凝視與窺視：李漁〈夏宜樓〉與明清視覺文化

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ᏘຝᇅᑜຝȈ؄ᅤȲৈۤዃȳᇅ݃ఽຝញНϾ*

ച࡛๽

ᄣ! ्

Ӷ؄ᅤޠȲৈۤዃȳϜȂٿՍ՚ࢸޠగሊᜣ࣐ΚᄈϘφٺ΢एଭЖ ጤȂ୸ךэ੦ޠঢ়ߞȂٻԥ௒΢ಥԚಀ឵Ȅ೼጖ϊᇴ഻ཏΫ٘ȂՅȶξ ٩ᜣȷೞ൶࣐ȶઢಂȷȂڐܛ࡛ᄻޠȶᏘຝȷᄈܼ݃ఽຝញНϾٿᇴཏک ౐ߞȄ గሊᜣޠུຝ஀Ӷፓᚖޠ΢НॴෂϜ৥໡Ȃᇅঘ౪ȃܓրȃ༫ݔज ᏱІࢍয়НᏱ๊ᐤѭ૖๝ᓀᆤһᙒӶΚକȂڐܛ࡛ᄻޠعܓȶᏘຝȷᇅ ަཽ᠍Ωᐡښȃܓր࢈ݾ౱Ңӥၚޠᜱ߾Ȅ ҐНᇰ࣐ȂԥրܼҦȶН΢ฬȷ༉ಜึ৥ՅٿȶයຝȷРԓȂӶϰ ݃пٿޠᔜԣȃϊᇴϜฆߞΚᆎѫ᜹ޠȶᑜຝȷȄȲৈۤዃȳᒋӬΠ೼Κ ȶᑜຝȷུዙȂٻຝញޠӵ՞ூژђ஽Ȃڐ௦ڨڸਙң՚РȶᏘຝȷޠ РԓᄈܼߗхϜ୾ຝញ౫хܓޠ௥ଇϛнఃड़ཏဏȄ ᜱᗥມȈ؄ᅤȃగሊᜣȃᏘຝȃᑜຝȃ݃ఽຝញНϾ 2008.04.05 ׺ጉȇ2008.05.16 ቸࢦ೾ႇȇ2008.05.20 ঔॐጉԞӈȄ ച࡛๽౫ᙜ࣐ॸ෬ऌ׭τᏱ΢НᏱഌ୚ఁ௳Ȅ

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The Gaze and the Peeping:

Li Yu’s “Summer Pavilion” and Ming-Qing

Visual Culture

Chen Jian-hua

*

Abstract

Li Yu’s story “The Summer Pavilion” in which a telescope plays the role of matchmaker for a young couple, is more than renovating the romance of “talented scholar and beauty.” Represented as the “God’s eye,” the novelty from the West establishes the “gaze” as a new way of seeing, significantly turning a new leaf for Ming-Qing visual culture. Apart from the “glance,” the mainstream practice of vision developed from a long and prestigious tradition of “literati painting,” the trope of “peeping” increasingly appears in popular fiction and drama since the fourteenth century and the peeping merges with the gaze in Li Yu’s story. From the optical sense strengthened by the telescope engenders the desire for male gaze, ambiguously entangling with patriarchal order and power relations. Yet different from the visual technology leading to scientific discoveries in the West, the “God’s eye” is represented against indigenous humanist backdrops, complicatedly intertwined with the trends of ethics, gender, garden aesthetics, and pornographic literature. Provided with a mode of embracing and appropriating Western visuality, “The Summer Pavilion” is revelatory to the formation of visual culture in modern China.

Keywords: Li Yu, telescope, the gaze, the peeping, Ming-Qing visual culture

* _{Associate Professor at Division of Humanities, The Hong Kong University of Science and}

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Κȃࠊّ

ߗΡȃήΫԒٿȂӶዊजӵୣຝញНϾःفݡݡӪᄹȂӶᆌࢡȃܝ ๊۬΢ޠ౪፤Іࡤ๗ᄻȃࡤ౫хࡧዙ௱୞ίȂ㗭ඵ຀ΚၰЇࡧܗ״ցȶຝ ញϜЗлဏȷȞocularcentrismȟޠ፤ᇴȂܛᒞȶ౫хܓȷӱϟೞ२ུۢ ဏȈলᏱేྜαՍࢨܝშпٿ֊൶ຝញ࣐ϥۣϟࠆȂ1ՅН᛻ඉᑺਣ෉ ᛳฬϜҦܼၽңӏᏱഇຝݳȂڏຬзࣩϟӕ౫ᕖூႂ઎ਞݏȂٲᄃα༙ ᖃऌᏱȃۡఁᇅ᛻೛Ԛ൸ܼΚᝦȄ೼ΚȶᏘຝȷȞgazeȟРԓߞ෉ٿη Ҧڐᇰᜌ፤пߓ჌࣐઎ᄃٯϛᏽ௥فڐҐ፵ޠȶՍดᄙ࡚ȷȞthe natural attitudeȟܛयȄ2 Ԅ໰ѠීȞRoman Jakobson, 1896-1982ȟܛّȂН᛻ ඉᑺਣ෉ᛳฬԚ࣐ኈ៫ዊࢹܛԥНᏱ᛻೛ስ஀ޠȶлᏳȷΩ໕Ȃ3ՅȶՍ ดᄙ࡚ȷӶ 18 зखఃᇍࡧዙІϏڏ౪ܓޠ௱୞ίࠍᡑҐђቘȂಥܼӶ 19 зखᏳयឹኈᇅႬኈޠึ݃ȄҔ࢑କܼۗН᛻ඉᑺਣ෉ȂԄ੖኉ੀ ᅮȞMartin Heidegger, 1889-1976ȟܛᇴȂዊࢹᙥऌᏱ׭೛࡛ᄻ ȶзࣩ შ჌ȷٯпڐл৛ӵ՞ϟȶ౫хܓȷՍញȂః୞ȶ܃݉ȷзࣩϟਢȄ4 * ҐНྜՍཽឋ፤НȲఐ݃НᏱޠᚗ२ȶ౫хܓȷ˕˕؈ᝌ্ᇅξ٩ᜣȳȂࡈ᠟ܼȶϜ ୾НᏱȈ༉ಜᇅ౫хޠᄈၘȷ୾ርᏱ೛ःଇཽȂࠓٶτᏱϜНقȃϜ୾НᏱᇅЩၷ НᏱ୾ርᏱཽȞACCLȟ,ࠓٶȂ2005 Ԓ 6 У 23-26 СȄέпȲȶξ٩ᜣȷᇅ݃ఽНᏱ НϾུຝ஀Ȉ؄ᅤȲৈۤዃȳᇅຝញлᡞޠጃҴȳ࣐ᚡȂࡈ᠟ܼȶ२᠟စڑȈϜ୾ ༉ಜϊᇴᇅᔜԣ୾ርᏱ೛ःଇཽȷȂॸ෬ϜНτᏱȂॸ෬Ȃ2008 Ԓ 1 У 3-5 СȄ஼ࢺ Ԓఁ௳ȃ๽❒ఁ௳өඐ፴ٺُȇѫȮ࢈τϜНᏱൣȯڎ՞ຠቸᏱ޲ණя᝙ີཏُȂ ᙲܼ૮ΚڂयᗃȄ

1 _{୥ Chris Jenks,ɆThe Centrality of the Eye in Western Culture: An Introduction,ɇin}

Chris Jenks,ed.,Visual Culture (London: Routledge, 1995),p.1-25.ԫ࣐ጢ޲ϟ፤Н໲ȶᏳ

ّȷȂᄈܼ՚РຝញϜЗлဏޠםԚձΠ྆ࢃܓޠඣख़Ȅᜱܼ՚РলᏱ௄ࢨܝშژ಑

ћᅮॷ൶ຝញϟ஠፤Ȃ୥ Martin Jay,Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in

Twentieth-Century French Thought (Berkeley: University of California Press,1994),p.

21-82. ᜱܼ௥ଇຝញл৛ᇅτഛলᏱޠᜱ߾Ȃ୥፤Н໲ȈModernity and the Hegemony

of Vision,ed.,David Michael Levin (Berkeley: University of California Press,1993). 2

ُ Norman Bryson,ɆThe Natural Attitude,ɇin Vision and Painting: The Logic of Gaze (New Haven: Yale University Press,1983),p.1-12.

3 _{Roman Jakobson,ɆThe Dominant,ɇin Language in Literature (Cambridge and Mass.:}

Harvard University Press, 1987),p.41-46.

4 _{Martin Heidegger, Ɇ The Age of the World Picture,ɇ in The Question Concerning} Technology and Other Essays, trans., William Lovitt (New York: Harper Torchbooks,

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Ϝ୾ՍԥڐຝញདޤѭȂՅᏑդၿήঢ়өԥڐᜋقІᐤѭᅌᡑޠक़ ၭȄȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮ۞φȯϜԥᜱຝញޠߓख़ܗЩൖȂڏᏑঢ়ޠ౪፤ࠊ೪Ȃ ᇅڐᇴ࢑ᜱݨٲޑҐٙȂШᄀ࢑ចో຀ԥᜱȶޤ΢ȷȃȶޤٲȷޠ࢛ᆎȶ੬ ੇޠၜមᏱȷȄ5೼Ї࢏ӶȮܿစȯϜԥᜱȶဒ΢ϟᢏȷޠ፤ख़ϜȂȶဒ ΢ȷծохߓົоޑຬзࣩޠҺѡϛᡑޠঘ౪ફזȄ6ѫԄၿঢ়ԥȶϲ ᢏȷᇴȂ7դঢ়ȶϥᜌȷϜпȶಂᜌȷ࣐ॷȂ8өԥڐϲӶፓᚖ๗ᄻȂٯ ӶᐤѭߞݭϜԥξ࠽Լᄙޠߓख़ᇅोᡑȄᜱܼࠊ౫хϜ୾ຝញНϾޠः فȂ1970 Ԓхါ࿆ᅖȞA. C. Graham, 1919-1991ȟᄈȮᏏφȯϜޠӏᏱ ᇅຝញޠ፤ख़ձΠϮಞȂ9ԫࡤԄᝌᆱٴȆࢡ਀ȞLivia Kohnȟȃਹύह εȞShigehisa Kuriyamaȟ๊η៊ԥُུȄ10ᄈܼϜ୾ຝញРԓᇅ᛻೛ӕ ౫ୱᚡȂߞ෉ٿл्ᜱݨၒᇅฬޠȶτ༉ಜȷȂпȶН΢ฬȷଢؒȶઢ ծȷՅߩȶםծȷ࣐ஆҐ੬ኊȄ11ߗਣᏱ޲ᄈԫණяུޠୱᚡȂၑშձ яུޠ௥ଇȄ12 5 ୥ԈНܛԋȂȮϜ୾Н፤Ȉऽណᇅຠ፤ȯȞα੖Ȉα੖ަཽऌᏱଲȂ2003ȟȂॳ 17-25Ȅ ѫ୥྇ᏑᇾȂȮᏑঢ়ٙᡞᢏȯȞѯіȈϜѶःفଲϜ୾НলःفܛȂ1996ȟȂॳ 139-140ȃ 200-201Ȅ 6 ُȮڻܿȑᛯ᜞ȯϜԥᜱȶဒ΢ȷȶӊпᢏܼЉНȂॾпᄇܼӵ౪ȷ๊፤ख़Ȅၸܼ؄ Ᏹ༖лጢȂȮΫήစȑڻܿҔဏȯȞіٶȈіٶτᏱȂ1999ȟȂॳ 256-322Ȅѫ୥ԚϜ ऽȂȲ፤ȶᢏȷޠলᏱోဏ˕˕፤ձ࣐Рݳ፤ڸҐᡞၜមᏱޠಜΚȳȄНϜᄈȶᢏڢȷ ޠϸݚȂវख़ӶȶϜȷȃȶҔȷஆᙄαޠȶᢏȷݳȂ൳ܼఃึȄၸܼԚϜऽлጢȂȮҐ ᡞၜមᏱȯಒ 2 ᒯȞіٶȈіٶτᏱȂ2002ȟȂॳ 31-60Ȅ

7_{Livia Kohn,ɆTaoist Insight Meditation: The Tang Practice of Neiguan,ɇ in Taoist} Meditation and Longevity Techniques,ed., Livia Kohn (Ann Arbor: The University of

Michigan,1989),p.193-224.

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୥খఘஷȂȲ୳ᜌᏱᇅ౫ຬᏱϜޠȶՍٙཏᜌȷᇅȶՍשߓ౫ཏᜌȷୱᚡȳȂȮϜ୾Ᏹ ೛ȯಒ 1 ڣಒ 3 ᒯȞ2002ȟȂॳ 66Ȅ

9 _{Graham A.C.and Nathan Sivin,ɆA Systematic Approach to the Mohist Optics (ca.300}

B.C.),ɇin Chinese Science: Exploration of an Ancient Tradition, eds.,Shigeru Nakayama and Nathan Sivin (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1973),p.105-152.

10_{Livia Kohn ُພ 7ȄShigehisa Kuriyama,ɆVisual Knowledge in Classical Chinese}

Medicine,ɇin Don Bates,ed.,Knowledge and Scholarly Medical Tradition (New York: Cambridge University Press,1995),p.205-234.

11 ೼Р८፤ख़ࣦӼȂڑ࠯ޠԄᓁᗪਫȂȲϜ୾ၒᇅϜ୾ฬȳȂُȮΝᆩ໲ȯȞα੖Ȉα੖ ѡᝳяޏަȂ1988ȟȂॳ 1-27ȄНϜᖑᆏȈȶϜ୾ᙠၒڸϜ୾ᙠฬӤ឵ܼܛᒞȺࠓۡȻȷȂ ֊ึදုڐ݀ޠȶࠓۡȷᇴȂпழԥᕬཏޠȶઢ᜸ȷҴ፤Ȅпฬ྆ၒȂΩّၒϸࠓ іȂڿ࢑ࢿُȂηϛณ྄ᆓȂดՅпȶࠓၒȷٿђ࿘ȶࠓฬȷȂ࿌ด࢑ђ஽ΠΚૢп ȶН΢ฬȷձ࣐Ϝ୾ฬхߓޠ౪၍Ȅዊजज೛ѭࣩϜ୾ᛳฬޠःفᑺ፹ΚӪӶܼՍ

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Ӷ՚Р௱৥ȶຝញ౫хܓȷޠᐤѭໍโϜȂϜ୾ՍดໍΤڐȶзࣩ შ჌ȷޠຝഐȄՍ 16 зखҒւᅵᝯȞMatteo Ricci, 1552-1610ȟ๊༉ఁ ς஡՚ࢸۡఁᇅऌᏱᒰΤϜρȂစႇΚอ঩Ԡఁဏޠ׾ًȂпᎍӬϜ୾ ޠঘ౪߭఩ȂӱԫᕖூΚٳӤ௒޲ȂηЖକލឋȄկᜱܼ༉ఁςӶϜ୾ ޠНϾ༉ክȂΚૢ୐२ڐࡧདྷޠቺ८Ȃڐᄃуউழٿ՚ࢸޠऌᏱᏣఢȂ Ԅយᒽȃᛳฬȃగሊᜣ๊ȂЩۡఁఁဏ؂ৡܿ֝ЖϜ୾΢ȂӶНϾөР ८ึҢձңȄ᎔਀ȞGoerge H. Dunne, 1905-1998ȟᇴژȂ࢛ԪւᅵᝯӪ Ϝ୾΢৥ұ՚ࢸНޑᇅᏣڏਣȂȶ୥ᢏ޲ᄈዊࢹ΢ޠᢏข׭೛੬րԥᑺ ፹Ȅȷ13ԫ೏ȶᢏข׭೛ȷєࢃຝញαޠᢏᄇРݳȄٲᄃα༉ఁςឺٿ ᛳฬІөᆎຝញᏣڏȂӤਣ༉ክӏᏱȃංեᇅഇຝ౪፤ȂӶᛳฬР८ޣ ௦ழٿኈ៫Ȅ14Ԅज೛ѭঢ়ା۩ᑲȞJames CahillȟࡿяȂӶ 17 зख஼ ׊ޠύЬฬϜϑစၽңΠഇຝݳȂ֊ڨژ՚Рᛳฬޠኈ៫Ȅ15ԫᇴϛณ ލឋȂկЖяޠୱᚡ࢑Ԅեᄈࡠ՚ٿኈ៫ᇅҐρНϾޠᜱ߾Ȃ՚ٿኈ៫ ϛ༊४ܼᛳฬȂᗚ໹ӶຝញНϾޠ౐ኅनෂϜђпՄᄇȄ ࡕښҒ෉ޠϜ୾ձ࣐ȶзࣩშ჌ȷޠڨ୞޲ȂຝញНϾޠᐤѭםᄙ ᡑூ؂࣐ፓᚖȄҐρདޤقಜޠᐤѭक़ၭ࢑ϨቅȉᇅѵٿຝញРԓ᎐ႅ ਣึҢΠϨቅȉᄈ༉ಜНϾԥեኈ៫ȉӶҐН஡ձ௥ଇޠ؄ᅤϊᇴȲৈ

