତצ઼छߏ൑߆عېၗ઼ᅫវր˭۞ ͹ࢋҖࠎ۰Ă׎Җࠎ̝ϫ۞дٺ੠Ր઼छӀৈĂ͍׎ߏۏኳ˧ณ۞ໂ̼̂Ą઼छ۞ઐ рᄃ̶֗ᄮТߏγдගؠͷೀͼ̙ត۞Ą1 1 ᗕ͞۞͹ࢋमள݋дٺĄࢵАĂ༊າன၁ ͹ཌྷ۰ᄮࠎĶҋӄķߏ઼छม̢જ໤݋ॡĂາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ۰݋࠹ܫщБӧဩߏΞͽ ౅࿅ĶЪүķֽྋՙ۞Ąߏͽ઼छ˜ֶፂكѩม඗၆Ӏৈͽ̈́၆Ϗֽ۞ഇ୕̢҃જĂ ҃Ξͽܳซྤੈ౅ځăࢫҲϹٽјώ۞઼ᅫטޘЯѩՀԛࢦࢋĄ ׎ѨĂ઼ᅫטޘ֭ܧтາன၁͹ཌྷ۰ٙ֏Ă่่ߏͅߍј઼ࣶӀৈ۞̍׍Ą࠹ͅ гĂј઼ࣶ۞Җࠎ˵૟Ξਕצזྍ઼ᅫטޘ۞ࢨטᄃఢቑĄтТDavid Lakeᙯٺ઼छ д઼ᅫטޘ˭۞ጼர̢જ̝ࡁտ޽΍Ăд1990۞گ៉ጼۋ̝ᅫĂ઼࡚ᄃܠٛұ઼छ௡ ј۞кᙝᓑ༖Ăӈͅ࿅ֽࢨט˞઼࡚ώ֗۞˧ณ̈́ඉரᏴፄĄ1 2 Ω˘࣎າன၁͹ཌྷᄃາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷۋኢ۞൏ᕇ݋ߏдٺ઼ᅫטޘ۞ᜈхયᗟĄ າன၁͹ཌྷᄮࠎĂ઼ᅫטޘ۞൴णצ઼छٙࢨטĂ֭൑ҋ͹ّĂͷ၆઼छҖࠎᇆᜩѣ ࢨĄፂѩĂྍநኢ̪ͽ઼छӀৈ۞֎ޘֽྋᛖҽጼඕՁޢΔࡗ௡ᖐ(the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO)۞ᜈхĂᄮࠎ఺ߏЯࠎ௑Ъ઼࡚̈́͹ࢋј઼ࣶ۞Ӏৈٙ࡭Ą

1 3

൒҃ĂາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷݒᄮࠎĂ઼ᅫטޘ˘όనϲ̝ޢĂಶົѣᛳٺҋ̎۞Ϡ׻ᄃ ൴ण࿅඀ĄΔࡗ۞ᜈхӈΞᕩЯٺ׎ώ֗۞൴णͽ̈́ჯᘭለ߷׶π۞ΑਕĄтТ Celeste Wallander ٙ޽΍ĂԧࣇυืϤົ઼ࣶώ֗јώड़ৈ҂ณͽ̈́Δࡗ௡ᖐώ֗གྷ࿅ кѐႊซٙԛј۞ྤயඈ׌͞ࢬֽ҂ณĂ̖ਕநྋΔࡗ۞ᜈхĄ1 4

10 Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes (NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), p. 1. 11 Robert Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory," p. 39.

12 David Lake, "Beyond Anarchy: The Importance of Security Institutions," International Security, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2001), pp. 129-160.

13 Joseph Grieco, "Realist International Theory and the Study of World Politics," in Michael Doyle and G. John Ikenberry, eds., New Thinking in International Relations Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1997), pp. 163-201; Kenneth Waltz, "Structural Realism after the Cold War," International Security Vol. 25, No. 1 (2000), pp. 5-41.

