民主鞏固與我國未來的修憲方向

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(2) ~~&~_~~m~m~ • • &ff~m~. ,~z~m • • mW&~~W~ft~. .~o*.~~~tt.~&~~~*,~~~~m*~@~&~*~m,~*. [email protected]~.m&,tiUB • •e~~.5~.W.mom~.~~m~.. e~&*.~~~~.~m.,~~.&~~*m~~ • • • '~~fu~fi~ft. .m~~~~m.2o~~~~ft.moo.~m*~., ~fi1t=~&~1~pfTlHltt~~~~. 0. ~1Hl&~.m~~.'m~~~~~~m*~~o~A~.M~*1~~~ffi' *!f.5E&~.~~.~. 0. 'WIJtlDP. Nikiforos DiamandourosWJfi '. &~.~m~:r;b. ~OOtiM~m.'-~OO~~-M%~&~~ft.,.~~~.~o~~r. 1~~&~J ~m-M~.&.f!i{@W~.Mifr±*1~~{!f.3. 0. {Sm53~OO' ft~&~. ~_~~-~m~~.m'~.~ff~w~~~&~fte~m~o~~~~,. Juan J. Linz~et!:1ili-M.~~&~ft~ (consolidated democracy ) )1iJ=ti~fl. ' ii~~J3M~&~ " ifr±* " ~mWfiiUm1~~1T~~ ,. : 1.. 1£liiREHlftJff~~UID!~F&~fte ji1fg~-tirn~. &\~Jl~frrF. ,. ; 2. ~1mm-t. ' .-M&~fter:p~ti~I!<:~~. ;ooftm~p~~~~@~rp~mWW¥Aft~jIl~5ir.!f1'~~'. ~nHmW1!iUmm.Y:k:0.rp~Jiiai~.~~~ J. : 3. ~51ft-t '. r. 'B~W&rs~~ti~. ~ • • •~m~~&~~$$~mW{!f.~*.Y:k:E~4o~-t~M'~~.~£ *-t.~5i • •~W~.~~AW~~~.e,*.~~m~&~~~mw** jt~rn~~mf8o 2. P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, '" tfJ Iit1l9 ~J:..:f: I!l : ~ -=-iJt~J:..1t. Qt; px' 5h it.'" 1:-.tft~ -=-))t~J:..1t.ll!J.Jl~:f:I!l~~1>Jfltt-' t-~-t~ (~;ll;rfi: IJ~Jlt~'f'G' 1995) ,. p.61 . 3 Samuel Huntington, "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly 99, 1984 Summer, p.212. 4 Juan Linz and Afred Stepan, Towards Consolidated Democracies: Five Arenas and Three Surmountable Obstacles. Paper Presented at International Conferences on Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Trends and Challenges. (Taipei: Insti tute for National Policy Research, 1995), pp.l-2. •.

