台灣周圍海域人工魚礁區魚類群聚結構之探討

୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢ౛Ꮲଣੇࢩࣴز܌

ᅺγፕЎ

Institute of Oceanography College of Science

National Taiwan University Master Thesis

Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱΓπങᕛ୔ങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬϐ௖૸

A Study on the Structure of Fish Communities around Artificial Reefs in the Coastal Waters of Taiwan

݅ځᑉ Chi-Ying Lin

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻ၏ᄪਦ റγǵᔎܱስ റγ

Advisor: Rong-Quen Jan, Ph.D., Chang-Feng Dai, Ph.D.

ύ๮҇୯ 100 ԃ 7 Д

July, 2011

ᖴᜏ

ሤӀ૞बǴٿԃޑᅺγғఱǴӧ೭ጇፕЎޑֹԋࡕΨջஒ֋΋ࢤပǶ२ӃǴ ךाགᖴࡰᏤ௲௤၏ᄪਦԴৣӧᏢ᛽΢႐ಒᜧᒪޑࡰᏤǵှൽǴаϷӧғࢲ΢ค

༾όԿޑᜢྣǹӕਔǴΨाགᖴੇࣴ܌ޑࡰᏤ௲௤ᔎܱስԴৣǴӧᏢғፕЎቪբ ය໔ǴόჇځྠޑঅ҅ךᒱᇤޑᢀۺаϷಉЈ೷ԋޑ฽ᇤǶќѦǴഋ҅ѳԴৣᆶ ഋ҅૧Դৣӧα၂΢๏ϒך೚ӭᝊ຦ޑཀـǴᡣךख़ཥࡘԵচҁ۹ౣޑಒ࿯Ǵ٬

ளҁጇፕЎளа໩ճֹԋǶ

ԜѦǴךΨाགᖴഉՔךٿԃਔӀޑύࣴଣჴᡍ࠻ޑუՔॺǺܮܮǵε൬ǵ

ࡹ᏷Ꮲߏǵࡌ๮Ꮲߏǵ৥Ӏǵܴ፣ǵە⪭ǴаϷ܌΢ჴᡍ࠻ޑ୘ᗦᏢߏǵ᫢݇Ꮲ ߏǵԖ৒Ꮲߏǵߙયǵስ൛ǵᅺЎǴགᖴεৎӧፕЎБय़ගٮ೚ӭ࿶ᡍکࡰᏤǴ ӧВதғࢲύޑϩ٦ᆶᜢᚶǴΨ٬ך७གྕធǶ