ᗃሁՎုڐ݀ޠȶτ༉ಜȷȂп Max Loehr Ȟᛴ⸢ȟޠ The Great Painters of China (New York: Harper and Row,1980)࣐ዀᇭܓ຀ձȄԄା۩ᑲ๊ᇰ࣐݃ఽᛳฬϟԚ൸ົ຺ࠊ хȂЏڐΩлုڐ݀ȶലяޠԥᑀ഻ᆡઢޠτ৲ȷȂڸᓁᗪਫޠȶࠓۡȷ፤ࣻགྷजȄ ُା۩ᑲȈȲ݃ఽᛳฬϜձ࣐ࡧདྷᢏ܉ޠॴੀȳȂၸܼࢺӕٛᒶጢȂȮ੖ѵϜ୾ฬःف НᒶȞ1950-1987ȟȯȞα੖Ȉ΢Җज೛яޏަȂ1992ȟȂॳ 151Ȅԫ፤Н໲Ї࢏ΠՍ 1950 Ԓхпٿዊजज೛ѭࣩпϜ୾ȶН΢ฬȷ࣐ःفлࢻȄ 12 ߗਣ఼ُࢸΡ፤ख़׉хងၹ๊΢ޠȶၒฬӤ፵ȷ፤ਣȂᇅΚӪпȶН΢ฬȷजᏱޠ яึᘉϛӤȂၑშ௄ȶםծȷޠِ࡚२ུ௥ଇȄُȲᜱܼȶၒϜԥฬȷ˕˕Ϝ୾ޠ ၒᅉᇅᛳฬȳȂȮ຾ᚕᇅདྷ჌˕˕Ϝ୾ၒᏱޠভ׉ᙾ࠯ȯȞα੖Ȉα੖ѡᝳяޏަȂ 2005ȟȂॳ 109-136Ȅ 13_{᎔਀຀Ȃնή዆ȃҰᇉណȂȮ௄ւᅵᝯژ෾सగȈఐ݃ޠढᑚཽ༉ఁςȯȞα੖Ȉα} ੖ѡᝳяޏަȂ2003ȟȂॳ 13Ȅ 14

୥ Samual Y. Edgerton Jr.,ɆGeometry and Jesuit in the Far East,ɇin The Heritage of

GiottoɅs Geometry (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,1991), p.255-287.ѫ୥ೄϊηȂȮΫ ΝȃΫΥзख༉ఁςᇅ՚ฬݎᅛȯȞ݋ԏȈϜ୾ज೛ᏱଲȂ2002ȟȄ

15

ُ James Cahill,ɆChang Hung and the Limits of Representation,ɇin The Compelling

Image: Nature and Style in Seventeenth-Century Chinese Painting (Cambridge and Mass.:

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ۤዃȳϜȂȶξ٩ᜣȷ֊࣐಻ٿຝញᏣڏϟΚȂѠᇴ࢑ණٽΠᇅຝញȶ౫ хܓȷഷߒԄե᎐ႅޠΚԪѠີޠНᏱُᜍȄҐН຀२ၜម؄ᅤ์ίޠ ȶξ٩ᜣȷԄե໡ܦΠНᏱདྷ჌ޠུຝ஀ȂӤਣ௥فѻԄեӶձ޲ȶЗ ᡞȷ˕˕Քீරុޠȶఐ݃ਣڔȷޠࡧདྷᒊᄎ˕˕αഇႇӼቺޠཏᜌਲ ࢝ᇅНϾݦ൝ȂՅѐᡘڐ՚ࢸȶઢಂȷޠȶۊѓȷȄҐН஽።ޠ࢑Ȉ؄ ᅤ์ίޠξ٩ᜣᇅϰ݃пٿ೾ߺНᏱϜޠຝញߓ౫˕˕Џڐ࢑௒Քޠ ȶᑜຝȷ˕˕ԥஞϹᜱᖓȂӤਣѐ౫ΠȶᏘຝȷޠ౵፵ܓȄڐϜ՚НϾ ޠፓᚖᄻԚȂᄈܼᇰᜌȶຝញ౫хܓȷӶߗзϜ୾ޠ໡৥ȂηڏԥРݳ ፤ޠోဏȄ

ΡȃϊᇴᇅᐤѭȈȶξ٩ᜣȷޠҖ໣༉ۊ

Ȳৈۤዃȳංо࢑ΚঐؾॐಥҢޠᠿནࢉٲȂՅعυлِ˕˕ᙁӢ ΢ڸၞቱቱ˕˕՜೾Κ੊Ȃ୸ך෣ᑏΠࡍ࡛ঢ়ߞՅಥԚಀ឵ȄΚঐ൭஖ Ӷуউϟ໣एଭЖጤȂկ઎ҔߵԚԂٲޠࠔ࢑ΚѬȶξ٩ᜣȷޠࢸޗཏ ڌȂ௒࿾ϟۊࡧѾདྷц΢Ѫ๙ȄկࢉٲᗀژΚљȂձ޲ࢉךҝຏȂѪ΢ ౡ೼ࢳ༉ۊޠȶ঩ࢉȷȈȶ೼ঐ௒࿾Ȃηϛ࢑΢Ȃηϛ࢑ୁȂηϛӓ୆Ȃ ηϛӓ઎ȄഎᖬΠΚӈݎ՚෈у୉ΠಂҭȂܛпױঐՉٙعφ୆щΠြ ଽઢчȂϛܑз΢ϛ߭ȄȌȌղၿ࢑ӈϨቅݎ՚ȉȷέᇴȈȶ೼ӈݎ՚ ޠя೏ȂᗷดϛӶϜ୾Ȃࠔ࢑Ԃۊ೥౵ޠ΢ঢ়എԞᙡூԥȂϛ࢑Ϩቅ૥ ভϟޑȄȷΚᜟᡲ᠟޲ౡȂΚᜟЖΚॷȮ՚ԱУȯޠມȂᖽۼᙡܼڐ໣Ȃ ดࡤᇴȶ೼ӈݎ՚ӫ࣐ξ٩ᜣȂяӶ՚ࢸȂᇅᡘཌྷȃฐॸȃᆓৡȃڦЭ ፞ᜣӤ࢑Κᆎᖒ݃ȷȄձ޲ᄈܼ೼ංᆎᜣφΚΚђпϮಞȂйଢ྘ڐᐤ ѭȄԄȶξ٩ᜣȷȈ ξ٩ᜣȈԫᜣңτϊ኶ᆔȂಘಡϛΚȄಡ޲ાܼಘ޲ϟϜȂ మٻڐѠܺѠԞȂᓎիᓎᕼȄܛᒞξ٩ᜣ޲Ȃ֊൹ᇅᆔϟڎ ᓟȂڦпຝሊȂณႄϛژȄξ٩ΡԆᗷ឵ႇᆏȂґ҇ݏ૗Ҧ ֕ຝ຺ȂֳપᢏྀȄดၑξԼ٩ؐϟϲȂ߰ՍញڐᇯȄՎܼ Ϋ኶٩ϟϜȂξԼؐϟѵȂڦпᢏ΢ᠨޑȂϛկϛញڐሊȂ ၷᄈ८ࣻຝ޲؂ញϸ݃Ȃ઎Ѡ᝙ηȄ

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ξ٩ᜣ֊గሊᜣȂΚૢᇰ࣐Ӷ 16 зखϜҦ࢛ೊ៍΢ึ݃ȂՅӶ 1610 ԒЉНᏱঢ়թւ౲ᇨձΠߞ๎గሊᜣȂᔗңܼЉᡞᢏขȄ16ԫࡤϛε߰ ༉ΤϜ୾Ȃ1615 Ԓёڔޠ໩ᅵसȲЉୱ౲ȳΚНϜණژ૗ᢏᄇȶСУ ࢒ٜȷޠȶѾᏣȷȂ֊࣐గሊᜣȄ1626 Ԓ኉୾༉ఁς෾सగழٿΠᄃޑȂ ٯ຀ណȲሊᜣᇴȳȄ17೼ΚຝញᏣڏ༉ΤϜρࡤȂॷӒ࣐য়י݉ଡ଼ȂӶ ঔॐЉНᐎݳР८ึදձңȂ෾सగᇴ୞஥ᆋࡕӶয়ϜȶᑟѯȷചӗȂ ࣳࡕᒒՍᢏࣽϟࡤȶሴ࣐პዪȷȄӶఽхηΚޣڨژ්יޠ२ຝȂᔗң ܼЉНȃॗٲР८ȂΚٳςτЊηױѻձ࣐ۊᏣԞᙡȄ18ԫѵϊᇴᗚၐ ಡϮಞΠȶᡘཌྷᜣȷȂםৡڐѓ૗Ȉȶٯ㉳ߑٙαϟЪȂ૷ॉᖏᜟϟீȂ എញூ਴਴Ѡ኶ȂᐤᐤѠᢏȄܛпѪ୉ᡘཌྷȂпڐ૗ᡘՎཌྷϟޑՅٻϟ ӏ݃ၷ຀ηȄȷ19൸ᐤѭଅၸՅّȂቔ๢ឮࡿяȈȶڸగሊᜣτ஼ᄰჃ ༉ΤϜ୾ࣻЩȂᡘཌྷᜣӶԟ෉ѭᝳϜࠔ౫ூᓷᓷณᆹȄȷ20೼ΚᘉȲৈ ۤዃȳ૗၅ѭਠϟϛ٘Ȃᄈܼఐ݃ਣ෉՚Ᏹݎᅛޠᕤ၍րڏቌঅȄ ؄ᅤѠᇴ࢑Ϝ୾ࡕښఐ෉ഷ൳དྷ჌ᇅ঩഻ޠНςϟΚȄуᖑᆏȈȶུ η޲ȂЉίٲޑϟजᆏηȄՅНതΚၿȂၷϟуޑȂЏђॼౚȄȷ21ቹ ϊᇴᔜԣნЗᛔ՗Ȃଡ଼ུؒۊȂ֊ӶСளҢࣁϜη೏೏րяЗນȄуޠ Ȯ໤௒ୌଅȯΚਫᗀҢࣁ᛻೛Ȃ჌ࡪኻӶטᓟବᇨФݗᎵࣶ៍߇Ȃٻॸ ੊ᑩᙔܼᆄჳϟርȂ༊࢑ਫϜΚپՅϑȄԄȲৈۤዃȳϜቹژȶᆓৡᜣȷȂ ȶڦпᠨםȂᠲࣼ౴റȄ؂ᇅ෭υࣻۤȂ᝛ϟਊᓟܗᛯϟ۵αȷȂη࢑ ҂ਣԂۊᢏᄇܛयȂ࿌ด؂ϛཽܺႇٿၰไۊᗒ᜚ޠξ٩ᜣȄՎܼᄈȶ՚ ࢸ፞ᜣȷޠඣख़Ȃϛռϊᇴঢ়ّȂࠔණٽΠϛЎٿՍҖ໣ޠၦଊȂєࢃ ڐᐤѭޠଢᙺȈ

16_{Columbia Encyclopedia.Fifth Edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993),}

p.2706-2707. 17 ໩ᅵसȂȲЉୱ౲ȳȃ෾सగȂȲሊᜣᇴȳȂُӉ᝸བлጢȂȮϜ୾ऌᏱ׭೛ڑᝳ೾༙ȯ Ȟ᎓ԏȈݭࠓఁيяޏަȂ1996ȟȂЉНڣಒ 8 ьȂॳ 339-381Ȅ 18 ᜱܼగሊᜣޠึ݃Іڐ༉ΤϜ୾Ȃ୥ቔ๢ឮȂȮ՚ࢸึ݃ӶϜ୾ȯȞॸ෬ȈήᖓਫۺȂ 2001ȟȂॳ 6-11Ȅ 19 ؄ᅤȂȮញзӫّΫΡዃȯȞࠓٶȈԱងѡᝳяޏަȂ1991ȟȂॳ 68Ȅ 20_{Ȯ՚ࢸึ݃ӶϜ୾ȯ}_{Ȃॳ 11Ȅ֊ٻӶఽҒര៍໰лጢޠȮੀयཋጢȯᄈᡘཌྷᜣޠ஠ത} ϮಞϜȂՎܼڐեਣۗӶϜ୾ࢻ༉ޠ௒ݸηрᚔԄȄُȲੀयមᏣಒ 8 ഌ˕˕ᡘཌྷ ᜣᇴȳȂȮੀयཋጢȯಒ 5 ьȞ1891ȟȄॳ 207-226Ȅ 21 ؄ᅤȂȮ໤௒ୌଅȯȞіٶȈձঢ়яޏަȂ1996ȟȂॳ 18Ȅ

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Ս්݃ՎϭȂ܅୾ϟϜԥя᜹ܧ๶ϟςȂϛ࣐সൾܛ४Ȃୌ ٿ೪ఁܼϜρȂՍ૗ᇨആȂڦпᜓ΢Ȅࢉδ௥ۊԂٲ޲Ȃࣲ ூՅԥϟȄ፞ϵమኅڐ༉Ȃ࿌௳΢пᇨആϟݳȄดՅԫᆎᖒ ݃ȂϜ୾ϛԄѵ୾Ȃூڐ༉޲ࣦЎȄ኶ԒпٿȂᑀԥݢݔ፞ ᝠ஺ᒗɛ޲Ȃ߾์ᏏϜޤӫϟςȂݏ૗ூڐ઎༉Ȅܛձᡘཌྷȃ ฐॸȃᆓৡȃڦЭІξ٩፞ᜣȂࣲϛ᜹൷ளȂᇅ՚ࢸρ຀޲ ณ౵ȂՅߗຝȃሊຝ፞ಂᜣ؂ٺȂூ޲ࣲࣣ࣐౵᝙Ȅ22 Ȳৈۤዃȳᡞ౫Πձ޲ᄈܼѵٿུۊٲޑޠఄདȂٲᄃαԚ࣐Κᆎᜱܼ ུޠНϾ౫ຬޠߓख़Ȅϊᇴ໡ᓟഌϸܛ೪ဋޠ᝛܉ȃౡᖽޠఅٲԋ௷Ȃ ᡘด࢑ᆡЗ࣐ϟȂ࣐ޠ࢑ѐяξ٩ᜣȄดՅձ޲ѫԥདដȈȶկѠ௕з αޠ΢എ਍ٿ୉ΠᔜڏȂܛᒞϛញڐѠ᝙ȷȄԄեົоȶᔜڏȷٿߓ౫ ڐȶѠ᝙ȷϟ೏Ȃ࿌ดЖକ᠟޲ޠᑺ፹ȄޠጃӶᐍঐࢉٲᇅఅٲ๗ᄻϜ ξ٩ᜣᐋӉΠᜱᗥޠِՔȂկڐȶѠ᝙ȷϟ೏ࠔ֥ԥ౐ΚቺНϾαޠ Մ໕Ȅ

ήȃঘ౪ᇅܓրȈȶޫϜዃረȷޠ᠍Ωᐡښ

ϊᇴޠл΢ϵۘȶᙁȷȂᗵൖڐΚрȶၥಂȷȄξ٩ᜣяܼᙁӢ΢ϟ ಂȂᘫ਴ژࢭяՍ؄ᅤϟಂȂӶᇰᜌ፤ቺ८αяܼуޠདޤࠊ೪ȂบԄ ଅᏺᒊᄎȂ࢏౫຀ѵӶзࣩޠ׺ኈȄȮΫΡዃȯޠ੬րϟ೏ӶܼܛԞޠ ΫΡঐ฼጖Ȃөпዃӫ࣐ᚡȇؑঐࢉٲӶ੬ۢޠዃረ߫ѯޠޫ໣Ϝ৥ ໡ȂϊᇴםԓαᅌұΠ؄ᅤᄈܼȶུۊȷޠڔཏଢؒȄ೼ٳዃӫܗථұ лᚡȂܗᜱо௒࿾๗ᄻȂࣲ࢑Κ጖ϟлဟȄԄձ޲ՍّȈȶ೼ΚΫΡ৵ ߫ѯഎ࢑ޫϜዃረηȄȷ23ณ፤࢑ຏ࢑ᄃȂө֖ޫ໣םᇽȄԄࢵഀ߇༫ ޠȶৈۤዃȷȃ೪ۺܼҀ⭿ޠȶ๶໰ዃȷȃۡఋಋડޠȶۉӒዃȷȃᄉձ ߇ᕏࢿܙޠȶΫᵾዃȷ๊ȂൠෂөөϛӤȂڐϜ৥ұ΢ҢԼᄙȂ൳ܼঘ ౪ᇅजᏱޠోဏȄᗷด࢑ϊᇴޠȶޫϜዃረȷȂࠔ࢑ަཽޫ໣ޠ᛻೛ӕ ౫ȂԄᆌࢡܛᇴȂࠍщҍ຀࢈ݾȃܓրޠ᠍ΩᐡښȂ׸ৣя੬ۢᐤѭਣ ෉ޠཏᜌםᄙȄ 22_{ȮញзӫّΫΡዃȯȂॳ 69Ȅ} 23 ӤαພȂॳ 22Ȅ