14 Celeste Wallander, "Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO After the Cold War," International Organization Vol. 54, No. 4 (2000), pp. 705-735. 該文指出，這些資產包括「特別資產」(及北約應付外 來威脅的軍事準備等)，以及「一般資產」(即國際制度所提供的資訊交換等功能)。此外，各會員國 在考量廢除北約或是讓之漸漸轉型以因應新情勢的成本之後，決定了北約的續存。而北約的發展， 也確實證明了它本身確有調適轉變的能力。

າҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ၆ڌם઼छมЪү۞៍၅Β߁˭ЕೀᕇĄࢵАĂڌםјϲ۞ϫᇾ Β߁ܳซགྷᑻјܜăۤົซՎă̼͛൴णă̈́ડા׶πᄃᘦؠĄົ઼ࣶ֭ᄮࠎĂд఺ ֱᅳા۞ВТЪүĂѣӄࢫҲົ઼ࣶม̢જ۞Ϲٽјώͽ̙̈́υࢋ۞ᇝᑡĄ҃ҽጼ۞ ඕՁĂᆧૻ˞кᙝЪү۞۩มĂ఺჌Ъү֭૟ซ˘Վפ΃ᝋ˧πᏊĂјࠎڌם઼छ̢ જ۞͹ࢋሀёĄ׎ѨĂ౅࿅ڌםώ֗၆ٺܫ͕ޙϲă࿰֨γϹă̈́኏ࡎგந۞ˬล߱ ႙ซ൴णĂ࠹ᙯ઼छѣΞਕుՎቤ׶ડા̰ღૺၗ๕ͽֽ̈́ҋડાγ۞ૻᝋᚮుĄ఺ ᇹ۞൴णᔌ๕ĂϒΞͽүࠎֲ͉гડ͟ޢޙϲ࠹ᙯ፟ט۞ણ҂ĄѩγĂϒтధк៍၅ छٙ޽΍Ăֲ͉гડЪү፟ט۞൴ण࢖ྫ࠹༊̙Тٺለ༖Ąдֲ͉гડĂૻአВᙊ ՙăࢦෛ࿅඀౼ٺඕڍăᔖҺڱט̼ă̙᎕ໂޙϲ࠹ᙯءဈ௡ᖐඈĂϒၹјѩгડ઼ ᅫטޘ൴ण۞পҒĄ1 5 ࠹ᙯ઼छ౅࿅ڌם̈́ڌםડાኢጪߛၹٙซҖ۞Чีሿથ̈́׎ঐޛடԟăᆧΐ̢ ܫ۞ΑਕĂቁ၁дߙ჌඀ޘ˯௑ЪາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ۞࿰ഇĄ൒҃ĂາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ఺ ჌ሄ៍۞࠻ڱݒд1997ѐ۞ֲ߷ܛᏉࢲᇷዎז߄ጼĄ༊ॡĂ઼̰߆ڼҬͼפ΃˞Ч઼ Ъү۞ຍШĂ јࠎЧ઼Җࠎ۞͹ࢋ҂ณĄּт঍઼̈́າΐ؂ӈࠎ˞ฟٸγ઼౻̍ඈᛉ ᗟ҃ۋኢ̙ЃĄϤѩ៍̝ĂາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷдྋᛖڌםડાЪүॡ̪ዎ࿃࠹༊ӧᙱĄ

དྷăޙၹ͹ཌྷᄃĶڌםሀёķ

ҋ1980ѐ΃̚ഇฟؕĂາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷᄃາன၁͹ཌྷ۞நّ͹ཌྷෛ֎צזޙၹ͹ ཌྷ۰۞߄ጼĄޙၹ͹ཌྷ۰ତצາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷᙯٺטޘٺ઼छมЪү̚Էႊࢦࢋ֎Ғ ۞ᄲڱĂҭ̙Тຍޢ۰۞நّ͹ཌྷ઄నĄࢵАĂޙၹ͹ཌྷ۰ૻአдপؠטޘ˭ĂҖࠎ ۰̢ࠎ͹វ۞̢જĂ҃఺ֱ̢જĂତ˭ֽ૟ѣӄԛ๬Җࠎ۰۞̶֗ĂҖࠎ۰֭ፂѩາ ۞̶֗ซҖ˭˘Ѩ۞̢જĄтТJohn Ruggie ᄃFriedrich Kratochwil ٙ޽΍Ă఺ᇹ۞̢ ࠎ͹វّ(intersubjectivity)Ăϒߏࡁտ઼ᅫטޘ̙Ξٕ৿۞˘ีЯ৵Ą1 6

ޙၹ͹ཌྷ۰֭ᄮࠎĂ઼ᅫטޘߏ˘჌ᇆᜩ઼छҖࠎ۞ۤົඕၹĂҭטޘᄃҖࠎ۰ ۞ᙯܼߏ࠹̢ၹј۞Ă̙֭ߏтநّ͹ཌྷ۰ٙ֏۞ቢّЯڍᙯܼĄ1 7

઼ᅫטޘ۞ࢦࢋ

15 Amitav Acharya, "Realism, Institutionalism, and the Asian Economic Crisis."

16 Friedrich V. Kratochwil and John G. Ruggie. "International Organization: A State of the Art on the Art of the State," International Organization, Vol.40 (1986), pp. 753-775.