ךᗋाགᖴࢅ๔کγѶǴதᡣךѦ௠ഁѦ௦ኬǴࣁךޑࣴزғғఱᓎబ೚ӭ

኷፪ᆶ៿ઢǹӧѠчޑεᏢӕᏢॺ؂ঁДޑᓓ௶ҬࢬǴᡣךԖ୏Κᝩុᆶךޑኧ ᏵᏟରǹד੏ᆶЎᅴǴ؂ԛӣଯ໢кႝਔගٮךՐ܌ǴᗋததъڹѺႝ၉ћךଆ

׉᠐ਜǵቪፕЎǴᗋԖ೚ӭܻ϶ޑᜢЈᆶႴᓰǴᡣךளа୲࡭ոΚֹԋҞ኱Ǵӧ ԜǴ΋ٳठ΢คКޑགᖴǶ

നࡕǴךाགᖴךޑР҆ߏΦаٰޑЍ࡭ᆶค࡜ค৷ޑбрǴᡣߏԃӧѦ؃

Ꮲޑךૈ୼ғࢲคဤǴරҞ኱߿۳Ꮯ຾ǶᙣᙖԜፕЎǴ᝘๏ךനᒃངޑݿݿ༰༰Ǵ کךӅ٦೭ҽ഻৹Ƕ

݅ځᑉ ᙣठܭ Ѡ᡼εᏢ ੇࢩࣴز܌ ύ๮҇୯ 100 ԃ 8 Д

ᄔा

ࣁΑ୻ػၗྍǵቚуᅕᕇǴѠ᡼ڬൎੇୱԾ҇୯ 60 ԃжଆ໒ۈ຾ՉΓπങᕛ ޑ೛࿼ǶߏයаٰǴᗨฅς࿶ഌុԏ໣Α೚ӭങᕛ୔ޑങᜪဂᆫၗ਑ǴόၸჹΓ πങᕛങᜪၗྍ୻ػޑᐒڋᆶ܌ڙޑज़ڋǴ٠όࢂࡐమཱǶӧԾฅᕉნύǴങᜪ ޑဂᆫ่ᄬӭڙډғނ܄کߚғނ܄ޑᕉნӢη܌ቹៜǴԶങᜪޑ१܄ಔԋ߾ё ϸࢀғᄊᡏسύޑૈໆٮ๏Ϸځ໺ሀ௃׎Ǵҁ໨Γπങᕛ୔ങᜪဂᆫޑϩ݋ǴΨ

ࢂ୷ܭԜ΋ཷۺǶ࿶ԏ໣ 2008-2010 ԃӧѠ᡼ڬൎΓπങᕛ୔ჴӦወНፓࢗ܌ฦᒵ ޑങᜪဂᆫǵۭ෈ғނ࣬ᆶᕉნӢηၗ਑ǴӅ 135 ฽Ǵ࿶ၸങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬǵғނ ဂᆫࡰ኱ǵᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆޑϩ݋ǴᡉҢΓπങᕛ୔ޑങᜪဂᆫܴᡉё٩Ӧ౛΢

ޑৡ౦ϩԋ 4 ঁϩЍǴԶᕛࠠޑቹៜ߾ၨλǶBIO-ENV ᆶ௨ׇϩ݋่݀ᡉҢǴ᏾

ᡏԶقǴёૈቹៜങᜪဂᆫޑӢηࣁጎࡋǵૈـࡋǵۭ፦ᜪࠠǵ؇ᑈނࠆࡋǵᝯ ᜪᙟᇂ౗ᆶᕴғނᙟᇂ౗Ǵځύߚғނ܄ޑᕉნӢηᆶങᜪဂᆫޑ࣬ᜢ܄ၨଯǶ १܄ಔԋϩ݋ᡉҢǺаᕴғނໆԶقǴΓπങᕛ୔ύаឪ१คૉ෎୏ނޑങᜪ՞

നӭǹќѦǴՋࠄੇୱᕛ୔ޑλࠠങᜪኧໆᙦ൤ǴӢԜ୔ϣҭӭ१ങ܄ങᜪǹᚆ

৞ᕛ୔߾ӭឪ१ੌෞ୏ނޑങᜪǹܿࠄϷᚆ৞ᕛ୔ᝯᜪᙟᇂ౗ၨଯǴᝯ१܄ങᜪ

܌՞ޑКٯҭၨଯǶऩағނໆ྽଺ࡰ኱Ǵч೽ങᕛ୔ޑᅕ཰ၗྍаΟጕᚊങ (Parapristipoma trilineatum)ǵ᎟஥ҡඬങ (Epinephelus lanceolatus)ǵచҡ᜶

(Oplegnathus fasciatus) ՞ᓬ༈ǹՋࠄࣁሌદಂ᜶ (Lutjanus argentimaculatus)ǵൂ

ඬಂ᜶ (Lutjanus monostigma) ᆶ޸೬য (Plectorhinchus cinctus)ǹܿࠄࣁᒯ׀᜶

(Prionurus scalprum) ᆶѤ஥ᚊങ (Pomadasys quadrilineatus)ǹᚆ৞ࣁӾવᐪങ (Platax teira) ᆶϤ඿ሷങ (Naso hexacanthus)ǶᏃᆅч೽ǵՋࠄᕛ୔ങᅿᙦ൤ࡋό ऩܿࠄᆶᚆ৞Ǵՠჹܭ࿶ᔮ܄ങᅿၗྍޑ୻ػǴࠅၨܿࠄᆶᚆ৞ܴᡉǶ

ᜢᗖӷǺΓπങᕛǹങᜪဂᆫǹ१܄ಔԋ

Abstract

Artificial reefs (ARs) have been deployed in the coastal waters of Taiwan for fisheries enhancement since the 1970s. Information on fish communities around ARs has been available for many AR sites. However, we still don’t have enough knowledge on mechanisms accounting for the resource enhancement and the limitations of the AR application. In a natural environment, fish communities are opted to be affected by both biological and non-biological environmental factors. And the trophic composition of the organisms basically implies the supply of energy and its transfer in an ecosystem.

