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「不二中道」學說相關導航概念的詮釋進路──以佛法解開生命世界的全面實相在思惟的導引為詮釋線索

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ȶϛΡϜၿȷᏱᇴࣻᜱᏳ૟྆܉ޠၜមໍၰ

пդݳ၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻ

Ӷࡧ௚ޠᏳЖ࣐ၜមጤસ

ጿ᝻݃

ᄣ! ्

ҐНၑშп၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻӶࡧ௚ޠᏳЖ࣐ၜមጤસȂ វ݃դݳȶϛΡϜၿȷᏱᇴңп࡛ᄻޠᜱᗥ྆܉ȂєࢃϛΡȃϜၿȃ ߩשȃณளȃҢྟȃጣକȃޫܓȂՅ೼ٳ౐ڏᏳ૟ձңޠ྆܉Ȃڐཏ ోޠၜមໍၰΚစ҉೾ȂӶ௷ଷᢏ܉ଝ૟ޠஆᙄαȂϛ༊Ѡᙥп౪၍ դݳпȶϛΡϜၿȷ࣐ዀቿܛ्ᄕᡘᏱᇴޠஆҐࡧ௚Рଭᇅᄃ፻Ԡ ፹ȂՅйӶࡧ௚݃ᐸޠഃΚᘉᐾίȂᗚѠᙥп៊૟ӶҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻ τ੖Ȅ ౐ڨࣻᄈ྆܉ޠኈ៫ȂΡϸԓޠܗΡ྄Ͼޠࡧ௚םᄙܗᢏᘉȂӶ СளᇮّȃলᏱࡧᒲȃۡఁ፤ᇴȂϛ༊ณЍϛΤȂࣦՎԟϑᢒ൹Ԛࡧ ௚ܗᢏᘉޠஆҐ๗ᄻȂ࡟ৡܿೞຝ࣐౪ܛ࿌ดȂՅᜳпញᄇȂйᜳп ∗ ጿ᝻݃ȂᇄᢋτᏱলᏱق୚ఁ௳Ȅ ׺ጉȈ95 Ԓ 8 У 7 СȇঔॐȈ95 Ԓ 10 У 12 Сȇ௦ڨёีȈ95 Ԓ 10 У 14 СȄ ∗ ҐНߒጉȂӶ 2006 Ԓ 5 У 27 СȂпȲϛΡϜၿȈϹӪҢڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻӶࡧ௚ޠᏳӪȳȂ ึߓܼᇄᢋτᏱলᏱقлᒳޠȶդఁলᏱޠ࡛ᄻᏱ೛ःଇཽȷȂࡤစτൾঔ׾ՅԚ౫ጉȄ์ ޲དᗃःଇཽαዦ੩ޠණୱᇅ࡛ឋȂη्དᗃȮᇄᢋτᏱলᏱ፤ຠȯڎ՞ୢӫቸࢦ΢ಡЗޠ ࡿҔڸ᝙ີޠཏُȂᄈҐНޠঔ׾ȂֆઊًӼȄ

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Ҥ಴ȄпᔯࢦйඵతΡϸԓޠࡧ௚םᄙՅକঢ়ޠϛΡϜၿȂڐஆҐ྆ ܉ᇅஆҐឋᚡ೾೾ϛဤߺ৉Ȃϛ፤ӶলᏱܗۡఁȂഎණя໡഻ԓޠ୉ ݳȂΚР८Ȃණٽᑀ੬ޠಂӏȂ௄ஆҐޠ๗ᄻȂᔯຝলᏱܗۡఁޠ൹ ΤܤԓȂѫΚР८Ȃη໡៧яলᏱܗۡఁѠпٗޠܗ೩؂ђ౐ڔȃ೾ ᄲȃܗߞሊޠၿၰȄ ҐНഷл्ޠӉଡ଼ȂӶܼ၍݃ȶ࣐Ϩቅ஡ҢڽзࣩࣽԚϛΡϜ ၿȷȂȶԄեࣽԚϛΡϜၿȷȂпІȶࣽԚࡪኻޠϛΡϜၿȷȄஆܼпႁ Ԛ೼ΚقӗޠӉଡ଼࣐२ȂःفРݳޠϏձ्໷֊ဤӶ྆܉ޠᚅఽȂឋ ᚡޠ၍ݚȂཏోޠវ݃ȂпІ౪ၰޠ᎝ചȄ Ӷ፤ख़࢝ᄻޠԋ௷ȂҦ஽።ϛΡϜၿڸӓ८ᄃ࣐ࣻۡఁলᏱܗҢ ڽলᏱ྄൳഻ཏޠஆҐ྆܉ΤКȂӒ୉ᜱᗥ྆܉ޠࣩᇴڸᚅఽȂЏڐ ୣրܼΡϰлဏȃΚϰлဏȃڸӼϰлဏȂѐᡘϛΡϜၿޠߩᄃᡞᢏ ܉пІ௄਴ҐඵతΡϸԓޠࡧ௚םᄙȄ௦ίٿȂΚР८Ȃᗘռ཈ቌޠ ༻௦ܗஸߺޠ৉ңȇѫΚР८ȂଷΠ஽።пդఁစڑ஠ཿঔྱޠစᡜ ࣐ၜមܛٸᐄޠᆪ๝ପറȂᗚ੬րវ݃ࡧ௚ޠӼ२Ӫ࡚ϟ໡ఃȂϛ༊ ᡲၜមϏձޠ஼ΩၷԥᐡཽిᅎᅿयึදяٿȂη࢑ܫ๜দᛰӵථұ ᄃࣻޠΚ໷ւᏣȄ ҐНлཇޠഌϸȂࡹྲߩשȃณளȃҢྟȃጣକȃޫܓȃϜၿޠ ໸זȂ೼ٳഎ࢑դఁলᏱ྄ڏ੬ՔޠஆҐ྆܉Ȃ՜ഀԚӔᄻޠлໆȂ บԄΚقӗᏳ૟ޠ྆܉Ȃஆ።Ӷܼܷ၍СளᇮّޠᄜңܛोҢޠᎎ ጷȃ४ۢȃܗࡍഗȂєࢃᄈຬϾȃٲޑϾȃঐᡞϾȃѵ෧ϾȃୣրϾȃ ྆܉Ͼ๊ୱᚡȂ௄ՅҦᖄೲޠڦӪΚ៛ՅΤȂཧପӱጣҢྟᡑϾޠຝ ِȂ஡ҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻȂΚቺέΚቺථ៪໡ٿȄӶ೼Κഀ՜ҦஆҐ྆ ܉௦៊ၽձޠໍโȂΚූ௦຀ΚූȂีӪ᠈৬ޠȂҔԂ࢑ϛΡϜၿȂ Ҽ֊Ȃܷ၍ࣻᄈ྆܉ޠୣրϾȂ௄ୣրϾޠᄈࡒᇅᾎ⇚௴಴ՅяȂ་ ӓΩ҉೾ጣҢጣྟޠ௦ഀᕘ࿾ȂໍՅᗎӪញਃڸ੢ᅆȄसпդఁ၍಴ ၿଽཇစڑޠȮߢ֥စȯ࣐ٸᐄȂϛാݜᖟޠစᜍӶӶᡘұȂϛΡϜ ၿᙥҦߩᄃᡞᢏ܉Ȃ௄ঐᡞޠഗᚈᕖூមܺȂٯйᙥҦߩΡϸԓޠࡧ

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௚םᄙȂ௄ڻ᎐ᜟࣩޠࡍഗூژមܺȂпԄម२॓ޠ࠽ᄙȂЗณਡ᜿ ӵᏳӪᖄೲޠӱጣҢྟޠᡑϾϟࢻȂҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻ൸೼ኻΚΚᗆᡘ ՅяȄ

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Interpretative Approach to Navigating Concepts

Concerning the Doctrine of Nondual Middle Way

Maneuver into Buddhist Approach to Unfoldong

Thorough Reality of the Life World

Yao-Ming Tsai

*

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to present Nondual Middle Way as guidance in ways of navigating to unfold Thorough Reality of the Life World, and to explain the intent and rationale of Nondual Middle Way in Buddhist doctrine.

With expediency and prevalence of comparison and contrast, dichotomous ways of thinking and viewpoints have not only taken root in philosophical thinking and religious discourses, but have also been absorbed into the basic structure of everyday life, and are easily taken for granted and thus hard to detect or throw away. With its uniqueness of basic concepts and basic issues, Nondual Middle Way, originating from the inclination to spot and drop dichotomous ways of thinking, offers a creative point of view for both philosophy and religion. This unusual way of thinking is able to provide an extraordinary viewpoint to inspect the basic structures of philosophy and religion, and thus point out a way that might lead to further and deeper discussion in both fields.

The undertaking of this paper is to answer the following questionsȈ “Why should we view the life world as Nondual Middle Way?”, “How can we view it as Nondual Middle Way?”, and “As what kind of Nondual Middle Way should we view it?” In order to answer the series of questions, the major methods

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employed in this paper focus on differentiating concepts, analyzing issues, elucidating connotation, and constructing argument.

Concerning the configuration of discourses, this paper firstly define and make clear major concepts by emphasizing that Nondual Middle Way and Thorough Reality are very innovative basic concepts for philosophy of religion and philosophy of life. In order to emphasize the idea of non-substantiality and to drop dichotomous ways of thinking from the very beginning, Nondual Middle Way is distinguished from dualism, monism, and pluralism. Then this paper seeks to exclude easy borrowings and rough copies of ideas. In addition, experience of practicing Buddhist teachings as a profession in accordance with related scriptures is also taken seriously as a reference for interpretation. Moreover, for the sake of making a more pertinent interpretation and to reveal Thorough Reality layer by layer, great emphasis is put on the explanation of methods of unlocking multi-faceted ways of thinking.

The main subject matter of this paper is composed in sequence of concepts such as not-self, impermanence, birth and death, dependent arising (dependent origination), emptiness, and middle way. These distinctive concepts in Buddhist philosophy collectively form an axis that is set to remove shades, limits, and seals, such as problems of objectification, reification, individualization, demarcation, discrimination, and conceptualization, which derive from the daily language that are commonly used. From the point of view of conditioned arising and ceasing, the Thorough Reality of the life world is revealed layer by layer. And it is precisely Nondual Middle Way that pushes these basic concepts rolling, settles problems of comparison and contrast, breaks free from the tension and limitation of discrimination, makes a breakthrough in a series of conditioned arising and ceasing, and leads to Enlightenment and NirvƗ a in the end. Various examples in the Ɩgama Snjtras show that the idea of non-substantiality helps to free Nondual Middle Way from seals of individualization, and by non-dichotomous ways of thinking, borders around Nondual Middle Way are removed. Nondual Middle Way is thus able to approach the variations of causal conditions, and the Thorough Reality of the life world is thus unfolded.

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Keywords: non-duality, Middle Way, Thorough Reality, reality, philosophy of life

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ȶϛΡϜၿȷᏱᇴࣻᜱᏳ૟྆܉ޠၜមໍၰ

пդݳ၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻ

Ӷࡧ௚ޠᏳЖ࣐ၜមጤસ

ጿ᝻݃

Κȃᆲ፤

ҐНၑშп၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻӶࡧ௚ޠᏳЖ࣐лໆȂវ݃դ ݳϛΡϜၿϟᇴޠԠ፹ᇅ౪ၰȄդݳޠϛΡϜၿϟᇴȂ࿌ดϛ४ܼҢڽ зࣩޠጓ൝ȂดՅ൸စڑӶᜱϹȃঔྱȃᇅᗀᇴϟܛІȂδ࢑пޑ፵ܗ ᐡఢР८ޠᇮມٿߓႁޠȂංоഎϑાΤ࣐ܗᙾඳԚҢڽзࣩޠᄻԚ् ໷ܗࣁ୞ᕘ࿾ȂӱԫпҢڽзࣩ࣐ଇ፤ϛΡϜၿϟᇴᎍңޠጓ൝ȂᔗѠ ຝ࣐ԥܛ਴ᐄޠ୉ݳȄ ൸ҢڽзࣩՅ፤ȂԄݏѬؒӶΚૢз΢྄ڐԥ४ޠစᡜስ஀ႇࣁȂ ٯй׈ӓ௦ڨΚঐέΚঐޠঐր྆܉ȃҔЇ྆܉ȃܗᄈୌख़Ѱᄈᇰޤܗ ࡧདྷޠ༮ആܗ৛ښȂࠍϛΡϜၿϟᇴංоరณңݢޠᎸӵȄดՅȂԄݏ Ωؒ௄਴ҐऐખΚૢз΢྄ڐԥ४ޠစᡜስ஀Ȃٯйϛሇܿ௦ڨࢌۢ྆ ܉ܗख़ѰȞstatementȟޠ༮ആܗ৛ښȂࠍϛֺლၑϛΡϜၿޠࡧ௚ᏳЖȂ ดࡤᄇࣽԥϨቅϛӤޠਞݏȄҦܼϛΡϜၿϟᇴӶߓቺᗚ໹ӊᒧ྆܉ᇅ

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ख़ѰȂᡘดӵȂ୆Ԅᜱᗥ྆܉ᇅख़Ѱᗚ࢑пԬݗݗޠРԓೞᇰۢܗ׻ڦȂ пНڦဏȂ৽ܑᜳռᓹ఼֩᠐ϟொȂޫ੽ΚτஃᗀϛΡϜၿࠔፚϛαϛ ΡηณᜱоϜၿဏ౪ޠၘᇮȄ1ԥᠧܼԫȂლၑ҉໡ՎЎΡР८ޠህֆ௪ ࢋȂܗ೩ѠึදᙾໍޠձңȄΚР८Ȃ௄ᢏِ࡚ࣽ୉።ᐍȂପӬࡧ௚ޠ ᏳЖȂໍՅᎾ༁ڸᚭ୞྆܉ᇅख़ѰȂٯйᗠᡷяܗණྱяΚቺέΚቺѠ ᄕᡘϛΡϜၿޠཏోȄѫΚР८Ȃᓎ຀ᢏِ࡚ࣽޠ።ᐍȂϛӕڿԉΚૢ з΢౲ᡘቋϾйፗ੮ޠзࣩᢏȂᙾ࣐၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻȂη൸࢑ ஡ಂӏϹӪйථұҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻϟӼ२Ӫ࡚Ȟܗᆏᆱ࡚ȟȂٯйयΩܼ ҉೾ΚΚӪ࡚ޠᕘ࿾ܗࢳဤȄ஡пαΡР८ޠህֆ௪ࢋঐր҉໡Ȃ֊Ѡ ߒؐᄻԚҐНޠлᚡȇΚّпጷϟȂ።ᐍࡧ௚ޠᏳӪȂᎾ༁ϛΡϜၿϟ ᇴޠᜱᗥ྆܉ᇅख़ѰȂϹӪйථұҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻȂϛ༊ΩܷؒଷҦҔ Ї྆܉ΚಣέΚಣє၇ޠ᛺ᢌȂՅйϛΡϜၿϟᇴޠԠ፹ூпᄕᡘȂڐ ౪ၰҼӱՅ᎝ചᇅវ݃໡ٿȄ ϛΡϜၿᗷดϛُூԄ David Loy ܛّ࣐ٴࢹޠলᏱᇅۡఁࡧདྷഷ २्ޠΚঐ྆܉ȂՎЎڐࣻ࿌โ࡚ޠ२्ܓȂᔗ၏࢑ШஸဋᅹޠȄ2Ԅݏ ༊൸դݳՅ፤ȂϛΡϜၿϛ༊Ѡ࿌ԚդݳޠΚ໷ዀଅȂՅй݃Ҫ৥ұդ ݳ൸Ңڽзࣩߩளᑀ੬ޠᢏᘉȄ ҐНഷл्ޠӉଡ଼ȂӶܼ၍݃ȶ࣐Ϩቅ஡ҢڽзࣩࣽԚϛΡϜၿȷȂ ȶԄեࣽԚϛΡϜၿȷȂпІȶࣽԚࡪኻޠϛΡϜၿȷȄஆܼпႁԚ೼Κ قӗޠӉଡ଼࣐२ȂःفРݳޠϏձ्໷Ȃ֊ဤӶ྆܉ޠᚅఽȂឋᚡޠ၍ 1 ȶᓎّڦဏȷܗȶԄّڦဏȷ࣐ȮΤྊթစȯଇ፤ޠ፟ᚡϟΚȂ፝୥ᎨȈȮτॹΤྊթစȯȂ ভȆᄃοᜳߡȞĝik ƗnandaȟណȂT. 672, vol. 16 ȞࡿȶτҔᙡȷಒ 672 စȂӶȶτҔᙡȷ ಒ 16 ьȟ, pp. 589b, 610a-c, 615c.

2

ȶӶٴࢹޠলᏱޠڸۡఁޠࡧདྷ࿌ϜȂءԥӉե྆܉ЩϛΡٿூ؂२्Ȃܗڐཏࡧٿூ؂ ીݣȄȷȞDavid Loy, Nonduality: A Study in Comparative Philosophy, New York: Humanity Books, 1998, p. 17.ȟ

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ݚȂཏోޠវ݃ȂпІ౪ၰޠ᎝ചȄҦܼٯߩໍ՘ӉեޠЩၷःفȂΚ Ҏਗ਼Іࣻᜱޠ྆܉ȃ፤ᇴȃܗл஼ȂᏒѠ૗෶Ўᇅ੬ۢলᏱঢ়ܗলᏱ౪ ፤ޠ౟׷Ȃпռ୒ᚕ፤ख़лໆȂΩؒױ२ЗᘜӶᜱᗥ྆܉Ӷࡧ௚ޠᏳЖȂ ᙥп҉೾ϛΡϜၿӶ၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻᑀ੬ޠ౪ၰȄ ࣐ؒဏ౪ޠഀೲȂଷΠרଷԬݗݗޤᜌޠஃऄȂᗚூᗘռӶٸᐄޠ НᝧടΤЋᅴ࿦ޠӵؐȄӱԫȂҐНޠଇ፤ȂΚР८ȂпդఁτӼ኶ޠ စڑ࣐ࡤࣾȂচІܼȮϜ፤ȯȃȮτහ࡚፤ȯȂᡘұϛΡϜၿϟᇴԥڐಁӼ դڑኅހޠМእȇѫΚР८ȂӶЖᜍαȂࠍпȮߢ֥စȯ࣐τۡȂԫΞ ϛΡϜၿϟᇴӶդڑޠ൩ஆȄڨ४ܼ጖ൾȂҭࠊᜳпᄈܛٸᐄޠդڑഃ ΚһхНᝧР८ޠ्໷Ȃႉ፤ໍ՘НᝧᏱޠ೏౪Ȅӕ޲ȂҦܼҐНयΩ ܼ҉೾ϛΡϜၿӶ၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻᑀ੬ޠ౪ၰȂՎܼܛٸᐄޠ դڑӶϛΡϜၿϟᇴޠৰ౵ܗึ৥Ȃࠍϑณཷ៬ІȄ Ӷ፤ख़࢝ᄻޠԋ௷ȂಒΚ࿾Ȃᆲ፤ȂҦःفлᚡޠ֖౫ȂഃΚһх ӓ጖्໷ȄಒΡ࿾ȂԛᆨϛΡȃϜၿȃӓ८ᄃࣻȂ൸೼ٳᜱᗥ྆܉Ȃໍ ՘Ԇ८ཏࡧޠ၍ݚȃࣩᇴȃڸᚅఽޠϏձȄಒή࿾ȂࡹྲΡϰлဏȃΚ ϰлဏȃӼϰлဏޠ໸זȂഃΚழяڸϛΡϜၿϟᇴѠםԚᄈྲਞݏޠ ࣻᜱ፤ᇴȂᙥпםԚৰր྆܉Ӷᄈྲޠ౪၍ਞݏȄಒѳ࿾Ȃ൸դఁစڑȂ п஠ߟңມᇅ஠ߟစᡜޠପӬȂпІпࡧ௚ޠӼ२Ӫ࡚ϟ໡ఃȂ୉࣐຀ ಂᘉڸၜមٸᐄȂ෈ϛΡϜၿϟᇴޠᏳΤȂႲ࣐᎝ၰޠϏձȄಒϥ࿾Ȃ пഀೲޠКݳழяߩשȃณளȃҢྟȃጣକȃޫܓȂ൸೼ٳڸϛΡϜၿ Ӕ೾ޠ྆܉ȂഃΚវ݃Ӷ௷ଷᎎጷᇅථұᄃࣻޠձңȂᙥпםԚӔ೾ޠ ྆܉ӶМእαޠ౪၍ਞݏȄಒϳ࿾Ȃ஡Нᝧٸᐄ໲ϜӶȮߢ֥စȯȂ፤ݚ ϛΡϜၿ୉࣐ΚঐᏳ૟྆܉ȂԄեഃؐථұҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻȄഷࡤȂ๗ ፤ᇅ৥గȄ