17 有關此結構與行為者關係的討論，亦可參照Anthony Giddens and Christopher Pierson, Conversations with Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity (CA: Standford University Press, 1998).

ّĂ่̙ߏтТາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ۰ٙ֏Ξͽࢨט઼छҖࠎ̈́׎ඉரĂՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ౅ ࿅઼छม̢જ۞Җࠎఢቑᄃఢ݋Ă઼ᅫטޘΞͽࢦ๬ົ઼ࣶ۞̶֗ᄃӀৈĄЯѩĂޙ ၹ͹ཌྷૻአ઼ᅫטޘᄃҖࠎ۰ม࠹̢ၹј۞ᙯܼĂ҃Җࠎ۰۞̶֗ᄃӀৈĂߏົᐌ඾ ॡม҃Լត۞Ă֭ܧтநّ͹ཌྷٙ͹ૺ۞˘ј̙តĄ1 8 ௐˬĂޙၹ͹ཌྷ࠹༊ࢦෛ઼ᅫטޘٙ೩ֻ۞໛఼ΑਕĄ఺ֱ౅࿅טޘٙ็ᅍ۞͛ ̼Я৵Ă၆ٺҖࠎ۰۞ۤົ̼ѣ࠹༊̂۞ᇆᜩ˧Ăࡁտ۰̙ᑕྍنෛĄ д၁ᙋࡁտ͞ࢬĂޙၹ͹ཌྷૻአטޘనࢍ̈́׎ߛၹ၆ٺົ઼ࣶะវᄮТ۞ᇆᜩĄ ᓝּ҃֏ĂΔࡗ۞ᜈхĂߏϤٺϔ͹វט۞ົ઼ࣶ̝ม౅࿅кѐ۞̢જ҃๬ౄ΍˘჌ ะវᄮТĂ఺჌ᄮТѣӄٺԼត΁ࣇ၆γдщБᒖဩ۞ᄮۢĄ1 9_{аᜪҽጼॡഇĂᛂᓑ} ઼̰߆ڼඕၹ̈́׎ଯण۞Вய͹ཌྷ၆ٺΔࡗ۞ϔ͹઼छ҃֏Ăߏ˘჌ԆБ̙Т۞វ טĂ҃఺჌̙Тٺ̎۞ຏᛇĂϒૻ̼˞Δࡗົ઼ࣶม۞ဥඕ˘࡭Ă֭૟ᛂᓑෛࠎሕд ᇲˠĄ༊ᛂᓑд͖͐ݵ͈͹߆˭ฟؕซҖ߆ڼԼࢭॡĂ၆Δࡗ઼छ҃֏Ăጐგ၆Ч઼ ѣ඀ޘ˯۞मளĂҭ఺჌ރ਎ຏቁ၁ు႙ঐੜĄ༊ᛂᓑฟؕٸୢܬரّγϹ߆ඉĂ҃ ᖼШᄃ׎΁ለ߷઼छᏖՐВТщБ̝ޢĂҘ઼͞छ˵̙д૟׎ෛࠎᇲ͘Ă֭Яѩֹܳ ҽጼ௣ඕĄᖎ֏̝Ăֶ໰ޙၹ͹ཌྷ۰۞ຐڱĂ઼छ၆ٺะវᄮТᄃ၆ރ਎۞៍ຏߏΞ ͽᐌ඾ॡมଯொă౅࿅كѩ̢જ҃Լត۞Ą ૟఺ֱޙၹ͹ཌྷ៍ᕇዋϡזڌם˯Ăࣃ଀ڦຍ۞ߏ׎Ķ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķͽ̈́Вᙊՙ ۞ՙඉሀёĄѩγĂڌם઼छܜ˳ͽֽ˘ۡٱ޺඾૟ڌݑֲ˩઼ৼˢڌם఺࣎छलĂ ٕߏĶຐည۞ВТវķ ۞ᙸ୕Ă˵௣ٺд1999ѐ଀ז၁ኹĄ2 0_{༊෸ݑд1970ѐ΃ޢഇ} ˢܬߚं၂̝ᅫĂڌםົ઼ࣶᚑॾᏲೈ׎Ķ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķĂጐგ઼ᅫۤົ˘᜔ͯయ̝ ᓏĂڌםݒ̪൒ܲ޺ՕᐵĄ ࡶҋາன၁͹ཌྷᄃາҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞֎ޘ៍̝ĂĶ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķ̈́ڌםડાኢጪ۞൴ ण൑Ⴗгົజᕩᙷࠎளּ҃ܧ఼݋۞˘ొЊĄͽ෸ݑˢܬߚं၂҃֏Ăቁ၁ၹј၆ڌ ݑֲ׎΁઼छ۞˘̂ރ਎Ăڌם઼छநᑕဥඕ˘࡭Ă౅࿅ᝋ˧πᏊ۞͞ёԺט෸ݑ۞