Stemmed from these perceptions, the present study has launched a wide spectrum of analysis on fish communities. Data of fish assemblages collected during 2008-2010 from 135 AR sites by scuba divers in waters around Taiwan, along with data of epibenthic cover and environmental factors, were used for analyses on community characteristics, fish abundance and fish biomass. Dendrograms from cluster analysis showed 4 clear clusters of fish assemblages, which could be attributed to geographical areas. In contrast, the effect of AR types was less evident. BIO-ENV and ordination analysis revealed that the structure of overall fish communities were affected more by latitude, water transparency, substratum type, sedimentation, algal coverage and total live cover. Non-biological factors apparently predominated over biotic factors. Trophic analysis showed that invertebrate feeders were common at most AR sites. Besides, in southwestern waters, with the abundant cardinal fishes and damselfishes, a higher proportion of carnivores and piscivores occurred. At offshore islands, planktivores predominated. In both southeastern waters and offshore islands, higher biomasses of herbivores occurred in parallel to higher algal coverages in these regions. Using biomass as an indicator, Parapristipoma trilineatum, Epinephelus lanceolatus and

Oplegnathus fasciatus were regarded as the major fishery resource for the AR sites in northern waters; Lutjanus argentimaculatus, L. monostigma and Plectorhinchus cinctus in southwestern waters; Prionurus scalprum and Pomadasys quadrilineatus in

southeastern waters; and Platax teira and Naso hexacanthus at offshore islands. Overall, ARs deployed in northern and southwestern waters were more effective in terms of enhancing the production of economically important fishes when compared with those in other waters, despite that the fish assemblages there were less diverse.

Key words: artificial reef; fish community; trophic structure

Ҟᒵ

ᖴᜏǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ύЎᄔाǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ मЎᄔाǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ҞᒵǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ კҞᒵǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ҞᒵǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ

൘ǵ߻قǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 1.1 ΓπങᕛޑۓကᆶфૈǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 1.2 Γπങᕛޑᆫങচ౛ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 1.3 ቹៜΓπങᕛങᜪဂᆫޑӢηǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 1.4 ങᜪဂᆫᆶ१܄ಔԋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 1.5 ߈යѠ᡼Γπങᕛങᜪဂᆫ࣬ᜢࣴزǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 1.6 ࣴزҞޑǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ມǵ׷਑БݤǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 2.1 ၗ਑ٰྍǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 2.2 ࣴزኬ୔ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 2.3 ፓࢗБݤǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ

I II III

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2.4 ၗ਑ϩ݋ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ

ୖǵ่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 3.1 ങᜪဂᆫϩ݋ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 3.2 Ӧ୔ᆶᕛࠠϩ݋ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 3.3 ᕉნӢηЬԋϩϩ݋ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 3.4 ᕉნӢηᆶങᅿಔԋᜢ߯ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 3.5 ௨ׇϩ݋ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 3.6 १܄ಔԋϩ݋ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ စǵ૸ፕǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 4.1 Γπങᕛ׫ܫޑՏ࿼ᆶങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 4.2 όӕᕛࠠჹങᜪဂᆫޑቹៜǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 4.3 ങᜪဂᆫϩѲᆶᕉნӢηᜢ߯ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 4.4 ങᜪဂᆫᆶ१܄ಔԋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ 4.5 ่ፕǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ҴǵୖԵЎ᝘ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ഌǵკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ࢠǵ߄ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ

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კҞᒵ

კ 1. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱ 135 ০ΓπങᕛෳઠޑϩѲՏ࿼ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ კ 2. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱ 135 ০Γπങᕛෳઠങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬޑ໣ဂϩ݋่݀ǸǸǸ კ 3. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱ 135 ০Γπങᕛෳઠޑങᜪဂᆫ MDS ϩ݋่݀ǸǸǸǸǸ კ 4. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱѤঁϩ୔ޑΓπങᕛෳઠ໔ޑങᜪဂᆫࡰ኱КၨǸǸǸǸ კ 5. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱѤঁϩ୔ޑΓπങᕛෳઠ໔ޑങᜪᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆКၨǸ კ 6. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱӚϩ୔ύόӕᕛࠠޑΓπങᕛෳઠങᜪᕴ׀ኧϷғނໆ

КၨǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ კ 7. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱ 135 ০Γπങᕛෳઠύ 12 ᅿۭ෈ғނᙟᇂ౗ޑЬԋϩϩ

݋კǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ კ 8. ୷ܭკ 7 ޑϩ݋่݀ǴࡷᒧрΓπങᕛෳઠύၨᡉ๱ޑғނ܄ᕉნӢη

ᆶߚғނ܄ᕉნӢηޑЬԋϩϩ݋კǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ კ 9. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱ 135 ০Γπങᕛෳઠᆶᕉნᡂኧϐڂࠠჹᔈϩ݋ᚈׇკǸ კ 10. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱ 135 ঁෳઠϐ 18 ᅿж߄܄ങᅿǵ135 ঁෳઠᆶᕉნᡂኧ

ϐڂࠠჹᔈϩ݋ΟׇკǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ კ 11. Ѡ᡼ч೽Γπങᕛޑж߄܄ങᅿᆶᕉნᡂኧϐϧᎩϩ݋ᚈׇკǸǸǸǸ კ 12. Ѡ᡼ՋࠄΓπങᕛޑж߄܄ങᅿᆶᕉნᡂኧϐϧᎩϩ݋ᚈׇკǸǸǸǸ კ 13. Ѡ᡼ܿࠄΓπങᕛޑж߄܄ങᅿᆶᕉნᡂኧϐϧᎩϩ݋ᚈׇკǸǸǸǸǸ კ 14. Ѡ᡼ڬൎᚆ৞Γπങᕛޑж߄܄ങᅿᆶᕉნᡂኧϐϧᎩϩ݋ᚈׇკǸǸ

39 40 41 42 42

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߄Ҟᒵ

߄ 1. ҁࣴز܌٬ҔޑኧᏵ܌఼ᇂޑΓπങᕛ୔ϷځᕛࠠᆶኧໆǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 2. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱόӕӦ୔ޑΓπങᕛങᜪဂᆫಔԋ࿶ SIMPER ϩ݋่݀Ǹ ߄ 3. ܿࠄΓπങᕛ୔όӕᕛࠠങᜪဂᆫৡ౦ଛჹϩ݋่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 4. ᚆ৞Γπങᕛ୔όӕᕛࠠങᜪဂᆫৡ౦ଛჹϩ݋่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 5. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱѤঁΓπങᕛ୔ނᅿᙦ൤ࡋࡰ኱ (D)ǵӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ (H’)

ᆶ֡Ϭࡋࡰ኱ (J’) ޑᡂ౦ኧϩ݋่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 6. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱٿٿΓπങᕛ୔ނᅿᙦ൤ࡋࡰ኱ (D)ǵӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ (H’)

ᆶ֡Ϭࡋࡰ኱ (J’) ޑ Mann-Whitney Test ᔠۓ่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 7. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱΓπങᕛӧѤঁӦ౛ϩ୔ΠǴόӕᕛࠠނᅿᙦ൤ࡋࡰ኱

(D)ǵӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ (H’) ᆶ֡Ϭࡋࡰ኱ (J’) ޑᡂ౦ኧϩ݋่݀ǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 8. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱѤঁΓπങᕛ୔ങᜪᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆޑᡂ౦ኧϩ݋่݀Ǹ ߄ 9. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱٿٿΓπങᕛ୔ങᜪᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆޑ Mann-Whitney

Testᔠۓ่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 10. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱΓπങᕛӧѤঁӦ౛ϩ୔ΠǴόӕᕛࠠങᜪᕴ׀ኧᆶғ

ނໆޑᡂ౦ኧϩ݋่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 11. ਥᏵ߄ 10 ϐϩ݋่݀Ǵ຾΋؁а Mann-Whitney Test ჹԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ޑ

Ӣη຾ՉόӕᕛࠠଛჹКၨޑ่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 12. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱ 135 ০Γπങᕛύങᜪဂᆫᆶᕉნᡂኧޑ BIO-ENV ϩ݋