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ΡȃϛΡȃϜၿȃӓ८ᄃࣻȈᜱᗥ྆܉ߒΤߟ

ҐНଇ፤ޠᜱᗥ྆܉Ȃॷ्ޠ࣐ȶϛΡϜၿȷȄՎܼϛΡϜၿȂࠍೞ ౪၍࣐၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠȶӓ८ᄃࣻȷȞthorough realityȟӶࡧ௚ᏳЖޠ೪ ۢȄӶ৥໡лཇޠ፤ख़ϟࠊȂԥ्҇Ӓ൸೼ٳᜱᗥ྆܉เђ၍ݚȃࣩᇴȃ ڸᚅఽȂ֐ࠍඏ຀ᓟ୉ίџȂৡܿࢻܼ྆܉ె౓ܗՍᇴՍၘΞՎϛޤܛ Ϣޠᄓ੿Ȅ3

ȞΚȟϛΡ

൸Ԇ८ٿࣽȂϛΡȞa-dvaya / non-dualityȟȂཏࡿณܛᒞȶΡȷȂܗᄈ ȶΡȷᇴȶϛȷȄՎܼܛᒞޠȶΡȷȂՎЎѠңٿߓႁԄίޠѳቺཏࡧȈȞ1ȟ ୉࣐኶ҭϟΚޠȶΡȷȞtwoȟȇȞ2ȟҦ኶ҭޠȶΡȷȂ۾ի࣐ӉեӶᇰޤܛ ໍ՘ޠȶΡϸȷȞdichotomyȟܗȶϸրȞϸ᜹ȃୣϸȃୣրȟȷȞdistinction or discriminationȟȇȞ3ȟҦΡϸܗϸրȂ۾ի࣐ᄃᡞαޠϸႥȂ௄ՅԚ ࣐ȶΡϰܓȞᄈୌܓȟȷȞdualityȟܗȶᄈҴȷȞoppositionȟȇ4Ȟ4ȟ௵ң ΡϰܓޠܗᄈҴܓޠࡧ௚ڦӪȂпՎܼԚ࣐ȶΡϰлဏȷȞdualismȟȄ 3 ࿌ࠊդᏱࣩ࡟ۊ੬ޠ౫ຬϟΚȂӶܼᄈϜᢏᏱࣃޠᐤѭڸНᝧޠϮಞᇅःفȂѠᒞภ౧ᅗ ҭȂկ࢑ᄈϜᢏܗϜၿ୉࣐ۡఁᏱޠܗলᏱޠஆҐ྆܉Ȃࣻᄈн΢ୱࢼȄپԄȂഷߗяޏ ޠ஡ߗΚξॳޠȮդఁԼऌӓਫȯȞRobert E. Buswell, Jr. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004ȟȂпࣻ࿌Ѡᢏޠ጖ൾϮಞϜᢏᏱࣃȂկ࢑ϜᢏܗϜၿ ࢑Ϩቅኻޠ྆܉Ȃࠔංо଺ԆґණȄԫѵȂ҂ώᄕȃ㦸ύ໱Κȃା஧ޣၿȞጢȟȂȮᗀ৵Ȇ τॹդఁ 7ȈϜᢏࡧདྷȯȞݎٶȈࢍऎަȂ1982 ԒȟȂᐍҐ፤Н໲ӶஆҐ྆܉ޠ೏౪Ȃංо р፞ᚔԄȄ 4 ܛᒞᄃᡞȞsubstanceȟȂԆྜޠཏࡧ࣐Ӷۼίય຀ܗМእ຀ȇᙾԚলᏱ྆܉ȂЏڐ໸຀ᇮມ ޠܫຬཏోٿࡧՄȂл्ޠཏࡧ࣐ڏԥᑀҴޠȃࡰளޠԇӶϟ੬ܓȂӱՅϛ҇ٸᒧڐѻٲ ޑܗ఩ӈ࣐ၸᡞٿМእȂ᏶຀Ґٙ൸૗ᑀՍԇӶȂΞಒΚזޠԇӶȄࣻᄈӵȂಒΡזޠԇ ӶȂࠍڏԥٸߤޠܗߤ឵ޠ੬ܓȂєࢃ឵ܓȞattributeȟȃܛԥޑȞpropertyȟȃᜱ߾ȞrelationȟȄ пᄃᡞ࣐ਰЗ྆܉ȂΚР८Ȃ஡ᄃӶ஛ଋӶᄃᡞȂѫΚР८Ȃп୉࣐ஆᙄܗҐ፵ϟᄃᡞȂ ၍មзࣩϟ౫ຬȂ֊Ԛ࣐ᄃᡞлဏȞsubstantialismȟȄԄί஠ਫȂпᄃᡞ྆܉࣐௥ଇޠᄈຬȂ ోᇑলᏱѭژ࿌хᕘᙔԫΚ྆܉ޠލ៞ȂᔯຝޠฑᘉȂࠍӶܼঐրᄃᡞޠҐ፵ᇅԇӶȈJoshua

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ഇႇԄαޠѳቺཏࡧȂӕӲႇᓟٿࢦਰȂ஡ϛΡ୉ԚΚ৉ᇴມܗࡧ ௚ᏳЖޠዀଅȂڐձңܗңཏѠഃΚᒲ݃ԄίȈȞ1ȟᔗ၏ϛ࢑Ӷ኶ҭޠ ቺԪ֐ۢ୉࣐኶ҭϟΚޠȶΡȷȂܗл஼ѫѵԇӶ຀ΚঐѪ୉ȶϛΡȷޠ ኶ҭȇȞ2ȟණяϛΡȂңпᝓੀᔯຝΡϸܗϸրӶᇰޤႇโޠٸᐄȃโ זᇅਞΩȇȞ3ȟңпඵతΡϰܓܗᄃᡞαޠᄈҴȇȞ4ȟңпܣҍΡϰл ဏȄᙐّϟȂାᖟϛΡԫΚ྆܉ȂѠ਍ٿᔯຝಭп࣐ளޠΡϸܗϸրȂ ໍՅܣҍΡϰܓܗΡϰлဏϟл஼Ȅ5

ȞΡȟϜၿ

Ҧܼҭࠊл्Ӷ୉ΤߟޠЖϮȂӱԫਗ਼Іޠᜱᗥ྆܉ȂߒؐѬܺӶ Ԇ८ޠཏࡧڸߓ౫ޠםԓȄ

൸Ԇ८ٿࣽȂϜၿȞmadhyama-pratipad; madhyamƗ pratipad / middle

way or middle pathȟȂཏࡿϜ໣ޠၿၰȄॷӒȂϜ໣ΞୣրܼΡᆓܗΡᜟ

ՅூڐӫᆏȄԄݏ਴ᐄజНȂҦߓႁȶϜ໣ޠȷȞmadhya / middleȟםৡ ມȂђαѠңпߓႁഷା઼ཏࡧޠ௦׏ॲ࿾ ɯma, ՅԚȶഷ࣐Ϝ໣ޠȷ Ȟmadhyama / middlemostȟȄ6ܛᒞȶഷ࣐Ϝ໣ޠȷȂٯߩᓘᄙޠܗڿۢޠ Ϝ໣ᘉܗϜ໣՞ဋȂԂ჌Κίφ௄ߓ८൸Ѡሇܿೞ׻ӶК၈ȂՅ࢑ࡼ៊ ϛᘟӵ಴ᚕΡᆓȂ܂಴ᚕΡᆓޠРӪȂη൸࢑܂ܛᒞϜ໣ޠРӪȂп୞ ᄙޠܗߩڿۢޠРԓȂΚޣ්ഷା઼ᗛໍȇϛႇಭᄜαȂτഎءԥױഷ ା઼ޠᇮཏܺӶѵߓȂᗚ࢑ѬᆏձȶϜ໣ޠȷȄڐԪȂၿၰϟӫᆏȂΚР

Hoffman, Gary S. Rosenkrantz, SubstanceȈ Its Nature and Existence, LondonȈ Routledge, 1997.

5

ԥᜱϛΡԫΚ྆܉ޠཏࡧȂѠ୥ᎨȈጿ᝻݃ȂȲȮߢ֥စȯڸȮᇴณ࠲ᆏစȯޠϛΡݳߟߒ ௥ȳȂȮդᏱःفϜЗᏱൣȯಒ 7 ෉Ȟ2002 ԒȟȂॳ 4-5.ԫѵȂDavid Loy ȞNonduality: A Study in Comparative Philosophy, New York: Humanity Books, 1998, pp. 17-37ȟ஡ϛΡϸԚԄίήτ᜹ ࠯ڸή᜹ཏࡧȂҼѠ୥ՄȈ֐ۢΡϰлဏޠࡧ௚ȃзࣩϟߩӼϰܓȃлᡞᇅࡋᡞϟณৰրȄ

6

୥ᎨȈDavid Seyfort Ruegg, The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1981, p. 1.

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८Ȃୣրܼ૊Ӷ࢛Κᘉܗ࢛ΚঐӵРՅךԚ୅ᅘȃടဤȃ҉๗ȃܗԬऩ Ӥޠ௒םȇѫΚР८ȂࠍѠѐᡘ՘ໍޠၰഋȄӬՅᢏϟȂϜ໣ޠၿၰȂ ܗഷ࣐Ϝ໣ޠၿၰȂٯߩϮܼϨቅڸϨቅϟ໣ޠၿၰȂڐᄃཏࡿ಴ᚕΡ ᆓȂ௄Յٗяٿޠϛᘟໍ৥ޠၿၰȄ ൸ߓ౫םԓٿࣽȂϜၿ೾ளߓ౫࣐ΚಣέΚಣޠϛΡȂҼ֊Ȃ௷ଷ ܗ಴ᚕ྆܉ߓ८םԚޠࣻᄈȃᄈҴȃܗᄈЇȄՎܼΚಣέΚಣޠϛΡȂ ݃ጃޠ໷ҭȂȮૢसݱᛴᇚӼЗစȯޠȶϛҢȅϛྟȂϛ࠲ȅϛ౒Ȃϛቩȅ ϛ෶ȷȂȮϜ፤ȯޠȶϛҢȅϛྟȂϛளȅϛᘟȂϛΚȅϛ౵Ȃϛٿȅϛ яȷȂഎѠ୉࣐ၷ࣐΢ܛޤޠپұȄײ्ّϟȂΚಣέΚಣޠࣻᄈ྆܉Ȃ စҦ྆܉ߓ८ޠࣻᄈȂ஡ᄈР௱ژᄈҴܗᄈЇޠΚᜟȂࠔӶӤਣη஡ϐ РܝژڸᄈРᄈҴܗᄈЇޠѫΚᜟȂ๗ݏӔӤᄻԚөᐄΚᜟޠᄈࡒ׌ ८ȂԫϟᒞȶΡȷȄܛᒞȶϛΡȷȂЏڐпȮߢ֥စȯ࣐ٸᐄȂٯϛ࢑ᚪ ᕔԓӵયӶܗၾٗΡᜟଳᕋޠϜ໣ȂՅ࢑ࢌϛടဤΡᜟȂй಴ᚕΡᜟȂ ௄Յ໡៧яѠ҉೾ӱጣҢྟᡑϾϟࢻޠၿၰȇڐߓख़ޠੀԓȂഷளُޠȂ ൸࢑ȶᚕܼΡᜟȂᇴܼϜၿȂܛᒞȈԫԥȦณȧࢉ܅ԥȦณȧȂԫҢȦྟȧ ࢉ܅ҢȦྟȧȄȷȄ7ԥᠧܼԫȂդݳޠϜၿȂϛᔗగНҢဏᇴԚ࢑ӶΡঐ ྄ᆓϟ໣׻яΚঐϛ୒ܼӉΚ྄ᆓޠϜ໣ᘉܗϜ໣ጤȄ8ඳّϟȂٯϛ࢑ Ӷ௦ڨΡᜟޠࠊණίȂᒶᐆڸΡᜟӤኻቺ८йϮܼΡᜟޠϜ໣ȂՅ࢑ڐ ࠊණ਴Ґϛ௦ڨΡᜟϟᇴӶٲᄃયூ՟ရȂηϛᇰ࣐ԉ՟ΡᜟޠӔᄻ׌ ८ԥӉե՘ூ೾ޠࡿగȂӱԫ಴ᚕΡᜟȂ໡៧яڸΡᜟٯϛ׈ӓӶӤኻ 7 پԄȂ୥ᎨȈȮϜߢ֥စȆಒ 169 စȆܴዃዶณ፥စȯȂT. 26, vol. 1, pp. 701b-703ȇȮϜߢ֥ စȆಒ 204 စȆᛴኟစȯȂT. 26, vol. 1, pp. 775c-778cȇ Ȯᚖߢ֥စȆಒ 262, 297, 300-302, 961, 1164စȯȂT. 99, vol. 2, pp. 66c-67a, 84c, 85c-86b, 245b, 310b-311a.

8

پԄȂDamien Keown ȞA Dictionary of Buddhism, OxfordȈ Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 162-163ȟ஡ϜၿᇴԚȶ׸଀ܗϜஸȷȞmoderationȟȂпІᇰ࣐Ϝၿϟᇴȶ୆೪઎౪စள՞ܼ ྄ᆓϟ໣ȷȞthe assumption that the truth always lies between extremesȟȂ࡟݃ᡘϑ୒ᚕл्စ ፤ޠᢏᘉȄ

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ቺ८ޠၿၰȇл्Ҧܼп಴ᚕΡᜟ࣐࠷ᐡϘ໡៧ޠၿၰȂআңᇮມٿࡿ

ᆏȂ൸Ѫ୉ȶϜၿȷȄ9

ࢌดϜၿҦϛΡՅߓ౫ȂйҦϛΡՅ໡៧Ȃٯߩᚕ໡ϛΡȂѫѵԇ Ӷ຀ᄃᡞܓޠܗҐٙᄃ፵ܓޠϜၿȂӱԫϛΡ֊Ѡᆏ࣐ȶϛΡϜၿȷ ȞNondual Middle WayȟȂՅϜၿηѠᆏ࣐ȶϜၿϛΡȷȞMiddle Way Non-dualityȟȄ10

Ȟήȟӓ८ᄃࣻ

пϛΡϜၿ࣐ዀऑȂӶᔯຝΡϸܗϸրޠਣ঑ȂଷΠݨཏڐӶᇰޤ ႇโޠٸᐄȃโזᇅਞΩȂژۼᗚѠܝژϨቅቺ८ໍ՘ᔯຝȉٲᄃαȂ ኶ҭȃᇮມȃᇰޤȃЗᄙȃ౫ຬȃަཽȃНϾȃ᠍Ωȃᐤѭ˕˕೼ٳө ՍഎѠኈ៫ܗߵԚঐ΢ޠܗထᡞޠΡϸܗϸրȇᄈᔗӵȂηഎѠܝژ೼ ٳ्໷ޠቺԪܗ८ӪȂᔯຝΡϸܗϸրϟܛпᄻԚޠโזȂпІϡп௵ ાޠӬੀܓȄҐНஆҐޠҴൠȂᇰ࣐դఁစڑޠϛΡϜၿϟᇴȂл्Ӷ ܼࡿӪҢڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻȞthorough realityȟȇഀழӵȂϛ፤࢑ᔯຝΡ 9 پΚȂȶसޤΡᜟ޲ȂܼϜҘณ຀ȄȷȞȮᚖߢ֥စȆಒ 1164 စȯȂT. 99, vol. 2, p. 310b.ȟ پΡȂȶसณԥۗȃಥȂϜȆ࿌Ϣեԥȉ࢑ࢉȂܼԫϜȂӒȃࡤȃӔȂҼณȄȷȞȮϜ፤Ȇᢏ Ґ ር ࠣ ಒ Ϋ Κ ȯȂ T. 1564, vol. 30, p. 16a. ȟ ԫ ѵ Ȃ ୥ Ꭸ Ȉ David J. Kalupahana, MnjlamadhyamakakƗrikƗ of NƗgƗrjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way -- Introduction, Sanskrit Text, English Translation and Annotation, DelhiȈ Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991, p. 207.

پήȂȶΚϹݳޫࢉȂեԥᜟȂณᜟȂҼᜟҼณᜟȂߩԥߩณᜟȉȷȞȮϜ፤Ȇᢏ੢ᅆࠣಒΡ ΫϥȯȂT. 1564, vol. 30, p. 36a.ȟԫѵȂ୥ᎨȈDavid J. Kalupahana, MnjlamadhyamakakƗrikƗ of NƗgƗrjuna, DelhiȈ Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991, p. 368.