18 Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It," and "Constructing International Politics," International Security Vol. 20, No. 1 (1995), pp. 71-81.

19 Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Collective Identity in a Democratic Community," in Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security, pp. 357-399; Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (London: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 301-302.

20 Acharya與其他學者均指出，區域性的認同感是透過彼此互動實踐而構成的。 See Amitav Acharya, The Quest for Identity: International Relations of Southeast Asia (London: Oxford University Press, 2000). 另，關於「想像的共同體」概念，請參閱Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 2nd ed. (NY: Verso, 1991)，有詳盡的概念闡析。

ᕖૺĂ̙҃ߏঐໂгࢦϦĶ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķĄ ҃ڌםડાኢጪ۞൴णĂࡶߏֶ໰າன၁ ͹ཌྷ۞࠻ڱĂڌם઼छᑕ༊ᔛኛ઼࡚۞ΐˢĂٕߏޙϲՀѣड़۞፟טͽྋՙ኏ࡎĂ҃ ่̙ߏ˘࣎ᗫ೸۞௡ᖐ҃̏Ąᝦٺڌםડાኢጪ۞࠹၆ᗫ೸ّኳĂາன၁͹ཌྷ۰к၆ ٺڌם઼छЪүĂࠤҌՀᇃཌྷ۞ֲ͉гડщБЪүٱ޺ೌ៍۞࠻ڱĄ൒҃Ă఺ᇹ۞ೌ ៍͕ၗ͔൴˞Ω˘࣎યᗟĄտౣߏڌם઼छనࢍ۞ڌםኢጪĂߏ˘ีܧநّ۞Җࠎĉ ᔘߏາன၁͹ཌྷنෛ˞ᄮТЯ৵д׎̚Էႊ۞֎ҒĂͽҌٺ૟ڌםડાኢጪ۞௡јഈ Шܧநّྋᛖĉ࣎ˠͽࠎĂߏາன၁͹ཌྷ၆ٺᄮТЯ৵۞نෛĂጱ࡭ྍጯࠁ൑ڱϒቁ ྋᛖڌם઼छม۞Ъү൴णયᗟĄ ҋޙၹ͹ཌྷ۞ෛ֎៍̝ĂAmitav Acharya ᄃ׎΁۞៍၅छࠎՀஎˢг˞ྋڌם۞ ൴ण೩ֻ˞ధк፾ז֍ྋĄ2 1 ᄃາன၁͹ཌྷ̙ТĂറඈ۞͹ࢋ੒ᚥдٺপҾૻአ̼͛ ᄃ።ΫЯ৵дڌݑֲડાࡁտ̚۞֎ҒĂ֭எˢ̶ژ˞఺ֱЯ৵၆ྍгડ઼छҖࠎ۞ ᇆᜩĄ఺ֱጯ۰̂ౌТຍڌם఺ᇹ۞௡ᖐ൴णᄃڌם઼छ၆ٺĶ͹ᝋķ۞៍هिि࠹ ᙯĂ͍׎צז1960ѐ΃఺઼ֱछ௲ᗓതϔг۞࿅඀ٙᇆᜩĂֹ଀఺઼ֱछд̢જ̝ ᅫĂ͹ࢋ҂ณӈࠎቁܲώ֗۞͹ᝋгҜĄ2 2 ٺߏĂૻአ͹ᝋͽ̈́Ķ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķඈఢ ቑĂ౅࿅࠹ᙯ઼छдڌםͽ̈́ڌםડાኢጪ۞ߛၹ˭႙႙гטޘ̼ĄٙᏜ۞Ķڌםሀ ёķĂΒ߁̙̒ঘࣧ݋ăֹ̙ϡڠ˧ă˘࡭ՙăͽ̈́ࢬ၆ࢬ۞ሿથͽྋՙۋᛉඈĂ˵႙ ႙̰̼јࠎڌם઼छมكѩϹـ۞໤ፂĄҋڌם઼छ۞֎ޘ៍̝ĂϤ఺ֱࣧ݋ٙၹј ۞ĶڌםሀёķĂߏѣӄٺჯᘭ׎઼̰ᘦؠ۞Ă˵Яѩצזڌם઼छ۞ܫчĄ