่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 13. ճҔ SIMPER ϩ݋௨рѠ᡼ڬൎੇୱόӕΓπങᕛ୔ޑж߄܄ങᅿǸǸ ߄ 14. ߄ 13 ϐѠ᡼ڬൎੇୱѤঁӦ౛ϩ୔ύޑ߄܄ങᅿǴځ܌ឦᕛ୔ᕉნᡂ

ኧ࿶ᆾӦьᛥᡉ๱܄ᔠᡍޑ่݀ǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ ߄ 15. Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱόӕӦ౛ϩ୔Γπങᕛޑᜪ१܄ಔԋǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸǸ

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൘ǵ߻ق

1.1 Γπങᕛޑۓကᆶфૈ

ȨΓπങᕛȩࡰޑࢂԖҞޑӦ׫ܫӧੇ׉΢Ծฅ׷፦܈Γ೷ޑ่ᄬނᡏǴ࿶

ၸੇނϯϷғᄊޑբҔΠǴૈ୼ኳᔕр΋٤Ϻฅᕛޑ੝܄Ǵᙖаׯ๓܈ӆ೷ੇࢩ ғނޑ෈܌Ǵ୻ػੇࢩғނၗྍ (Jensen et al. 2000; Seaman and Jensen 2000)Ƕ੃ݢ ༧ǵዸᓐǵँ൒ǵੇ΢ᢕݨѳѠ฻Γ೷่ᄬނΨத೏ੇࢩғނ܌ߕ๱Ǵՠځ٠ߚ ၀೛ࡼ೛࿼ޑЬाҞޑǴӧၨᝄᙣޑۓကΠǴхࡴཀѦ؈ؒޑಭଫǴᗨฅΨૈ୼

ගٮ෈܌ޑфૈǴᔈ၀௨ନӧΓπങᕛϐѦ (Guerin 2009)Ƕ

Γπങᕛ೛࿼ന߃ޑҞޑࢂ׆ఈૈ୼ගଯݮ۞ੇୱޑᅕᕇౢໆǴԜѦΨૈග ٮҶ໕ᅕ཰ (Kaiser 2006)ǵወНࢲ୏฻ߕуሽॶǵᙖҗ࿣Зۭܦаၲډ෈Ӧߥៈ

(Spieler et al. 2001)ǵբࣁ෈Ӧޑൺػ܈ံᓭᆶගٮᏢೌࣴز฻фૈǶ

1.2 Γπങᕛޑᆫങচ౛

1.2.1 १ނ

ᕛᡏගٮεໆޑ߄य़ᑈٮᝯᜪϷߕ๱ғނ (sessile organism) (ӵᚈෘنǵҡ࣑

ྴǵ೬࣑ྴǵੇᆟǵНⶥǵᛯ൙ǵੇᓋᆶऱឿᙝ฻) բࣁ୷፦аߕ๱Ϸғߏ (Fitzhardinge and Bailey-Brock 1989; Relini et al. 1994; Svane and Petersen 2001)Ǵӕ ਔΨ֎ЇΑ೚ӭੇࢩคૉ෎ғނ (ӵλࠠҘෘᜪǵ೬ᡏ୏ނ) ᆫ໣ (Sogard 1989;

Relini et al. 2002; Leitão et al. 2007)Ǵ׫ܫຫΦޑᕛᡏǴᆫ໣ޑғނᆶӭኬ܄Ψຫଯ (Sammarco et al. 2004)ǴങᜪޑᙦࡋΨᒿϐቚу (Redman and Szedlmayer 2009)ǶΓ πങᕛޑ߄ғ୏ނ (epibiota) ёаբࣁΓπങᕛ୔ۓ෈܄܈ߚۓ෈܄ങᜪޑ१ނ

ٰྍϐ΋ (Godoy et al. 2002; Sánchez-Jerez et al. 2002; Santos et al. 2011)Ƕ

Moreau et al. (2008) ࡰрǴ߄ғ୏ނᗨฅёаගٮങᜪޑ१ނٰྍǴՠ࿶ၸ౽ ନ߄ғ୏ނޑჴᡍύǴങᜪᆫ໣ޑ౜ຝᆶჹྣಔค౦Ǵёـങᜪ٠όֹӄ٩ᒘᕛ