پѳȂȶᚕΡᜟࢉȂ୆ӫϜၿȄȷȞȮτහ࡚፤ȯȂT. 1509, vol. 25, p. 622a.ȟ

10

஡ϛΡڸϜၿٯᆏޠစᜍ྄ӼȂپԄȂȶ݃Ȇณ݃ȂณΡȄпณΡࢉȂԚณήහȄНੇ৲ւȊ ԫᒞϜၿڏ٘઎ᄃᢏ፞ݳȄȌȌ፞ݳณΡȄณΡԥեဏȉᒞҒߡኟȞmadhyamaȟȄȷȞȮНੇ ৲ւୱစȆϜၿࠣಒΟȯȂఘȆჅթ஖ᛴȞSa ghavarmanȟណȂT. 468, vol. 14, p. 496bȇІ ώ઎ϮȞណȟȂȲНੇ৲ւୱစȳȂԞᓄܼȮНੇစڑഌȞ˵ȟȯȂ؇α઎׈ȃІώ઎ϮਯພȂ ȞݎٶȈτᙡяޏȂ1993 ԒȟȂॳ 426.ȟȄ

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ϸܗϸրȂܗ࢑វ݃ϛΡϜၿȂഎԥ्҇ܝژҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻϟቺ८ٿ ໍ՘Ȅ ױᄃࣻᗀԚȶቺ८ȷȂᡘด࢑࣐Πڸ኶ҭΞՎᐤѭ๊ቺ८Ӷ྆܉αђ пᄈྲȂϛூϑޠΚ໷௪ࢋȄୱᚡ࢑Ȃեᒞᄃࣻȉ11 ᄃࣻ୉࣐Κঐ྆܉Ȃөঢ়ᇰۢሴ࣐ዂጚᇅીݣȄӶኅဏޠםԓαȂ ܛᒞᄃࣻ˕˕ܗ޲ၷ௦ߗπᇮٿᗀȂᄃӶȞrealityȟȃᄃӶܓȃ઎ᄃܓ˕ ˕Р८ȂᇅߓຬȃຏГȃ୆ࠄȃܗ౪དྷ๊྆܉ࣻୣրՅூӫȇѫΚР८Ȃ ࠍᇅᄃ௒ȃᄃԇȃᄃԥȃԇӶȃܗٲᄃ๊ᇴມࣻᜱᖓՅூӫȄดՅȂԄ ݏϛѬ୅੽ӶСளᇮّٻңޠ௒ݸȂηϛѬࡍഗӶࣻᄈԥ४ޠੀ׌ܗቺ ८ȂՅ࢑Ωؒի৥ژഷഇᄖཏోޠӵؐȂܛᒞᄃࣻȂܛ्ᗀޠȂङ౲ࣻ ࿌ܼᄃԇϟ࣐ᄃԇȞᄃԇܼڐҐٙȃ፞ݳᄃܓȃݳܓ dharmata / tattva /

tattva-lak a a / the essential nature of the dharma; reality as it is in itselfȟȃ ܗᄃԇޠӓᇽȄ ҐНᗷดٻңȶᄃӶȷ୉࣐ȶᄃࣻȷӶπᇮ௦ߗޠᇮມϟΚȂկ࢑ пդఁစڑ࣐ٸᐄȂٯߩႲӒஆܼлᢏᇅࡋᢏޠΡϸȂ୉ԚЗᄙࣁ୞ᇅ ѵӶзࣩޠΡϸȂӱԫٯϛӶಘᕺΡϸޠࠊණȂ஡Зᄙࣁ୞ܛଭᄈޠѵ ӶзࣩᇰۢԚᄃӶȄԥᠧܼԫȂҐНᗷпӓ८ᄃ࣐ࣻᜱᗥ྆܉ϟΚȂ ࠔϛ҇ӱԫ௭ΤᄃӶлဏȞܗᆏᄃӶ፤ realismȟޠଳᕋȂ࿌ดηϛ҇ યӶᄃӶлဏޠᄈҴ८ՅђΤЇᄃӶлဏȞܗᆏЇᄃӶ፤ anti-realismȟ ޠΚᜟȄ12 11

Milton K. MunitzȞ“Chapter 4Ȉ What is Reality?,” The Question of Reality, PrincetonȈ Princeton University Press, 1990, pp. 123-134ȟӶଇ፤ȶեᒞᄃӶȷޠΚതȂࡿяпȶեᒞ࢛࢛ȷܗȶϨ ቅ࢑࢛࢛ȷϟ᜹ޠණୱٿ೪དྷȶ๏਱ȷȂܛѠ૗᎐ႅޠႲӒ೪४ܗട٬ȂሴঅூЖп࣐আᜣȄ ԫѵȂԥᜱȶᄃӶȷϟ፟ᚡȂᙐܿޠΤߟ஠ਫȂѠ୥ᎨȈJim Baggott, A Beginner’s Guide to Reality, London: Penguin Books, 2005.

12

᠗ಜٿᗀȂᇰ࣐ѵӶзࣩጃᄃԇӶȂ೼ኻޠΚ৉དྷݳᆏ࣐ᄃӶлဏȄᄃӶлဏѠߓ౫Ӷם αᏱܗऌᏱ๊Р८ȄםαᏱР८ޠᄃӶлဏȞmetaphysical realismȟȂл஼ԥΚঐᑀҴܼ΢

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ϟܛпཽଢୱܗණяഷഇᄖཏోޠᄃࣻȂτयစႇԄίΡঐؐ᡾ޠ ᙾ׸ȄڐΚȂདྷ्஡စᡜϟܛூȂ௄ຏᔤޠᙾӪᄃԇޠȂ௄ГདྷޠᏳΤ ౫ᄃޠȂ௄ᓀᇳޠᏳΤҔጃޠȂܗ޲௄෣ᝀ຦ୄޠᏳΤٲᄃ઎ࣻޠȄ13ڐ ΡȂߒؐጃᇰ࣐ᄃӶޠစᡜȂѠ૗Ѭ࢑ຏԥڐߓܗᐒ߇Κ౫ȂसໍΚؐ ଢفȂ߰ԥᐡཽ௄ޤڐดޠᏳӪޤڐܛпดޠȂ௄׌ഌޠᏳӪӓዻޠȂ ௄б८ޠᏳӪӓ८ޠȂ௄఼ቺޠᏳӪ౐ቺޠȂ௄ಘᕺޠᏳӪᆡጜޠȂܗ ޲௄฼ኸޠᏳӪߞεޠȄ ณ፤စҦϨቅؐ᡾ޠᙾ׸ȂΚҎ௥ୱᄃԇϟ࣐ᄃԇژۼ࢑ࡪቅΚӲ ٲȂܗ޲௥ୱᄃԇޠӓᇽέ࢑ࡪቅΚӲٲȂᄃࣻϟ፟ᚡ֊ਜ਼౫яٿȄด ՅȂܛᒞᄃԇޠӓᇽȂέ࢑ϨቅཏࡧںȉӉե΢དྷ्ױᄃԇޠӓᇽڏᡞ й׈ᐍӵᗀᇴяٿȂη൸࢑၇Ӷழԥ྆ࢃܓޠбࢳၘᇮٿᗀᇴڏᡞйӓ ८ޠᄃԇȂτ྆࢑ᒳϛژޠٲ௒ȇٲᄃαȂ૗஋ϛࢻܼޫࢿၘᇮޠஃऄȂ ϑ឵ᜳ૗ѠີȄดՅȂ೼ٯϛཏکӱԫ൸׈ӓ؃Кณ๋ȇٻң᜹ծȶ׸ উޠЗᄙࣁ୞йӶڐѵޠѵӶзࣩܗࡋᢏзࣩпᄃᡞܗߗоᄃᡞޠРԓԇӶ຀Ȅ೼ኻޠᄃ ӶлဏȂԄݏପӬޤᜌᏱȂໍΚؐл஼ȂଭᄈѵӶзࣩޠԇӶ௒םȂԥΚঐᑀΚณΡޠҔ ጃඣख़ȂՅ၏ඣख़ϟܛп࣐઎ȂҦܼಓᔗѵӶзࣩޠ௒םȂ೼ኻ൸Ԛ࣐ಓᔗᇴޠᄃӶлဏ Ȟcorrespondence realismȟȄܳࡼಓᔗᇴޠᄃӶлဏȂԄݏп࣐ऌᏱ౪፤ҔԂණٽ჌೼ኻҔ ጃณᇳޠඣख़Ȃ֊ߓ౫࣐ऌᏱР८ޠᄃӶлဏȞscientific realismȟޠΚ৉དྷݳȄดՅȂ೼ኻ ޠΚ৉དྷݳȂᜳռႇܼЉ઎ȃ஽༗ȃ៨੊ȃܗӓᡞȂӱՅܤयϛЎ׾९ޠདྷݳܗЇᄈޠᖑ ੐Ȅ׾९ޠདྷݳ࿌ϜȂྤڸޠᄃӶлဏȞmodest realismȟঅூเђ੽ཏȄϟܛпᆏ࣐ऌᏱ Р८ޠᄃӶлဏȂӶܼᇰ࣐ऌᏱޠ౪፤ܗඣख़ԥڐܛଭᄈޠзࣩȂՅй၏зࣩΞᑀҴܼऌ Ᏹޠ౪፤ܗඣख़ϟѵޠԇӶȄϟܛпᆏ࣐ྤڸޠȂӶܼඵత஽༗ޠ઎౪ಓᔗᇴȂηϛՎܼ Κඅ௒᜺ӵ஁ࡼ࿌хऌᏱޠܛձܛ࣐࢑ଭᄈѵӶзࣩ୳ΚҔጃณᇳޠޏҐȂՅѬᇰ࣐စҦ ᘉᘉᅏᅏйᝓᙲޠևΩȂпІᄈᜍᐄڸ௱౪ޠቸབྷຠզȂऌᏱණٽޠޤᜌȂϛ༊ਗ਼ІѵӶ зࣩȂՅй࢑ӼЎѠӬ౪ϡпࣻ߭ܗ௦ڨޠȄԥᜱᄃӶлဏȂѠ୥ᎨȈР࿳ӓȂȲङᑲȆ޿ ᅮ፤ȶनෂȷᇅᄃӶ፤ȳȂȮዊजःفȯಒ 34 ڣ 3 ෉Ȟ2004 Ԓ 9 УȟȂॳ 431-456ȇQuentin Gibson, “Chapter 3: Realism and the Existence Principle,” The Existence Principle, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998, pp. 29-51ȇHilary Putnam, The Many Faces of Realism, La Salle: Open Court, 1995.

13

ԥᜱདۣᇰޤᇅᄃӶޠᜱ߾ሴ࣐ᆡீޠϸݚȂѠ୥ᎨȈTadeusz Czezowski, “Sensory Cognition and Reality,” Knowledge, Science, and Values: A Program for Scientific Philosophy, Amsterdam: 2000, pp. 226-240.

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᠓ʝ၍໡ȷϟມಣȂܗ೩Ѡเђᡘұܛᒞᄃԇޠӓᇽܛច֥ޠΚٳཏࡧȂ ᙥпםԚԥᜱᄃࣻѠၽձޠ྆܉ᕋആȞa working conception of realityȟȄ

ܛᒞȶ׸᠓ʝ၍໡ȷϟມಣȂѠңԄίޠ௒םȂ୉࣐پφٿᇴ݃Ȅ ೾ளᇰ࣐ਣޫࣻ៊ࢻޠзࣩȂՎЎє֥ߞȃቷȃାȃڸਣ໣೼ѳঐӪ࡚Ȅ 14 ดՅȂӶᒊᄎܗማᄎޠኈбȂᡘดХુାܗᖄ౐ϟӪ࡚Ȃڐᄃࣻ׸᠓ ΠΚӲܗᒹѷ௭ΚঐӪ࡚ȄඳԚΚ஼ࣻбܗГᐸбȂᓎ֊Хુାڸਣ໣ ϟӪ࡚Ȃڐᄃࣻ׸᠓ΠΡӲܗᒹѷ௭ΡঐӪ࡚ȄՎܼΚ఩ጤܛܜၸޠȂ ࠍ؂ђϾङȂХુቷȃାȃڸਣ໣೼ήঐӪ࡚Ȃڐᄃࣻ׸᠓ΠήӲܗᒹ ѷ௭ήঐӪ࡚ȄٿژΚᘉȂ༊ԇ۟Ҵйᙐ൑ޠ՞ဋȂ೼ѳঐӪ࡚എр፞ ᚔԄȂڐᄃࣻ׸᠓ΠѳӲܗᒹѷ௭ѳঐӪ࡚ȄԄݏЇӪᐈձȂ௄Κᘉٗ ژ౫ࠊਣޫᡑϾޠޣ௦စᡜȂԂЩױ׸᠓ႇޠӪ࡚ΚΚ၍໡Ȃ൸έٿژ ѳঐӪ࡚ޠᄃࣻȄ ᙥҦԄαޠپφȂᄈܼܛᒞᄃԇޠӓᇽȂ֊Ѡழя᜹ծშұޠ၍݃Ȅ ᄃԇसѠᙥҦӪ࡚ϡпϸݚȂ٦ቅȂ҉໡ܛԥѠ૗ޠӪ࡚ȂٯйӶؑΚ ঐӪ࡚ᏒѠ૗۾իџܦ৥Ȃᓎ຀຺ٿ຺௦ߗѠ҉໡ᇅѠܦ৥ޠ྄यȂ֊ ຺ٿ຺௦ߗᄃԇޠӓᇽȇഀழӵȂη൸຺ٿ຺ٗໍӓ८ޠᄃࣻȄ ೼Κၰႇٿԥᜱᄃԇӓᇽޠᇴ݃Ȃϛ༊ڐԆ८ޠཏࡧூпङ౲ᡘ ึȂᗚѠᐄпםԚΚ໷೪ॏȂԥֆܼ౪၍ڸᄃࣻޠϹӬژΠϨቅኻޠੀ ׌ܗโ࡚Ȅ୉࣐Р߰౪၍ޠ೼ኻޠΚ໷೪ॏȂѠײ्ᐍ౪ԚԄίήτ२ ᘉȄॷӒȂ൸ਣޫࣻ៊ࢻޠзࣩՅّȂस૗၍໡ԚѳঐӪ࡚ȂЩକ׸᠓ ԚΡঐܗΚঐӪ࡚Ȃ߰૗Ϲໍᄃࣻၷ࣐Ӽ२ޠ८ᇽȄپԄȂ൸Κ՞Ңڽ ᡞՅ፤ȂΚҢޠᐤโܜၸޠᄃࣻȂЩକѬ࢑ΚҢ࿌ϜޠΚ஼ࣻбȂ֊ڏ 14

Ӫ࡚έѠᆏձᆱ࡚Ȅ᜹ծޠϸݚᇅࣻᜱឋᚡޠ೏౪ȂѠ୥ᎨȈMark Heller, “Temporal Parts of Four-Dimensional Objects,” Metaphysics: An Anthology, edited by Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 1999, pp. 312-326.

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ԥၷ࣐Ӽ२ޠ८ᇽȄڐԪȂᖄٻϹӶӤΚঐӪ࡚Ȃस૗ऐખ၏Ӫ࡚Κၿ έΚၿޠ४ښՅഃΚ҉೾ȂЩକѬ࢑੒྄ӵ୅੽ӶΚၿέΚၿޠ४ښ၈ ८Ȃ֊Ѡᄕᡘᄃࣻ؂τโ࡚ޠ८ᇽȄپԄȂԂංᎇφޠҢԬᎉଠޠᐤโȂ ЩକѬ࢑ΚҢޠᐤโȂܜၸޠᄃࣻ࿌ด्ٿூ؂ђᙵ൳ȄಒήȂЏڐਗ਼ ІҢڽзࣩȂᔗ၏ϛཽѬᎭਣޫࣻ៊ࢻޠѳঐӪ࡚֊ѠӓዻϡпၿᅿȂ Յ࢑ᗚѠழя྄ᅿᙵ൳ޠӪ࡚Ȃ౲ᖟ኶ᆓȈٗӪз໣ޠөᆎ஠ཿስ஀ϟ Ӫ࡚Ȃ፞Ԅᕬۢϟၿܗහኌϟၿ๊Ңڽᄃ፻Ӷঐրݳߟޠ஠ཿঔྱϟӪ ࡚ȂпІ၍಴ၿܗ๵ණၿ๊Ңڽᄃ፻ӶᐍᡞҢڽ໡৥ޠӪ࡚ȄپԄȂΚ ՞դݳঔྱ޲Ӷ๵ණၿାົޠঔၿᐤโȂЩକܗ޲൑હӶᕬঔޠໍ৥Ȃ ܗ޲Ѭ࢑ٗӪз໣੬ۢᏱୱޠᢤःȂܗ޲Ѭ࢑ހހӵҢԬᎉଠΚൠȂഎ Ѡᡘึᄃࣻၷ࣐Ӽ२ܗ؂࣐ᙵ൳ޠ८ᇽȄ

ήȃڸϛΡϜၿϟᇴѠםԚᄈྲਞݏޠࣻᜱ፤ᇴ

܂ࡤޠଇ፤ȂԄݏདྷ्Ӷၿ౪ໍΚؐ໡ఃܗϹΤϛΡϜၿڸᄃࣻȂ ᗚ໹ᙥֆसϔࣻᜱޠ፤ᇴܗ྆܉Ȅ೼ٳࣻᜱޠ፤ᇴܗ྆܉Ȃ਴ᐄڐңഋȂ Ѡಘϸ࣐Ρ᜹ȈڐΚȂѠםԚৰր྆܉Ӷᄈྲޠ౪၍ਞݏȇڐΡȂѠם ԚӔ೾྆܉ӶМእαޠ౪၍ਞݏȄ೼Ρ᜹ңഋ࿌ϜȂॷӒȂڸϛΡϜၿ ϟᇴѠםԚᄈྲਞݏޠࣻᜱ፤ᇴȂڐᄃϛӶЎ኶ȂپԄȂΚϰлဏ ȞmonismȟȃΡϰлဏȃӼϰлဏȞpluralismȟȇՎܼл҉ޠᄻԚ྆܉Ȃ

ࠍєࢃϸրȃࣻᄈȃᄃᡞȞsubstanceȟȃᆓȞextremeȟȃᜟȞborder, edge,

limitȟȄڐԪȂڸϛΡϜၿϟᇴѠםԚМእਞݏޠࣻᜱ྆܉ȂηϛӶЎ኶Ȃ

پԄȂߩשȃณளȃҢྟȃጣକȃޫܓȄ

Ԅݏ௄Ѡђпᄈྲޠ፤ᇴܗ྆܉ΤКȂᗷด୉ݳϛ٦ቅޣᄡΠ࿌Ȃ ਞݏηϛ٦ቅϹߗȂࠔၷܼܿѐᡘ܅ԫޠৰ౵ȄᙥҦৰ౵Ȃᡘұяܗ޲

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ሬᛥϛΡϜၿޠࡧ௚ໍ՘Ȃܗ޲ϛӶϛΡϜၿޠࡧ௚ၰ৸ȂໍՅԥֆܼ םԚ௷ଷԓޠ౪၍Ȅ೼Κ࿾ӒࡹྲΡϰлဏȃΚϰлဏȃӼϰлဏޠ໸ זȂഃΚழяڸϛΡϜၿϟᇴѠםԚᄈྲਞݏޠࣻᜱ፤ᇴȄ

ȞΚȟ୉࣐ڸϛΡϜၿᄈྲޠΡϰлဏ

ӶڸϛΡϜၿϟᇴѠᄻԚᄈྲᜱ߾ޠಁӼ፤ᇴ࿌ϜȂΡϰлဏॷ࿌ ڐፑȂЏڐঅூᓻӒϡпᔯຝȄᙐّϟȂΡϰлဏ࣐Κ৉དྷݳȂᇰۢ΢ উୣϸяٿޠΡ᜹ٲޑܗ឵ܓȂپԄЗᄙڸٙᡞȞܗޑ፵ȟȂڏԥ਴Ґޠ ܗ ᄃ ᡞ ޠ ୣ ր ܗ ৰ ౵ Ȃ ϛ Ѡ ࣻ Ϥ Ͼ ङ Ȃ й ࣐ ϸ ໡ ޠ ԇ Ӷ Ȟ separate existenceȟȄ೾ளȂϟܛпཽܳࡼΡϰлဏޠདྷݳȂโזαȂॷӒȂҦΚ ᜹ٲޑܗ឵ܓΤКȂໍΚؐ޼ۢڐ࣐ՍԚΚੀޠԇӶܗᄃᡞȄڐԪȂණ яѫΚ᜹ٲޑܗ឵ܓȂ஽።Ӷ᜹րαȂڸࠊ޲ٯߩӤΚȂΞࠊ޲ϟ౵᜹Ȃ ϛє֥Ӷࠊ޲၈८ȂՅйڐԇӶܗ௒ݸηณݳ༊Ꭽࠊ޲൸၍មூ೾Ȅಒ ήȂࢌด೼Ρ᜹ٲޑܗ឵ܓංоᄰჃࣻ࿌ȂϛѠ܅ԫϾङȂҦܼڐϜޠ Κ᜹ϑ࢑ՍԚΚੀޠԇӶܗᄃᡞȂѫΚ᜹౪ܛ࿌ดη҇໹࢑ՍԚΚੀޠ ԇӶܗᄃᡞȂ๗ݏȂτѠᐄпл஼೼Ρ᜹ΞөՍԇӶȂٯйڏԥᄃᡞቺ Ԫޠৰ౵ܓȄ ดՅȂӉեםᄙޠΡϰлဏȂᄈԄί౪၏ႁԚޠӉଡ଼ȂܗҐٙڨژ ޠ፵ᅹȂ೾ள्ϛ࢑ѿМѢಠȂ൸࢑ණϛяڏԥᇴ݉Ωޠ၍មȄȞ1ȟዀ ۢ՞ဋȈೞᇰ࣐ۢΡϰܓޠٲޑܗ឵ܓȂژۼӶ঻၈ȉȞ2ȟდяጓ൝Ȉ ᖄٻࡿяܛӶޠ՞ဋȂ፣ԥᒳݳขۢᇅ׳ژܛӶጓ൝ޠᜟࣩȉȞ3ȟեп ࣻᜱȈࢌดԚ࣐Ρϰܓޠٲޑܗ឵ܓȂϸ໡ԇӶȂ࣐Ϩቅᗚԥቺяϛጐ ޠپφȂᡘұΡ޲ϟ໣һϤޠٸଋȃኈ៫ȃ៯ٻȃܗᙾᡑޠᜱ߾ȉඳّ ϟȂࢌดϸ໡ԇӶȂࠔέһϤኈ៫ȂԄեѠ૗ᇴூ೾ȉȞ4ȟΡϰܓٯԇ ޠ๗ݏ࣐եȈΡϰܓٯԇܛആ൸ޠȂژۼ࢑ΡঐȃΚঐȂᗚ࢑Ԃංঐȉ