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ጃᄃȂȮΫΡዃȯёڔܼ໸ݾԒ໣ȂᖃᡞαЇ࢏Π݃ҒఽߒޠᏱॴ ᇅНॴޠᙾಌȄԄ៬ވݢȃ༂ۡᑱ࣐хߓޠȂΚР८Ҕຝఽߒᝓ৩ޠ࢈ ݾ౫ᄃȂᛅκ୾ϟฯȂηϛܣ๙ᇅ්ུӬձȇѫΚР८Їࡧఐ݃пٿᆫ ளঘ౪ޠѷזϟҦȂ〝తȶЗܓȷϟᏱՅණএȶᄃᏱȷȂЏڐᝓມ״ց п؄ڠ֏๊ȶ੏ԏᏱࣃȷ࣐хߓޠȶصᕬȷϟॴȂΩშਘӲจයϟ΢ЗȂ २࡛ަཽЗ౪ફזȄ24؄ᅤޠϊᇴߓ८αሊᚕ࢈ݾ౫ᄃȂٯณᒹҖԓޠ κ୾ϟฯȂϛࡈඵઢܐຏ፜ȂηϛჃ֛ȶ౦ܓՍดȷޠᐮໍ፤።Ȃϛᖄ ৡ੐ᅟؾ௒ȂԄ؈ᕄܛᇴȈȶп೾ߺᇮّჃ֛စ༉Ȃп΢௒൅઱௦ЖႳ ᛣȷȂԠӶȶעԇ׮ෛȷȶзၿ΢ЗȷȄ25ᗀࢉٲȶٲٲӶ௒౪ϟϜȷȂп ቹᄃ࣐лȂݨ२׭ѾȂйൊឋ፤ȄҔԄᗻࠓӒҢࡿяȂ؄ᅤӓЗ׺Τᔜ ቒȃϊᇴ഻ձȂ௦៊Π࣐؄ڠ֏ȃଁ׊ၿ๊΢ܛхߓޠఐ݃΢НࡧዙȂ Ꮢᆔуґ෇ණІ೼ٳ΢Ȅ26уޠ഻ձяϟՍ৐ȂՅȮΫΡዃȯଢؒȶൊ ቒȷਞݏȂೲϟпȶӥၚȷঔ᜞ȂᇽծၿᇽۭดȂᆱៗၿ኉ဏ౪ȂӤਣ ࠔᐡ፹ᐘҢȂࢋϟпቜᒟ␎␗Ȅ27ٲᄃα࣐؄ᅤܛቜᒟளଭᄈзߺԚُ ܗНᏱโԓȂԄНᏱձࠣΚૢߓ౫عυրᚕϟඎȂՅȲ៹ᘫዃȳրяᐡ ݞȂ୒्అყ༬ϟൊȄӪٿН΢஥ۧύݔᗵ۩ȂՅȲᆹႇዃȳࠔ๞ᗵ໌ ҢࣁᇨആณӿϟدȄ֊ٻ࢑ΚӪ༉ࢻޠНᏱڑࢉȂη्୉ᙛ਱НതȂܛ ᒞȶ࿌ߒޠᙒᓇଠНȂ࢑ۏφ஛ᇅΰЊȂԄϭঈ୉ᙾٿȂΰЊᙒӲН஛ ᇅۏφȄȷ28࿌ดᄈܼၿ኉߭఩ηϛپѵȂҔԄȶױҔЗၗཏޠϏЊЇ ᇰ୉एಂ᢫ࣼޠᏱୱȷȂ29൸ԥϛ҉ՍܤޠཏکȄ ٦ٳȶޫϜዃረȷङښ຀ȶξ٩ᜣȷޠຝِȂᄈܼఅٲޫ໣ٿᇴ࢑ Κᆎၿ኉ႇᘯ၇ဋȄԄȲӬኈዃȳΚ໡ۗձ޲൸ֳՅ፤ၿȂᇴԥᠨܼع υϟ໣ޠȶॴࢻᔜНȷࣲକُܼۗ८һّȂӱԫȶ्ٻቇঢ়ϟ΢ޤၿȈ 24 ؄ڠ֏ԬࡤȂఐ݃ࡧདྷࣩ൝ᙔమగ௢ښІณ๢ณඍ๊౪፤ୱᚡ৥໡ᐮ੩ލ፤ȂЏڐ ࢑ΩлȶᄃᏱȷޠݎݔࣃᄈ؄ձᝓቘ״ցȄ୥ྜྷπ໱ήȂȮϜ୾ࠊߗхࡧདྷޠᅌᡑȯ ȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1997ȟȂॳ 195-233Ȅᜱܼе໩݃ᏱᇴϜȶณ๢ณඍȷᇅᕬᏱޠ ᜱ߾Іڐϲഌࣃրϟ៞፤Ȃ୥܈ྥْץЉ຀ȃԨᖿϟណȂȮϜ୾ᕬᏱࡧདྷѭȯȞα੖Ȉ α੖ѡᝳяޏަȂ1994ȟȂॳ 760-770Ȅ 25 ȮញзӫّΫΡዃȯȂॳ 269Ȅ

26_{Patrick Hanan,The Invention of Li Yu (Cambridge and Mass.: Harvard University}

Press,1988),p.vii-viii. 27 ӤαພȂॳ 77-78. 28_{ȮញзӫّΫΡዃȯȂॳ 213Ȅ} 29 ӤαພȂॳ 220Ȅ

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٪ཌྷ؈ᅛȂߩկϛѠ៪םȂҼйϛѠ៪ኈȂϛ࢑्൑វॴ௒Ȃέ෈Ϙφ ٺ΢៧яΚ఩ࣻࡧၰηȄȷࢉٲᗀᆔȃ஢ڎঢ়ᙛᖜ࣐ϫȂȶױΚԊϸ࣐ ڎଲȂδ࢑ࣩ४ϟ೏എᑟΠାᕔȂٻ܅ԫϛ૗ُࣻȄȷྲ౪ᇴ઎Ҕ୉ژ ȶعυ௳ڨϛᒒȷޠఁ఩ȂดՅڎঢ়ޠЎعЎυࠔӶΚԲࣻႥޠЬረα Ϥࣻ௄ЬϜঈኈࣻᜌȂፚ௒ᇴནȂഷࡤऐખᙅ٪Ȃԥ௒΢ಥԚಀ឵Ȅᄈ ܼఐ݃ؠ؛ᛴᆪޠȶ௒ȷȂ٦ٳȶାᕔȷծоຬኊӵକߣႆձңȂկࢉ ٲ೾ႇΚقӗཔ΢ึ઱ޠ௒࿾Ȃ੒၍ΠȶାᕔȷȂഷࡤȶٸᙠױڎଲٯ ࣐ΚԊȂ൸஡ڎ৵Ьረ୉ΠߝࡑȷȂᚡձȶӬኈዃȷٿख܉೼ΚࢳࡆጣȄ ೼Κᚡཏ२ҨΠఐ݃ޠན௒ՍлޠࡧདྷȂܛᒞȶᐡЗΚ୞ȂӉղሜᕔ២ ᏪȂη࿲уϛ՟ȄؾۍޠؾۍяџȂ॓ᡆޠ॓ᡆՅଡȷȂ೼ц΢དྷକট ᔿߒȮΡܰȯ၈ޠࢉٲȂቹ྇ЋடۻϜಁ৒ێϛ៬ݳц౐ᝓȂ୑ஞЖໍ ѵ८عφՅᖄ዆Ȃକۗԥձ޲Κࢳȶعυτ٪ȷޠឋ፤Ȉȶᖃԥঢ়ݳ྄ ᝓޠȂ២ᏪሜᕔȂණႜേဵȂ٪ூΚঐЬݶϛ೾ȂηѬ࿲ூуউޠٙȂ ࿲ϛூуউޠЗȄȷ30؄ᅤޠϊᇴЇ࢏яఽߒ්ঘ౪ӲᘫޠዙࢻȂӤਣ ܜ᝸Πఐ݃ޠ੐ᅟॴࢻȂ೼ᆎӥၚηᡞ౫ӶᄈܼυܓޠඣቹϜȈΚ८ђ ஽عܓлᡞޠ᠍ΩȂԄȲӬኈዃȳᡲعлِӤਣூژڎঐजυ࣐๗׌Ȃ щϸᅗ٘عܓޠصདྷȂѫΚР८ᄈܼυܓߓ౫ࣻ࿌โ࡚ޠቷৡȂԄȲܡ ໵ዃȳϜޠஔυ૗कᄈࡠعлِᓡٻ੊ࡿȂޗܼ޷ජϟαȂҦԫె༅Π ൶ڡફזȄ Ȳৈۤዃȳޠޫ໣ߓ౫ηڏԥఽߒޠၿ኉ߴԉ་ӪȂկξ٩ᜣޠђ Τࠔ໡ܦΠΚбུຝ஀Ȅϊᇴఅख़ၞቱቱΞΚτЙ΢ঢ়ξߝϊەȂΚС ԥ൭஖αߟȂ࣐ᙁӢ΢ؒᒒȄמ܄࢑ࠊзϭҢޠۊጣȂ೼՞Ӣ΢ϛ༊ᄈ ԃሦܙܗ߇༫၈ึҢޠΚϹഎᕤसࡿජȂՅйޤၿԃϲЗܛࡧܛདྷȄ঩ ٿ࢑Ӣ΢ڸ݊ЅউഊຘȂ௄Κঢ়ѡޗۺຶٿΚ଺՚ࢸξ٩ᜣȂԇЗ्Ꭽ ѻ൷ೣߝҞًጣȂуӶύαΚ৵ኃԈϜңѻѳ೏஼గȂӒࣽژၞঢ়߇༫ ၈൳ܼ௒ՔޠΚᄎȈஔυউٖٙ៪ᡞӶೊ߇Բ၈ተᔜ҉ᏄȂ᝸Յࣽژቱ ቱؐяॸሦȂೱҍȃᛄᆵஔυȂҦ࢑ٻӢ΢౱Ңན኏ϟЗȄ ձ࣐τঢ়ሦؿޠၞቱቱѠᇴ࢑Κঐၿ኉٪ጓޠڑ࠯ȂҐٿঢ়Ϝᆔఁϑ စ྄ᝓȂկȶ٦၈ޤၿȂ೼՞ϊە঩࢑ᆓೆϛႇޠȂϛ੒Яҕ٪໢ȂуՍ 30_{টᔿߒȂȲӉ֘ң৻዆౐ሦȂ྇Ћடᔜয়ᓣࡋȳ}_{ȂȮΡڔܰ਱ᡚۊȯڣ 34ȞߞؔȈ۱ᝍ} ਫަȂ2002ȟȂॳ 340Ȅ

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ϐηཽ٪໢ȄՍϐޤၿԒϑІ⁂Ȃ߀Зܿ୞Ȃڔڔпᛄ٤ႆమ࣐ЗȄȷ31 ೼ኻՍញޠυφםຬᇅȮήّȯȃȮΡܰȯϜԄеήѾڌȃᛴ௕௕๊नᚕ ༉ಜஐ኉ޠυφࣻЩȂณᅹ࢑ᄈܼఐ݃ॴࢻޠΚᆎԞᔨȄשউѠࣽژȂ ȶၞϵঢ়ጓ྄ᝓȷȂȶӱυڌԒߗΡΥȂґ෇ᙶԥݎטȂ৽ܑуٙφޫ໤Ȃ έशܼஜჿȂґռ्୞ᛅࢍϟ܉ȷȂܼ࢑དྷяᆎᆎݳφٿٻԃȶࢌϛஜ ჿȂηϛޫ໤ȷȄ೼ኻޠᝓቘঢ়ఁц΢དྷକȮزϞ߫ȯϜ୞Πȶᛅࢍϟ ܉ȷޠ؈ᝌ্ȂկቱቱѠᇴ࢑ΚᆎȶᔜҾȷԓޠ᜻᙮Ȅ೼጖ϊᇴЇ᙮я ౫ȶ٪໢ȷϟᇮȂηចోӶԃޠӫԆϜȂ֊׈ӓՍញӵ࡛ᑟΠЗ౪٪ጤȄ ೼Κȶ٪໢ȷϟཏᇅȲӬኈዃȳϜ࣐عυϟτ٪Յ೪ဋޠȶାᕔȷ౵ԣ ӤϏȂկξ٩ᜣࠍڏԥएഇ२२٪ጤޠ૗ΩȂڐֽңӶܼ஡ȶ٪໢ȷܷ ၍ܼณםϟϜȄ ξ٩ᜣϛ༊૗ᑜຝՉٙІϲሦޠᗵબޫ໣ȂᗚӶܼ૗ᑜُቱቱޠܓ ੀᇅЗ᡺ȂࣦՎԃޠϲЗȄ࿌Ӣ΢ࣽژቱቱȶইើֳ࢞Ȃτԥ੿ৡȷޠ ኻφȂȶ൸ޤၿу࣐຀ՍϐȂґռԥ࡫గϟЗȷȂܛп଼αѪ൭஖џ ȶୱ ঑ȷȄఅٲ޲ޠπ֜ሴ࣐ၚᜏȈȶୱ঑ᗚ࢑ϊٲȂޤၿӭᆨޠᜱᓟȂӓӶ ᑜُۼ၈ȄȌȌԫਣϛᗀȂ؂ࡠեਣȉࢉԫ୆πܼ൭΢Ȃᇴя೼ᆎઢۊ ϛขϟٲȂႲӒឹ՟߀ቁȄٻуᅹઢᅹୁȂ஡ٿᙾ୞ϛூȄȷ๗ݏ࢑Ԅ ܛႲ෉ޠȂ࿌ดٻቱቱτ࣐ӭᡚȄ௦ίٿέቹӢ΢ࣽژԃቹၒȂّІڐ ಥٙϟԝޠЗٲȂу൸ڸΠίљॷȂॹᐡߓҪؒནϟཏȂѪ൭஖ଛџȄ ݏดቱቱп࣐у࢑ઢчȂ൸ΚЗΚཏ्༻๞уȄԃޠᡚඔೞඣᛳூ྄ڐ ၔ஼ȈȶُΠѳѰུၒȂᡚяΚٙտԯȂݏดϛяӢ΢ܛਠȂഥױ๡Ր Κ఩ӦяӶԨাϟѵȂॸቁљᕿޣॵژᆇᅖϟ໣Ȅ֓ΠљঐਣٜȂϛ෇ ᇴၘȄȷ೼၈෰࢘Πξ٩ᜣޠȶۊѓȷȂڐᄃᗚ࢑ҦӢ΢ᐈᖄȂ೼ኻޠ ඣख़η௒ϛՍ࿲ޠࢻ៪яعܓޠ஼صூཏȄӶ༉ಜན௒ࢉٲ၈Ȃعܓᄈ υܓޠ௢ښҐ࢑ՃҢளፚȂկ᏶ᙥ೼ѬٿՍ՚ࢸޠξ٩ᜣȂӶ೼ኻޠл Ѹᜱ߾ޠߓ౫Ϝೞޑ፵ϾΠȂᅥΤΠུޠ׭೛ᐡښȂ૗້՟ٺ΢ޠ߀ ЗȂӓ᏶Ӣ΢ޠࣞ຦Ȃξ٩ᜣ࢑ᔔӐȄ Ӣ΢Ӓ࢑ՍϐࣻϜΠᄈຬȂดࡤ৥໡ଢഃȂ࢑೾ߺНᏱϜȶؾ௒ȷ ዂԓȂկȲৈۤዃȳϛ྄ٗᆓȂഷࡤуᇅቱቱಥԚಀ឵ȂစႇၞϵޠӤ ཏȂ݃൭Ҕ஍Ȃ׈ӓӬоঘ౪೤ጓȄ೼ڐ໣ሬᛥ२२Ȃձ޲ηࢉཏΚݱ 31 ȮញзӫّΫΡዃȯȂॳ 62Ȅ