ᡏ܌ගٮޑ१ނٰྍǴԶᕛᡏҁيҭԖځдচӢ֎Їങᜪᆫ໣Ƕ

1.2.2 ෈܌

ჹܭ೚ӭങᜪǴᕛᡏޑҥᡏޜ໔่ᄬૈ୼ٮځ෈৲ǵၧᗉமࠂޑНࢬᆶእ্

(Moreau et al. 2008)ǴᕛᡏҁيڀԖຫӭϾሜǴຫૈගٮ፿ጨޑਏᔈǴങᜪޑᙦࡋ ᆶӭኬ܄Ψёૈ཮ຫଯ (Hixon and Beets 1989; Brotto et al. 2006)Ƕӧѳڶޑੇ׉΢Ǵ Γπങᕛङࢬೀ཮ӢࣁНᓸޑᡂϯ׎ԋ΋ೀࢬೲၨ጗ޑ୔ୱǴ֎ЇങᜪܭԜ෈৲

(Nakamura 1985)ǴӕਔᕛᡏኳಔڀԖελϾࢰ܈ࢂ߄ғғނᄬ೷ፄᚇჹλങૈග ٮ׈ៈǴၧᗉεങޑ௒१բҔǴׯ๓λങޑӸࢲ౗ (Svane and Petersen 2001; Scharf et al. 2006)Ƕ

ፄᚇࡋଯޑᕛᡏόѝගٮλങ෈܌ǴӕਔΨёૈගٮ௒१܄ങᜪၧᙒӧԜ (Hixon and Beets 1989)ǴჹܭλങޑӸࢲ౗ԶقǴόӄฅѝԖ҅य़ޑቹៜǶ

1.2.3 ځд

ᕛᡏޑᄬ೷όѝૈ୼ගٮߕ๱ғނޑ๱भǴΨૈ֎ЇങᜪԿԜᑐணౢռǴࣗ

Կࢌ٤۟ᕛ෈܄ങᜪޑѴങ཮ڙډ੝ۓޑག۔ڈᐟǴӵى୼ޑ१ނ܈ࢂԖ፿ጨ܄

ޑᄬ೷ӢԶӧԜۓ෈Ϸԋߏ (Bull and Kendall 1994)Ƕ

ჹܭ΋٤Ᲊෞ܄ങᜪԶقǴନΑ཮Ӣࣁങᕛ୔ᆫ໣Αራ਑ၗྍԿԜ೔१ѦǴ ᕛᡏΨૈ୼ቹៜځՉࣁǴٯӵ೚ӭങᜪૈ୼೸ၸۭ፦΢ޑࠟޔ่ᄬނ܈ࢂӀጕٰ

ۓӛ܈ۓՏ (Bohnsack 1989)Ƕ΋٤εࢩ߄ቫ܄ޑങᅿ׳ૈճҔ೭٤Ӧᇮ੝ቻբࣁ

ᲉෞБӛୖԵᗺ (Gallaway and Lewbel 1982)Ƕ

1.3 ቹៜΓπങᕛങᜪဂᆫޑӢη

߻Γࣴزς࿶ࡰр೚ӭቹៜΓπങᕛങᜪဂᆫޑӢηǴԶ೽ϩӢηӕኬ཮ჹ ᕛᡏޑߕ๱ғނ࣬೷ԋቹៜ (Guerin 2009)ǶΓπങᕛᕛᡏ΢܌ғߏޑߕ๱ғނӭ

ኬ܄ຫଯǵᙟᇂ౗ຫଯǴᕛᡏ߄य़ޑ่ᄬፄᚇࡋ൩ຫଯǴ१ނᆶ፿ጨ܌ޑගٮǴ ჹങᜪဂᆫԖᡉ๱ቹៜ (Hueckel and Buckley 1989; González-Gándara et al. 1999;

Ferreira et al. 2001; Arias-González et al. 2006; Redman and Szedlmayer 2009;

Honório et al. 2010)ǶԜѦǴO’Leary et al. (2001) ᇡࣁǴΓπങᕛޑ೛ी΢х֖ΑǺ Ӧᗺ (location)ǵթ࿼ᆶ௨ӈ (arrangement)ǵ׷፦ᆶᄬԋ (composition) Ο໨ӢηǴ Զ೭Ο໨ӢηΞᆶങᜪဂᆫಔԋԖஏϪޑᜢ߯Ƕ