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Ρϰܓٯԇܛആ൸ޠȂӬକٿȂژۼ࢑ࡪኻޠٲޑܗኻᄙȉȞ5ȟեпആ ԚΡϰܓȈΡϰܓҐٙԄեѠ૗έആԚΡϰܓȉԄݏΡϰܓޠԚҴѫԥ ڐѻޠጣҦȂࠍΡϰܓ৽ܑ஡ೞ؂࣐਴ྜޠጣҦܛܷ၍Ȃ๗ݏȂΡϰܓ ԄեѠ૗ᗚયூ՟ရȉ ҉௄ϸяΡঐܗΡᜟȂ೾ள൸ϛӕЇࡧܗ።ᐍԄԫޠΡϸȂѬ៬Κ ܂ޣࠊȂ໸༗ٗژΡϰлဏޠӵؐȂ२ЗծоဤӶ൸ܛϸրޠȂཧପ྆ ܉ޠܫຬࡧ௚Ȃӕ୉ԚםՅαޠߓႁȞmetaphysical expressionȟȄดՅȂ ଷΠߓႁםՅαޠُ၍Ȃϛ༊ଭᄈҢڽзࣩܛ૗ึදޠ၍មਞΩ྄ڐཌྷ ᖢȂՅйᄈܼӱԫടΤޠםՅαޠ֩ძȂࠔέژΠංоϛջՍܧޠӵؐȄ ຀ᄃّϟȂݽ຀Ρϰܓޠࡧ௚ڦӪȂԄݏӱԫ௭ໍ࡭Ԃ࢑Ρϰܓޠࡧ௚ ڦӪܛആԚޠםՅαޠ֩ძȂଷߩѫ៧ᗒ৸Ȃܗᄈ຀Սٙ၇റޠஆᙄ౐ ϹᔯຝȂખଯؖՒȂτ྆࡟ᜳ༊ᎭΡϰܓޠࡧ௚ڦӪ൸௴಴ூΠ֩ძȄ

ȞΡȟ୉࣐ڸϛΡϜၿᄈྲޠΚϰлဏ

ᕤ၍ΡϰлဏַழΠՎЎԄαޠ֩ძȂмࣽϟίȂΚϰлဏծоழ ٿΚጤᔪӏȂԂ჌Ѭ्ϛл஼Ρϰлဏ൸ϛཽڨ֩ӶҐٙᇨആޠഹບ࿌ ϜȄดՅȂٲᄃґ҇ԄԫȄ ࣻၷܼΡϰлဏᇰۢ࡭ԂԥΡঐᄃᡞϸ໡ԇӶȂΚϰлဏࠍᇰۢ༊ ԥΚঐᄃᡞ൑ᑀԇӶȄڏᡞޠپφϟΚȂसᇰۢ༊ԥޠᄃᡞ࣐ޑ፵Ȃ࿳ ٲ࿳ޑࣲҦޑ፵ܛᄻԚȂ֊Ѡᆏ࣐ޑ፵Ȟ୳ޑȟлဏȞmaterialismȟȇस ᇰۢ༊ԥޠᄃᡞ࣐ᢏ܉Ȃ࿳ٲ࿳ޑ൸ڐᄃӶϟቺ८Ȃ༊४ܼܗՎЎ҇໹ ᜱᖓژᢏ܉Ȃ֊Ѡᆏ࣐ᢏ܉Ȟ୳ЗȟлဏȞidealismȟȄดՅȂեᒞᄃᡞ ཏکޠޑ፵ȉᄃᡞཏکޠޑ፵Ȃڐጃᄃޠ኶ҭԥӼЎȉᄃᡞཏکޠޑ፵ ԇӶܼե೏ȉᄃᡞཏکޠޑ፵ژۼڏԥϨቅ੬ܓȉᄃᡞཏکޠޑ፵Ȃڐ ᄃᡞܓ࢑ԄեпІҦ፣ആԚޠȉԄݏЗᄙܗཏᜌ౫ຬഎҦޑ፵ܛᄻԚȂ

(20)

٦ቅȂ჌ҰᓟܗФᓟϟ᜹ޠݎ՚Ȃ࢑֐ηڏԥЗᄙܗཏᜌ౫ຬȉ፞Ԅԫ ᜹࡟਴ҐޠឋᚡȂޑ፵лဏ೾ளϛ༊ᜳпܤ࢝ȂڐҐٙޠ࡚߭ᇅਞ࡚Ȃ η܂܂ӱԫڨژᝓ२ޠᆼᇠȄޑ፵лဏԄԫȂᢏ܉лဏτयҼϛႉӼᡲȄ пαҦޑ፵лဏڸᢏ܉лဏ࣐پܛᡘұޠ֩ძȂӶΚϰлဏޠᆎᆎኻ ᄙȂѠᒞᄉُϛᘁȄΚّпጷϟȂԫ๊֩ძȂᔗѠࣽԚ๗ᄻቺ८ޠȂՅ ߩ༊Цܼঐ਱ᓎᐡޠܓ፵Ȅ եпΚϰлဏྲኻћӶ๗ᄻܓޠ֩ძȉเђᔯຝȂԄίѳঐ๗ᄻܓ ޠ्໷Ȃ੬րঅூݨཏȄڐΚȂΚϰлဏڸΡϰлဏΚኻȂഎຨ፞ᄃᡞ ࡧ௚Ȃη൸࢑ᇰ࣐೼ΚঐзࣩᗷดӼኻйщᅗᡑϾȂྲኻԥܛᒞစεϛ ᡑ޲Ӷ࢛೏ڿۢйᑀҴԇӶ຀ȄڐΡȂҦܼܛ᏶ᙥޠࡧ௚൳ܼᄃᡞᢏ܉Ȃ ୞ሆຨ፞ΡϸݳȂپԄȂ឵ܓᇅᄃᡞȞattribute and substanceȟȃߓຬᇅ ᄃӶȞappearance and realityȟȃГຬᇅጃᜍȞthe illusory and the veridicalȟȃ

ୌึᇅҐ፵Ȟaccident and essenceȟȂٯйӱՅӼӼЎЎ៉ᇦӶԄԫ୉я

ޠΡϸݳȄڐήȂΚϰлဏᗷดл஼൑ΚޠᄃᡞȂดՅϛѠᗘռᙥҦ፞ Ԅޑ፵ᇅᢏ܉๊ࣻᄈ྆܉ܛᄻԚȂٯйщҍΡϸݳޠࡧ௚ܓੀȂ೼ኻφ ཧ࡛яٿޠȂٻூΚϰлဏཏშ୉࣐ᙄҰޠΚϰܓȂ҉௄਴Ґංо൸ϑ ᒁดณԇȄඳّϟȂᄖᓟᄖ׏пࣻᄈ྆܉ȃᄈЩ྆܉ȃҔЇ྆܉ȃڸΡ ϸݳޠࡧ௚Рԓܛ՜ഀՅԚޠᐍ৉ᇴມȂӕࡪቅױ௥ྲᐸᆺฑӶ೼ᐍ৉ ᇴມ࿌Ϝޠ࢛ΚᄃᡞȂೞѪ୉ΚϰлဏȂѠ૗Ѭ࢑፤ख़ޠߓ८၇׹ȂӶ ଽφ၈ȂڸΡϰлဏޠৰ຾Ȃτ྆ཌྷоڐཌྷȄڐѳȂҦܼл஼୳ԥ൑Κ ޠᄃᡞȂᄈܼӼኻйщᅗᡑϾޠ౫ᄃзࣩȂ܂܂ณݳ๞яϹ्ޠ၍មȂ ංоࢻܼξ጖ΚࡢޠϾङлဏޠᇴມȞmonism through reductionismȟȄ

Ӷпαܛණޠѳঐ๗ᄻܓޠ्໷࿌ϜȂಒΡ໷ȂҦܼਗ਼ІΚٳѠ࿌ Ԛ஠ߟңມޠᄈЩ྆܉Ȃԥ्҇ໍΚቺ౲ђᒲ݃Ȅϛ፤ܛ೤ۢޠϲৡԄ

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ڐҐٙ೾ளณݳ൑ᑀԚҴȈ྆܉ޠԚҴȂഷளຨؒޠᒳݳϟΚȂ൸࢑܂ ࣻᄈȃᄈҴȃܗᄈЇ྆܉൷ؒ༺නȄڸᄃᡞԫΚ྆܉ᄈЩޠ྆܉Ȃ೾ள ೪࣐ۢȶ឵ܓȷȄՎܼ឵ܓԫΚ྆܉Ȃτयཏࡿٲޑܗ΢ޑϟ᜹ޠᄈຬܛ ᐀ԥޠ੬ܓȂӱԫ࢑ٸߤޠܗߤ឵ޠȂೞց࣐ۢಒΡזޠԇӶȇ឵ܓᗷ ೞᇰ࣐ᄻԚᄈຬޠ੬ኊܛӶȂࠔ೏ܼᓎਣᓎӵѠ׾ᡑޠޒᄙȄᇅԫԚᄈ ЩޠȂᄃᡞࠍڿۢϛᡑȃϛѠϸഹȃᑀՍйစεԇӶȂӱԫೞց࣐ۢಒ ΚזޠԇӶȄ ᙥҦ឵ܓᇅᄃᡞϟ໣ޠΡϸȂᗚѠໍՅМእ፞ԄȶߓຬȷᇅȶᄃӶȷ ϟ໣ޠΡϸȂڐၽձޠٲپϟΚȂॷӒȂ஡឵ܓ࿌ԚڸߓຬᜱᖓޠΚഌ ϸȂڐԪȂ஡ᄃᡞདྷԚᄈຬޠۼዻȞunderlying baseȟȂٯйҦᄃᡞණٽ ᄈຬϟܛпڏԥᄃӶܓޠᜱᗥٸᐄȄ15 स൸ᇰޤձңՅّȂܛᒞߓຬቺԪޠᇰޤȂଷΠᜱᖓژ឵ܓϟ᜹ޠ ௒ݸȂڐᇰޤளೞᇰ࣐ڨژлᢏӱષࣻ࿌โ࡚ޠኈ៫ܗϔᘚȂτय༊૗ ژႁѵᇽޠȃཱུ݅ޠȃ௦ߗܼኈ჌ޠȃȶГຬޠȷȃܗࣦՎװԣޠӵؐȄ ᇅԫࣻᄈޠȂܛᒞᄃӶቺ८ޠᇰޤȂଷΠᜱᖓژᄃᡞϟ᜹ޠ௒ݸȂڐᇰ ޤளೞᇰ࣐ٯϛڨژлᢏӱષޠኈ៫ȂٯйᗚѠ୉ژϛՍࣻҮࣾޠᇅȶጃ ᜍޠȷӵؐȄ ᙥҦ឵ܓᇅᄃᡞϟ໣ޠΡϸȂϛ༊ѠᜱᖓژߓຬᇅᄃӶȂпІГຬ ᇅጃᜍȂᗚѠ۾իژȶୌึȷᇅȶҐ፵ȷϟ໣ޠΡϸȄܛᒞୌึȂτय ཏࡿᄈຬߩҐ፵ޠȃ୚௯ޠȃᓎᐡޠȃܗᖞਣޠഌϸȄᇅԫԚᄈЩޠȂ Ґ፵ࠍཏࡿᄈຬҐٙѠᙥпೞᒲᇰяٿޠࡰۢ੬፵Ȃܗ޲ཏࡿٻᄈຬ࡭ ԂԄڐܛ࢑ϟ੬፵Ȅ 15

Thupten Jinpa, (Self, Reality and Reason in Tibetan Philosophy: Tsongkhapa's Quest for the Middle Way, London : RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, pp. 148-151) ײ्ࡿяդఁޠΚٳᏱࣃпІڐ ѻसϔۡఁӶȶߓຬȷᇅȶᄃӶȷޠୣϸڸᇰۢȂܗѠ౲ђ୥ՄȄ

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ᄈЩ྆܉࿌ดϛཽӶୌึᇅҐ፵೼Κಣ൸რดՅЦȂՅ࢑᜹ծݿ ݲȂѠӕήӵ۾իȂดࡤᐍбһࣻМእȄ ഇႇпαӶЎ኶஠ߟңມ྄ڐᙐ౲ޠࣩᇴȂᔗѠࣽяȂᖄٻΚکዀ ᄵΚϰлဏȂϬดτ໕আңᄈЩ྆܉ȂՅ઎Ҕτ՘ڐၿޠȂҔԂ࢑Ρϸ ݳޠࡧ௚РԓȄҦܼᄃᡞᢏ܉េݨܼڐϜȂ๗ݏԚ࣐ᄃᡞཏکᐩࠕޠΚ ϰлဏȄ൸ԫՅ፤ȂΚϰлဏᇅΡϰлဏංоϸٵΠӔӤޠ౪፤֩ძȂ пՎܼΡϰлဏޠᜳᚡȂٯϛཽӱ࣐ѫѵл஼Κϰлဏ൸ᕖூ၍؛Ȅ຀ ᄃّϟȂΚϰлဏϛُூЩΡϰлဏڏԥ؂τޠ၍មਞΩȂηϛُூЩ Ρϰлဏڏԥ؂ٺޠᐡᙾп௷ልҐٙޠ౪፤֩ძȄҦܼᝤᅟᄃᡞᢏ܉й τ໕ຨ፞ΡϸݳȂΚϰлဏϛ༊਴ҐϛӤܼϛΡϜၿϟᇴȂࣦՎױՍϐ ༮ആԚڸϛΡϜၿϟᇴѠᘁ݃ᄈྲޠ፤ᇴםᄙȄ

Ȟήȟ୉࣐ڸϛΡϜၿᄈྲޠӼϰлဏ

ܗ೩ҦܼΡϰлဏڸΚϰлဏӤኻᜳпᗘռႇϸϾङޠ֩ძȂංо ၍មϛژීᛴ࿳ຬޠзࣩեпя౫Ԅԫᓀᆤፓᚖޠ८ᇽȂ๗ݏആ൸ΠӼ ϰлဏԥܸᓟܗࣦՎτ஼ᄰჃޠᐡཽȄΡϰлဏȃΚϰлဏȃڸӼϰл ဏഎѠܺژಁӼޠቺ८Ȃєࢃަཽȃ࢈ݾȃНϾȃऌᏱȃۡఁȂดՅҐ НᜱϹޠȂл्ᗚ࢑ӶলᏱޠቺ८ȂЏڐ݃ᡘழԥםՅα་ӪޠলᏱ౪ ፤Ȅ൸ԫՅ፤ȂܛᒞӼϰлဏȂӶܼл஼ᄃӶಥف࢑ҦӼ኶ܗӼᆎޠᄃ ᡞܗٲޑܛಣԚȄ16 16

ԥᜱӼϰлဏȂѠ୥ᎨȈDavid Archard(ed.), Philosophy and Pluralism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Ӷ೼ΚҐ፤Н໲ϜȂڸҐНޠ፤ᚡၷ௦ߗՅѠเђ୥ՄޠȂԥԄίή ጖ȈDermot Moran, “A Case for Philosophical PluralismȈ The Problem of Intentionality,” pp. 19-32ȇ J. D. G. Evans, “Cultural RealismȈ The Ancient Philosophical Background,” pp. 47-60ȇ C. J. Mcknight, “Pluralism, Realism and Truth,” pp. 87-99.

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Ԅݏ༊Цܼл஼ӶΚঐӔӤޠަཽܗН݃ᡞޠਲ࢝ϲȂᔗ࿌௦ڨᇅ ൶२өᆎϛӤޠထᡞᇅঐᡞȂࣻϤ௦ાȂٯйϱ೩өՍߓႁܗึ৥Ґٙ ޠւઊܗ੬ՔȂܗ޲༊Цܼл஼ӶΚঐӔӤޠऌᏱަထޠਲ࢝ϲȂᔗ࿌ ৡ೩өᆎϛӤޠᢏᘉȃРݳȃᇅ౪፤ȂบԄՍҦҀൠȂसߩᕁңܗࢻܼ ᄓ੿Ȃ೼ᄈܼ҉ആҖлަཽܗߵໍऌᏱึ৥Ȃܗ೩എ૗କ຀ࣻ࿌२τޠ ձңȄดՅȂၱႇ౫ޒܗ౫ᄃձңޠቺԪȂໍՅ௱ӪᄃӶϟቺ८Ȃл஼ ӶᄃӶϟቺ८ȂಥفԥڐӼኻܓȞdivisityȟܗӼϰܓȞpluralityȟȂ೼ኻ φޠӼϰлဏȂ୉࣐ΚᆎলᏱ౪፤Ȃ࢑֐ٸดયூ՟ရȂࠍԥࡠᔯଇȄ17 ࢌดпӼϰлဏ࣐ዀᄵȂ߰ϛѬ޼ۢ౫ᄃзࣩΞϥ߇ΥߟȂՅйᇰ ۢзࣩ൸ڐᄃӶᄖᄖۼۼྲኻ࢑ӼϰޠȇЇႇٿᇴȂӼϰޠીݣܓҔԂ ᄻԚзࣩޠᄃӶܓȄӼϰлဏ೼ኻφޠ፤ᘟȂܗ޲຀२ӶӼϰޠᄃᡞȂ ܗ޲຀२ӶӼϰޠٲޑȄԄݏ຀२ӶӼϰޠᄃᡞȂٻңޠܤԓȂᇅΡϰ лဏڸΚϰлဏሴ࣐᜹ծȂпᄃᡞᢏ܉࣐ٸᘫȂࠔηӱՅڨژᄃᡞᢏ܉ ޠܵತȄԄݏ຀२ӶӼϰޠٲޑȂٻңޠܤԓȂτय᜹ծܼȶࣽშᇴࢉ ٲȷܗȶ൸ӵӬݳȷȂη൸࢑ᄈܼ౫ԇޠٲޑȂԄӤࣽ຀׈ԚޠშฬȂ޼ ۢშฬ࣐ԚࠣȂٯй൸ԚࠣϲৡޠପဋȂഃΚᗀᇴঐϜ௒םȄ ดՅȂпࣽშᇴࢉٲޠܤԓȂसདྷΚၰ௱ӪᄃӶϟቺ८Ȃτ྆ூӒ ८ᄈԄίήၿឋᚡȄڐΚȂԄݏٲޑࡿঐրԇԥ޲Ȃڐȶঐᡞܓȷեп ጃҴȉԄݏٲޑࡿ᜹րܗᆎ᜹ȂڐȶఋထܓȷեпጃҴȉڐΡȂᐍঐз ࣩȂೲएਣޫޠࢻโȂၯ຺ޑ፵ȃЗᄙȃᆡઢȃҢڽ๊ቺ८ȂژۼᖃӔ ѠпԥӼЎڏঐᡞܓޠঐᡞȂпІѠпԥӼЎڏఋထܓޠᆎ᜹ȉӉե΢ 17