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(4) ~~~~OO~~~.~~.~~.~~~¥~~~ffi.~E~o~-ga~~~. ... ~~~~*$'~W.~a~MA(~~a~.~,a.&~~~.)~~OO~ &~.,*~~.~.¥~§.,~~.~~.~~.*m.o. ~Scott Mainwaring~W1~¥tilf5&~~~$tl~~9lJL~. •. ~ftl13. 0. ,~. , %J.jti.~a~.~:ma. 1tt?J~ tfj 8 :. 'M'a~.~:ma.w~~a~~*m~m~¥u rp~~J;}]PJT~\~~{~{tj:~Wf{~ , ~flP;}F;fj5EI¥J~~a~I¥J3t7.H~{tj:. 0. a~.~~\~JO!JLf~~~*flJ~~1fiU~. , :Mz. •••~~~.o.:m~.~ ••:Mz~~~~ ••~~.~~~0' {R~W~~~*m~'P~lf5&~~~$IJ~~~JL~.~tm ' ~Wfit!{JE~IE'M' tE~tfj:f]. , Ji~~J;J..!bm~~~a.lffm~*~a~~:f]'~~fittfWf~~~ ~.lltlf~~~~1fiU~~~JL ' ~~ •• ~~~a.~-{~.~{~{tj: f.B~~ wm®~~. 0. 0. ~.~~~~m:Mz~~~-~,m~m~.~~~H~offim~~~.~.w,. ~~~.~a~.~~fi.'~¥*~~~~~M*'. ~~~~~o. ••~~~~mID~*~.~m~~a.~a~a~,~¥~~~ ~•• 'ffim~a ••• ~m~~., :m®~.¥& ~~m*~:i~l~HJUm ' *!!gc (f=ra§t ft) ~~.ji>tJmJ;J.&~.M~ ~.m~u~ ~Hit!*R.~.m*.A.~gA~.~a ••• e~~ •• o~7~• • ~ wa•• ~~oo~~~~~~*~~~'lf~.a(a~).~~~~it!~ •• M~a.&a. 0. E.~~~~~.5E~.~.mo~~mR~~a.~a~~~~~~~,-~. iii~~~~. (!!P¥-~.Wi:) $tiW./::t{§U1-t~1fitl~~.9 7 ~~t~,. "'f1J.fjfti~~.i.1l:.Z~I!l: m*~F.f,t:'" ,jft~~~~, vo1.27, December. 1996. (f1 :il:;ifi" : 8. , ~~iiHWMW*!!gc$U '. 4' ~J1ti~~-t- '. ~~85lf-). Scott Mainwaring, "Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Comsolidation: Theoretical and Comparative Issues", Scott Mainwaring et. al (eds.), Issues in Demo cratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), p.311..

(5) ~.i.~l!l~~~*-*-MJ1t~~~. 33. .*~~M~~.fia~.M'~.~~ • • • ~M~tt~~,~.m.~~tt. tt*slJ5!-.'Hl'! ' t'£ffi]~nx~m ' Wgt~. : ~±:{£~®f#U~ft*""ftlg~~~lt. ;!t:ftl!f#U~""f*~~Z}/~ ? 10 ~!f.Jff#U~~~9J.1'litli!: tf:HltllJ/li~$ ~~J uan Linz. 0. ftl!:{£ 19841f.~ -@Hiff~. • 1: J5! ~ ~ IDfII:::st "Democracy: Presidential or Parliamentary. Does Difference?'" 11. 0. It Make a. Linz~?l.j;Jfia~ft$NjJ;f:I7tm.J~±~~?ff~*,K9Ef#tl ' ?ff!b~. nX:am::fliti:: ' mLB~7JU::f~i:l~~~±aft. 0. ~*~~f#U~ljflLinz~~.J!~~. ~ . , rmBl:t$5Etlg~Jf~W3~l.JtiJl:IJDj;J~~ ('WIJ~D~~*%t)t~). m:{£::fliti::~amcp , *1§WJ~Ij~~~~12. 0. LinzJlftj:tM~tf:l ' Jf*'K9t~{ll:~. M~::f1lJji~itB.nx~-~~~ ".~~1&'" ~.HU !f:fU~Salvador Allende). ,j;J~:{£7:t~~. '. ;f,6*~1II1~;f:IjJ~lIA (~D. '1~¥UA~CP~91~)t~, rm@p§m1~¥UA~~tG{t '. 9 ;ff/Ul*~:li~~ll".1JJtfttJfI:.tJkl5.t~ft~-f-m". ~t-YLLarry Riamond and M.F.. Plattner (eds.,) The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University, 1993), pp.146-192. 10 Jl:Afm'"UIt.ti:.fttJ ~:f~ J ' ~ftJ!.ft::k't~U~;ffDonald L. Horouity, "Comparing Demo cratic System", Seymour M. Lipset, "The Centrality of Political Culture" .blJuan 1. Linz, "The Virtue of Presidentialism" Journal of Democracy (Pall 1990), pp.73-91. 11 ~ ~ tt *- ;t. YA ~ ~ fttJ jj #... ~ .JJL. YL Juan J. Linz, "The Perils of Presidentialism" Journal of Democracy (Winter 1990), pp.51-69. 7t ~fttJ ~ ~JlHt. .If. + It-ttM: ~ Jyt YL "Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference?" in Linz 0. 0. and Valenzuela, The Failure of Presidential Democracy, voU (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1994). 12. *- ~ nr JfJ ~~ _. iJt. $~ (Presidentialism) ~ tl t- rJ;] Nl $~ (Paralimentarianism) :It lf~. ShugartfpCareynr11=fttJ?t-~. 1. II t- ~ rJ;] M a~ ff. 0. m. _iJt..,J.blrJ;] M"Jifi.a~~~:lt*.~;tfHJi\!*-.;t :. st :It tt Jt:. ?t- Ml fttJ. ; 2. _ iJt.:li rJ;] M a~ {t $Hf{. 0. *" it.. ~ ~ tJ i\! :R .w: .If.. _.~r_*J~rAJfttJ~ • • ~*-.tfttJ.,_iJt.~nfttJ:lt.~~~.i\!fttJ. r _*J ~I&a~ifi. ,tlt-rJ;] M$IJJlIJ:ltn.~~;tfHJi\!fttJ rAJ ~I&a~ifi.. 0. YLM.. Shugart .bl Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Mechanics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p.26..