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ή׸Ȃϛᘟᇨആ઱ਠȄࡹྲၞϵޠ्ؒȂ्࿌αॹᓹץ൬ȂॷӒூߝᄵ ᚡӫȄӢ΢۸ՅାϜȂϑӬо఩ӈȂկᐘҢݓ࿾ޠ࢑ѫԥڎ՞Ӥ໑ηା ϜӤᄵȂηؒձၞঢ়ޠݎטץ൬Ȅܼ࢑ၞϵ्υڌќ㟲؛ۢȂ๗ݏяо ཏѵޠ࢑ԃќژޠϛ࢑Ӣ΢ȄԫਣϊᇴऐକݱᝣȂ֊ξ٩ᜣٯߩ࿳૗Ȅ ቱቱᇳп࣐Ӣ΢࢑ઢчȂࣻ߭ќ㟲ߩӢ΢ೄ឵Ȃ๗ݏٻԃѷగȄดՅӶ ȶڽၽȷᡑூϛѠ߭ՅӡᐡϟਣȂԃࠔึදл୞Ȃ֊ܣ๙௦ڨќ㟲ޠ๗ ݏȂᄈڐЯᗁᆏҕᒒ෇ԝჳᇅԃȂȶଷΠۘᙁޠȂᘟดϛ༻ȷȄ௦຀ᇅӢ ΢Κକ၇ઢךୁȂ෣ᝀၞϵȄڎ΢ІਣϤ೾ᖑ੊ȂӢ΢௄ξ٩ᜣࣽژၞ ϵ࣐κۏቹޠ౶НȂ֊ڔ஡ϲৡൣޤቱቱȂٻԃ૗ΚԆϛᅔӵ஡౶Нन яȂၞϵ᠚ΠȂЪଽ┇ดȂϛூϛ߭ȶԼзࡆጣݏҦࠊۢȷȂ๏ᔗ஡υ ڌ༻๞Ӣ΢Ȅ೼Κࢳ྄൳ൊቒܓȂηщϸߓ౫ΠቱቱޠᐡහȄ࿌ၞЯቘ ّቘՔӵೱୱԃȂᇴᏒᆔуϑᛦ֚ڐҕȂήСٿٯґԝჳܼуȂȶѠُ ղޠᇴၘӓ࢑ᇸّȊࢌดਔԫຏ௒ȂڐϜ҇ԥ঩ࢉȄץٳᇴٿש᠚Ȋȷ ቱቱӲ๏ᇴȂϟܛпءԝჳᇅуȂȶҕᒒᄈࡇڌᇴȂ੫੫ᇅ৒ێӤએȂ уϛ৤ٗٿᒒߗȄȷᇮ֥ᜐᒟȂц΢ף߹ϛ՟Ȅԃ೼อл୞ਘصᝣܼࢌ ঈȂᄈܼ೼ࢳࡆጣޠߵԚକᜱᗥձңȂᗷߩᘟดޠЇ׫ȂՅ឵ᡞښϲޠ ጁ୧ᇅ።࿾ȂկਔആҕᒒԝჳȂআֆୁઢٿᛤᝀڐЯȂڐ໣ঘ౪߭఩ೞ ᜻᙮Ȃϛൂ࢑ఐ݃Սл၍ܺޠࢻॴᎸ᜸Ȅ ԥ፹ޠ࢑Ȃ೼ঐࢉٲ౴ഥ࢑ঐȶ΢໣ൊቒȷȂξ٩ᜣޠઢۊِՔึ ҢΚঐཌྷֽޠᙾ׸ȄӶԚகϟࡤϛεȂӢ΢൸៪яΠ଼ရȄቱቱକߒױ у࿌ձઢчȂིࣦ࣐ࣨȂկϛε൸ึ౫уȶమЗЋ२Ȃၿ੊ӓณȂݍᜟ ܛᇴޠᇮّȂഎ࢑ٳЏ໵ᅘߧϟ௒Ȃٯءԥᓢᗹ֝៪ϟཏȷȄԫਣӢ΢ ηѬூ஡ξ٩ᜣڸዻԝяȂቱቱϛկءԥೱܐуȂ၎౵ϟᎸȂញூȶ೼ ٳ௒࿾ᗷ࢑΢ᒘȂη঩ԥංϸЉཏȂϛ्Ϋϸᇴ୆ΠȄȷܼ࢑Ρ΢ЇՅ ȶ൸ױ೼ӈݳ᝙ٽӶৈۤዃȂ୉Πঢ়இॸЭȂЊۏΡ΢ϛਣᙅࡷȷȄϊ ᇴϜξ٩ᜣޠඣቹ࢑ࣻ࿌ቹᄃޠȂӶఅख़೼ΚȶઢಂȷޠȶۊѓȷР८Ȃ ຀२ථұѻޠ׭೛ᐡښȂ૗ഇႇߓ८Յ౐ΤژϲЗȂ୑ᑜΠΚॷၒڸΚ ጖౶НȂկएഇޠ࢑ȶНЗȷȂໍΚؐၽձܼЗ౪ڸНϾᐡښϜȄկξ ٩ᜣޠӕ౫ۗಥڏޑ፵ܓȂѬ࢑ΚѬٿՍ՚ࢸޠۊᏣȂٯґڴॴൕߧȃ ካٓԚॗȂᇅົՍดΩ໕ࣻెᚖȄՅйϊᇴྦጃߓ౫Πѻᇅٻң޲ϟ໣ ޠᜱ߾Ȃ֊ѻڨژమగޠᐈᖄȂӱԫழٿϛጃۢӱષȂڐઢۊѓ૗Κӕ ڨژ፵ᅹܗਚ׸Ȅϊᇴϛнଝ߭ܗୁઢӱષȂࠔ࢑ङښܗڟֆξ٩ᜣޠ

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НϾΩ໕ȄҔ࢑Ҧܼቹᄃӕ౫Ȃഷࡤξ٩ᜣೞЊۏ঄ђпઢϾޠᔜቒܓ ᙾ׸؂ڏԥзߺమగޠஆᙄȂη؂ڏᇴ݉ΩȄٲᄃα௄೼Κȶઢಂȷޠ ԣ׸ႇโϜȂ೼Κ՚ࢸۊᏣхߓΚᆎུޠНϾ༗ΩȂӶᇅөᆎҐρНϾ Ω໕һᎣᇅӬᒘȂᇅᐤѭ౫ᄃȃНϾᐡښਁਁࣻᜱȄ௄ջ݉༉ಜঘ౪Յ ᄃ౫عυՍлན௒೼ΚᘉٿᇴȂ೼጖ϊᇴծо࢑Κঐȶ౫хܓȷ൴ّȂ й྄ڏҐρϾȈϛܣ๙ᇅ༉ಜঘ౪ȃ౫ԇ࡛ښޠ׃ڟȂࣦՎআֆܼઢୁ ଝ߭Ȅ

ѳȃআෂᇅΤᜣȈఅٲຝᘉᇅ༫ݔजᏱ

ଷΠαख़ޠঘ౪ోဏȂȶξ٩ᜣȷᗚច֥ᑺ౿ܼఐ݃ਣ෉ޠ༫ݔज ᏱȂӶ೼Р८؄ᅤրڏӟЗȄȶޫϜዃረȷ࢛ᆎཏဏαη࢑అٲ๗ᄻᇅ РԓޠЩൖȄ؈ᕄຠȲ៹ᘫዃȳȈȶԫΚዃηȂңཏഷ౐Ȃڦ৸ഷԣȂ࢑ ξѡᗪ௒ϟᡑᡞȄȷ32ܛᒞȶڦ৸ഷԣȷȂចోȶԣ৸೾ࡘȷȂڐᄃ࢑༫ ݔңᇮȄѫԄȲᘫҔዃȳຠᇮȈ ҔНϟֽȂՍϛࡠّȄ֊ࠄᓟϜณ४ྮݱȂϑц΢З᎗ҭႺȄ ύЬϟൖۊؽȂέඉ᝸пജවȄജවϟឌֽؽȂέඉ᝸п׺ ၗા෢Ȅп׺ၗા෢ൖӲᓟȂѠᒞጐࡘ྄༺ȂณඉᒹចؽȂ Ξέԥ՘ၰΚࢳȂڦឌ؂ᆡȄณདྷϛആ৬᠈Ȃณᇮϛᑹஇ༺Ȅ שϛޤಏૅΚ୚З૔Ȃեࢉ࣢ᝨԄԫȊ33 ܛᒞȶࠄᓟȷ࢑ȶҔНȷϟࠊձЖφޠϊࢉٲȄ؈ᕄңȶྮݱȷȃȶ৬ ᠈ȷȃȶஇ༺ȷ๊Κقӗԥᜱॴෂȃ࡛ᑟޠມᇮٿߗឌሊൖ؄ᅤޠϊᇴ௒ ࿾ȂՅȶӲᓟȷȃȶ՘ၰȷȃȶጐࡘ྄༺ȷ๊บԄӶॴෂϜ൷ാ௥ࡘȂࢻഀ ᢏ፭ȄڐᄃȲৈۤዃȳηѠձԄ࢑ᢏȂᡲξ٩ᜣᄈྦၞঢ়߇༫Ȃ௄ᒁ΢ Зҭޠೊ߇ԲژቱቱޠሦܙȂ௒࿾ӶԃᇅӢ΢ϟ໣һ෈৥໡Ȃ΢ޑЗ౪ ᓎϟໂᰏକӆȂ᠟޲ηמ܄ဋܼٙ༫ݔϜȂདڨژ܈Յ৬ଠၰᙾȃࢪཱུ ߇݃Ȃ܈Յԣ৸೾ࡘȃրԥࢿЉޠཏکȄ ೾ளᑜຝޫ໣໹೾ႇ࢛ᆎޑ፵ӇϮȂܗᖂራȃܗࢿЍȂᑜ޲೾ႇ೼ ᜹ȶᜣȷпϊُτȂᇅឹኈޠཱུጒ঩౪ࣻ೾Ȃξ٩ᜣηϛپѵȄӶఐ݃ 32_{ȮញзӫّΫΡዃȯȂॳ 214Ȅ} 33 ӤαພȂॳ 110Ȅ

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НᏱ᛻೛Ϝȶ೪ਲڦෂȷጸԚਣۧȂ34ԄȮߝ౮ధມၘȯಒϥΫѳӲᔗ ճᕓُᗻߝ഑Ӷȶ෺ύҰίካ׎Ȃ៪яΚ఩कጤȂܨࠔ࿳ᗼ݃੶Ȅճᕓ ӶႥᢌરಂױ૪ᔜуޠԻπȄȷ35΢উᄈᖂራȃࢿЍҐٙབདᑺ፹Ȃ჌ ೼ኻȶᢌરಂȷޠඣቹ࢑؂࣐ڗᐮՅڏ፹کޠȄࢍয়ฬȮ߇ᕋᓇଳȯϜ ԥΚൾฬȂΚ΢ၶӶΚ৵୆ύϟࡤȂ೾ႇΚঐ༬Ѝ୑ᑜΚᄈһ᠎ޠع υȂ36೼Κ༬ЍೞजᏱϾȂၾᔜܼ݃ᇅཱུȃᎎጷᇅᡘᄕϟ໣Ȃ࿌ดηᡘ ұᄈܼ΢Ϗᕋᄻ೼᜹ӇϮޠൊԂȄ೼ᡞ౫Ӷ༫ݔ࡛ᄻϜτ໕ၽңөᆎߟ ๆޠםޒȂᗷดٯߩяՍᑜຝޠ୞ᐡȂկӶຨ፞ຝញਞᔗȃၾᔜُܼᇅ ϛُϟ໣ࠍրณڎयȄ݃хϜ෉ϟࡤ༫ݔᑺ࡛Ԛ࣐ς΢ུॴۧȂԄНኊ ݃ᕋആޠܮ࢈༫ȃई೐ٺޠ൴༫ȃؚי೨ޠᕘᆶஇᇅֳᗵ༫ȂΞՎఽߒ ༂ڻ࢒ޠ஡൸༫ȃൗ໌ᘎޠݎ༫๊Ȃณϛጢᙒ຀ςτЊޠзߺమగȂܗ ஛ᑺݔयॴӏȃ஥ۧ΢ЉӬΚȂܗ࣏ଓұ൳ȃԂτൊѓՅѾჵЉϏȂܗ དܼзၿᑺ૿ȃᅥഇ຀ঘ౪ᇅजᏱޠ஼ΩȂ37ՅӶΚԲΚҰΚߟΚๆϟ ೪ॏϜηณϛᡞ౫ၒ௒ฬཏȂһ༙ᒱᒮ຀ᙵ൳ޠНᏱᇅНϾ༉ಜȄ ܼ 1634 Ԓё՘ޠॏԚȞ1582-ȉȟޠȮ༫վȯ࡟τโ࡚αхߓΠ࿌ ਣ༫ݔ࡛ᑟޠစᡜᖃ๗ȄਫϜپᖟȶߟๆშԓȷȂєࢃȶ୽ߟԓȷȃȶဨ គԓȷȃȶᅖ౮ԓȷȃȶУๆԓȷȃȶ߇ᛟԓȷ๊ΡΫᎸᆎȄӶ೪ॏᕋആߟๆ ਣȂ஽።ȈȶϏᆡᗷ஠ҠձȂ።࡚บӶூ΢ȂដෂҢۊȂ֥௒ӼयȂሇ ઴ᕘᆇȂ৶ࢪᑜߨȄ୊Ұߕ΢ȂրԥΚ൨Љӵȇঔ጗ךኈȂᅹٿႥЬಔ ᙌȄȷҔ຀ཏຝញαޠᡚᢪਞݏȄഷ࣐΢ᆏၿޠ࢑ਫϜȶআෂȷΚതȂ ஠ّԄեӶ༫ݔϜᄻᑟෂᘉ໹ᇅύЬՍดםᄙࣻ๗ӬȂӱ༗ւᏳȂٻ΢ ϏᇅЉดࣻூઊᄕȄॏԚ݃Жཱུ܃Πτ໕ၒϜӫѰȂڐᄃԄȶݔУज ΢ȷȂআՍାఃȶݔϜУίज΢ٿȷϟѰȇȶФဩᒄᒄȷ ூϟܼ؈ظȮऎ ᑺȯȇȶॴᏊංᐚσ໩ȷη௄଼यሊȶ࢞᛾Ճᐚ݅Ꮚȷȃȶσ໩՚ίȂᘟဘ ΢ӶЉీȷՅٿȂڐуηࣲԥя೏Ȅ೼ٳӫѰ࣐з༉ᇬȂᡞ౫࢛ᆎ௒ෂ 34_{୥଼۞ශȂ}_{ȲՇҭϟޗ˕˕௄Ȯ՚අଅȯޏฬඩშ፤ఐ݃яޏНϾᄈຝញܓϟᜱݨȳȂ} Ȯज೛ѭःف໲ёȯಒ 13 ෉Ȟ2002 Ԓ 9 УȟȂॳ 201-277Ȅ 35 ៍ങ઱઱ҢȂȮߝ౮ధມၘȯȞॸ෬ȈЋ҂ਫ׌ȂኈӠ࿳ᐎёҐȂ1988ȟȂॳ 1466Ȅ

36_{R.H.Van Gulik,Erotic Colour Prints of the Ming Period,with an Essay on Chinese Sex} Life from the Han to the ChɅing Dynasty,B.C.206-A.D. 1644 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), Vol.

Two, p.266-267.

37_୥ЪН߀Ȃ_{Ȯޑȑܓրȑᢏࣽ˕˕݃ҒఽߒНϾਫቹུ௥ȯ}_{ȞѯіȈᏱҢਫ׌Ȃ2001ȟȂ}

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ڸ੊ݦөڏጓԓȄܛᒞȶӱআณҦȂដ௒঎࢑ȷȂӶ೪ॏᇨձෂᘉਣϑ ݨΤၒཏདྷ჌ȂᒋӬ΢ϏᇅՍดȂٻϟܫຬՅՍԚΚЉӵȂӶᐍঐ༫ݔ ϜԚ࣐ΚঐᑀҴޠजᏱ൑ϰȄ38 ؄ᅤη྄ڐᗀف༫ݔ᛻೛ȂȮ໤௒ୌଅȯԥȶ۩ࡊഌȷത࿾஠፤ρ Фᑺ࡛Ȅуሓӽ٦ٳȶ೾߯ີ௞Ȃᘙࣵξತ࿳ϟၦпݾ༫ুȷȂЇᄈȶٲ ٲࣲҾӫ༫ȷȂՅණএȶӱӵښۤȂϛܴԚُȷȂൊ᠎൸ӵڦ؆Ȃѐᡘ഻ ཏȄਫϜȶڦෂӶআȷΚ࿾஠ّԄեѾңȶๆើȷȄԄӶ಼Ϝϲࡊڎᜟ ໡Κȶ߰८ȷȞ֊ਊ८ȟםޒޠຝๆȂܼ࢑Ȉ ࢑಼ϟѿѢȂЦԥΡ߰८Ȃ߰८ϟѵȂณуޑؽȄֳܼڐϜȂ ࠍڎۭϟ෺ӏύՔȃԌᢏਜ਼஢ȃ໵ྮԽᐚȂпІ܂ٿϟᐠ΢ ސ፪ȃ᎗ૅ෭υȂഀ΢ழ଼ȂᅿΤ߰८ϟϜȂձשЉดშฬȄ йέਣਣᡑГȂϛ࣐ΚۢϟםȄߩ੬Ւ՘ϟርȂ཯ΚᛏᡑΚ ჌ȂእΚᑝඳΚෂȂ֊ᛯᢠਣȂॴ཯Ь୞ȂҼڔڔ౵םȄ࢑ ΚСϟϲȂ౫яԼξ࿳ൾٺύٺЬȂᖃп߰८ԞϟȄ39 ᇅॏԚȶআෂȷϛӤޠ࢑Ȃу؂ᗪཏๆਲޠजᏱၽңȄկ೼၈Ѡึ ౫ȶ߰८ȷᇅξ٩ᜣϟ໣ޠཌྷֽᖓᛯȄഇႇਊ८ϟๆܗξ٩ᜣᢏగѵෂȂ ၿ౪࢑ΚኻޠȂࠊ޲࢑ȶআෂȷȂࡤ޲࢑ȶআᜣȷȄξ٩ᜣಌ୞ਣ૗ٻෂ ޑᡑГณጐȂดՅϛӤޠ࢑ѻᕼӵࣵωȂࠧАξ٩Ȃ؂૗ւңઢۊٿ௢ ښᑜຝޑӈȂȲৈۤዃȳܛ᎗Зඣኡޠ೼Κ՚ࢸۊᏣȂҔ࢑೼ٳяۊϟ ೏Ȅ؄ᅤέᇴژȶ߰८ȷϟๆ૗ᇅу޲ϸٵȈ ϛկ৐ϐȂচѠ৐΢Ȅϛ੬пՒѵณጐϟෂՔឹΤՒϜȂচ ѠпՒϜܛԥϟ΢ޑȂٯΚϹංৱݕዻৣяๆѵȂпറٿ܂ ၾ΢ϟޗ፭ȄեηȉпϲຝѵȂڿ࢑Κൾ߰८ύЬȇՅпѵ ຝϲȂҼ࢑Κൾਊᓟ΢ޑȄឌԄܝׁᗝჅȂڴ݊ᆺЅȂᇅϟ ኇෙᢏฬȂϸ᜸ܩరȂܗ໾ܗᅉȂӉએӉକȂՍѵᢏϟȂณ ΚϛӤᛳٲȄ40 38 ஼ঢ়ᢟࡿяȂȶআෂȷٯߩԄΚૢܛᇰ࣐ޠȂ࢑ആ༫ޠΚᆎ᛻೛КݳȂՅ࢑ਗ਼І༫ݔ ޠᖃᡞ೤დڸڏᡞෂძޠȶཏძȷᄻࡧȄُȮ༫վӓមȯȞҰঢ়ೆȈύ՚΢ҖяޏަȂ 1993ȟȂॳ 330Ȅ 39_{Ȯ໤௒ୌଅȯȂॳ 181Ȅ} 40 ӤαພȂॳ 182Ȅ