David Loy (NondualityȈ A Study in Comparative Philosophy, New York: Humanity Books, 1998, pp. 21-25) ҔጃӵࡿяϛΡޠ२τཏోϟΚӶܼзࣩϟߩӼϰܓȞthe nonplurality of the worldȟȂดՅȂܛࡼޠ౪ҦȂࠔڸҐНሴ࣐ϛӤȄLoy ਴ᐄޠ౪ҦȂл्ُܼԄίЖНȈȶз ࣩҐٙ࢑ߩӼϰޠȂӱ࣐ӶзࣩȺϟϲȻޠܛԥٲޑȂٯߩࣻϤϟ໣Ѡ઎ҔϡпցրޠȂ Յ࢑ӬӶΚକᄻԚ࢛ᆎಜᐍޠӓᡞȄȷȞp. 21.ȟ

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ϛ፤൸ԫึՅ࣐Ϩቅኻޠ኶ҭٿձ๏Ȃ၏኶ҭϟூпԚҴޠ਴ᐄέ࢑Ϩ ቅȉڐήȂ౫ԇޠঐᡞܗᆎ᜹Ȃ܂ሎሊޠႇџӲ྘Ȃ܂܂ࣲߩࡤٿϘԚ םޠ٦ኻφޠঐᡞܗᆎ᜹ȂܗࣦՎ঩ҐഀΚঐኈφഎᗚፚϛαȂՎܼ৥ గґٿȂηಥ஡׾ᓟඳ८ȂܗࣦՎ๙ྟșșпԫ࣐຀ಂᘉȂܛᒞঐᡞܓ ܗఋထܓȂژۼ௄եፚକȂпІ၏ࡪቅԋဋȂܗԋဋե೏ȉ ԄαήၿឋᚡȂ࢑ӉեྦറϹӪᄃӶϟቺ८ȂӶࡧᒲޠׯᐆαȂං оഎԥ्҇ᝓੀϡпଇ፤ޠȄඳΚٳၘᇮٿᗀȂڐΚȂΞȶ୉࣐ஆҐ൑ ՞ޠঐᡞܓܗఋထܓեпጃҴȷϟឋᚡȄڐΡȂΞȶۢ໕Ͼȷϟឋᚡȇ Ӷ኶ҭጃۢϟࡤȂӼϰлဏϟܛᒞӼϰȂϘԥঐ຀ဤȄڐήȂΞȶዥூ ႇܛԥޠᡑϾȷϟឋᚡȇࢌดဵᆏᄃӶȂ֊҇໹Ҕຝᐍ఩ᡑϾϟࢻȂΚ Р८ȂܛᒞᄃӶȂڸᄃԇᔗ೏ܼ਴Ґαޠй௄ґϸᚕޠᜱᖓȂѫΚР८Ȃ ϛӱܛᜱᖓޠᄃԇစᐤᡑϾܗ८ᖞྟκȂܛᒞᄃӶȂ֊ၮ຀ೞؠږࢲᅿȄ सඹႂຝԄαήၿឋᚡȂӼϰлဏτ྆ϘᆘூαױՍϐழ܂ᄃӶϟ ቺ८Ȃጃᄃ৥໡ΚٳഷକጇޠࡧᒲϏЊȂՅϛ࢑Ճ೿੽Ӷ౫ޒߓ८ޠቺ ԪȂп฼ኸޠ౫ޒ࣐ߴៗവȂࠔ຺ࣩ୉яਗ਼ІᄃӶޠޫࢿ፤ख़Ȅस஡ԥ ᜱᄃӶޫࢿޠ፤ख़Ȃ࡟ԥՍޤϟ݃ӵߓҪ࣐ϛѵоΚᆎ߭܉ܗཏᜌם ᄙȂη൸࢑ܜᇰۧґЛЛᄃᄃ፤ІᄃӶϟቺ८ȂՅѬ࢑དྷ࿌ดᅮܗಭᄜ ܓདྷ჌ޠȶӕ౫ȷՅԚޠΚ৉ᇴມȂࠍӼϰлဏܗ೩ณѠࠕߩȂՅѠኸ ϡፙ၍Ȅ঒सϛԫϟშȂӼϰлဏ஡ڨژҐٙཏᜌםᄙܓੀޠᇍጷȂٸ Ꭽዂᔤ౫ޒܛ༮ആޠᇰޤܗᢏ܉Ȃࠔᇳп࣐ϑစដІᄃӶܓȄ ଭᄈӼϰлဏޠᔯଇȂ᜹ծԄαӶȶԥᜱᄃӶޫࢿޠ፤ख़ȷᇅȶϹ ӪйථұᄃࣻՅΩؒ೾ႁޠࡧᒲȷϟ໣ޠୣϸȂՎЎᄈ௄ٲলᏱϏձՅ ّȂ࢑֐ຯϹӵٗໍᄃӶܓȂ஡םԚѽτޠϸഐȄ18 စҦ೼ΚอᔯଇȂ 18 ೼ϟ໣ޠୣϸȂบԄࣽ຀Κ఩ίЬၿޠྜྷᇑȂȶԥᜱᄃӶޫࢿޠ፤ख़ȷȂܗ޲пྜྷᇑ࣐ᄃӶȂ ܗ޲ᄈ຀ྜྷᇑ೪དྷԥϨቅޑՍ࣐ٙᄃӶȂܗ޲೪དྷनࡤޠᄃᡞ࣐ᄃӶȇՎܼȶϹӪйථұ

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Ӽϰлဏ೾ள्ϛ࢑௭Ӷᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠݬ∉Ȃτ྆൸࢑እӶཏᜌםᄙޠຏ ᄻȄ౐فڐጣҦȂୱᚡл्яӶַழᄃᡞᢏ܉Ӷᔤདྷ౫ޒȂܗ޲஡౫ޒ ޣ௦๊Ӥ࣐ᄃӶȂη൸࢑౫ޒࡪኻȂᄃӶ൸ၮ຀ೞ๊Ӥ࣐٦ঐኻφȄ Ӽϰлဏ஡౫ޒᔤདྷԚᄃӶȂܗ޲஡ᄃӶп౫ޒٿ༯༭Ȃڐयڽޠ ѷᇳȂӶܼٯґҔຝᄃӶԫΚ྆܉઎ҔӶ௥ୱϨቅȄԄࠊܛख़Ȃܛᒞᄃ ӶȂդঢ়ңມ೾ᆏ࣐ᄃࣻȂӶܼ௥ୱᄃԇϟ࣐ᄃԇژۼ࢑ࡪቅΚӲٲȂ ܗ޲௥ୱᄃԇޠӓᇽέ࢑ࡪቅΚӲٲȄӱԫȂܛᒞȶҔຝᄃӶԫΚ྆܉ ઎ҔӶ௥ୱϨቅȷȂՎЎ၏џᢏࣽܗࡧ໕Ȃٸܼ౫ޒܛᇰۢޠঐᡞܗఋ ထȂڐϲഌޠΚঐቺ८έΚঐቺ८ޠᡑϾᜱᖓژۼࡪኻȂпІڐ܂ႇџ ڸ܂ґٿӶᡑϾϟࢻ࿲ூକؠږޠᄻԚ्໷έ࢑ࡪኻȄҦܼӶȶРݳαȷ ٯґጃᄃ௥ୱᄃԇϟ࣐ᄃԇژۼ࢑ࡪቅΚӲٲȂ೾ளѬӶȶ፤ख़αȷޣ ௦൸౫ޒ௦Ԟ࣐ᄃӶȂ๗ݏ࿌౫ޒӶਣޫϟࢻᅕᒁᇅࢻംȂӒࠊܛ௦Ԟ ڸ೪ۢޠᄃӶȂҼ஡דדϛߴȄԄݏܛ೪ۢޠᄃӶ਴Ґഎયϛ՟ရΠȂ ӼϰлဏӶਣޫϟࢻᙥпՍשԋႴޠӵஆȂη൸םԚߗо௸ޫޠޒᄙȄ ᖃ๗೼ΚၰႇٿȂϛ፤࢑ΡϰлဏȃΚϰлဏȃܗӼϰлဏȂ्ϛ ࢑Κک୉ᄃᡞܓޠᘟۢȂτ྆൸࢑དྷ्ܝژᄃӶϟቺ८Ȃџ޼ۢϨቅᄃ ᡞȂܗ௦ԞϨቅ౫ޒȄ൸ԫՅ፤Ȃ೼ٳ፤ᇴםᄙȂϛ༊ࣻϤޠৰ౵ٯϛ ԄΚૢܛདྷ჌ޠ٦ቅτȂՅйഎڸϛΡϜၿϟᇴםԚੀੀϛΤޠᄙ༗Ȃ ӱ࣐ӶդఁޠစڑȂᙥҦϛΡϜၿܛ्ߓႁޠཏోϟΚȂҔԂӶܼ൸ᄃ ࣻϟቺ८Ȃࢌϛሇܿ௦ڨӉեᄃᡞ፤ख़Ȃηϛྲ൑௦ԞӉե฼ኸ౫ޒޠ ѵ෧Ȅ ᄃࣻՅΩؒ೾ႁޠࡧᒲȷȂࠍ௹໡ྜྷᇑȂᢏࣽܗࡧ໕ίЬၿӼኻጤસޠࢻᡑȂٯйпܥ៪ڸ ҉೾ޠࢻᡑ࣐ᄃࣻȄ

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ѳȃᏳΤϛΡϜၿϟᇴޠၜមٸᐄ

Ӷդఁစڑ၈८Ȃңп҉ആϛΡϜၿϟᇴޠᜱᗥ྆܉Ȃ೾ளϛཽ༊ ४ܼ྆܉ܗᇮѰቺԪޠݎ՚ՅϑȂ܂܂េݨ஠ཿঔྱޠစᡜȂٯйᗀف ࡧ௚ޠᏳЖȄ൸ԫՅ፤ȂԄݏණٽΚٳѠ୉࣐ၜមޠٸᐄȂٻூᜱᗥ྆ ܉Ӷϡп၍݃ޠਣ঑Ȃܗ೩ӱՅ׳ூяѠᏳΤϛΡϜၿϟᇴޠጤસȂໍ ՅӼЎሡ௦ூαդఁစڑޠзࣩȄ௦ίٿȂ੬ր൸ᜱᗥ྆܉ޠ၍݃ȂӶ ܺК୉ίџϟࠊȂழяᔗѠ୉࣐ၜមٸᐄޠΡᘉᇰᜌȈॷӒȂ௄դఁစ ڑ၈८஠ཿঔྱޠစᡜΤКٿଇ፤ȇ19ڐԪȂ۾իІܼࡧ௚ޠӼ२Ӫ࡚ ϟ໡ఃȄ

ȞΚȟ஠ߟңມᇅ஠ߟစᡜޠପӬȈ୉࣐ၜមޠΚ໷਴ᐄ

Κૢз΢СளҢࣁ྄ڐԥ४ޠစᡜȂദӼѬ࢑፾αକແጤϟࠊޠෂ ຬȂस्୉࣐Ңڽᄃࣻഷାޠ᠍ᒌዀྦȂ৽ܑᗚԥΚτࢳޠဤৰȄդݳ Ӷ၍಴ၿܗ๵ණၿޠঔྱȂᒶᐆпፑяକແጤޠРԓȂऐખԥ४စᡜΚ ၿέΚၿޠ᛺ᢌȂӤਣܦ৥Ѡޣ௦စᡜޠስ஀Ȅᓎ຀ޣ௦စᡜޠܦ৥Ȃ ԄӤಂࣩτ໡ȃᏱᜌࢌᙵ൳йାົȂᄈܼ྆܉ᇅࡧ௚ȂഀழӵȂၷԥѠ ૗໡ึя຺ٿ຺ᓻ༗ޠᎾ༁૗ΩȄ೼ٯϛ࢑ᇴѬ्ཀྵךΚτஃ஠ߟޠң ມȂ൸Ѡ਍ٿຏ஼ᖑ༗ȃ୸΢ΚൠȄ20൸ҐНҭࠊଇ፤ޠ२ᘉٿࣽȂ᏶ 19 ԥᜱпդఁစڑ஠ཿঔྱޠစᡜ࣐ၜមܛٸᐄޠᆪ๝ପറӶРݳᏱሴڏӌ໕ޠଇ፤ȂѠ୥ ᎨȈAnne C. Klein (tr.), Path to the Middle: Oral Madhyamika Philosophy in Tibet -- The Spoken Scholarship of Kensur Yeshey Tupden, Commenting on Tsong-kha-pa's Illumination of the Thought, Extensive Explanation of (CandrakƯrti’s) “Entrance to (NƗgƗrjuna’s) 'Treatise on the Middle Way',” Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994, pp. 1-28; D. Seyfort Ruegg, “Some Reflections on the Place of Philosophy in the Study of Buddhism,” The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 18ʝ2 (1995): 156-162.

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Anne C. Klein (Knowledge and Liberation: Tibetan Buddhist Epistemology in Support of Transformative Religious Experience, Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 1986) Ӥኻ஽።դݳঔྱ

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ᙥ஠ߟစᡜޠᓻ༗ȂՎЎѠңӶԄίήӈٲ௒ȄڐΚȂϹӪᄃࣻȂࠔϛ ַ҇ழᄃᡞᢏ܉ȄڐΡȂழяᑀ੬ޠ஠ߟңມȂپԄȂϛΡϜၿȄڐήȂ ึදࡧ௚ޠ୞ᄙܓੀȂпІ҉໡ࡧ௚ޠӼ२Ӫ࡚Ȅ ॷӒȂ࣐Πܼ߰ϸݚକُȂ೾ளޠ௒ݸȂѠϸԚΡ᜹ȄΚ᜹ޠ௒ݸȂ τ྆ѬӶо౫ޒܗߓຬȂᄈᄃࣻءӼτᑺ፹ȄѫΚ᜹ޠ௒ݸȂᗷดᜱϹ ᄃࣻȂ्ϛ࢑ᛅᅹܗ֐ۢᄃࣻȂτ྆൸࢑ᄈᄃࣻ୉ящᅗᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠ፤ ख़Ȅԥրܼ೼Ρ᜹ޠ௒ݸȂ٦஡ϛѬࣽ२ᄃࣻȂ௥ଇᄃࣻȂՅйᗚ्௷ ଷᄃᡞᢏ܉ȄԄݏ೼࢑Κ఩՘ூ೾ޠၰ৸Ȃ஡ѠࣽԚםαᏱȞmetaphysicsȟ ޠΚӈτٲȄ21ඳঐРԓٿᇴȂԄݏᄈᄃࣻޠ௥ଇᄻԚܛᒞםαᏱ࡟ஆ ҐޠΚᕘȂࠍդఁစڑܛழٿޠȂՎЎє֥ȶߩᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠܗߩᄃᡞл ဏޠȞnon-substantialisticȟםαᏱȷȈ२ᘉϛӶܼ೪ۢ೼Κঐᄃᡞܗ٦Κ ঐᄃᡞȂηϛӶܼᔥ఼ӶᄃᡞᇅߩᄃᡞޠᄈࡒȂՅӶܼԄᄃйೲᄖϹΤ ᄃࣻȄߤழΚණȂᏱࣩ࡟ࢻ՘ޠΚঐᇴݳȂᇰ࣐դఁءԥםαᏱܗࣦՎ ϛᜱЗםαᏱȂڐᄃٯϛ࡟Ҕጃȇၷ࣐ҔጃޠᇴݳȂᔗ၏࢑դఁစڑᄈ ஠ཿޠঔྱ޲्ؒп௥ଇᄃࣻޠҐᛅ୉яϛழԥᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠםαᏱȂՅ ፞ԄΡᒔȃήݳӠȃѳဒᒔȃጣକܓȞݳܓȟȃݳᅮԄ࢑ȂഎѠ࿌ԚࡿӪ ᄃࣻޠңມȄ22 ޠ஠ߟစᡜȂٯй௵ા࣐Ᏹ౪ၜមޠ२्਴ᐄȄเཌྷѠ௕ޠӵРȂKlein ᗷดпȲ๗፤Ȉ྆ ܉ܓᇅϛΡහȳȞConclusion: Conceptuality and Non-Dual Wisdomȟ୉࣐ᖃ๗ӓਫޠዀᚡȞpp. 206-216ȟȂࠔґଭᄈեᒞȶϛΡȷໍ՘྆܉αܗឋᚡαޠ೏౪Ȅ

21

ӶԥᜱםαᏱޠۢဏᅗ֭ᅗْޠᇴݳ࿌ϜȂпяՍၷԥӌ໕ޠԄίΡঐᇴݳȂ୉࣐پұڸ ٸᐄȄپΚȂȶᄈಥ྄ޠܗ਴ஆޠᄃӶϟःفȞthe study of ultimate or fundamental realityȟȄȷ ȞCynthia Macdonald, Varieties of Things: Foundations of Contemporary Metaphysics, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p. 4.ȟپΡȂȶםαᏱ࢑ᄈܼᄃӶഷஆҐޠᇅΚૢޠ੬ՔпІ֏΢ ӶᄃӶޠ՞ဋܛ୉ޠলᏱ௥ଇȞMetaphysics is a philosophical inquiry into the most basic and general features of reality and our place in itȟȄȷȞJaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa (eds.), Metaphysics: An Anthology, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 1999, p. ix.ȟ

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ആԚᏱࣩӶ೼Κᘉࣻ࿌඾ႈկϛ࡟ҔጃޠᇴݳȂл्ޠӱષѠᐍ౪ԚԄίѳ໷ȄڐΚȂם αᏱ஠ߟޠષᎵเཌྷϛ٘ȄڐΡȂె౓ȶםαᏱޠ௥ଇȷᇅȶםՅαޠᄃᡞ፤ᘟȷȄڐήȂ

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ڐԪȂདྷ्ߓႁϛழԥᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠםαᏱȂΚૢޠңມτ྆ϑϛኵ ٻңȄՎܼ੬րԥւܼߓႁߩᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠ஠ߟңມȂᙛ໡դఁޠစڑȂ ංоॾࢄࣲ࢑ȂپԄȂณளȃҢྟȃጣକȃޫȃณՍܓȞՍܓޫȟȃณ ՍࣻȞՍࣻޫȟȃߩשȃߩשܛȃϜȃԄГծϾȂ೼࿌Ϝ࿌ดηЎϛΠ ϛΡϜၿȂпІࠆαȶߩȷԆȃȶϛȷԆȃܗȶณȷԆޠӼژϛѠാ኶ ޠңມȄ ಒήȂบԄ৷ݳϛ٘пՍ՘ȂӏԥΚஃѠֆԚߩᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠ஠ߟң ມȂഷᚾޠ௒ݸȂϬดѠпೞ࡟ѵ՘ޠ΢উ਍ᄃᡞᢏ܉๞ᕹᗐ௭Ȅᇅԫ ࣻᄈޠ࡟ቘড়ޠΚܤȂη൸࢑٘пົ಴ᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠᷓᚈޠȂٯߩ༊४ܼ ࡟Ў኶჌ᆡᎡഌ໦٦ኻޠ஠ߟңມϘٵԥޠ੬᠍ȂՅ࢑п੬րԥւܼߓ ႁߩᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠ஠ߟңມ࣐໡ၰӒᎣȂδ࢑ңпࡿӪᄃࣻȂࣦՎഀСள ҢࣁޠңມȂഎڨژ໡ၰӒᎣޠᘉϾȃ੕ዝȃܗ።ఁՅ಴फඳଽȂᄈᄃ ᡞᢏ܉Ȃηၮ຀ஊᎵяା࡚ޠռ࣬ΩȄᡘดӵȂΚР८Ȃϛᡲ௭Ӷഷᚾ ޠ௒ݸȂѫΚР८Ȃቘড়ޠܤԓ຺ң຺ᆡȂࣦՎܛӪܥ᜶Ȃ೼൸ᔗ၏ϛ ӏ࢑ᇮມቺԪޠୱᚡȂՅ؂ђ࢑ࡪቅџࡧ௚Ȃࡪቅџ҉໡ࡧ௚ޠӼ२Ӫ ࡚ȂࣦՎࡪቅџڸդݳ஠ཿঔྱޠၽձሡ௦αޠ፟ᚡȄ23 ԄӤె౓ȶ஠ཿᚃ৲ޠᚃᏱષᎵȷᇅȶ੿ொӶݾ੿αޠᔗࡩ೏౪ȷȂٯґщϸᇰᜌդݳ஠ཿ ޠঔྱ޲ӶҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻܛ҇റޠᎍϹᢏ܉ϟષᎵȄڐѳȂ΢ϢҼϢܗп೬༉೬Ȅ೼࿌ ϜȂӶಒΡ໷ӱષםԚె౓ȂпՎܼᇳցդఁစڑޠםαᏱ་ӪȂٯйആԚ஽՘၍មޠᓀ ༅ᇅدᜳȂसѬණяΚঐپᜍȂѠ୥ᎨȈDavid J. Kalupahana, “Chapter 11: Madhyamika Transcendentalism,” “Appendix I: Metaphysics and the Buddha,” Buddhist Philosophy: A Historical Analysis, Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1976, pp. 129-141, 153-162.