21 Acharya 可視為是將建構主義帶入東南亞區域研究的代表。請參閱其著作： Regionalism and Multilateralism: Essays on Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2002); The Quest for Identity: International Relations of Southeast; Acharya, Constructing a Security Community: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London: Routledge, 2000); "Regional Institutions and Security Order in Asia"; "Collective Identity and Conflict Management in Southeast Asia," in Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, eds., Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 198-227; "A Regional Security Community in Southeast Asia?" Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3 (September 1995), pp. 181-182; "The Association of Southeast Asian Nations: 'Security Community' or 'Defense Community'"? Pacific Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2 (Summer 1991), pp. 159-177. 其他學者也有相當卓 越的相關研究，包括：Jurgen Haacke, ASEAN's Diplomatic and Security Culture (London: Routledge, 2003); Hiro Katsumata, "Reconstruction of Diplomatic Norms in Southeast Asia: The Case for Struct Adherence to the 'ASEAN Way'," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 25, No. 1 (April 2003), pp. 104-121; Christopher Hemmer and Peter Katzenstein, "Why is There No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism," Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara, "Japan, Asian-Pacific Security, and the Case for Analytical Eclecticism," International Security Vol. 26, No. 3 (Winter 2001/2002), pp. 153-185; Robin Ramcharan, "ASEAN and Non-Interference: A Principle Maintained," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 22, No. 1 (April 2000), pp. 60-88.

22關於東協的主權觀，亦可參照Rodolfo Soverino, "Sovereignty, Intervention, and the ASEAN Way," http://www.aseansec.org/3221.htm (Accessed 2004/10/1).