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ࣻၷϟίȂξ٩ᜣ࢑൑ӪޠȂᑜຝ޲ϛܿញᄇȂᄈᗵؾڏࡅૐܓȂ ᄈу޲ηڏ௢ښձңȄ჌ᙁӢ΢٦ኻٻңѬ࢑ȶ৐ϐȷȂᗷด೼጖ϊᇴ ࢑ȶ৐΢ȷޠȂկԄᐍঐࢉٲܛұȂۗಥпᅗ٘عܓޠصདྷᇅమగ࣐ҭ ޠȄ؈ᕄᆏᢛӢ΢࣐ȶۊ΢ȷȂȶу΢ңпಅሊȂӢ΢ңпᒶᢪȷȂȶӢ΢ ڏԫձңȂڐ۩ۣϟٲཿȂ҇ԥѠᢏȄȷ41 ݏҔԄԫޠၘȂ٦ঈႲّ Πȶ౫хܓȷϜڏԥ߮౲ܓޠΚ८ȂԄ༺ࡅᅮޠϊᇴȮΚΟΥѳȯϜܛ ඣᛳޠȂᐍঐަཽڸঐ΢ೞဋܼӓ᠍лဏȶՃτ঱ȷޠኈຝᆀ௢ϟίȄ ϛႇ௄Ӣ΢ഷࡤӪቱቱڸዻԝяξ٩ᜣޠٿᐤȂծоཱུᙡᙾᐡȂ঩ٿೞ ௢ښޠη૗஋ϸٵ೼Κུ׭೛Ȃܓրᜱ߾ԥܛጦڸȄ

ϥȃᏘຝᇅᑜຝȈ೾ߺНᏱᇅຝញޠණЁ

ȲৈۤዃȳϜᇅঘ౪ڸजᏱࣻᓀޮޠ؂ԥΚ२૖๝Ȃ֊ӶᢏࣽРԓ αȂᙁӢ΢ഇႇξ٩ᜣޠᢏࣽ឵ܼΚᆎ௒ՔȶᑜຝȷȂ೼я౫Ӷ࣐ȶ్ ॴȷ੕ዝޠ݃ఽϟርޠНᏱϜٯϛۊܐȂկҦܼξ٩ᜣޠϮΤȂٻȶᑜ ຝȷРԓ౱Ң࢛ٳུޠ੬፵Ȅ೼၈שདྷණяၦпଇ፤ޠ࢑ȶᏘຝȷڸȶᑜ ຝȷޠୱᚡȄ૮ᖟΚঐၷڏхߓޠᢏᘉȂ֊ࠐ࿆ݙȞNorman Brysonȟ

ӶȶᏘຝᇅයຝȷȞThe Gaze and the GlanceȟΚНϜ஡՚РޠᢏࣽРԓ

྆ࢃȶᏘຝȷȂᇅϟࣻᄈȂᇰ࣐ݎРȞєࢃϜ୾ᇅСҐȟޠڏȶයຝȷ ੬ኊȄܛᒞȶᏘຝȷȂՍ 1970 Ԓхпٿᆌࢡڸܝ۬ԥᜱȶᏘຝȷޠ፤ख़ ᄈܼዊजຝញНϾःف౱Ң౐ڔኈ៫Ȃ42ࠐ࿆ݙ௄ज೛ѭِ࡚ϸݚΠዊ ࢹН᛻ඉᑺਣ෉ޠᛳฬȂڐӕ౫ᄈຬӶฬঢ়ጃۢޠຝᘉϜೞϛᘟ௄ਣ໣ 41 ȮញзӫّΫΡዃȯȂॳ 82Ȅ 42 ᆌࢡޠȶᏘຝȷ፤ख़ഷ຀ӫޠ࢑уӶȮ೤ଌᇅᛄᆵȯΚਫϜණяޠȶӓෂභຝлဏȷ ȞpanopticismȟȄཏᒞዊࢹՍ 18 зखпٿҦఃᇍ౪ܓึ৥яٿޠޤᜌᜋقڸަཽᐡ ښȂ೾ႇᆀᅱȃᚃଲ๊ޫ໣஡΢ᡞဋܼᢏᄇڸᆀ௢ޠȶᏘຝȷϟίȄ೼ᆎȶᏘຝȷ ϛӏࡿณܛϛӶޠᆀ௢΢ޠ᠍ΩᐡښȂηࡿ΢ᄈܼՍٙޠ࿝ᄇڸփᔯȄُ Michel Foucault,Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books,1979),p.195-228.ܝ۬Ӷԥᜱȶᜣ჌ᇇᇄȷȞmirror stageȟڸȶຬኊફזȷȞsymbolic orderȟޠ፤ख़ϜȂᇴ݃ȶع΢ȷᏘຝڐࡋᡞᄈຬȶυ΢ȷޠᜱ߾Ȅُ Jacques Lacan,The

Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis (New York: Norton, 1978), p.67-119.೼

ٳ፤ख़ளೞၽңܼυܓлဏႬኈ౪፤Ȃ୥ȶعܓᏘຝȷȞmale gazeȟ఩ҭȂColumbia

Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism,eds.,Joseph Childers and Gary

Hentzi (New York: Columbia University Press,1995ȟȂp.173-174.ѫ୥ȶᏘຝȷ఩ҭȂ ُᄒ࣑ඐጢ຀ȂȮᜱᗥԆ 200ȯȞѯіȈബҥяޏަȂ2003ȟȂॳ 122-123Ȅ

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ϟࢻϜܫຬяٿȂშ჌ೞᏘڿӶ࢛ȶۢᘉȷαȄҦԫخُӵࡿя೼ᆎȶᏘ ຝȷᢏࣽРԓޠጃҴȂڐϲӶᡓᒯ֊਴ෛܼ՚РНϾྜሊࢻߞޠȶՍด ᄙ࡚ȷϟϜȄԥདܼȶᏘຝȷޠ׌४Ȃࠐ࿆ݙпϜСᛳฬ༉ಜ࣐پȂᇰ ࣐ݎРᛳฬܛ֖౫ޠ࢑ΚᆎȶයຝȷȂ֊пߓ౫์Ꮟཏ፹࣐лȂӕ౫ޑ ӈٯߩ࣐࢛ΚຝᘉܛڿۢȂӶਣ໣ႇโϜ৥໡ڏȶߓᅌܓȷȂᙥԫᄃ፻ ฬঢ়Սש׈๢ޠϲӶঔᎵȄ43 ࠐ࿆ݙԫᇴཏӶܦ৥՚РຝഐȂйܛᒞȶයຝȷጃ૗྆ࢃϜ୾ᛳฬȂ ܗጃϹӵᇴȂϜ୾ȶН΢ฬȷޠᢏࣽРԓȂ೼ᇅΚૢᇰ࣐Ϝ୾ᛳฬΚӪ ଢؒȶઢծȷՅߩȶםծȷޠᢏᘉٯณڎयȄጃᄃ௄ᗃሁژုڐ݀ȶН ΢ฬȷܛចోޠजᏱቌঅӪٿ۩лࢻӵ՞ȂӶ݃ఽਣ෉ڐ༉ಜٯґ૿ ဤȂկѫΚР८ȂҔԄӶ՚РຝញНϾϜȶᏘຝȷٯߩ២ݗΚ༶ȂՅԇ ӶӼᆎᡑᡞȄ٦ቅӶϜ୾ᅟߞՅፓᚖޠຝញНϾϜȂȶයຝȷҐٙڏԥ ӼᆎםԓȂηϛ௷ଷڐуᢏࣽРԓޠԇӶȄӶ೼Р८ȂࢡࡢੀȞCraig ClunasȟӶȮϜ୾ԟ෉౫хޠშ჌ᇅຝ஀ȯΚਫѠᒞӒ៯ϟձȄ၏ਫᄈ ܼ݃хФڔӠږᇅҖ໣Ϗ᛻ࠣޠშ჌Ң౱Іڐȶຝ஀ᄃ፻ȷȞpractices of visionȟޠःفߓ݃ȂࣻᄈܼȶН΢ฬȷлࢻजᏱཏ፹ٿᇴȂӶᇰᜌ፤ ቺ८αϑя౫ΚᆎུޠȶຝݳȷȂ؂ຯߗѵࣩ౫ᄃՅڏԥଢؒȶםծȷ ӕ౫ޠ་ӪȄ44ҐНܛᇴޠȶᑜຝȷ֊ᇅȶםծȷ་ӪࣻΚयޠᢏࣽР ԓȂࣻᄈȶයຝȷՅّȂϑ឵ܼΚᆎȶᏘຝȷȄ ٲᄃαՍϰ݃пٿϊᇴȃᔜቒབᗎᑺ౿Ȃڐ໣գᓎ຀࠳Ҁစᔽޠึ ৥Ȃࣻᔗޠя౫ԄଢؒᖑՔϟ৐ȃ२ຝޑ፵Ңࣁ๊ཏᜌםᄙޠ࢛ٳᡑ ୞ȂҦ࢑Ӷ༉ಜНϾϜຝញѓ૗ூпණЁȄ೼࿌ดηЇ࢏Ӷ೾ߺНᏱϟ ϜȂȲৈۤዃȳࠍя౫ӶϜ՚НϾһ௦ޠᐤѭਣڔȂ࣐ȶᑜຝȷڸȶᏘ ຝȷϟ໣ޠᅥഇᒋӬആԚᜳூޠ࠷ᐡȄί८ᄈܼȶᑜຝȷӶՍٙНϾϜ ρҢρߞޠक़ၭ౲ђଢख़Ȃ᝸Յ౲፤ξ٩ᜣܛழٿޠ౫хܓӱષȄ ӶѡڑНᝧϜϛнȶᑜຝȷȃȶᑜࣽȷ๊᜞ཋȂԄȮ۞φȅዠНϵίȯȈ ȶᢤҳራࣻᑜȂ⽞ᕔࣻ௄ȂࠍЯҕ୾΢ࣲ፯ϟȷȄȶᑜȷԆݯαϛၿ኉ϟ ཏȂՅȮᅖਫȯଅၸڠН֘ȶᡆ௄ЙᑜȷѨ଼ࣻԄޠࢉٲࠍ༉࣐जፚȄ ᇅΚૢᢏࣽϛӤޠ࢑Ȃᑜຝழԥؾஞܓ፵Ȃᇅعυࣻਗ਼ࠍ֥ԥమగޠԚ

43_{Norman Bryson,ɆThe Gaze and the Glance,ɇin Vision and Painting,p.87-131.}

44_{Craig Clunas,Pictures and Visuality in Early Modern China (London: Reaktion}

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ϸȄԄ଼ΜȅലٸȞMartin JayȟܛᇴȂਫቹНҐϜចోΠτ໕ԥᜱຝញ ޠཏຬᇅЩൖȂบԄᙵ൳ޠ␿ᜣȂ׸ৣяᇮّᇅདޤРԓȄ45ԥᜱຝញ ޠߓख़τ໕ԇӶܼөᆎڑᝳϜȂᄈܼȶᑜຝȷޠ௥فਗ਼Іདۣફזڸᇰ ᜌ੬ኊȂՅӶϜ୾НϾᐤѭϜȂۼច؂౐ޠծо؂ਗ਼ІНԆᇅშ჌ޠᜱ ߾ȂӶ೼Р८Ᏹ޲ࡿяӶϜ୾НԆڏԥՎାณαޠӵ՞Ȅ46׉΢ϑԥȶُ ਫϛُშȷϟዋȂܛᒞȶѿშѢѭȷޠ༉ಜȶԟ൸੒ѷӶᐤѭ౐೏ȷȄ47 ᡘดӶ೼၈ᜳпᄈ೼ٳፓᚖୱᚡձ౐Τଇ፤Ȃ࣐ܼ߰౪၍ҐНޠឋᚡȂ ༊൸དۣફזڸᇰᜌ੬ኊР८౲ᖟپφණٽΚঐτयޠनෂȄ ྇ᏑᇾȮᏑঢ়ٙᡞᢏȯΚਫഇ៪я༉ಜޠлࢻࡧདྷၘᇮ࢑Ԅեࣽࡠ ΢ᡞϥۣޠȄуࡿя׉݃౪Ᏹ२ຝȶ౪ȷȃȶ੊ȷϟ៞ᇅȶϏЊȷᄃ፻ȂȶԄ ݏשউ஡౪ᏱϏЊ፤ڸၿఁܓڽᚗঔϟᏱܗդఁЦᢏᚗၽϟ೛ࣻЩၷȂ ౪Ᏹঢ়ጃᄃၷЎݨཏٙᡞޠ८ࣻ˕˕ܗ޲ᇴȈԥȂկѻ࢑ᜟርޠȄȷ48 ਫϜၐݚ۞φпȶםɯ੊ɯעȷή޲࣐лޠٙᡞ๗ᄻȂᗷดԥȶԇܼ΢ ޲Ȃೄًܼ಄φȷޠၘȂՅȶЗϟۣࠍࡧȷȂّ݃ȶҭЗࣻ೾ȷȂܛ஽። ޠ࢑ಂ࿙ޠޤܓѓ૗Ȅ۞φᏱࣃޠᆡᡝ࢑᝸ܜѡхȶᖒᇅဒପȃ݃ᇅහ ପȷޠࡧདྷ༉ಜȂ֊ᡞ౫ȶᏑঢ়ᄈȺᆹᖑޤ௒Ȼޠ२ຝȂկ੬ր஽።Շ ԩޤញޠ੬ੇӵ՞ȷȄژࡤзȂȶ׉݃ᏑᏱ௄โ݃ၿȃᗃαጿпՎе໩݃ȃ ᛴߗྪȂӼԥл஼ܓٙϛϸȃձңُܓȃϥۣһᒋޠ౪፤Ȃ೼२དྷݳᡘ ด࢑۞φᏱ፻ם౪፤ޠึ৥ȷȄ49 Ӷе໩݃Ȯᇮᓄȯ၈ȂԥᜱՇҭޠңມ࢑ݽ᠜ΠಭᄜޠᇴݳȂԄȶȮτ ᏱȯϟܛᒞٙȂ֊Շҭπቆѳ޵࢑ηȄమঔٙȂ߰࢑्ҭߩᙅϽຝȂՇ ߩᙅϽ᠚ȂπߩᙅϽّȂѳ޵ߩᙅϽ୞Ȅ्ঔ೼ঐٙȂٙαԄեңூϏ ЊȉЗ޲ٙϟл৛ȂҭᗷຝՅܛпຝ޲ЗηȂՇᗷ᠚Յܛп᠚޲ЗηȂ πᇅѳ޵ᗷّ୞Յܛпّ޲ЗηȌȌȄȷ50έȈȶЗϛ࢑Κ༶՗ՉȂδ ޤញ೏߰࢑ЗȂԄՇҭϟޤຝ᠚ȂК٘ϟޤฯᝩȂԫޤញ߰࢑ЗηȷȄ έᇴȈȶًޤϛҦُᆹՅԥȂՅُᆹೄߩًޤϟңȂȌȌसлཏᓟဟ஠

45_{Martin Jay,Downcast Eyes,p.1.}

46_{Rey Chow,Primitive Passions:Visuality,Sexuality,Ethnography,and Contemporary Chinese} Cinema (New York: Columbia University Press,1995), p.13-14.