23

ԥᜱȶᇮມޠቺԪȷȃȶಂӏᇅཏోϟቺԪȷȃȶդݳޠঔᏱᄃᜍϟቺԪȷ೼Κϸ࣐ήޠᇴ݃ȃ ਴ᐄȃڸңݳȂѠ୥ᎨȈጿ᝻݃ȂȲȮդᇴϛቩϛ෶စȯȶಁҢࣩϛቩϛ෶ȷޠঔᏱဏ౪ȈҦ ಁҢࣩȃݳࣩȃݳٙژԄٿᙡޠ౪ၰ໡৥ȳȂȮᇄᢋτᏱলᏱ፤ຠȯಒ 28 ෉Ȟ2004 Ԓ 10 УȟȂ ॳ 152-154.

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ȞΡȟࡧ௚ޠӼ२Ӫ࡚ϟ໡ఃȈ୉࣐ၜមޠέΚ໷਴ᐄ

пαӗᖟޠᙥҦ஠ߟစᡜޠᓻ༗Ѡஉ՘ޠήӈٲ௒ȂѠᒞᕘᕘࣻ ԛȄ೼࿌ϜȂԥ्҇Ӷԫ੬ր஽።ޠ፟ᚡȂη൸࢑ࡪቅџࡧ௚ȂпІࡪ ቅџ҉໡ࡧ௚ޠӼ२Ӫ࡚Ȅፚژпଌጜԥષޠࡧ௚џᎾ༁ᇮມȂτ྆ᗚ ᇴூ೾Ȅկ࢑Ȃࡧ௚եпᗚԥܛᒞӼ२ޠӪ࡚Ѡп҉໡ȉ҉໡ࡧ௚ޠӼ २Ӫ࡚Ȃ೼ڸϛΡϜၿܛ्ࡿӪޠᄃࣻȂΡ޲ϟ໣έԥϨቅኻޠᜱᖓȉ ࣐ΠӲᔗ೼ΡၿᅹୱȂܗ೩Ѡ஡ฑᘉᘜژᇮມڸࡧ௚ޠΚٳ੬ܓȂпІ դݳޠϛΡϜၿଭᄈ೼ٳ੬ܓ୉ΠϨቅኻޠٲ௒Ȅ СளᇮّޠӫມܗхӫມȂЏڐ୉࣐ΚঐᇮѰޠлມȂ܂܂Ӷঐᡞ Ͼࡧ௚ޠಭᄜίȂңпࡿᆏȃх෈ȃోᇑȃܗ๊Ӥᄈຬ࿌ϜޠٲޑȄپ ԄȂಂࠊޠ೼Κ஼਺φࡪኻȂՅשέࡪቅΠȄ೼ኻφೞᇰۢڸᗀᇴޠл ມȂΚစ၍ݚȂτयழԥԄί᜹ծӔᄻޠϳτ੬ܓȄڐΚȂȶᄈຬϾȷȇ ೞᘜӶᇰޤαޠܗᄃԇαޠᄈҴ८ȂңᐘӪᄈࡠޠРԓ᎐ഈܗដІȄڐ ΡȂȶٲޑϾȷȇฬяܛӶጓ൝ȂԚ࣐΢উϑစዤோٲޑޠΚসȂܗ޲׾ Ԛ஡ѠϡпᇰޤٲޑޠΚসȄڐήȂȶঐᡞϾȷȇךԚѠ኶ܗϛѠ኶ޠ൑ ՞໷ҭȂپԄȂΚঐȃΡ༶ȃήஃȃѳПȃϥ፸ȄڐѳȂȶѵ෧Ͼȷȇᙥ ҦដІѵ෧ޠ࢛ঐ८ӪȂ׻ڦѵ෧८Ӫޠ੬ኊܗࣻᇽȂӕ஡ᄈຬϾङԚ Ԅԫޠ੬ኊܗࣻᇽȄڐϥȂȶୣրϾȷȇӶ׻ڦᄈຬޠ੬ኊܗࣻᇽޠӤਣȂ ڸڐѻѠϸᚕܗᄈҴޠ੬ኊܗࣻᇽࣻୣրȂҦԫםԚϸրԓޠ׻ڦܗᇰ ޤȄڐϳȂȶ྆܉Ͼȷȇ஡Ԅԫ׻ڦܗᇰޤޠ੬ኊܗࣻᇽ๊Ӥ࣐ᇮມȂ༳ ༭Ӷᇮມ၈८Ȃпᇮມٿ෈хȂٯйң෈хޠᇮມٿࡧ௚ܗᗀᇴȄ Ԅαϳτ੬ܓژۼ୉ΠϨቅٲ௒Ȃײ्ّϟȂѠпࣽԚᄃԇޠӓᇽ ӶӪ࡚ഃԪ׸᠓ηഃԪѷဤȂᄃԇޠੀ׌ܗስ஀຺ђຉᕼȂᄃԇޠኻᄙ ၮ຀ᗎӪ೵нȂՅᄃࣻηഀழӵڨژᎎጷܗ೪४ȄژࡤٿȂ჌਺φȃՍ

(30)

ש๊ᇮມȂ߰τ՘ڐၿȄգᓎСளᇮّޠঐᡞϾࡧ௚ȂΚ࿡໡ಂ࿙ංо ൸ѬࣽԚ᜹ծᘉޒޠᇮມȂӕࡪቅདྷȂᗚ࢑ݽ຀ᇮມӶٗȂл्Ӷᇮມ ޠ୽φଇҢࣁȄ๗ݏȂ᜹ծᘉޒޠᇮມщ༭ಂࠊȂࠔᎎጷ՟౪፤αංо ณ४Ӫ࡚ᇅณ४ੀ׌ޠᄃࣻȄᄢ໡჌਺φȃՍש๊ၷ࣐ڏᡞޠ྆܉Ȃᖄ ٻӕࡪቅܫຬޠ྆܉ȂپԄȂԥܗณȂ๢ܗඍȂྲኻ׸᠓Ӷᘉޒޑ၈८Ȃ ӱԫྲኻყყ൝՟ᄃࣻȄඳّϟȂ඾೾ޠ྆܉ᗷԥڏᡞڸܫຬϟրȂկ ࢑ђ፞ᄃࣻޠ׸᠓୉ݳȂпІആԚᎎጷȃ൝֩ޠ׌८ȂٯณΡयȄ୆Ԅ ᇰ຺࣐ܫຬܗ຺ڏᡞޠ྆܉Ȃڐᄃࣻ൸຺τܗ຺ାȂٯϛҔጃȂӱ࣐ᄃ ࣻᔗ၏ϛ࢑ң྆܉ޠܫຬโ࡚ܗڏᡞโ࡚ٿᒌ໕ޠȄ ٻң჌਺φȃՍש๊ᇮມ୉࣐ᇮѰޠлມȂԄݏѬདྷࡍഗӶܛᒞᇮ ّޠзࣩȂ٦࢑ѫ࿌ր፤ޠΚӲٲȇԄݏཏშፚژܗࡧ௚ژҢڽϟᄃࣻȂ η൸࢑དྷ्ਗ਼Τᄃԇޠ८ᇽȂ٦஡࢑࡟ϛӤޠΚӲٲȄΚک਍਺φȃՍ שϟ᜹ޠᇮມ୉࣐ᇮѰޠлມȂಭᄜϟࡤȂᗚп࣐Ԃ჌਺φȃՍש঩Ґ ൸࢑Ԅԫޠȃ౫Ԛޠȃ׈ԚޠȃࣦՎΚԚϛᡑޠȇկӶٲᄃαȂᄖᓟᄖ ׏ࠔϛ࢑དྷ჌Ϝޠ٦ঐኻφȄӱԫȂѬཽٻң׸᠓ԚᘉޒޠйΚԚϛᡑ ޠᇮມ୉࣐лມӶໍ՘ᗀᇴܗࡧ௚ȂԄݏདྷ्ϹӬщᅗᡑϾޠᄃԇ८ ᇽȂϛ༊ጣФؒനȂՅйᜳռ௭ໍΚτஃӶٲ౪ณݳՍ༬ڐᇴޠ֩ძȂ ܗયϛ՟ရޠๅय़ȄپԄȂ׻ڦՍשԫΚ྆܉Ȃᇳп࣐Ӥኻ࢑ՍשȂΚޣ ࢑ՍשȂࠔᡑԚϟࠊᗚࣁ຀ޠȂϟࡤࠔԬΠȇ೼ኻφ୉ίџ࢑๢ޠȂ٦ኻ φ୉ίџࠔԚ࣐ඍޠȄࣁޠȃԬޠȂ๢ޠȃඍޠȂ೼೩೩ӼӼᄈҴޠᇮມ ӓഎᆺᛉӶՍשԫΚ΢ᆏхӫມȂ๗ݏ൸ױՍשԫΚ྆܉๞༭ᛗΠȄ ԄݏСளᇮّٻңޠ௒םщҍ຀ᡲᄃࣻᇍڨᎎጷڸ൝֩ϟୱᚡȂѬ ्޼ңЗڸևΩȂᗚ࢑དྷூяಁӼѠђп׾๢ޠᒳݳȄ೼࿌ϜȂ໡ఃࡧ ௚ޠӼ२Ӫ࡚Ȃ֊τԥѠ࣐ȂՅআңܗ஽።ၷԥֆܼථұᄃࣻޠᆡᎡ྆ ܉ȂηѠҴίܥ૧ఊ෎ȃᚒяΚбЉӵޠԯ଼ѓഽȄ

(31)

ϥȃڸϛΡϜၿϟᇴѠםԚМእਞݏޠࣻᜱ྆܉

ϛΡϜၿӶդఁစڑ୉࣐Κ৉ᏱᇴȂ࿌ดณݳ༊᏶ϛΡڸϜၿ྄๊ Ў኶ޠᇮມȂۧԥᒧܼࣻᜱ྆܉ޠМእȂϘூпԚҴȂڐ੬ੇޠཏోȂ ηϘூпᄕᡘȄӶಁӼڸϛΡϜၿᄻԚМእᜱ߾ޠ྆܉࿌ϜȂߩשȃณ ளȃҢྟȃጣକȃޫܓȂഎ࢑੬րঅூݨཏڸቸབྷࡧ໕ޠȄߩשΞՎܼ ޫܓȂѠпᇴ࢑դݳ࡟ஆҐޠ྆܉ȇดՅȂᏱ೛αȂڐᄃϛ҇ࣻݽԚಭȂ ךژԂ჌Ѭ૗৉ң೾ளၷ࣐ڿ຀ޠРԓٿ೏౪೼ٳ྆܉Ȅ24ҐНᒶᐆп ୞ᄙйഀೲޠКݳழя೼ٳ྆܉ȂՅйױᜱݨޠฑᘉȂᘜӶСளڔݗң ݳܛםԚᎎጷϟ௷ଷȂпІԄեூпΚؐέΚؐᡑඳԚϛΡϜၿȂໍՅ ථұҢڽϟᄃࣻȄ пᎎጷϟ௷ଷ࣐຀ಂᘉȂএّϛΡϜၿȂߒؐѠ౪၍࣐ӶᄈݾСள ڔݗޠȶୣրϾȷȄՎܼߩשȃณளȃҢྟȃጣକȃޫܓȂηഎѠңпᄈ ݾСளڔݗޠȶ྆܉Ͼȷȃȶѵ෧ϾȷȃȶঐᡞϾȷȃȶٲޑϾȷȃڸȶᄈຬϾȷȄ

ȞΚȟߩשȈ၍໡Сளڔݗޠ྆܉Ͼȃѵ෧ϾȃڸঐᡞϾ

ϟᎎጷ

ӶۡఁܗলᏱޠକແጤαȂСளᇮّڸঐᡞϾࡧ௚ޠ፞ӼુടȂԄ ݏ೾೾ྲ൑ӓԞȂྦറ൸೼ኻழ຀ٗȂτ྆ፚϛα૗஋ٗԚӼቅΠϛକ ޠۡఁȂηϛ҇ႇܼࡿగԥϨቅᝓੀѠّޠলᏱȄดՅȂԄݏϛདྷ؃К ൸ᐊȂଡ଼҇ᏒѠ૗ϛڨܴ४ӵ௹໡ᄃԇޠ८ᇽȂ׾९ޠၿၰϛ༊ռϛΠȂ ՅйЎϛΠȄ൸ԫՅ፤Ȃդݳޠ၍಴ၿڸ๵ණၿȂӶᄃঔαȂΩؒᑗ྄ 24 ԥᜱпߩڿ຀ޠРԓ೏౪྆܉Ȃߒؐޠଇ፤ȂѠ୥ᎨȈጿ᝻݃ȂȲዊजᏱࣩτॹդఁକྜӵ ϟ௥ଇІڐ፤ຠȳȂȮդᏱःفϜЗᏱൣȯಒ 3 ෉Ȟ1998 Ԓ 7 УȟȂॳ 88-92ȇ Mervyn Sprung, “Non-Cognitive Language in MƗdhyamika Buddhism,” “Language” in Indian Philosophy and Religion, edited by Harold G. Coward, 1978, pp. 43-53.

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ᐍႴΚૢз΢ޠစᡜȂഀழӵȂӶ஠ߟңມڸࡧ௚ᏳЖαȂηଭᄈСள ᇮّڸঐᡞϾࡧ௚዗ᙡޠᄓ੿ȂึяԍᎡޠࢆ᏾Ȃᒘؒ׾ۿ؂஼ޠяၰȄ ࢆ᏾СளᇮّޠРԓϟΚȂ֊ණя஠ߟңມȄկ࢑Ȃ᠓ט࢝ࡑӵණ яᅴ࿦йࡍഗޠ஠ߟңມȂٯϛไۊȂηϛُூ૗ԥϨቅᄃ፵ޠձңȄ ӶդݳಁӼޠ஠ߟңມ࿌ϜȂॷӒঅூ੬րݨཏޠȂη൸࢑ӶСளңມ ϟࠊࠆαޠȶߩȷԆȃȶϛȷԆȃܗȶณȷԆȄ೼ቅᙐ൑ܛםԚޠ஠ߟң ມȂпȶߩשȷ࣐پȂߒؐѠ౪၍࣐ӶᄈݾСளڔݗޠȶ྆܉Ͼȷȃȶѵ ෧ϾȷȃڸȶঐᡞϾȷȄ

ˬȃዀұߩשпЇӪܷ၍Сளᇮّޠ྆܉Ͼ

஡ȶߩשȷ౪၍࣐ӶᄈݾСளڔݗޠ྆܉ϾȂΚР८ȂᄈܼѬ࢑׸ ᠓йєᇦӶՍשԫΚ྆܉ޠ୉ݳȂߓ݃ሴϛп࣐ดޠᄙ࡚Ȃϛ௦Ԟ࣐౫ ԚޠяึᘉȂйϛ஡Սשᇳᇰ࣐ഷۼቺпՎܼӕη҉ϛ໡ޠ൑՞྆܉ȇѫ ΚР८Ȃࠍໍ՘ЇӪᐈձȂ௄௦Ρഀή׸᠓ႇޠȂЇႇٿӕ௦ӕቘӵ၍໡Ȅ

˭ȃዀұߩשпЇӪܷ၍Сளᇮّޠѵ෧Ͼ

ഇႇߩשϟᇴȂบԄ҉໡ᙅޑޠє၇ȂηԂ჌ܷ໡ಣ၇ޑޠѵ෧Ȃ ٻՍשԫΚ྆܉ூп௹໡Ȃᗘռࢻܼ྆܉ጴ఼ޠѵߓȂ೼ӱԫѠ౪၍࣐ ӶᄈݾСளڔݗޠȶѵ෧ϾȷȄդݳџѵ෧Ͼޠ୉ݳȂഷளُޠ௒םȂ൸ ࢑௹କՍשԫΚ྆܉ޠᇑᓟٿȂໍՅϹӶϥចȃΫΡ೏ȃΫΥࣩȂη൸ ࢑ϹӶҢڽᐤโޠᄻԚ्໷ȃҢԇࣁ୞ޠяΤπȃпІҢԇᄳᇰޤࣁ୞ ޠᜱᖓስ஀Ȅ

ˮȃዀұߩשпЇӪܷ၍СளᇮّޠঐᡞϾ

ࢌดѵ෧๞҉໡ٿȂࠄяಁӼޠᄻԚ्໷ȃяΤπȃᜱᖓስ஀Ȃ೼ έѠ౪၍࣐ӶᄈݾСளڔݗޠȶঐᡞϾȷȄඳّϟȂѬ्ѵ෧҉ூ໡Ȃܗ

(33)

࡚໕྆܉ܷூයȂٸߤѵ෧ܗ࡚໕྆܉ϘԚҴޠঐᡞϾȂ֊ϛ׿ՍખȄ ൸ԫՅ፤Ȃ೾ளп࣐ԥܛᒞΚঐঐᡞҐٙޠԇӶȂϛႇ࢑ױᄃࣻӕή׸ ᠓କٿȂп᎑൸ܛ਑ਕޠϨቅኻޠѵ෧ܗϡп൑՞Ͼޠ࡚໕྆܉ȇՎܼ џঐᡞϾȂࠍஆܼϛױѵ෧ܗ࡚໕྆܉࿌୉२ᘉȂпІ຀ಂܼථұᄃࣻȄ

ȞΡȟณளȈ၍໡СளڔݗޠٲޑϾڸᄈຬϾϟᎎጷ

҉໡ѵ෧ȂϹӶϥចȃΫΡ೏ȃΫΥࣩȂٯϛ࢑ӱԫ൸ѠାݍณነȂ ดࡤѬᆔױចȃ೏ȃࣩ࿌୉ϲ෧ܗ២ݗӶࣽࡠȂ२ᘉηϛӶܼӱԫ׻՟ ចȃ೏ȃࣩȂดࡤᇨആԂ჌٘п༈΢ޠࠔ؂ᆨஞޠ྆܉ᆪᛴȄ୆Ԅ҉໡ ѵ෧ϟࡤȂѬ࢑ךя؂Ӽޠϲ෧Ȃܗ޲ྲኻ௭Ӷ྆܉Ͼޠ࿼ՏȂࠍϛ༊ ᜳଡϥΫؐ઱ԼؐϟᜐȂՅйଽφ၈ٯءԥ׾๢ϨቅኻޠુѷȄดՅȂ ࢌ҉໡ѵ෧Ȃέ्׾๢Сң൷ளޠુѷȂ၏ࡪቅᒳȉ൸ԫՅ፤Ȃդఁစ ڑॾࢄࣲ࢑ޠᇴݳȂഎӶ஽።ᢏᄇܗࡧ௚ចȃ೏ȃࣩޠȶณளȷȂϘᆏூ αҔᢏᄇܗҔࡧ௚Ȅ25 ԄݏߩשϟᇴѠ౪၍࣐ӶᄈݾСளڔݗޠ྆܉Ͼȃѵ෧Ͼȃڸঐᡞ ϾȂࠍณளϟᇴȂ֊Ѡ౪၍࣐ӶᄈݾСளڔݗޠȶٲޑϾȷڸȶᄈຬϾȷȂ ٯйᡲࡧ௚ࣁ୞Ȃ௄ᐘϹޠڦӪᏳҔ࣐ᖄೲޠڦӪȄ