ѩ჌ޙၹ͹ཌྷ۞ྋᛖĂቁ၁ѣӄٺᕖ·઼ᅫטޘዋϡҌ̙Тгડ۞ྋᛖ˧Ă˵ᔖ Һ˞າҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷѣॡ࿅ٺᆉർ۞̶ᙷᇾ໤Ăኜтԛё̼̈́ڱט̼఺׌ีטޘ͹ཌྷ ۰౵૱ϡ۞޽ᇾĄ၆ٺᕖ઼̂ᅫטޘࡁտ۞੒ᚥ҃֏Ăޙၹ͹ཌྷᔖҺ˞າன၁͹ཌྷ၆ ٺטޘώ֗ٙਕ൴೭̝˧ณ۞ҲҤĂ˵ᔖҺ˞າҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ၆ٺֲ͉гડડાЪү ͣ৿ڱט̼۞ೌ៍ຐڱĄᖣϤ̼͛ᄃ߆ڼϹ̢үϡ۞ྋᛖĂޙၹ͹ཌྷቁ၁ѣӄٺٛܕ ઼ᅫᙯܼநኢᄃ઼ᅫன၁۞෼ᗓĄ ൒҃Ăޙၹ͹ཌྷৌ۞ߏڌםٕߏֲ͉ࡁտ۞༱ី̜๜ĉ࣎ˠᄮࠎĂࡶߏٱ޺఺ᇹ ۞࠻ڱĂព൒ົѣࡁտ˯۞۠ᕇĄޙၹ͹ཌྷ၆ٺڌם۞៍၅˵ѣ׎݀ࢨĄ༊ޙၹ͹ཌྷ ۰ᄮࠎĂะវᄮТΞͽᖣϤ̢જͽ̈́ॡม۞ႊซ҃๬ౄĂҭ΁ࣇݒ൑ڱځቁ޽΍఺ᇹ ۞࿅඀ᅮࢋк˳۞ॡมĂٕߏֱࣹ୧ІΞͽѣड़гܳј఺჌ᖼតĄᖎ֏̝Ăԧࣇ൑ڱ ่่Ϥޙၹ͹ཌྷ۞ෛ֎ĂΝ࿰ീĶڌםሀёķ఺ᇹ۞ఢቑΞͽ޺ᜈк˳Ąְ၁˯Ăڌ ם۞Ķ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķдߙֱଐڶ˭̏གྷצז߄ጼĄ ᓝּ҃֏ĂጐგЩཌྷ˯ڌם઼छ၆Ķ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķܑன΍ᚑॾᏲч۞ຍᙸĂҭ၆ ٺ቞ոͽ̈́ߚं၂۞ΐˢڌםݒӔன̙Т҂ณĄͽ቞ո۞ଐڶࠎּĂڌם઼छ၆ٺ Ķ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķઇ΍ొ̶࣒ϒĂ̙֭ԟ઼ᅫᑅ˧ĂԼଳĶޙనّϹـķ(constructive engagement)߆ඉᝌܓ቞ոΐˢڌםĄ౅࿅ĶޙనّϹـķ߆ඉĂڌם˘͞ࢬͽှᐖγ Ϲ۞͞ёĂ౅࿅ሿથֽᚍᄲ቞ո۞࢕߆عᛖٸΒ߁ਃ̋ᛂऐඈளᛉЊ̄ͽࢫҲ઼ᅫᑅ ˧ĄΩ˘͞ࢬĂڌם઼छͽΐˢྍ௡ᖐࠎᄵᅸĂͽૻ̼࢕߆ع۞ϒ༊ّĂᔖҺྍ߆ᝋ ࿅ޘШ઼้̚୆Ăރ਎ڌݑֲ׎΁઼छ۞щБĄߚं၂۞ΐˢĂ݋Яࠎ׎ώ̰֗߆ଐ ๕۞ត̼҃ዎזڌםଯᏵĄߚं၂ώᑕֶ໰ࣧؠॡ඀Ăᄃ቞ո̈́ᆴ઼Тٺ1997ѐΐˢ ڌםĂҭ׎઼̰൴Ϡ߆តĂ͔੓ڌם઼छ۞̙щĄڌם઼छᄮࠎĂࡶߏТຍߚं၂д ߆តࣣඕՁޢಶΐˢڌםĂඈٺត࠹ٚᄮ߆ត۞ϒ༊ّĂΞਕֹ଀׎΁̰߆̙ᘦؠ۞ ઼छࢬᓜՀૻধ۞߆ڼજᒜĂࠎྍડાԸ˭̙ᘦؠ۞Я৵Ą౵ޢĂߚं၂˘ۡז1999 ѐ̖ϒёјࠎڌם˘Њ̄Ąд఺׌࣎९ּ̚Ăڌם઼छቁ၁дߙ჌඀ޘ˯՟ѣᚑॾᏲ ೈĶ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķĄࡶ่ٱ޺ޙၹ͹ཌྷĂΪڦຍĶ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķĂ҃نர቞ո९ּ̚۞ ጼரЯ৵Ăͽ̈́ߚं၂˘ּ̚۞̰߆҂ณĂࡁտ۰૟൑ڱϒቁྋ᝝ڌם۞ѩี൴णĄ2 3 Ϥѩ៍̝Ăԧࣇ̙ਕଵੵ˘჌ΞਕّĂӈߏڌם઼छ˜૟Ķ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķүࠎ˘ ีඉர̍׍Ą༊̬ˢߙ˘পؠְІĂ̙௑Ъڌם઼छӀৈ̝ᅫĂڌםಶົວ΍ѩࣧ݋ ͽٯԩֽҋડાγ۞ᑅ˧Ğт෸ݑˢܬߚं၂˘ְğć̝ͅĂࡶд˘઼۞ଐ๕ѣΞਕд

23 Amitav Acharya, Regionalism and Multilateralism: Essays on Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific, pp. 228-232.