47_{ُച҂঩ȃৈᐏैጢݨȂȮშ჌ఐఽȯȞЉࢼȈԼ߇Н᛻Ȃ2006ȟȂॳ 1-2Ȅ} 48 ྇ᏑᇾȂȮᏑঢ়ٙᡞᢏȯȂॳ 1-2Ȅ 49_{ӤαພȂॳ 190-210Ȅ} 50 Ȯе໩݃ӓ໲ȯڣ 3 ᇮᓄ 3Ȟα੖Ȉα੖ѡᝳяޏަȂ1992ȟȂॳ 119-121Ȅ

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пयًޤ࣐ٲȂࠍδӼᆹӼُȂೄߩयًޤϟѓȄȷ51ӶеЫȶณ๢ณ ඍȷޠڽᚡϜఃड़ȶႴਃȷ֊ܺӉޣញޠΚၰȂկӶȮᇮᓄȯϜϬτय ٸඊ۞φޠᇴݳȂϥۣೞȶًޤȷܛಜᗓȂՇҭϟ໣஘Ӓ஘ࡤٯϛ२्Ȅ ᏒᆔԄԫȂȶُᆹȷȃȶՇҭȷ๊ᇮມᇴ݃ȶϥۣһᒋȷޠ੬ᘉȂӶᔫ࢐ ߓႁϜηចో຀࢛ٳᇅп܂፤ख़ޠϛӤϟ೏Ȅ τ໕ၭຬߓ݃ȂࠐᑺܼΫϳзखޠᔜԣȃϊᇴॷӒຨ፞τಁޠൊᆹ ዆ُȃᖑՔϟ৐ȂҦ࢑ޣ௦ඣኡΠСளзࣻޠߓ௒ᇅ࠽ᄙȂ൸Җఋޠȶ௒ ད๗ᄻȷՅّȂࠍգᓎ຀࢛ᆎȶ౫ຬᏱȷཏဏαޠᙾ׸ȄԄեْ౪ȞRobert E. HegelȟࡿяȂӶ 16ȃ17 зख෱౫τ໕ϊᇴඩშȂᇴ݃ϊᇴᎨ᠟ᚕϛ ໡ຝញᢏ፭Ȃйშ჌ᇨձབઊ೤ጓᇅᆡጞȂཏک຀᠟޲፹کޠᡑϾȂη ࢑Нς୥ᇅޠ๗ݏȄ52଼۞ශӶᜱܼ݃хȮ՚අଅȯޏฬඩშޠ஠ᚡः فϜᇰ࣐ȂяޏНϾᄈຝញܓϟᜱݨȂഇႇᆎᆎෂਲџᢏࣽ΢ޑఅٲൠ ෂޠ೪ॏȂߓұᄈȶᢏࣽȷޠ஽੩ՍញȂშ჌ᘜ಴ΠȶНȷޠл৛Յᙾ ᡑژࣻᄈޠᑀҴȄ53ޠጃϛ༊࢑შ჌Ȃ௄НԆϲৡαᇴȂȮ՚අଅȯϑ ֖౫ڎᆎᑜຝዂԓȂΚᆎ࢑عܓޠȃѫΚᆎ឵ܼȶу޲ȷޠᑜຝȂᄈࡤ ٿޠኈ៫ᜳпၿ٩ॏȄ ಒΚឭ၈Ȃ஼࿆֘Ӷ඾ఀԌϜߒُ៸៸ਣȂЇ᙮ඣቹуȈȶ᜻ϛࠋ ޠُΠ࿳ξȂծ೼ૢѠൊ্ޠᛂڌك෇ُȄࠍ຀΢ಂ߇ᙕ༅πᜳّȂ᡺ ቁڌॵӶљЉȷȄȶᎶಂగ஡एȂᢕπళޫࠡȄޫ຀שഇଽᡝࣻࡧ੿࢘Ȃ ࡪ࿌уᖞџऎݱ٦ΚᙾȷȄȶ࿸Ք΢ڌѠཏȂছঢ়ܑ΢ޤၿȂࣽਣ࿾ౌಂ ୑ᕣȄȷ54೼Κُ៸៸ޠႇโቹூ۾ᰏԣ׸Ȃ࣐஼Ң೪ॏΠөᆎຝِІ ڐઢᄙȂՅᄈܼуಂϜޠ៸៸Ȃη྄ඣኡȶЏޑȷϟ૗ٲȄЏڐ࢑ԃȶᖞ 51 ӤαພȂڣ 2 ᇮᓄ 2Ȃॳ 71Ȅ 52

ُ Robert E.Hegel,Reading Illustrated Fiction in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1998),p.1-17. 53 ଼۞ශȂȲՇҭϟޗ˕˕௄Ȯ՚අଅȯޏฬඩშ፤ఐ݃яޏНϾᄈຝញܓϟᜱݨȳȂ ॳ 201-277Ȅѫ୥ചҔ׊ȈȲ༉ಜ໰໲ϜޠၒฬӬᘺІڐӶΫϳзखޠུᡑ˕˕п݃ ΢ӬձȮ᛿૪ύܙშڣȯ࣐ϜЗȳȂཽឋ፤НȂӶಒѳ۪౐ӴЬᏏ፤Ꮼȶ໤௒໌य ˕˕Н΢ڸуউޠ᛻೛ȷ୾ርᏱ೛ःଇཽαࡈ᠟ȂҦ౐Ӵฬଲڸ኉୾੖኉൤τᏱ᛻ ೛ѭقӬᒳȂ2007 Ԓ 11 У 20-22 СȄНϜࡿяН΢໰໲ޠȶၒฬӬᘺȷ༉ಜӪٿ࢑ пၒ࣐лȂᛳშ឵ህֆܓޠȂՅȲ᛿૪ύܙშڣȳࠍዀᇭ຀ȶಒΚԪ઎Ҕٻၒฬ۩ ܼӤ๊ӵ՞ޠӬᘺԓ഻ձȷȄ೼η૗ᇴ݃ȶຝញܓȷණЁޠ࢛ᆎ୞ӪȄ 54 㿩 еᄃظ຀ȃ∀ᔿߒᠨۢȂȮ՚අଅȯȂُȮཹकࡊ ڔ༉ۊȯȞඵԏȈԱងኅങѡᝳڔ ӠަȂ1990ȟȂॳ 106-114Ȅ

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џऎݱ٦ΚᙾȷȂᎸॲ♚♚Ȃϛᘟᐮକ௒ՔޠНᏱདྷ჌ȂȮ՚අଅȯϜߤ п࢛ȶ୾ᏱҢȷձޠȲऎݱΚᙾ፤ȳȈ ࣦؽࠛȊ௒ϟ୞ܼϲ޲ϛѠႆȂࠍઢϟႼܼѵ޲ϛѠ௬Ȅᇑ ΢ϟԥЗȂڐઢӶҭȄЗҔࠍҭҔȂՍดϟ౪ηȄϭٺ΢Ϙ φమ܉Р຃ܼߒُϟਣȂࠍ௒ᐴܼϜȂՅઢᒁܼѵȂଐৡܼ Ս௬ࠛȊ նლᢏ፞ആϾؽȄЉӵҴᝦჂϟ՞Ȃജ໩୞ⸯᡉϟᐡȇՅέ ჃϟпႫᎪȂዝϟпॴߧȂၽϟпѳਣȂ῏ϟпСУȄΚথ Κ࢚ȂࣻኟࣻᒁȂดࡤ΢ϟ࣐΢Ȃூп࿹ڨ├⻐ϟ੊ȂՅԥ ԫऀดϟٙηȄЊࢌӱΡϥ༾ᆡՅԥԫٙȂࠍ௒మࣻདȂҐ ፞ЉՅڏܼשȄࢉδЊஐϟཎȂ័ดᛇดȂՅуณܛ૗޲Ȃ ࣐ۧమ܉ϟܛ౟ȂݸпҢ៸ϘजณᚗȂᖒኌೄІȂڐ૗ռ࢑ మ܉оȉ55 ೼጖ณӫЫޠၾᔜНതࠔഇ៪яΚٳུޠНϾၦଊȈΚτࢳᖄ፤ ȶആϾȷϟᇮȂณߩᆩ໲Π༉ಜޠলᏱᇮཋȂࠔ஽።࣐ആϾܛᗪޠȶٺ ΢ϘφȷȄл৛уউٙЗ࢑ȶ௒మȷȂՅಂ࿙ೞဋܼॷ्ӵ՞ȄᇅȮ՚අ ଅȯϲৡࣻΚयȂ೼၈ޠȶ௒మȷᜱоՔ௒ȂՅಂ࿙ࠍ࢑௒మϟๆȄН തᆒΩඣᛳعυл΢ϵѳҭࣻһޠΚڔȂ៸៸ޠȶऎݱΚᙾȷ࢑Ӷ஼Ң ޠຝ஀ϟϜȂ࿌ดழԥعܓޠ௒ՔصདྷȂดՅԫНቹၿȈȶ៸៸ȌȌࠍ ࢑ٺ΢ϟܧ๶޲ηȄདྷܼᒄԌజয়ȂᎍࣻᗜଣȄဤकᅗ৸Ȃఽෂႂ΢Ȃ ݸుυܼᖞџϟਣȂᔨࣼᏘቴȂऎݱΚᙾȂࠍ܅መ༟ॴࢻȂષ㣂ܺ໌޲Ȃ ⓗϛࠐดՅད୞ढȉȷȶདྷڐሇࣵᄙ࡚Ȃோ຀ُܼࢻࣿϟਣȂᐩᢪᆡ๽Ȃ ᖟ֖៪ܼᙾᢚϟርȂၗܛᒞӲᓟΚ៬Լ൫ҢȄȷӤኻூژ஽።ޠη࢑ԃ ޠȶ௒మȷȈ ៸៸ᗷजȂϛႇӒࣻ୾ΚυφᅮȂեпޒڐҭ࣐ऎݱढȉੇ ϛޤࢍυ࡫ȃऎςඎȂөӱޑϾՅԥܛདढȉݸо኷ࢍЉ ੊Ȃ߇ࢪލֿȂՅ៸៸Ξпਢ൴ΚٙȂ֥ཕ࿳ᆎȇђп२ᜱ ΢ᓘȂ౐ଲఏߞȂដෂቩඎȂഈਣକ࡮ȂՍԥϛ૗ϑ޲Ȅ੬ пਢ᠝۟᝖Ȃ૯࠘໾ݧȇα࣐ཐᒒϟܛܴᛯȂί࣐ٹஔϟܛ 55 ୾ᏱҢȂȲऎݱΚᙾ፤ȳȂӤαພȂॳ 273Ȅ

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໮٪ȂՅԫ௒Ξ዗ӆܼϜȂᓊՅґึՇȄᢏڐඩॸϛᇮȂࡷ УߞᢲȂՅέՍᒞȶԥ௒ኖۈУȂณᇮ࡫ݎॴȷȂ྆ѠُؽȄ ΚҎ᡾ႅল΢Ȃԫ௒ᗙึȂ௒ࢌࠐดȂՅึܼڐЗઢȂଐϛ ઌดՅྗܼڐҭоȊ56 ೼ΚࢳѠຝձ៸៸௒మᔇ׼ޠЗ౪ϸݚȂη࢑෾ᡘડ์ί؈ᝌ্ޠ ᙣҐȄڐᄃ࢑ձ޲ӶໍΚؐؒᜍ௒మᇅЗઢȃಂ࿙ޠᜱ߾ȄНϜȶࠐดȷ ΚມȂΚૢᇅعܓޠȶࠐକȷࣻᖓᛯȂկпԫЇ᙮םৡ៸៸ޠࢍ௒ึ୞Ȃ ηཏک຀௒మၘᇮዂጚΠܓրৰ౵ȄӶ݃ఽڎхȶऎݱΚᙾȷ࣐ς΢ࢼ ࢼ዆ၿȂԄЏ᮶пԫ࣐ᚡձΠΚ጖ȶၾᔜΥ޷НȷȂࢻክϛϑȄ57 Ȯ՚අଅȯϜѫΚঐȶу޲ȷޠᑜຝዂԓȂ֊ಒѳ׸Ϝ៸៸ᇅ஼Ң ࡘཽȂڎ΢Ӷࡊϲ㓊⨷ϟርȂक্Ӷѵ८๊຀Ȅ೼Κಡ࿾࣐ϰҒӫς྇ ᆱᆋȞ1296-1370ȟܛݨཏȂуӶΚಣᡘดڨژϰԣኈ៫ޠॸჶᡞၒϜȂ ቹژعυȶؾཽȷȈȶУဤ߇ജۈᅔߞȂࣻഈᅹ࢑ჳାভȄۈ౐୑ױማക ྲȂบ৽ⷷѸᕡራӏȄȷ58೼ঐȶ୑ױማകྲȷޠ࢑ع࢑υٯϛఽྀȂ ՅӶණ٪٦ঐȶⷷѸȷਣȂࠍڏᗵؾཏᜌȄԫಡ࿾ӶȮ՚අଅȯ҅ݾё ҐϜُ፞შ჌Ȃ֊пȶҢ၍៸ՙक୑ຝȷ࣐ᚡȂѿॳ࢑஼Ңᇅ៸៸ֳӶ טݽȂѢॳ࢑क্Ӷߟᖂ୑ࣽȄ59ڐᄃӶቒҐϜ೼Κಡ࿾ఓՅϛᡘȂկ ԫშϛ༊შ၍НҐȃй࣐НҐ໡ܦΠ࣐у޲ᑜຝίޠؾஞޫ໣Ȅ೼ȶу ޲ȷϛ༊࢑υܓȂй឵ܼȶѸஔȷٙӌȄ೼ޣ௦ኈ៫ژȮߝ౮ధມၘȯȂ ؄౮ڌᇅ՚ߟኋؾ೾٦Κ࿾௄Ȯ՚අଅȯ಴फՅٿȄ೼Κኈ៫ϛЦܼ׌ ഌȂӶϊᇴϜτ໕୑ᑜޠ௒࿾යُܼఅٲϜȂԚ࣐ᐍᡞ๗ᄻޠఅख़ᐡ ښȄձ޲ΩშױѻউಜឹӶዟߝጹޠȶߐҭȷϟίȇӶԃᇅ՚ߟኋІಁ ৒ێޠ᠍ΩލჵϜȂԃޠȶ୑㏖ȷІ᠍ΩమగڏлᏳܓȂᄈܼл्௒࿾ ޠ๗ᄻᇅ໡৥ԥᆫᖟҭ஼ϟਞȄӶᅌұ՚ߟۻϜعυȃлѸϟ໣ޠፓᚖ ᜱ߾ਣȂуʝԃউޠᑜຝϛ༊੕ഇ຀௒మȂйථұΠϛӤޠ໧઼ٙӌІ మగनࡤޠޑ፵ஆᙄȄ೼η࢑೼ഌϊᇴӶȶѳτۊਫȷϜրᐚΚቿȂᄈ 56 ୾ᏱҢȂȲऎݱΚᙾ፤ȳȂॳ 274Ȅ 57_{ُఃѓȂȮᇴΥ޷ȯȞіٶȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ2000ȟȂॳ 46-48Ȅ} 58 ྇ᆱᆋȂȲ៊ჶ໲ȳȂُȮ྇ᆱᆋၒ໲ȯȞ݋ԏȈ੗ԱѡᝳяޏަȂ1994ȟȂॳ 402Ȅ 59_{ȮུёτԆቀҐӓࣻ୥ቩۊֽݨម՚අଅȯȞіٶȈߝѯ۱ঢ়ёҐȂ1498ȟȂُȮ݃} ё՚අଅӓშȯȞα੖Ȉ΢Җज೛Ȃ1983ȟȂॳ 184-185Ȅ

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ܼ΢ޑᇅСளՙॶޠߗоՍดлဏޠᆡಡඣቹϛ༊ཏک຀ᄈܼޑຬз ࣩޠུᇰᜌȂᇅ஽੩ޠຝញਞݏஞϹࣻᜱȄ Ȯߝ౮ధມၘȯ໡ۡ݃ဏআՍȮఽ҂ύஇၘҐȯޠΚࢳၘณߩ࢑ᜱ ܼȶऽ໱ᜳႇज΢ᜱȷޠՃҢளፚȂࠔԥᜱȶՔȷȃȶҭȷȃȶ௒ȷޠߓख़Ȉ ȌȌ௒ՔΡԆȂΞΚᡞΚңȄࢉՔ๟ܼҭȂ௒དܼЗȂ௒Ք ࣻҢȂЗҭࣻຝȄҺѡІϭȂϧ΢֘φȂ҆ӬנϟȄਤ΢ϢȈ ȶ௒ϟܛᗪȂҔӶשᎇȄȷԄᆅҰ֝២ȂႥᛥ዗೾Ȃณ௒ϟ ޑۧᅮȂեݸ࣐΢ȂಥСӶ௒ՔϜ୉ࣁॏ޲ढ?Ȅ60 ᇅα८ܛЖޠ୾ᏱҢȲऎݱΚᙾ፤ȳϜ፤І௒మᇅٙЗȃಂ࿙ϟ໣ ᜱ߾ޠၘᇮࣻЩၷȂܛᒞȶՔ๟ܼҭȂ௒དܼЗȷȂτԠαੇഋӤᘫȄ Ѭ࢑ױȶ௒ϟܛᗪȂҔӶשᎇȷ೼ΚᚮਤӫςޠπᓟᕬϹΤఐ݃ޠқᕁ ௒ዙȂՅȶ௒Քȷ፤ࠍጣՍդঢ়ޠȶՔޫȷᢏȂᐍഌϊᇴቹᅿȶ௒ՔȷȂ Յᘫ๗ܼȶГϾȷȄޠጃȂϊᇴϛӏпᑜຝ࣐лጤȂй൳ܼಂ࿙ޠཏຬȂ Џڐᡞ౫Ӷ՚ߟኋᇅዟߝጹٙαȂՅڎܓޠлѸᜱ߾α࢑᜻ঈΠޠȄ՚ ߟኋဵ࣐ȶѳࢷȷȂӱуޠȶϊೆԥѳಂϣϟᇴȷȂ61Ꮡঢ়စڑȮਫစȯ ԥȶ݃ѳҭȂႁѳᖒȂ☘ᖒ݃ȂձϰӮȷϟّȂկңϛα՚ߟኋȄ у Ң൸ȶΚᚗᑗԒܤ߇པ૪Ȃᄜಡॴ௒ޠၥಂȷȄ62ഷߒΚُዟߝጹ߰࢑ ԞΠȶήቁϳᏆΚૢȷȄуᏉଝ௒ՔȂᖄమϛϑȂΚؐؐٗӪྒྷྟȄژ ࡤٿϰ੊ᅛ૿ȂΚُژᙣ্φȂ൸ȶቁॵЉѵȂᏆോΟৠȂґ෇ᡞһȂ ᆡᏆӒѷȄȷ63ϑ֥ԥعܓҐ਴ޠӡᐡȄᇅԫࣻᄈȂዟߝጹ࢑ȶ࿡຀ಂ ڌޠߝথȷȂԃȶ஠Κ᠚ᢌᄇᏪȂ൷ᓟဟኄᏄȷȂٲٲဤΤԃՇҭȂ྄ڏ ᠍ΩమȂۻϜαίࣨϟԄᇑзЋߴȂЏڐ૗௢ښ՚ߟኋܼט⊎ϟ໣Ȃഷ ಥٻϟȶݷ࢞ᐸᅿȂᡝᆒ΢κȷȄ௄ܓրِ࡚ࣽȂϛൂਫቹΠΚঐȶജ ౿໩૿ȷޠ൴ّȄ Ȯߝ౮ధມၘȯϜຝញѓ૗౵о൷ளȂڐӵ՞ӶདޤقಜϜཏک຀ ࢛ᆎᐤѭޠණЁȂկױΚᚗࢴಂېϟпዟߝጹȂࠍ֥ԥӥၚȄԃη࢑ᖄ మႇ࡚Ȃഷࡤٙॷ౵೏ȂԬܼߩڽȂίൠᄟመȄ೼ณ౵ߓ៪Πܓր୒ُȂ 60_{៍ങ઱઱ҢȂȮߝ౮ధມၘȯಒ 1 ӲȂॳ 1 αȄ} 61 ៍ങ઱઱ҢȂȮߝ౮ధມၘȯಒ 51 ӲȂॳ 15 ίȄ 62_{ӤࠊພȂಒ 1 ӲȂॳ 6 αȄ} 63 ӤࠊພȂಒ 78 ӲȂॳ 28 ίȄ