ˬȃዀұณளпЇӪܷ၍СளᇮّޠٲޑϾ

೾ள८ᄈณ፤ϨቅኻޠᄈຬȂଷߩЋႇ੬րȃ྄ڐऐλȃܗߩளઢ ۊȂτ྆ᜳռಭᄜܓӵ਍ϑစዤோޠစᡜܗᇰޤᒳݳϡп೤ङܗ୉࣐୥ ྲȇ჌೼ኻφ਍ϑစዤோޠစᡜܗᇰޤᒳݳӶԞጢᄈຬȂ൸ױᄈຬঔ ୙ȃ׸᠓ȃܴ४ȃܗєᇦӶΚۢޠጓ൝၈८ȂԚ࣐စᡜܛ਑ਕޠܗᇰ 25 پԄȂȮᚖߢ֥စȆಒ 1 စȯȞT. 99, vol. 2, p. 1aȟଅၸդߡᄈ፞Щкޠ໡ұȈȶ࿌ᢏՔณளȦशȃ ޫȃߩשȧȇԄ࢑ᢏ޲Ȃࠍ࣐ҔᢏȇҔᢏ޲ȂࠍҢზᚕȇზᚕ޲Ȃൊ೴ᅿȇൊ೴ᅿ޲ȂᇴЗ ၍಴Ȅȷ

(34)

ޤܛ਑ਕޠ௒ݸȂη൸࢑Ԛ࣐ܛᒞޠٲޑȄ೼ኻޠΚঐႇโȂܗѠᆏ ࣐ȶٲޑϾȷȄ ᙥҦٲޑϾȂூژޠȂᗷดᇴூαԥܛစᡜܗᇰޤȂряޠхቌȂ ηߩӤϊѠȂࠔ࢑ᄈຬϑೞԞጢ࣐ڔݗޠٲޑȂԂ჌ഐҢ୞ޑೞၢᎵܗ ࣦՎ౏ဤ࣐ྤႾޠᛁޑȂᄃࣻၮ຀ѷဤ௭Ԃංၿᙾ׸Ȅ26 ౪၍ژٲޑϾѠ૗ޠુѷϟࡤȂٯϛ࢑Ѭ૗ାᖟЇٲޑϾޠτᄰȂ ึя״ցܗ၍ᄻޠ֠െȂࠔංоᗚӶ঩ӵ፾ؐ፾ȄѠп୉ޠٲ௒Ȃڐᄃ ࡟ӼȄդݳᒶᐆпᢏᄇܗࡧ௚ចȃ೏ȃࣩޠณளȂၯяಒΚؐȂᙥпᙾ ᡑစᡜםᄙȂᏳҔࡧ௚ڦӪȄ ഇႇณளᢏܗณளདྷȂ੒྄८Ȃ୅Цᅿ࢑Ӷѵ෧҉ᙾȂܨ໡Ѭࠂ४ ӶΚۢጓ൝ޠಭᄜȂᔥဋξ጖ΚࡢȃΚԐॴ໸ȃܗًٜजෂளӶޠདྷݳȂ Վܼᑗ྄८ȂࠍఄᎡញᄇҢڽзࣩᓎਣᓎӵττϊϊޠᡑϾȄ ᙥҦᢏᄇܗࡧ௚ចȃ೏ȃࣩޠณளȂӶඵతٲޑϾαȂՎЎԥԄί ή໷٘пᆏၿޠໍ৥ȄڐΚȂ௄ȶҒᆓٻң޲ȷӶѵ෧ޠ௦ដܛםԚޠ ٲޑϾቺԪȂٗӪȶ՘ঢ়ȷױѵ෧҉໡ܛථ៪ޠಣԚഌϸܗᄻԚ्໷ޠ ቺԪȄڐΡȂ௄пȶளᄙစᡜȷܗȶᄜܓࡧ௚ȷ࣐Ґ՞ޠٲޑϾቺԪȂ ٗӪпȶҢڽзࣩҐٙޠᡑϾȷ࣐Ґ՞ޠᄃٲؒ࢑ޠቺԪȄڐήȂ௄ȶ८ ᄈ८ᐘӪ׻ڦᄈຬȷ࣐ᏳӪޠٲޑϾቺԪȂٗӪȶ൸ҢڽзࣩҐٙᖄೲ ޠࢻโȷ࣐ᏳӪޠᡑϾ౶೾ޠቺԪȄ စҦԄαή໷Ӷໍ৥ࠊࡤ˕˕ޠᄈྲȂѠпѐᡘȈ೾ளܛᒞޠٲޑȂ єࢃՍשԫΚ྆܉ȂϛُூӼቅϹӬᄃԇޠӓᇽȂЇঈᙥֆΚٳ௪ࢋȂ ױᄃࣻ๞఼ᖢϾȃ੮ભϾȃܗࣦՎڿۢϾΠȄΚҎጃᄃϹӪณளȂໍ՘ 26 ߤழΚණȂҦܼᄃࣻڸٲޑ࢑࡟ϛӤޠ྆܉ᕋആȂȶᄃࣻԄڐՍٙϟܛ࢑ȷȞreality as it is in itselfȟٯϛ๊ܼܛᒞޠȶޑՍٙȷȞthing in itself; things in themselvesȟȄԥᜱ೼Ρঐ྆܉ᙐ ౲ ޠ ᇴ ݃ Ȃ Ѡ ୥ Ꭸ Ȉ Chris Horner, Emyrs Westacott, Thinking through Philosophy: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 26-27.

(35)

ᢏࣽܗࡧ௚Ȃᔗ၏ϛՎܼέ׷ໍٲޑϾڸߩٲޑϾᘜӶӤΚቺԪޠᄈࡒ ၈८ȂηϛՎܼћӶԥՍשڸณՍשᘜӶӤΚቺԪޠލஉ၈८ȇϹ्ޠ ϏЊȂᔗ၏ӶܼЇӪ၍໡ٲޑϾܛആԚޠ௒ძȂ௷ଷٲޑϾܛആԚޠુ ѷȂпІ௱ໍӶᄃԇӓᇽޠ໡ఃȄ

˭ȃዀұณளпЇӪܷ၍СளᇮّޠᄈຬϾ

ณள೼ঐᇮມȂߓ८αᗷดѬ࢑ΚঐᇮມȂկ࢑ܛᒞณளᢏܗณள དྷȂࠔ᚟ѵழяϹӶចȃ೏ȃࣩޠᢏࣽܗࡧ௚Ȅ൸ԫՅ፤ȂڸϛΡϜၿ ѠםԚМእਞݏޠࣻᜱ྆܉ȂєࢃณளԫΚ྆܉Ȃُ፞դఁޠစڑȂڐ ೞᔡᔇӶᇮມޠ൑ΚቺԪดࡤೞ൑ቺᇮມܵ຀ແޠ௒םȂ຺ٿ຺ཌྷϛ٘ ၿȂη຺ٿ຺ৡܿϡпᘜ಴ȄഀழӵȂӶդఁစڑ၈८Ȃ೾ႇᢏࣽܗࡧ ௚ٿܦ৥စᡜܗᎾ༁ᇮມȂڐӌ໕ࠍԥ຺ٿ຺ђ२ޠᗎ༗ȂՅߓ౫ޠК ݳȂη຺ٿ຺૗Ꮎሇ൸ዤȄ ᙥֆณளᢏܗณளདྷȂٻစᡜࣁ୞ூп໡ܦяпณள࣐ஆ።ޠם ᄙȂ෈စᡜםᄙޠᙾᡑȂၯя२τޠಒΚؐȂՅϛѬࡍഗӶளᄙစᡜޠ ر᠗ȂܗടဤӶڑ࠯စᡜᇅߩڑ࠯စᡜޠΡϸᄈࡒȄӕ޲ȂӤኻᙥֆณ ளᢏܗณளདྷȂϛ༊ٻᇮມԥ୞ᄙޠࡧ௚ٿࣁ๝ڸᎾ༁ȂՅйٻࡧ௚ޠ ڦӪூпӼ२҉໡Ȅ ೼Κၰႇٿ੬ր஽።Ȃณளᢏܗณளདྷٯϛ࢑۟Ҵޠݎ՚Ȃηϛ࢑ ୌᅮᘉᆩޠਡ᠝ȂՅ࢑Ѡпକ຀᜹ծ९ڽܓޠװᙾձңȂηԂЩΚױᢓ ୡȂѠᙥп໡ܦစᡜޠӼ२םᄙȂпІ҉໡ࡧ௚ޠӼ२ڦӪȄ२ᘉӶܼȂ ೼ٯϛ࢑ॏၷ኶ҭӼᄁޠୱᚡȂՅ࢑ױ׸᠓ႇޠᄃࣻέ๞၍໡ޠୱᚡȄ ୆ԄؑΚԪޠစᡜȂഎᅘ੽Ӷᄃࣻೞႇ࡚׸᠓ޠ୉ݳȂತᑗӕӼޠ စᡜȂϬดഗᚈӶࡶ҂ޠቺԪȂ຀ᏏӶ኶ҭαޠᖆ෦ܗஃऄȇӤኻӵȂ ୆ԄؑΚঐᇮມȂഎܴݬܼᄃࣻೞႇ࡚׸᠓ޠᇰۢȂ᠌໡ӕӼޠᇮມȂ

(36)

ಥفഗᚈӶࡶ҂ޠቺԪȂ౏࣐НԆޠஃऄȄดՅȂᖄٻ൸٦ቅΚԪڔଽ ምЗޠစᡜࣁ୞ܗᇮມޠңЗ਍ਔȂេݨ຀ณளᢏܗณளདྷȂ܂ᄃࣻ໡ ܺȂॴକ໵෱ழ୞຀ȶᄃࣻޠᙾӪȷȂᡲᄃࣻூпӶစᡜȃᇮມȃܗࡧ௚ ᕖூមܺȂӏ࢑೼ኻȂ൸ߩளঅூτਫ੬ਫΠȄ ҦܼڸϛΡϜၿѠםԚМእਞݏޠࣻᜱ྆܉Ӷၿ౪α҇໹ཧପณள ᢏܗณளདྷȂᇮມܛܜၸޠཏోȂϑϛ༊४ܼᇮມቺԪޠݎ՚ȇٿூ؂ ໍ໧ޠȂ֊ȶᙾӪȷԚԄե໡ఃѠϹໍᄃࣻޠӼ२စᡜȂܗึදӼڦӪ ޠࡧ௚Ȅ൸ԫՅ፤Ȃ᜹ծΚ஼ࣻбܗኈбȂڐѓ૗ٯߩ༊૗ᆱࡼӶޫҪ ޠિ஼ܗۼбޠቺԪȇᇮມޠѓ૗ȂҼߩ༊૗ᆱࡼӶ൑હНԆޠቺԪȄ ᄈᔗӵȂࡪቅџ਍ਔᇮມȂ᜹ծࡪቅᢏࣽΚ஼ࣻбܗኈбȂϹ्ޠ፟ᚡȂ ࿌ดဤӶࡪቅࣽяҴᡞޠϲోȃ୞ᄙޠෂຬȃڻ᎐ܗᎸݱᒁᅑޠᜱᖓȄ ඳّϟȂᇮມѠпԄեຏᔤӵழΤܗழяҴᡞй୞ᄙޠ८ᇽȂпІᄃԇ α୞ᄙޠᜱᖓȂҔԂᄻԚᇮມѠпԄեᎍϹථұᄃࣻޠ፟ᚡȄ

ˮȃ௄ᐘϹޠڦӪᏳҔ࣐ᖄೲޠڦӪ

դݳޠณளϟᇴȂᡲҢڽзࣩޠစᡜࣁ୞ȂܗᡲᇮມӶࡧ௚ޠڦӪȂ ϛ༊ூژӼ२ኻᄙޠ໡৥ȂՅйᗚԥᏳҔࡧ௚ڦӪޠᑗ྄ңཏȄ୉࣐ȶΥ ҔၿȷϟΚޠȶҔࡧ௚ȷȂϟܛпᆏூαҔጃȂᜱᗥޠΚؐȂҔԂ൸Ӷڦ Ӫޠ።ᐍȄ୆Ԅ჌Ѩޫُᄜޠ୉ݳȂȶ८ᄈ८ᐘӪ׻ڦᄈຬȷ࣐ᏳӪȂᙐ ᆏ࣐ȶᐘϹޠڦӪȷȂΚ௦ដȂ௄൑ᑀޠȃႮයޠ௦ដᘉȂܗбࢳޠ௦ដ ८ȂםԚٲޑ൸࢑٦ঐኻφޠ፤ᘟȂ๗ݏȂҢڽзࣩ൸ೞ׸᠓ȃᔡᔇȃ ܗϾङԚܛ׻ڦޠٲޑȄЇϟȂԄݏϹӶចȃ೏ȃࣩޠณளȂȶ൸Ңڽз ࣩҐٙᖄೲޠࢻโȷ࣐ᏳӪȂᙐᆏ࣐ȶᖄೲޠڦӪȷȂӒϛ຀ࡩң೾ߺޠ ЇᔗџϾङᄈຬܗᗙί፤ᘟȂ٦൸੽ԇᐡཽܗණٽ఩ӈȂϛ༊ᡲҢڽз ࣩޠಣԚഌϸܗᄻԚ्໷ூпᏒѠ૗щϸථ៪ȂՅйᡲҢڽзࣩ؂Ӽޠ

(37)

ቺ८ܗϲోூпӶᡑϾޠࢻโᏒѠ૗ڨژ҂ᒌޠ२ຝȄײ्ӵᗀȂࡧ௚ ณளȂҦᖄೲޠڦӪΤКȂЩକᐘϹޠڦӪȂ؂૗ϹໍҢڽзࣩӶᄃԇ αޠӼ२८ᇽȇஆܼᎍϹӵϹӪᄃࣻϟᄕᡘȂՅߩ᜻ঈӵആԚᄃࣻޠᎎ ጷȂࡧ௚ณள֊Ѡᆏ࣐Ҕጃޠࡧ௚Ȅ ୆ԄяϟܼᐘϹޠڦӪȂପӬ຀ٲޑϾܛழяٿޠԇӶ྆܉ȂпІ ପӬ຀ࣻᄈ྆܉ܛழяٿޠԇӶᇅϛԇӶޠୣϸȂٯϛُூӶᏳӪαϹ ΤΠϨቅኻޠᄃࣻȂ࡟Ѡ૗൸჌ڸٲޑᄈፑՅ፽ژ២ݗȂҴڔЇኇӲٿȂ ๗ݏആԚ፞ԄȶԇӶ൸࢑ԇӶȷȃȶԇӶϛ࢑ϛԇӶȷංо׈ӓቋϾޠ፤ ᘟȄ਍຀ӶᇮມቺԪڿۢޠ፤ᘟᇅ྆܉םԓցดޠϸրȂདྷ्ΚԚϛᡑ ӵޣ௦ຯӶܗңӶξᡑ࿳ϾޠҢڽзࣩȂ࿌ดဈКဈရȃѳ೏࿧ᏪȂࣦ ՎЇႇٿױՍϐܛԥޠ၇റȂഎ༮ആԚณ౵ܼᄃࣻޠ๙ጣᡞȄ ณளᢏܗณளདྷȂ२ᘉٯϛӶܼᓘᄙӵ޼ۢϨቅٲޑԇӶȂηϛӶ ܼڿۢӵᆱࡼϨቅٲޑԇӶпୣրܼϨቅٲޑϛԇӶȂՅӶܼ୞ᄙӵܥ ៪ҢڽзࣩᖄೲᡑϾޠಁӼቺ८ᇅϲోȄᄈྲٿࣽȂପӬ຀ӶᖄೲڦӪ ޠᢏᄇܗࡧ௚ȂณளԫΚ྆܉ȂЩକԇӶܗϛԇӶϟ᜹ޠ྆܉Ȃ؂૗ࡿ ӪҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻȄඳّϟȂпࡿӪҢڽзࣩޠᄃ࣐ࣻ຀ಂᘉȂᇅڐ ᇴϨቅٲޑԇӶܗϛԇӶȂঈϛԄᇴҦಣԚഌϸܗᄻԚ्໷ܛ๗Ӭ၍ යޠҢڽᐤโᡑϾϛᘟȄ౪၍ژ೼Κঐ्ᘉȂτ྆ၷৡܿၮ຀౪၍Ȃ եпӶդఁޠစڑȂංоณܛᒞᜍ݃ӉեҢڽᡞ˕˕ณ፤ᆏϟ࣐ӵᅱ ԥ௒ȃ΢ȃЉȃઢ˕˕ԇӶޠୱᚡȂࠔစளԥᢏᄇܗࡧ௚Ңڽᐤโณ ளޠ፟ᚡȄ

ȞήȟҢྟȃጣକȈณளϟᖄೲڦӪޠໍΚቺථ៪

༊൸ณளΚມٿࣽȂл्ޠཏࡧӶܼᡘұҢڽзࣩщᅗᡑϾȂٯϛ ࡰۢȄӏ࢑೼ኻȂദӼѬ૗ᆘ୉ӶࡿӪҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻȂ൸ڦӪޠׯᐆ

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ܗڦӪޠ።ᐍȂၯя२τޠಒΚؐȄ୆Ԅп࣐Ѭ्ณளΚίȂ൸ױ܂ᄃ ࣻࡿӪޠၰโഎ๞ٗ׈ΠȂτّ྆ϟႇԟȄ з໣ӼЎҢڽᡞΚᐍᎇφഎڸณளඩٙՅႇȂկ࢑ȂژᓟٿȂԂ჌ ηءϨቅ੬րޠȂӒϛፚංоϹϛαϨቅኻޠᄃࣻȂ܂܂҂఻Κٳ᎐ڨ ณளޠད།ȃ֩ᘚȃᡚᔄȃܗณۋȄԄݏ௒ݸךԚѬ࢑೼ঐኻφޠၘȂ τ྆൸ԥᔯଇޠ्҇ȄۓйңΚϸ࣐ΡޠРԓණୱȂ೼ژۼ࢑դݳႇϸ ၔτณளȂᗚ࢑ΚૢޠҢڽᡞЋࣽϛᔘณளΠȉ ณளᔗ၏ءԥၔτޠୱᚡȂՅѬԥᡞᇰϛ஋ޠୱᚡȄӕ޲Ȃၿ౪αȂ ਍ณளᔄ΢Ȃٻϛூϛ௦ڨ࢛ΚۡఁȂϛ༊రณ्҇ȂՅйၿ኉αȂߩ ளѠឋȄ စҦᔯଇȂԄίΡ໷ߓ౫ܗ୉ݳȂτ྆ӼЎֆԚΚૢڸณள༊Цܼ ඩٙՅႇޠ๗׌ȄڐΚȂஆҐዻȂᇰۢՍשΚޣ࢑ՍשȂ८ᄈѵӶзࣩȂ пᐘϹ࣐ᏳӪȇՎܼณளȂࠍԚ࣐ᘉᆩȂ᜹ծཧॵᐡȂୌᅮޠ༅ࢻႇࡤȂ έӲژஆҐዻԋᛨޠޒᄙȄڐΡȂᄈܼณளȂпདڨޠЇᔗ۩ӼȂپԄȂ དოȃϛԋȂٯй་Ӫܼ஛గณளץץႇџ൸ᆘΠȂӲᘫܛᒞޠளᄙȄ Ԅݏᔯଇޠ๗ݏϛя೼Ρ৉ᇴມȂ٦ቅȂณளτ྆Ѭ࢑з໣έӼяٿޠ ѫΚঐདოມȂпІಯാܼณޠစᡜඩԣȄ ҔԄলᏱϏձ޲ϛሇܿܺႇᄃࣻȃ઎౪ȃቌঅ๊ஆҐ྆܉Ȃդݳࠍ ϛሇܿܺႇҢڽᐤโޠณளȄԄեϘᆘϛሇܿܺႇںȉԄίή໷୉ݳȂ τ྆ЎϛΠȄڐΚȂٯϛ࢑࿧ژ༅ࢻȃӵᎫȃܗٲࢉϘѪณளȂՅ࢑Ң ڽᐤโӉեਣ೏ȃӉեޒᄙࣲณளȄڐΡȂጃᄃпณளϟᖄೲڦӪ࣐ஆ ҐዻȂՅϛ࢑ྲᙠႇ຀ᐘϹڦӪޠԋᛨСφȄڐήȂٯϛ࢑Ѭึя௒ᆲ ܓޠདڨȂიڭܗѪᝑΚଳȂᓎ֊ձጬȂՅ࢑စளໍ՘ఄᎡޠញᄇȄ ดՅȂఄᎡញᄇณளȂέ௄եፚକںȉ୆Ԅп࣐ᡑϾѬ࢑ᡑٿᡑџȂ ءϨቅԂᗀޠȂ٦൸ᗀϛίџΠȄ୆ԄѬ࢑᜵၈ࣽ߇Ȃܗዂዂጚጚࣽ຀