ડા̰׎΁઼छ͔੓੻ൕड़ᑕĂࠤҌΞਕ߄ጼ఺ֱ߆ᝋ۞Ъڱّ̝ᅫĂڌם઼छߏΞ ਕٸୢٕҌ͌አፋ׎Ķ̙̒ঘࣧ݋ķ۞Ăҭ఺჌አፋ̪ົ౅࿅םથඈڌם઼छΞͽତ צ۞ሀёĄ

Ёăநኢአፋ۞υࢋّ

Ϥ˯ٙࢗĂ࣎ˠᄮࠎĂಏ፾г͔ϡາன၁͹ཌྷăາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷăࠤҌޙၹ͹ ཌྷĂౌ൑ڱ᎚౅ڌםડાЪү۞БᄻĄ઱ѣᏉЪҌ͌׌჌݈ࢗநኢ۞ෛ֎Ăࡁտ۰̖ ਕྵࠎБࢬг˞ྋྍડાЪү۞ৌ၁ഀڶĄ఺ᇹ۞ᏉЪĂ˵ѣӀٺࡁտ۰ଂְયᗟጱ Ш(problem-driven)۞ࡁտĂ่่̙҃ߏநኢ˯۞۩ኘĄ༊઼઼݈࡚ᅫᙯܼጯࠧ˵кᄮ ࠎޙၹ͹ཌྷᄃາன၁̈́າҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷߏΞͽ̢ྃĂ҃ܧБ൒̢ϋ۞Ą2 4 ᝦٺᝋ˧ă઼छӀৈăͽ઼̈́ᅫఢቑكѩ̝มኑᗔ۞ᙯᓑّĂPeter Katzensteinᄃ Nobuo Okawara ೩΍઼ᅫᙯܼநኢᏉЪ۞υࢋّĂЯࠎĶᖣϤᏉЪ఺ˬีநኢ۞ొ̶ ࢋ৵Ăѣӄٺࡁտ۰ځᒢ఺ֱЯ৵۞ᙯᓑّĄķ2 5 ၆ٺࡁտڌםડાЪү҃֏Ă఺ᇹ ۞ෛ֎ᏉЪቁ၁ѣ࠹༊̂۞ᑒӄĄ ᓝּ֏̝Ă૟ޙၹ͹ཌྷᄃາன၁͹ཌྷ۞ొ̶઄నᏉЪ̝ޢĂ၆ٺԧࣇநྋڌם۞ щБЪүѣ࠹༊̂۞ᑒӄĂтڌםડાኢጪ۞൴णಶߏ˘ּĄ၆ٺγдރ਎۞ऻᛵĂ ֹܳڌם઼छдҽጼඕՁޢ௡јྍኢጪĂ֭ͽ̶ϒёăྵࠎᗫ೸ͷѣᇅّ۞͞ёֽЯ ᑕ఺ֱщБᛉᗟĄڌם઼छͽĶણᄃ۰ķ(participants)Ă҃ܧĶົ઼ࣶķ(members) ֽ Ⴭײдڌםડાኢጪߛၹ˭̢જ۞јࣶĄՀࢦࢋ۞ĂдЧีކ֏༊̚Ăڌם઼छ࠰ځ ពܑ྿΍ĶԧཏຏķĄּтĂдĮݑঔЧ͞Җࠎކ֏į̚ĂĶڌםົ઼ࣶ߆عķᄃĶ̚ ઼ķ׌࣎ෟຉĂϒрܑன΍ڌם઼छࠎ˘ፋវĂ઼҃̚ࠎΩ˘ፋវ۞ޥჯĄ2 6 ఺ᇹ۞ щଵĂ่̙ͅߍ΍ڌם઼छ၆ٺ઼छᝋ˧۞ன၁҂ณĂ˵ѣӄٺणன΁ࣇ۞ะវᄮ ТĄ2 7

24 關於建構主義與理性主義互補性的討論，可以Alex Wendt及James Fearon的觀點為代表，請參閱 James Fearon and Alexander Wendt, "Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Skeptical View," in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth Simmons, eds., Handbook of International Relations (London: Sage Publications, 2002), pp. 52-72.

25 Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara, "Japan, Asian-Pacific Security, and the Case for Analytical Eclecticism," p. 154. 該文並對如何以三種理論的融合，來探討東北亞，尤其是美日之間的合作，提出 相當深入的見解，值得參考。

26 ASEAN, The Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, Nov. 4, 2002. http://www.aseansec.org/13165.htm (accessed 2004/11/10).