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๞ȶᆍЬȷૢȶजυȷࢋᇅ༉ಜޠລڲȄ୒ُηਗ਼ІຝញȂܛᒞȶՔ๟ ܼҭȷȃȶಥСӶ௒ՔϜ୉ࣁॏ޲ȷȂϊᇴᄈܼႇ࡚ȶ௒Քȷึяឍ֚Ȃ ڐᄃԣ׸Ї࢏ΠҦܼӶަཽҢࣁϜຝញᡑூབઊ२्ՅЖକၿ኉৽ិ ᇅᅹඌȄկঅூݨཏޠ࢑ȂϊᇴԥԂං೏ඣቹ୑ᑜһ᠎ޠ௒࿾Ȃഎ௷ଷ ၿ኉ຠցՅߓ౫Πહᆟᑜຝޠ዆፹ȄԄಒΥӲቹዟߝጹঢ়၈୉ၿൠȂົ ࡚ݢτਣȂ٦ٳڸۧ୑ᑜԃᇅ՚ߟኋӶϲࡊһ᠎Ȃȶ᠚ΠঐϛҼ዆оȷȂ ࣦՎңᏑঢ়စڑȮ዆ଅȯϜȶКϟᇇϟȂ٘ϟᗑϟȷϟᇮٿђпםৡȂ ࿌ด࢑ΚᆎழԥᖷᘰޠਙңȄ64 ภȅ՝੬ȞLynn HuntȟӶ፤Іዊࢹ 16 зखпٿࢻ՘ޠȶࢍয়ȷ Ȟpornographyȟშ჌ᇅНᏱਣࡿяȂᐤѭӵࣽȂѻউӱϲৡȶ్ᙇȷ Յᄉ᎐ۣРڦጛȂՅӶᄪྒྷၿ኉ఁ఩ȃ᛻೛םԓ९ུȃණЁυܓлᡞ๊ Р८׹ᅌႇȶ९ڽȷޠِՔȄ65೼ኻޠࣽݳѠআᠨܼϜ୾ძႅȂՎ࿳ᐎ Ԓ໣Ȯߝ౮ధມၘȯُзϟርȂ࠳ҀҢࣁབᗎᖆᄹፓᚖȃަཽၿ኉Сᅛ ᚭԔȃؾ΢ཏᜌІڐޫ໣ޠቩߞȃНᏱ੒ຳᇅӠږНϾޠ୧ཿϾ๊঩ ӱȂࢍয়ฬᇅᢪ௒్ᙇϊᇴઊُࢻ՘ȂՎ݃ఽϟርᡑҐђቘȄӶ೼Р८ ؄ᅤηпࢍয়ϊᇴȮՉᇏყȯ຀ᆏȂਫϜᄈܼعυ୑ཽһ᠎ޠඣᛳؚࢸ ৻နȂτᖛϟโ࡚ц΢ڼՐȄ჌ȲৈۤዃȳΚኻȂȮՉᇏყȯΚ८ࡈ్Ȃ Κ८ࢋпȶᛄ٤ႆమȷޠྮᄎኇȂࠔ؂ԥΚอᇴݳȈȶߗСޠ΢௒Ȃܑ ᠟ဒစ፲༉Ȃൊࣽ➚ۣഐѭȄ൸࢑➚ۣഐѭ၈८Ȃέზᆹ܇ׄ࿾ဏϟٲȂ ൊ్ࣽ٤፜ӿϟਫȂॴߺՎϭȂѠᒞ᜶ᒁ྄ؽȄसᗚ຀ΚഌၿᏱϟਫȂ ᝏ΢࣐๢ȌȌуϛ࢑ܷΠ༭ᘼȂ൸࢑׷ΠяྮȂ٦၈޼ױಂ࿙џࣽȉȷ66 ҦԫѠُ࿌ਣНᏱ੒ຳᇅτಁᎨ᠟З౪ϟΚරȄᗻࠓӶऽណȮՉᇏყȯ זّϜࡿяȂᇅዊࢹՔ௒ϊᇴዦϜඣቹ೏υ໡ूϛӤȂϜ୾Ք௒ϊᇴࠍ ቹகѵ୑ԀȂᏒᆔԣಥ࠸໰Ȃ๞୑௒޲ࢋܼᛄᆵȂկᄈܼަཽၿ኉ᇅঘ ౪˕˕ЏڐᏑঢ়ޠঢ়৴ᢏ܉˕˕؂ڏࡅૐȄуᇰ࣐೼᜹ϊᇴޠཏဏٯϛ ᙐ൑Ȃ᠟޲׹ᅌᑜຝ޲ᇅຠց޲ޠᚗ२ِՔȂӶᎨ᠟Ȟєࢃშ჌ȟޠץ 64 ୥ച࡛๽ȂȲమޠᏘຝ˕˕Ȯߝ౮ధມၘȯޠ㵮ख़РݳȃຝញᇅܓրȳȂȮϜ୾Ᏹ೛ȯ ಒ 23 ᒯ Ȟ2005ȟȂॳ 91-121Ȅ

65_{Lynn Hunt,ɆIntroduction,ɇin The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins} of Modernity,1500-1800,ed.,Lynn Hunt (New York: Zone Books,1996),p.9-45.

66

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དϜ௥સೞຝձ࿲סޠమగзࣩȄ67ᐄ༂ջݢᄈȮՉᇏყȯȃȮᛣ஖φ༉ȯ ๊ϊᇴϜᜱܼ୑ᑜІڐؾஞޫ໣ޠܓրᇅ᠍ΩޠःفȂؾஞޫ໣ٯߩ׈ ӓࡍഗȂࠔளЖᇷಒή޲ђΤȂӤਣȶӱ࣐عυᏘຝޠৰ౵Ȃծо๞ᇅ υφ؂Ӽޠл୞᠍Ȅ೼ኻΚٿؾஞޫ໣ϟϲޠܓրᇅ᠍ΩȂᡘดϛ࢑ع ܓϜЗܗЯ᠍лᏳ๊྆܉ܛ૗ోࢃޠȄȷ68 ڐᄃӶȮߝ౮ధມၘȯϜ٦ᆎᄈܼᗵؾޫ໣ޠڏԥࡍഗ௷ѵȃ৐዆ ޠՔ௒ȶᑜຝȷȂܗԄዟߝጹޠ֥ԥ஽੩᠍Ωమగޠȃܓր᜻᙮ޠȶߐ ҭȷȂӶమగޠᅗ٘ᇅၿ኉ޠ৽ិϜᡞ౫ΠຝញޠΩ໕ȂϑԥȶᏘຝȷ ޠཏចȄȲৈۤዃȳ۾៊ΠҐρޠՔ௒ᑜຝᜋقȂҦܼȶξ٩ᜣȷޠϮ ΤȂณᅹ஽ϾΠຝញΩ໕ޠߓ౫ȂկϊᇴঈϛӶܼ෰࢘Ք௒ІᑜຝصȂ ՅᓀᆤΠঘ౪ڸजᏱޠНϾ૖๝Ȃᡘұя؂࣐౐ኅޠཏဏȄᡘՅُܿȂ ξ٩ᜣޠȶུۊȷϟ೏૗ٻЉీࠧАȂᕼ฼ޫ໣຾ᚕȂܗԄܺτშ჌ȃ ಌ୞ᜣᓟ๊ȂҔ࢑ࠊܛґԥӵӶ׭೛ޠቺ८αᡞ౫Π೼Κ՚ࢸᏣڏޠ ȶຝញ౫хܓȷ੬ኊȄԥᜱຝញઢۊޠདྷ჌ԟϑԥϟȂԄȮ՚ၾଅȯϜ ൸ԥ৙ਃޫޠȶЭಂߝ࿙ȷϟ᜹Ȃܗ޲Ԅ؄ᅤᜱ಼ܼϜȶ߰८ȷޠ೪ॏ η֥ԥෂՔಌ୞ޠདྷ჌ȄᗷดȲৈۤዃȳϜඣቹӢ΢૗ሊ຾ᚕࣽژቱቱ ޠၒѰȂܗ೩ԥܛၔ஼Ȃկξ٩ᜣ౴ഥ࢑ٿՍ՚Рޠȶ్ѾۊᏣȷȂН Ᏹȶ༉ۊȷࠔڏޑ፵ஆᙄȄ ᆌࢡӶȮᖞטᚃᏱޠ፜ҢȯΚਫϜථұȂӶ 18 зखዊࢹᚃᏱαޠ ޤᜌໍ৥ᇅᖞטᄃ፻ᆒΩएഇϛഇ݃ޠ΢ᡞȂٻϟѠُȂ௄Յ࡛ᄻΠȶᏘ ຝȷޠࡅ᠍ȄȲৈۤዃȳϜޠξ٩ᜣӤኻڏԥएഇΩȂᑜຝ޲؂࣐ᗵጷȂ Ӷሊ຾ᚕሎ௢ᑜຝᄈ჌Ȃᄈܼᗵؾስ஀؂൳ࡅૐܓȄӶᙁӢ΢ޠమగ៯ ٻίȂڐएഇᄈ჌ࠔ࢑ަཽՋᡞȂၽձܼ᠍ΩᐡښϟϜȂᄈܼ༉ಜঘ౪ ڸୁઢޠНϾ༗Ωକژ᜻᙮ձңȂ௄೼Р८ᇴᄈܼ΢ܓޠ၍ܺ૗ึද ȶ९ڽȷޠѓਞȄկѫΚР८᏶ᙥ೼ΚएഇΩȂӶܓրᇅ᠍Ωޠᜱ߾α ࡛ᄻ࢑؂࣐عܓϜЗޠȂҔԄϊᇴܼۗᙁӢ΢Ҧξ٩ᜣᑜُΚထೊԲϜ ᇧ៪ޠυஔȂഷࡤпуױԃউΚΚ።௒ؾ೾ձ࣐๗؃ȂܛᒞȶӢ΢ࢌќ 67

ُ Patrick Hanan,ɆIntroduction,ɇin The Carnal Prayer Mat,trans., Patrick Hanan (New York: Ballantine Books,1990),p.vii-ix.

68

༂ջݢȂȲཱུ೾෢ԣȈ݃ఽᢪ௒ϊᇴϜޠ௒మᇅޫ໣ȳȂၸܼᅫީ઎лጢȂȮమ௬ᔕᄕȈ

Ϝ୾ᐤѭНϾϜޠȶؾȷᇅȶ௒ȷ˕˕ؾ௒጖ȯȞѯіȈᅖᏱःفϜЗȂ2003ȟȂॳ 271Ȅ

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߇лȂέԞᅿထ߀ಁᢪȷȂՅ٦ٳυஔȶࢌϑяٰ៪ᗡȂЎϛூױΚᘉ ᡺นଋрᇅуȷȂࢌೞӢ΢ُژႇٙᡞȂηϛூϛҦу௢ښȂ೼጖ϊᇴ Ҧ࢑ᄖᓟᄖ׏ᅗ٘ΠعܓޠమగȄ

ϳȃ՚ࢸȶઢಂȷᇅϜ୾ຝញНϾ

1820 Ԓ٫ϰȞ1764-1849ȟձȲగሊᜣϜగУᅉȳΚၒȂ࢑᝸؄ᅤ ϟࡤέΚঅூ२ຝޠగሊᜣޠНᏱߓ౫ȄԄȶस௄У၈గӵ౩ȂηԚ݃ УߝݱՔȄႌो๢ፚйϽޫȂ֏ԥϥՔᑜЉ๎Ȅȷȶ܅Ϝᜣφस؂ᆡȂ ֕থഥѠᑜ֏८Ȅ֏ᇅ֕থႥڎࢹȂ੖ݱᅿ೏፣૗Ւȉȷདྷ჌௄УϜሊ గӵ౩ȂҦగሊᜣழٿޠޫ໣ཏᜌր໡ძࣩȄ٫ϰ࢑ԥఽΚхࡍᛡτӣ ڸစᏱӫՌȂԄеώޠःفࡿяȈԫၒȶߓ౫яΚ՞စ৲ڸၒ΢ᄈЉຬ ޠུᢏᄇȂڐᐤѭཏဏϛѠմզȄȷ69ጃᄃȂఽхпٿగሊᜣϬձ࣐՚ ࢸۊᏣՅூژ२ຝȂկԫၒηЇ࢏Π჌٫ϰ٦ኻޠαቺ໧઼ᄈܼగሊᜣ ޠᑺ፹ȂϬӶܼЉНȃ֊ԥᜱစ୾ϟτཿР८Ȅ࢏ྲϟίȂ؄ᅤޠϊᇴ ࠍЇ࢏ΠΚૢஹҖޠᑺ፹ȂҔ჌уױөᆎξ٩ᜣᇅȶߗຝȃሊຝ፞ಂᜣȷ ᘫΤӤ᜹ȂࠔӶܼຝΩҐٙȂ࢛ᆎཏဏαࠔ؂ޣ௦༉ሏΠٿՍ՚ࢸޠຝ ញၦଊȄดՅԥ፹ޠ࢑Ȃ࣐зߺτಁНϾܛߓ౫ޠξ٩ᜣڏԥ৐዆ܓȂ ්੒໤੒ຳޠРӪึ৥Ȅ൸ѵٿऌᏱ׭೛ޠ௦ڨՅّȂᇅᆡऽ໧ቺ຀ಂ ܼ୾ঢ়࢈ݾւઊΚኻȂӤኻ឵ܼΚᆎਙңȂࠔੇഋϸഐȂڐϜϛณװԣ ޠԚϸȄ ҔԄ࿌ߒւᅵᝯ๊΢Ӷ༉Τშ჌ІຝញᏣڏਣȂΚঐл्ҭޠη࢑ ༉ΤӏᏱȃංեഇຝݳΚኻȂԫཏηُ፞෾सగȲՍזȳȈ ΢ٙϥѨȂՇҭ࣐ີȂณᅹηȄՇᇅҭέ஘࣐ີоȉܾٴւ ලӼᆏՇѨ࣐ԼᏱϟҕȂᒞδ௳ڨпՇȂᏱୱܛпᔕᆡᔕኅ ηȄसҭѨȂࠍВܝӼᆏ࣐౪Ᏹϟ৲Ȅե޲ȉᇑ࿌ڐ଴ᇅޑ ႅȂُڐดȂ֊સڐܛпดȄҦಘΤಡȂҦԥםΤณםȂ౪ Ᏹۗಥᖃҭ࣐የؽȄՅϛᄀ௚࢑Ȃ݃ӏՔӏၷםᖑ૛کᑀ۩ αϸȂϛࢌ឵ܼҭоȉᢏЊٴѼᅵпҭ࣐۩ЦȄ۞φᒞԇо ΢޲Ȃೄًܼ಄φȄࠍδ௒໡ཏ୞ϟཌྷȂ҇ႁܼҭȇ๢ඍೄ 69_{еώȂȲ٫ϰగУᅉᇅ՚ࢸగሊᜣȳȂၸܼ༂ਣᠨлጢȂȮݎ՚һࢻ፤ᏬȯȞα੖Ȉα} ੖Н᛻Ȃ2001ȟȂॳ 149Ȅ