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ณளݱ੐ޠѵߓȂࠔп࣐ϑစࣽژᡑϾΠȂτ྆ΚᐍᎇφഎѬ૗ڸณள ඩٙՅႇȂܗ޲ณளԫΚ྆܉ڸณளϟདڨԚ࣐Κၿೲएϛഇޠ២ݗױ ࿌ٲ޲൸೼ኻ௬ᇑӶ၈८ȄดՅȂٲᄃαȂঈᗚϛ҇๙గܗጴ఼ژ೼ঐ ӵؐȄଷΠஆҐޠ्ؒȂپԄȂҦចȃ೏ȃࣩΤКȂпІጃҴпᖄೲ࣐ ᏳӪȂӶ౐ૈณளᢏܗณளདྷαȂԄίήτ२ᘉȂഷঅூᓻӒݨཏڸђ ஽ᗬᗦȈڐΚȂݱࢳޠᆓᘉȇڐΡȂᡑϾᐤโޠᙾ׸ᘉȇڐήȂեпԄ ԫޠጣҦᇅၿ౪ȄҔԂӶ೼ήτ२ᘉޠऐખᇅܦ৥Ȃϛ༊ٻዀұޠ२ᘉ ྆܉ȂҦȶณளȷٗӪȶҢྟȷڸȶጣକȷȂՅйٻҢڽзࣩޠᄃࣻȂூ ژ؂ໍΚቺޠථ៪Ȅ ൸ҢڽᐤโޠᡑϾܛ೪ۢޠݱࢳޠକᘉȂᆏϟ࣐ȶҢକȷܗȶяҢȷȇ ݱࢳޠಥᘉȂࠍᆏ࣐ȶྟκȷܗȶԬκȷȄ27ҢڸྟȂᗷ࢑Ρঐ྆܉Ȃη ѠӬӶΚକȂԚ࣐ȶҢྟȷΚມȂߓұܛ೪ۢݱࢳޠΡঐᆓᘉȄᄈྲٿ ࣽȂȶณளȷԫΚ྆܉Ȃл्ࡿӪᐍ఩ᡑϾᐤโޠݱ୞ȇȶҢྟȷԫΚ྆ ܉Ȃࠍл्ࡿӪᡑϾᐤโӶܛ೪ۢݱࢳޠᆓᘉȄΚࢳܗΚᄡᡑϾᐤโȂ ࿌ดϛཽ༊ЦܼҢڸྟ೼ΡঐᆓᘉȇԄݏηᗀژΡঐᆓᘉϟ໣ޠ௒םȂ ٯйᖃӔѬңѳঐ྆܉ٿߓұڐؐ᡾ȂࠍΚࢳᡑϾᐤโޠ२τᕘ࿾Ȃ֊ Ѡᇴ࣐Ԛ՟ᚾޫȃҢՃ੿ԬȃҢ՟౵ྟȄ ୆ԄዂዂጚጚӶစᡜҢྟޠ௒םȂԄӤ᜵၈ࣽ߇ӶစᡜณளȂ٦ቅȂ ϛ፤ᗀҢྟȂܗ޲ᇴณளȂτ྆എৰϛΠӼЎȄӶᗎӪ஠ཿޠঔྱαȂ դݳ्ؒఄᎡញᄇณளȇӶҢྟޠញᄇȂЏڐϛᚭᏽȄՎܼញᄇҢྟȂ ࠍѠҦ੒྄ڸᑗ྄೼ΡР८ٿᇴ݃Ȅ੒྄८Ȃ༊൸ҢକՅ፤ȂӒϛ຀ࡩ 27 ൸ޫ໣ޠಌ୞ܛ೪ۢޠȶٿȷȶџȷ྆܉ҼดȂپԄȂȶٿ޲ȆُٲҢȂџ޲Ȇٲϛ౫ȇ݃ ΠޤٿџȂϛକܼϸրȦܛᒞٿȂཏࡿُࣽٲ௒ҢକϟбࢳȇܛᒞџȂཏࡿٲ௒ᚕ໡ຝጤ ޠጓ൝ȄԄݏఽఽྀྀΠޤᐍঐٿџޠᐤโȂࠍ਴Ґϛ҇ః୞ᄈٿџޠϸրᇰޤȧȄȷȞȮτ ॹΤྊթစȆณளࠣಒήȯȂT. 672, vol. 16, p. 613cȇ Daisetz T. Suzuki (tr.), The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text, LondonȈ Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1932, p. 157.ȟ

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ױҢକԫΚ྆܉ךԚ྆܉Ͼޠݎ՚Ȃܗདྷ჌Ԛַழᄃᡞᢏ܉ޠ྆܉Ȃη ϛႲӒᇰۢԥܛᒞӓดйڿۢޠ૗Ңକ޲ܗܛҢକ޲Ȅᑗ྄८Ȃࠍױញ ᄇޠ२ᘉȂܺӶեпԄԫҢକޠጣҦᇅၿ౪Ȅ Κૢз΢ӶΚᎇφ࿌ϜȂڐᄃӼЎᗚ࢑ཽᜱݨҢڽзࣩޠҢྟܗҢ Ճ੿ԬȄดՅȂϛᡲћӶҢྟ೼Ρᆓ၈८ȂࣦՎ௄੒྄ӵѬ࢑௦ڨҢڸ ྟ೼Ρঐ྆܉ȂᙾՅᑗ྄ӵ܂ࠊၯяԂංؐȂདྷᒳݳ௥સեпҢȃեп ྟȂཽ೼ቅ୉ޠ΢Ȃ৽ܑѬխЎ኶Ȅ Ӷ௥સեпҢȃեпྟޠз΢࿌ϜȂτӼ኶Ѡ૗་Ӫܼ਍Ρϸݳ୉ ࣐ഷஆҐٸᐄޠࡧ௚םᄙȂܛл஼ȃМࡼȃܗ௦ڨޠᇴݳȂτܱϛѵо ᘫ๗ژѳᆎ፤ᘟϟΚȂҼ֊Ȃ௄ՍϐяҢȃ௄ѻ޲яҢȃ௄ՍѻӔӤя ҢȃܗณጣณࢉяҢȄ28Վܼᅿ໕ᗘռױҢڸྟ࿌ԚΡঐᑀՍԚҴޠ྆ ܉Ȃٯйঞ๗Ρϸݳޠࡧ௚םᄙȂ29ᙾՅ௄ᖄೲޠڦӪΚ៛ՅΤȂᢏࣽ ܗࡧ௚ҢڽᐤโᜱᖓӶϲޠಁӼ఩ӈޠٿᓹџ૖Ȃཽ೼ቅ୉ޠ΢Ȃ৽ܑ ؂ђЎُȄ Ӷ௥સեпҢȃեпྟйέݨ२ᜱᖓ఩ӈޠз΢࿌ϜȂτӼ኶Ѡ૗ ᜳռַᚖ࢛ᆎםᄙޠ૗ҢᇅܛҢޠΡϸࡧ௚ȂҼ֊ȂӤኻ८ᄈҢڽᐤโȂ ࢛ٳӵРңᜱᖓޠ఩ӈӶ၍មȂѫѵԥٳӵРȂࠔңΡϸޠ૗ҢᇅܛҢ Ӷ၍មȄՎܼδ࢑я౫ӶҢڽзࣩޠȂϛ፤ဤӶϨቅኻޠݱࢳȃؐ᡾ȃ ܗᕘ࿾Ȃηϛ፤ਗ਼ІϨቅኻޠҢڽᡞȂ೾೾ңᜱᖓӶϲޠಁӼ఩ӈޠٿ 28 ȶ፞ݳϛՍҢȂҼϛ௄уҢȂϛӔȂϛณӱȂ࢑ࢉޤณҢȄȷȞȮϜ፤ȆᢏӱጣࠣಒΚȯȂT. 1564, vol. 30, p. 2b.ȟԫѵȂ୥ᎨȈDavid J. Kalupahana, MnjlamadhyamakakƗrikƗ of NƗgƗrjuna, DelhiȈ Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991, pp. 105-106.

29

پԄȂ୥ᎨȈDavid Loy, “Chapter 1: The Nonduality of Life and Death” Lack and Transcendence: The Problem of Death and Life in Psychotherapy, Existentialism, and Buddhism, New York: Humanity Books, 2000, pp. 1-29.

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ᓹџ૖Ӷ၍មȂٯй๜రϛַᚖӉեםᄙޠΡϸࡧ௚Ȃཽ೼ቅ୉ޠ΢Ȃ ৽ܑѬ૗ᇴ๙ณ༊ԥΠȄ30 դఁစڑঅூτਫ੬ਫޠӵРϟΚȂӶܼ൸ҢڽᐤโޠӉեݱࢳȂ ೲᄖңᡑϾϟࢻᜱᖓӶϲޠಁӼ఩ӈޠٿᓹџ૖࣐຀ಂޠِ࡚ȂӶໍ՘ ᢏࣽȃࡧ௚ȃڸ၍មȂٯйӱՅϛַ҇ᚖӉեםᄙޠΡϸޠםՅα፤ᘟȄ ڐၽձޠ఩౪ȂѠᙐख़ԄίȄ࿌ױಂӏܺӶݱࢳޠକᘉȂॷӒȂᗘռ஡ Ңକ࿌ԚΚঐӏᎭҐٙ֊Ѡ൑ᑀԚҴܗ൑ᑀٻңޠ྆܉Ȃηϛ௄૗Ңᇅ ܛҢޠࣻᄈȂџࡧՄ೼ϟ໣ޠᜱ߾ȄڐԪȂ஡ݱࢳޠକᘉȂ၍໡Ԛᖄೲ ޠҢڽᐤโȄಒήȂϹໍᖄೲޠҢڽᐤโȂ௥સݱࢳޠକᘉեпԄԫҢ କޠጣҦᇅၿ౪ȄಒѳȂҦܼ࢑ӶᖄೲޠҢڽᐤโȂᙥҦᡑϾϟࢻᜱᖓ ӶϲޠಁӼ఩ӈޠತᑗȃМእȃ௱୞ȃଢഃȂϘԥܛᒞݱࢳޠକᘉȂӱ ԫȂݱࢳޠକᘉϟܛпҢକȂ֊Ѡᆏ࣐ᙥҦᜱᖓӶϲޠಁӼ఩ӈܛߵԚ ޠҢକȂᙐᆏȶጣକȷȄ ೼ኻφ౪၍ޠጣକȂ൸ҢڽᐤโޠҢྟȂϛ༊ࣽӶҢྟܗҢ՟౵ྟ ߓ८ޠݱ୞ȂՅйථұեпҢȃեпྟޠӱጣҢྟޠᡑϾϟࢻȂٻҢڽ ᐤโޠҢྟϟᄃࣻȂூژໍΚቺޠܥ៪Ȅ ௄ȶҢକȷඳԚȶጣକȷȂ௄ȶྟκȷඳԚȶጣྟȷȂߓ८αȂԂ჌ ѬৰΚঐԆȂٲᄃαȂᙛᙾяޠཏဏȂߩЩ൷ளȄ౲ᖟήᘉȄಒΚȂᢏ 30 ೲᄖ௄ᜱᖓӶϲޠಁӼ఩ӈޠٿᓹџ૖࣐຀ಂޠِ࡚Ȃᐄп၍មҢڽзࣩޠҢྟȂࣻᜱစ ᜍ྄ӼȂӶԫ༊ᓄяΡࢳစНȂпٽ୥ՄȈ پΚȂȶԥӱԥጣȆ໲з໣ȂԥӱԥጣȆз໣໲ȇԥӱԥጣȆྟз໣ȂԥӱԥጣȆз໣ྟȄȷ ȞȮᚖߢ֥စȆಒ 53 စȯȂT. 99, vol. 2, p. 12c.ȟԫѵȂ୥ᎨȈȮᚖߢ֥စȆಒ 81, 295, 334, 711, 916, 1165စȯȂT. 99, vol. 2, pp. 20b-21a, 84a-b, 92b-c, 190b-191a, 231c-232b, 311a-b. پΡȂȶ፞դφȊ౲ᇴȆпΫᆎӱጣࢉȂΚϹзࣩ੖ϑԚȂ౫ԚȂ࿌ԚȄե޲࣐ΫȉܛᒞԄ ٿઢΩࢉȂݳᔗԄ࢑ࢉȂΚϹಁҢ՘ཿࢉȂΚϹ๵ᙢԚΚϹහܛூࢉȂΚϹಁҢІ፞๵ᙢӤ ໲๢਴ࢉȂΚϹ๵ᙢᝓ౒୾ρ᜺ΩࢉȂΚϹ๵ᙢԚ൸ϛଞ՘᜺ࢉȂΚϹ๵ᙢఽ౒ാ၍ՍӶࢉȂ ΚϹԄٿ๢਴ܛࢻȆІΚϹ፞դԚၿਣȆՍӶ༗ΩࢉȂ඾፲๵ᙢՍӶ᜺ΩࢉȄ፞դφȊ࢑࣐ ౲ᇴȆΫᆎӱጣȄसኅᇴ޲Ȃԥзࣩ੖ཌྷჩ኶ȄȷȞȮτРኅդ๽ᝓစȯȂT. 279, vol. 10, p. 35a-b.ȟ ԫѵȂ୥ᎨȈȮτРኅդ๽ᝓစȯȂT. 278, vol. 9, p. 409c.

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ࣽϟഋޠໍΚؐ౐ϾȈٻߩשȃณளȃҢྟϟᢏࣽȂѠӱՅ௦៊໡៧؂ ࣐౐ڔޠࠊෂȂϛՎܼϘٗӶ఼ᡘޠӵРȂ֊ടΤ୅ᅘޒᄙȄ31ಒΡȂ ҢڽᄃࣻޠໍΚቺථ៪ȈٻҢڽᐤโҦᖄೲڦӪȂூпໍΚቺ໡ఃᄃࣻ ޠसϔ८ᇽȂՅҢڽᐤโȂ֊Ѡ௄Ԅԫ໡ఃޠᄃࣻٿ౪၍Ȃη൸࢑௄ጣ କٿ౪၍Ȃ௄ՅםԚᢏࣽҢڽጣକޠහኌȄ32ಒήȂ؂ඳ҂ஸޠ൑ມȂ ᙾ࣐ᏳӪϛΡϜၿޠңມȈᄈܼҢକڸྟκ೼Ρঐ྆܉Ȃࢌϛ௦ڨҐٙ ԥӉեѠ൑ᑀԚҴޠஆᙄȂٻңޠਣ঑Ȃηϛ࿌ԚΚૢз΢ܛಭᄜᇰۢ ࣐۟Ҵޠ൑ມȂՅ࢑ཧପӱጣٿᗀҢକȂࢉԚȶጣକȷȂཧପӱጣٿᗀྟ κȂࢉԚȶጣྟȷȄҦܼӱጣҢȂٯߩ൑ᑀ֊ѠԚҴޠҢକȂࢉԚȶϛҢȷȇ ҦܼӱጣྟȂٯߩ൑ᑀ֊ѠԚҴޠྟκȂࢉԚȶϛྟȷȄҦܼȶϛҢϛྟȷȂ ೼൸௄ጣକϹӪȶϛΡϜၿȷȄ 31 пᢏࣽጣକȂҴࣦ౐ဏȄԥᜱစᜍȂپԄȂȶԫࣦ౐೏ȂܛᒞጣକȄॼඉࣦ౐ᜳُȂܛᒞΚ Ϲڦᚕȃནᅿȃณమȃஜྟȃ੢ᅆȄԄԫΡݳȂᒞԥ࣐ȃณ࣐Ȅԥ࣐޲ȂसҢȃस՟ȃस ౵ȃसྟȇณ࣐޲ȂϛҢȃϛ՟ȃϛ౵ȃϛྟȄ࢑ӫЩк፞՘शȆஜྟȃ੢ᅆȄӱ໲ࢉȂ श໲ȇӱྟࢉȂशྟȄᘟ፞ഄၰȂྟܼࣻ៊Ȃࣻ៊ྟྟȂ࢑ӫशᜟȄȷȞȮᚖߢ֥စȆಒ 293 စȯȂT. 99, vol. 2, p. 83c.ȟ ԫѵȂԥᜱȶԄٿܛᇴȆঔӼᛴȆࣦ౐ȃ݃ྲȃޫࣻᔗȃᓎ໸ጣକݳȷȂȶԄٿܛᇴȆࣦ౐ȃ ݃ྲȃޫ्ࣻݳȃᓎ໸ጣକȷȂ୥ᎨȈȮᚖߢ֥စȆಒ 1258 စȯȂT. 99, vol. 2, p. 345b; Bhikkhu Bodhi (tr.), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Sajyutta Nikaya, vol. I, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000, pp. 708-709.

32 ॷӒȂпᄻԚ्໷ϟ፞ݳȂᢏࣽҢڽзࣩȇ௦຀Ȃ஡፞ݳᢏࣽԚጣକݳȂ௄ՅථұҢڽз ࣩޠ፞ݳᄃࣻȄӱԫȂᢏࣽ፞ݳϟጣକȂ֊ᢏࣽ፞ݳϟ࣐፞ݳȇՅᢏࣽ፞ݳϟ࣐፞ݳȂҼ ֊ᢏࣽ፞ݳϟጣକȄ౲ᖟΡࠍစᜍȂпٽ୥ՄȈ پΚȂȶसُጣକȂُ߰ݳȇसُݳȂُ߰ጣକȄȷȞȮϜߢ֥စȆಒ 30 စȆຬၭൖစȯȂT. 26, vol. 1, p. 467a.ȟ پΡȂȶ๵ᙢኟສᙢُጣକݳࢉȂُݳఽ౒ȇُݳఽ౒ࢉȂُ୾ρఽ౒ȇُ୾ρఽ౒ࢉȂُ ຏޫఽ౒ȇُຏޫఽ౒ࢉȂُݳࣩఽ౒ȇُݳࣩఽ౒ࢉȂُහኌఽ౒ȄȷȞȮτРኅդ๽ᝓစȯȂ T. 279, vol. 10, p. 307a.ȟ

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