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(8) • • &~.~~~&. ~. ~'~7M~~W~'~~~&~. (Slovakia) ~=~z7f.. ' ;ttfi~1!ff5~m*~~ttl. ~. 0. .~*~ • • ~A~~t~ • • ~~.m~• • fi.*~M.m• • • ~. f.i1ffW'/j:i&m I9. 0. fti!fr~• •~.tIJ1'f~fj~jiI~ftl~I$tffi]7fJ~~ • • '. jlU1'f~fj~tfjmi&JfJ~~fl5E (~t!~~M~9~W). MtG. ; f§7fJZ~ , *~.tti~PJ~EE. -11J&~~~.*5!iHt;J6\~OOlt.tr~i&J&~:It!!flL ' ~~j>~M~fl5i::~1tJHtiJ 5i:~*~.tU~A~~59tWijj , JIt~~.fj~~ r ~~~i&m. ~l3.lt~~7f..~~:1J1'F~3!&1Ji! J 20. '. 0. 1J1i~&.~~~ZJ: '. 0. .~~lt.m~~~&m~~~fii&mfl5E,&~~~~ftl*~~~ • • , ~&1'f~~ffl.@m~~.,&ffi]EE;ttfti!.~~~~11J.~~~M*,ffi]R~tfj m-®~.~~m. ' ftlJItltLinz~A~mMitR~tfjm-~{~1E~~. • •~fl5i::~~.~m.mWi&m.~~fi.mjiI~~M*;~ tr-M.'/j: , 3t1t;&~~~It~~ifl¥l1. 0. 0. ,. fti!1r~. ~llim~~~. {9lJ~D1:E:frrJH~{4f§~~mi£~'. "':fr~. ~~~" PJ&~fl5i::~~:1J~i&mflj~~ro~~ , 1:E:fr~~ffrrtr (~]jumm.®.~'. 3t1t;&mf i§~~~A[J ) ~itlt~ff'/j:~~ffrrtr ' J!1'f~fj~~1:21. 0. ,. 1±:fr. ljH,*{4~~~mi£~ , ffd:~~j!Ji~.tt~i%~~* ' it~.ttjt~~~* ' J!1'f~. fj~*fE~fl5i::~&~i&m22. 0. ftlJIti&mttlm~~eJ6\~JHfE~pfT~~ffd:tr~:frJji~~. *~fi~~'1'f.®~tr~~~ftl.*~J:it~lt;ttfti!~trJ!~~~~~fl5E~M. 19G. Satori, "Neither Presidentialism nor Parliamentarism" in Linz and Valenzuela, The Failure of Presidential Democracy. 20 Kurt Von Mettenheim, ed. Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics. (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997). 21 R. Kent Weaver and Bert A. Rockman, eds. Do Institutions Matter? Governmental Capabilities in the United States and Abroad. (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution. 1993.) 22 Samuel Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic and Political Legitimacy" American Political Science Review, 53, 1959, pp.69-105. - - - "The Centrality of Political Culture." Journal of Democracy, Fall 1990..

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