1.3.1 Ӧᗺ

Bohnsack and Sutherland (1985) ᇡࣁΓπങᕛ׫ܫޑӦᗺࢂ،ۓങᕛԋ௳ޑ ЬӢǴᕛ୔܌ӧӦޑᕉნӢηჹܭങᜪဂᆫޑಔԋԖᡉ๱ቹៜǶٯӵ׫ᕛޑՏ࿼

ᒿ๱ጎࡋᡂϯǴНྕߡԖӦᗺ໔ޑৡ౦ (Bortone et al. 1994; Floeter et al. 2004)ǹ၀ Ӧ୔फ़ߘӭჲǵϷᚆݞαޑᇻ߈ǴёૈჹੇНޑᡶࡋౢғ٤༾ޑቹៜǴ຾Զׯᡂ ങᜪဂᆫޑಔԋ (Godoy et al. 2002)ǶങᕛѤڬޑۭ፦ᜪࠠϷੇࢬፂᔐޑம১ǵૈ

ـࡋᆶ؇ᑈނӭჲǴΨ཮ჹങᜪᆶۭ෈ғނ࣬೷ԋቹៜ (Baynes and Szmant 1989)Ƕ

፾ӝങᕛ׫ܫޑుࡋऊӧ 20~30 ϦЁ໔Ǵᕛᡏ׫ܫϼభ৒ܰڙݢੁፂᔐԶཞᚯǹ

׫ܫϼు߾όܰᢀჸǴӀጕऀ೸Κᒿుࡋሀ෧Ǵߕ๱ғނᆶങᜪဂᆫҭᒿ๱ుࡋǴ ӧಔԋ΢ΨԖৡ౦ (Ferreira et al. 2001)ǶΓπങᕛ୔ᆶϺฅᕛޑຯᚆҭࢂΓπങᕛ

୔ങᜪಔԋޑᜢᗖǴFast and Pagan (1974) Ϸ Matthews (1985) ֡᛾ჴΓπങᕛޑ ങᜪԖ೽ϩٰԾܭϺฅᕛǴӧ Honório et al. (2010) ޑࣴزύΨว౜Γπങᕛᆶߕ ߈Ϻฅᕛޑങᜪဂᆫಔԋ࣬՟ࡋࡐଯǶ

1.3.2 թ࿼ᆶ௨ӈ

Γπങᕛޑթ࿼ᆶ௨ӈЬाх֖Αᕛᡏᡏᑈǵᙟᇂय़ᑈǵᕛᡏଯࡋǵ௨ӈፄ ᚇࡋ฻Ƕᕛᡏ୴ܫޑᡏᑈ܈߄य़ᑈჹᆫങਏ݀ߚதख़ाǶൂՏᕛᡏ୴᠄ޑᡏᑈຫ εǴ֎Їങᜪޑਏᔈ൩ຫܴᡉ (Ardizzone et al. 1997; Jan et al. 2003)ǹฅԶаӭঁ

ၨλޑᕛ୴ගٮ׳ӭޑ߄य़ᑈǴӧࢌ٤௃ݩΠޑᆫങਏᔈ཮εܭ΋ঁεޑᕛ୴ (Guerin 2009)ǶӧѠ᡼ч೽ങᕛ୔Ǵӵ٬Ҕ 2m³НݝᕛǴа 4-10 ঁᕛᡏ୴΋୴Ǵ ჹቚуۓ෈ޣϐғނໆനԖਏǴՠӵஒଽ෈ޣӈΕԵቾǴ߾ࡌ᝼а 15 ঁᕛᡏࣁ΋

୴ٰ೛࿼ (Jan et al. 2003)ǶRilov and Benayahu (2000, 2002) ࡰрǴၨଯޑᕛᡏ֎

ЇၨӭޑങᜪǴ੝ձࢂ१ੌෞғނޑങᜪǴӧങᜪӭኬ܄ΨԖၨଯޑ߄౜Ƕҗܭ

؂ঁᕛᡏჹܭڬᎁڀԖ΋ۓጄൎޑቹៜΚǴ྽ᕛᡏຯᚆၸ߈ਔǴቹៜޑጄൎख़᠄Ǵ १ނёૈ཮ԋࣁज़ڋӢηǴ܈ޣ཮ჹۭ፦΢߄ғ܈ϣғ୏ނ೷ԋၸଯޑਂ१ᓸΚ (Guerin 2009)ǴSargent et al. (2006) ᇡࣁӧλޑᕛ୴໔ᔈᆢ࡭ 30~40 ϦЁޑຯᚆǶ