27 有關東協國家與中國在南海問題之交涉與考量，可參閱紀蒨樺，「從建構主義看東南亞國協對南海 問題之策略」，亞太經濟合作評論，第11期，民國92年12月，頁149-157。

າன၁͹ཌྷᄃາҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷ۞ඕЪĂѣӄٺྋᛖ࣎Ҿ઼छ۞ඉரᏴፄĄּт֗ ࠎڌםົࣶ̚Ă׍࠹༊གྷᑻ˧ณ۞јࣶǕາΐ؂Ăࠎңд၆γವՐ෶ٽူҡĞт઼̚ğ ̝ᅫĂ̪ᚶᜈ೩΍ڌםҋϤ෶ٽડᚶᜈፋЪ۞࣍ᛉĉ׎၁ĂࡶϤາன၁͹ཌྷ۞ࢦથ֎ ޘĂΐ˯າҋϤטޘ͹ཌྷࢦෛᛉᗟనؠ(agenda-setting)ඈࢬШ៍̝Ăາΐ؂ѩᓝְ၁˯ ߏΞͽࠎ׎ۋפдڌםགྷᑻЪү۞࿅඀̚Ăྵ׎΁јࣶՀр۞ጼரҜཉĄ ૟າன၁͹ཌྷᄃາҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞͹ࢋኢᕇ࠹ඕЪĂ݋ѣӄٺࡁտ۰˞ྋᎸ੓̚۞ڌ םΐˬ(ASEAN + 3)፟טĄְ၁˯Ăҋֲ߷ܛᏉࢲᇷ࿅ޢĂڌֲгડ઼छ࠰ԯఱ။ᘦؠ ෛࠎ༊ચ̝ާĂ҃ఱ။ଐڶ࠹၆ᘦؠ۞̚ă͟ăᔹˬ઼Ă݋јࠎڌݑ઼ֲछ͕ϫ̚ྵ ׎΁઼ᅫ௡ᖐՀࠎநຐ۞Ъү၆෪ĄٺߏĂڌݑ઼ֲछᄃ̚ă͟ăᔹˬ̶઼Ҿᘪࢎᗕ ᙝೱ๗םؠĂүࠎᘦؠكѩఱ။۞፟טĄ౅࿅఺ᇹ۞ЪүĂكѩ۞̢ܫ˫Հซ˘ՎĂ ͽ࡭дώѐ11͡Ρฟ۞ڌםΐˬ੼पົ̚Ăᅳఞࣇүј૟னѣྍ፟ט۞Ъүૄᖂٺ 2005ѐᕖ̂ࠎڌֲ੼पົ( East Asia Summit)۞ՙᛉĄ2 8

Ξͽຐ֍ĂځѐฟؕྻҖ۞ڌ ֲ੼पົĂ૟ѣӄٺ࠹ᙯ઼छԛјડાᄮТຏĄҌٺ఺ᇹ۞ᄮТຏĂົ̙ົдֲ͉གྷ ᑻЪүົᛉ(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC)̚ᚶᜈ൴ᅔĂјࠎ͉π߶׌ ثົࣶវྵݏ۞̍׍Ă݋ѣޞᚶᜈ៍၅Ą ၆ٺڌݑֲડાЪүĂώ͛ᄮࠎĂߊѣ۞ˬ჌͹ࢋ઼ᅫᙯܼநኢӮѣ׎ዋϡّĂ ˵ѣ׎݀ࢨّĄಶߙ჌඀ޘ҃֏Ăˬ۰֭ܧБ൒̢ϋĂ҃Ξࠎ̢̝ྃϡć࠹༊඀ޘг ඕЪ఺ˬีጯࠁĂቁ၁ѣӄԧࣇ˞ྋڌݑֲડાЪү۞ன၁ࢬĄυืٚᄮĂ఺ᇹ۞Ꮙ Ъٕధ৔ᗼ˞நኢ۞৷ოّĂѣॡ˵ົឰˠயϠڼකٽ⎿۞ӧᕘĂҭߊ൒ጯ௫நኢ۞ ϫ۞Ăߏࠎ˞ឰࡁտ۰ਕͽՀБࢬ۞̶ژ̍׍ֽநྋ֭ྋᛖன၁ଐڶĂ࣎ˠᄮࠎĂ఺ ᇹ۞நኢᏉЪѣ׎၁ϡّᄃυࢋّĄ઱ѣтѩĂࡁտ۰̖ਕՀჟቁгྋ᝝̙Тгડă ̙ТᆸѨ۞઼छҖࠎᄃ߆ඉĄ

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