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௬ȂԄஉѿ࠷ดȄйՇϟܼᖑηȂԥࡠҭϟܼםηȄȌȌޑ ᡞԥτϊР༬Ȃ٤Ҕ୞ᓘȂ኶ԥӼᄁȂ՞ԥሊߗȂᛠߩܼҭ ៞޲оȉၗस࢑ȂࠍҭϟີܼՇηȂ݃ؽȄ70 ೼጖Нᝧࣻ࿌ڏఃұܓȂ൶ȶҭȷ࣐དۣϟॷȂଢ྘ڐࡧདྷྜᓟՎ В ܝ Ӽ Ȟ ֊ ࢨ ܝ შ ȟȂ ԫ Н ϟ ُ з ᗚ ౲ ԟ ܼ ল Ᏹ ቆ ડ ಑ ћ ᅮ Ȟ Ren DescartesȂ1596-1650ȟᜱܼӏᏱڸຝញޠ፤ख़Ȃ71_{Ї࢏Π࿌ਣ༉ఁςཏ} ᜌ౐೏ޠ࢛ᆎӔᜌȂծ࢑՚РຝញϜЗлဏݎᅛϟߒޠُᜍȄӶຝញН Ͼޠᐤѭ૖๝၈ࣽȂȲৈۤዃȳη࢑Κঐ՚ࢸȶઢಂȷޠ༉ۊȂڐᄃη מ܄ᜋቹΠΚԣᇅϜ୾НϾޠᛴ୦ѭȄඣቹξ٩ᜣޠȶۊѓȷЇ࢏Π؄ ᅤᄈ೼ঐ՚ࢸޠȶ్ѾۊᏣȷޠዦ௒صདྷȂൕᒻҐρԥᜱຝΩདྷ჌ޠၦ ྜȂϛ༊࢑ѠൊޠНᏱԞᛧȂڐѠີϟ೏ᗚӶܼ࡭ԄڐϸޠӶҐρНϾ ૖๝Ϝ৥ұΠξ٩ᜣޠ׭೛Ω໕ᇅөᆎུᙠᐤѭΩ໕ϟ໣ޠᜱ߾ȄΚР ८ٯґᒴඊѻӶ՚РНϾϜ්ӪऌᏱޠึ৥ഋ৸ȂՅ࢑ೞєᇦӶఐ݃ޠ ঘ౪ၿ኉ȃୁઢଝ߭ᇅڎܓᜱ߾ޠНϾ૖๝ݦ൝ϜȂѫΚР८൶ξ٩ᜣ ࣐ȶઢಂȷޠႇโࠍщϸզቌΠѻޠ׭೛዗ΩȂӶ२२ཏᜌႲ೪ਲ࢝Ϝ ಴ᑘՅяȄΚឭعகυ༻ޠൊቒࠔϛн᜻᙮ঘ౪ફזȃւңୁઢଝ߭ޠ ԚϸȇӶᇅ౫ԇ᠍Ωձ׫ލਣȂᗀၿ౪ȃࢋၚॏᗚᜳпᄈрэ੦Ⴓڿޠ ၞϵȂঈ࢑ԥᒧܼ՚ࢸޠ׭೛ȶݳ᝙ȷȂ૗౴ڐѓܼΚןȂծоϛณȶ౫ хܓȷޠࠊᙂཏဏȄ ௄Ȯߝ౮ధມၘȯژȲৈۤዃȳᜱܼຝញޠ൴ّҦඎቒᙾӪൊቒȂ ࢌࡷ፴ܼՍٙޠᙵأρ᝕ՅூпѺيԚߞȂՅξ٩ᜣࠍᒋӬΠȶᑜຝȷ ޠᜋقՅ࣐ȶᏘຝȷޠጃҴ׹ᅌΠᖟ٘ሇ२ޠِՔȂηҦԫ௣Τȶ౫х ܓȷᅐ෽ϟϜȄᙥξ٩ᜣϟֆ࡛ᄻΠΚঐᄖۼعܓޠᏘຝȂܓր՞ဋೞ २ུ᜻ঈႇٿȂࠔڏ࢛ᆎ౪ܓȂη๞ϡυܓΚۢโ࡚ޠϸٵȄ೼၈౟ਗ਼ ژѫΚঐ८ӪȂ֊Ԅեᇰ઎ᄈࡠ׉ϰпٿ೾ߺНᏱޠୱᚡȄ ଼۞ශӶȲՇҭϟޗȳΚНϜ਴ᐄ݃хȮ՚අଅȯޏฬϜ೪ਲڦෂ ๊౫ຬණяȂȶܗ೩ґ҇ጣՍ՚ࢸ२ຝޫ໣౐࡚ޠኈ៫ȷȂ72֊ਗ਼ІԄե 70 ෾सగȮሊᜣᇴȯȂُȮϜ୾ऌᏱ׭೛ڑᝳ೾༙ȑЉНڣȯಒ 8 ڣȂॳ 371Ȅ 71_{෾सగԫНᇅ଼Μȑലٸᄈܼ௄ࢨܝშژ಑ћᅮޠ՚РຝញϜЗлဏ༉ಜޠᆤख़ঈ} ԥ୥ϤӠᜍϟ೏Ȃലٸܛᐄпϸݚޠ಑ћᅮȲӏᏱȳȞOpticsȟቹܼ 1637 ԒȄُ Martin Jay,Downcast Eyes,p.21-82. 72 ଼۞ශȂȲՇҭϟޗ˕˕௄Ȯ՚අଅȯޏฬඩშ፤ఐ݃яޏНϾᄈຝញܓϟᜱݨȳȂ

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ࣽࡠҐρຝញึ৥क़ၭᇅ՚ࢸኈ៫ޠᜱ߾ȄȲৈۤዃȳձ࣐Κঐঐ਱η ழٿРݳ፤ఃұȄ݃ఽਣ෉Ҧܼ՚ࢸᛳฬȃഇຝݳІຝញ౪፤ޠݎٿณ ᅹ๞ҐρຝញНϾቩΤུޠሖષȂٯُ፞ᛳฬαޠኈ៫Ȃկױᑀ੬഻ཏ ᙐ൑ӵᘫϟܼ՚ࢸޠኈ៫Ȃ73৽ԥُФϛُݔϟᄓȂ२्ޠ࢑ױኈ៫ޠ Ѡ૗ܓܺژ؂࣐౐ኅޠНϾनෂϜђпᇰᜌȂ჌ȲৈۤዃȳΚР८Ѡُ ՍٙНᏱᇅНϾޠፓᚖ૖๝ȂѫΚР८௄Ϝூژ֖౫ޠξ٩ᜣࠔංоႁ ژпȶңȷ࣐ȶᡞȷޠโ࡚ȂЩΚૢޠኈ៫௦ڨ्౐ڔூӼȄϛ༊࢑٦ ٳήቪϥڑȃစѭφ໲Ȃשញூ໹τΩࡸ௩೾ߺНᏱȂڐϜၷ࣐ޣ௦Յ Ң୞ӵចᙡ຀ԥᜱҖఋȶ௒ད๗ᄻȷᐤѭᡑ᎑ޠစᡜȄ ԄܛڻޤȂ19 зखϜ෉ϟࡤȂᎫᡚܼ՚Рޠ಼஁ࣖւȂϜ୾Ԅჳ ߒᒻȂႂय़ՍϐҔຝӓ౩ུફזȄԫࡤᓎ຀ГᐸȃྲࣻȃႬኈ๊ഛ៊ᒰ ΤȂຝញӶНϾึ৥२ຝϜབ۩лᏳӵ՞ȂՅϜ୾ޠ౫хϾϟਢӶ࢛ᆎ ཏဏα֊Ᏹಭ՚РȶຝݳȷޠႇโȄڐ໣༉ಜᇅ౫хȃࡧདྷᇅНᏱȃᆡ ऽᇅ೾ߺϟ໣ޠ૖๝ᖄᐘһᓀȂϬϛᘟᡞ౫яȶϜ୾Ͼȷ੬ՔȂ74 Ӷ ԫཏဏαȂȲৈۤዃȳࠍϛѷ࣐ΚঐጓҐȄȪೱӉጢਯȈݔঢ়቉ȫ ॳ 201Ȅ 73

Ԅ James Cahill Ӷ The Compelling Image ΚਫϜᇰ࣐஼׊ȃ֕ிȃᠼ፲ޠύЬฬְڨ ՚Рᛳฬኈ៫Ȃُା۩ᑲ຀ȃ؄ڄᐖ๊ណȈȮ੊༗ᐃ΢ȈΫΝзखϜ୾ᛳฬϜޠՍด ᇅॴੀȯȞα੖Ȉα੖ਫฬяޏަȂ2003ȟȄԫᇴڨژРᆹޠ፵ᅹȂᇰ࣐ାޠཏُ஽ ϾΠȶНϾࣻᄈлဏȷȄ୥ Fong Wen,ɆReview of James Cahill,The Compelling Image:

Nature and Style in Seventeenth-Century Chinese Painting.ɇArt Bulletin 68 (1986),

p.504-508.୥ᗃࢨࢡȂȲ՚РϜ୾ᛳฬѭःف஠፤ȳȂၸܼࢺӕٛጢᒶȂȮϜ୾ฬःف НᒶȞ1950-1987ȟȯȂॳ 59-60ȄѫΚپ࢑ᜱܼ 1640 Ԓ֕ᑺໟ൴ϥЫёӠޠȮ՚අଅȯ ඩშȂܛᙡϟ೏኉୾ऌ໫ീޑᓣӶःف፤НϜூяȶԫҐშڨΠ՚ࢸฬኈ៫ȷޠ๗ ፤Ȃُု௧ȂȮ݃ఽёȲ՚අଅȳޏฬՄݚȯȂॳ 138ȄѫԄݳ୾ᅖᏱঢ়҆ਮસҠȑܼ ഀȞFrancois JullienȟԥȶϜ୾ᑀԂԽᇅҰȃ໵ᇅ᜵ޠᛳቹȂՅߩᇧᡞȷϟ፤Ȃη࢑ ஆܼ࢛ᆎདྷ჌Ϝ୾࣐࢛ᆎڿۢНϾዂԓޠ፤ख़Ȃُ҆ਮસҠȑܼഀ຀Ȃݔע݃ȃ஼ ஏ઎ណȂȮҐ፵ᇅᇧᡞȯȞЉࢼȈԼ߇Н᛻Ȃ2007ȟȂॳ 90Ȅ 74 ֕РҔᜱܼఐఽშ჌ᇅຝញޠःفࡿяȂԄ༉ఁςлᒳޠȮฬშུൣȯȃȮख़ൣȯ๊ ԠӶࡈ༉՚РऌᏱᇅۡఁȂՅӶᒰΤྲࣻҰӠ׭೛ፓᇨਣȂȶȺϜ୾ϾȻޠඩშӶё ޑϜᐋ࿌ޠࠍ࢑Ⱥ੒ልȻޠѓ૗ȂȌȌпȺ՚РޠڑጓȻੀԓϑᗵ֥ڐϜȷȄُȲఐ ఽѳΫԒα੖ຝញНϾޠංঐ८ӪȳȂ୾ҴϜѶτᏱȮ΢НᏱൣȯಒ 26 ෉Ȟ2002 Ԓ 12 УȟȂॳ 73Ȅ

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л्୥Մਫҭ

஠຀

Bryson Norman, Vision and Painting: The Logic of Gaze, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.

Cahill James, The Compelling Image: Nature and Style in Seventeenth- Century Chinese Painting. Cambridge and Mass: Harvard University Press, 1979.

Clunas Craig, Pictures and Visuality in Early Modern China, London: Reaktion Books, 1997.

Foucault Michel, Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of the Prison, New York: Vintage Books, 1979.

Hanan Patrick, The Invention of Li Yu, Cambridge and Mass: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Hegel Robert E, Reading Illustrated Fiction in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.

Hunt Lynn ed, The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800, New York: Zone Books, 1996.

Jay Martin, Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. еԉϧȂȮе໩݃ӓ໲ȯȂα੖Ȉα੖ѡᝳяޏަȂ1992 㿩 еᄃظȂȮ՚අଅȯȂُȮཹकࡊ ڔ༉ۊȯȂඵԏȈԱងኅങѡᝳڔӠ ަȂ1990 Ӊ᝸བлጢȂȮϜ୾ऌᏱ׭೛ڑᝳ೾༙ȯЉНڣಒ 8 ьȂ᎓ԏȈݭࠓఁ يяޏަȂ1996 ؄ᅤȂȮញзӫّΫΡዃȯȂࠓٶȈԱងѡᝳяޏަȂ1991 ؄ᅤȂȮ໤௒ୌଅȯȂіٶȈձঢ়яޏަȂ1996 ࢺӕٛᒶጢȂȮ੖ѵϜ୾ฬःفНᒶȞ1950-1987ȟȯȂα੖Ȉ΢Җज೛я ޏަȂ1992 ೄϊηȂȮΫΝȃΫΥзख༉ఁςᇅ՚ฬݎᅛȯȂ݋ԏȈϜ୾ज೛ᏱଲȂ 2002

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྇ᏑᇾȂȮᏑঢ়ٙᡞᢏȯȂѯіȈϜѶःفଲϜ୾Нলःفܛ᝱റ೏Ȃ2003 ᄒ࣑ඐጢ຀ȂȮᜱᗥԆ 200ȯȂѯіȈബҥяޏަȂ2003 ᅫީ઎лጢȂȮమ௬ᔕᄕȈϜ୾ᐤѭНϾϜޠȶؾȷᇅȶ௒ȷ˕˕ؾ௒ ጖ȯȂѯіȈᅖᏱःفϜЗȂ2003 ៍ങ઱઱ҢȂȮߝ౮ధມၘȯȂॸ෬ȈЋ҂ਫ׌ȂኈӠ࿳ᐎёҐȂ1988 ஠ਫ፤Н еώȂȲ٫ϰగУᅉᇅ՚ࢸగሊᜣȳȂԞᓄܼ༂ਣᠨлጢȂȮݎ՚һࢻ፤ ᏬȯȂα੖Ȉα੖Н᛻яޏަȂ2001 ෉ё፤Н ച࡛๽ȂȲమޠᏘຝ˕˕Ȯߝ౮ధມၘȯޠఅख़РݳȃຝញᇅܓրȳȂȮϜ ୾Ᏹ೛ȯಒ 23 ᒯȂ2005 Ԓऎ۠ဵ ଼۞ශȂȲՇҭϟޗ˕˕௄Ȯ՚අଅȯޏฬඩშ፤ఐ݃яޏНϾᄈຝញ ܓϟᜱݨȳȂȮज೛ѭःف໲ёȯಒ 13 ෉Ȃ2002 Ԓ 9 У

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ಒΚ՞ቸࢦ΢Ȉ ձ޲ᖄᐘᢡ፤Ȃп؄ᅤȲৈۤዃȳϜକᜱᗥձңޠగሊᜣȞξ ٩ᜣȟ࣐ϜЗȂϛ༊ၐᅿϸݚΠԫΚȶۊᏣȷӶϊᇴϜޠ२ ्ܓȂ؂ܦ৥ІᐍঐϜ୾ȶᑜຝȷ༉ಜӶ՚РȶᏘຝȷᢏᘉ ኈ៫ίȂӶНᏱȃࡧདྷαޠᒋӬᇅᙾϾȄܛ፤ᆡ៧Յ౐ΤȂ Ѡпᇴ࢑ଇ፤Ϝ୾ȶຝញНϾȷϜࣻ࿌ڏԥࠊᙂܓޠΚ጖፤ НȄஆҐαȂҐ΢ଷΠᄈձ޲ӶಒΚॳԥᜱȶՍดлဏȷȶ஽ Ω៯୞ȷίȂȶӶΫΟзखᏳयឹኈᇅႬኈޠึ݃ȷޠ፤ख़Ȃ ញூϛ஋ఽྀѵȂڐуޠ፤ᘉȂณ፤࢑ࡧདྷȃᐤѭȃ༫ݔȃ ᛳฬȃ௒మᢏޠវᇴȂࣲሴ᜔࣐ӤȄ ಒΡ՞ቸࢦ΢Ȉ Ґ፤Нᙥ຀؄ᅤȲৈۤዃȳϜȶξ٩ᜣȷޠᏣޑਫቹȂ௥ଇ݃ ఽޠຝញНϾᇅߓख़ȂϹΤᘉᗷಡϊȂ౟ਗ਼ޠ፤ᚡጓ൝ࠔΫϸ ኅᗰȄձ޲೾ႇ೼ഌ೾ߺϊᇴޠНҐȂࢌ௥ྜપᅖп७ࡧདྷঢ় ȶᢏࣽȷϟདۣলࡧȂᇅϜ୾ຝញ༉ಜᐤεՎ݃ఽޠᡑ౵ȇԫ ѵȂέਡІ݃ఽშ჌ȃ༫ݔ๊ጓᛠϟܼຝញਫቹޠᐮึȂٯਗ਼ І՚РᏣޑ༉ΤϜ୾ҐρϾޠޑ፵ѭȄձ޲Нࡧ᡺ࣁȂ์यࡘ ᓷȂᖟᜍѿѢഈྜȂཽ೾Ϝ՚ȂҐН࢑Κ጖౪፤ڦാޠᆡЗല ձȂڐҦఅٲНᏱϹΤ݃ఽຝញНϾޠຝِᑀژུᑘȂ྄ڏః ึܓᇅᏱ೛ቌঅȄ