෈Ӧޑፄᚇࡋቹៜങဂஏࡋǵғނӭኬ܄Ϸғނໆ (Charbonnel et al. 2002)Ǵ೚

(2008) ᇡࣁନΑᕛᡏኳಔፄᚇࡋѦǴᔈԵቾޜ໔ፄᚇࡋǴ೛ीന٫ޑޑᕛဂթ࿼Ƕ

1.3.3 ׷፦ᆶᄬԋ

΋૓Ҕٰࡌ೷ങᕛޑ׷਑ёϩࣁϺฅࡌ׷ᆶΓπࡌ׷Ǵх֖ΑԮ׷ǵྲྀηǵ

۟ҡǵЕᓐǵНݝǵᒳ៓ǵ༟ጤǵ༟ጤᒳ៓ǵНݝᒳ៓฻షک׷਑ǴаϷၗྍӆ ճҔǴаቲకޑ፺जǵً፶ǵᅕಭǵैᝮǵᢕݨѳѠ฻ࡌ೷ԋᕛᡏǶFitzhardinge and Bailey-Brock (1989) ࡰрӧ࣑ྴӧᒳ៓ᕛғߏၨ፺जᕛؼӳǴНݝᕛߕ๱ғނ߾ᆶ Ϻฅᕛၨᜪ՟ǶWalker et al. (2002) КၨҡԪ۟ҡ༧ǵНݝ᝟ҡషکᕛǵНݝ፺ज షکᕛϐ໔ޑങᅿဂᆫಔԋǴ่݀Οᅿᕛࠠӧങᅿಔԋ΢ؒԖৡ౦ǶMasuda et al.

(2010) ߾ว౜ഓ݊ЕങᕛޑങᅿኧᆶғނໆࣣଯܭᗡယЕک༟ጤᆅങᕛǶ

1.4 ങᜪဂᆫᆶ१܄ಔԋ

Bellwood et al. (2002) ᇡࣁǴࣴزεЁࡋғᄊس಍ύޑဂᆫ่ᄬਔǴ௖૸Ӛᅿ ᕉნύόӕޑфૈᜪဂǴΑှ੝ۓᜪဂӧᕉნύתᄽޑفՅ܈ࢂց٬Ҕᜪ՟ޑၗ

ྍǴКൂપϩ݋ғᄊسύނᅿޑಔԋ׳ૈமፓ၀ғᄊسޑރݩᆶ੝ՅǶ೸ၸᔠຎ १܄фૈဂޑಔԋৡ౦Ǵૈ୼ளޕόӕ෈܌ڀԖޑғᄊཀကᆶၗྍޑճҔ௃׎

(Angel and Ojeda 2001; Relini et al. 2002)Ǵ܈ࢂങᜪဂᆫಔԋޑׯᡂჹܭᕉნύ१

܄่ᄬᛙۓ܄ࢂցԖቹៜ (Garrison and Link 2000a)Ƕ

Floeter et al. (2004) ගډങᜪҁيޑ१܄฼ౣǵ१ނڗளٰྍᆶ෈Ӧޜ໔ޑ٬

Ҕ೿ࢂቹៜങᜪණѲᆶ෈Ӧᒧ᏷ޑӢηǶᙖҗϩ݋ങᜪ१܄фૈဂޑ่ᄬૈ୼ᔅ շךॺ౛ှങᜪဂᆫ׎ԋޑচӢ (Muñoz and Ojeda 1997)Ƕ

1.5 ߈යѠ᡼Γπങᕛങᜪဂᆫ࣬ᜢࣴز

Ѡ᡼Ծ҇୯ 62 ԃଆǴഌុӧѠ᡼ڬᜐੇୱ຾ՉΓπങᕛޑ೛࿼ǴԿϞςಕᑈ ຬၸ 180,000 ০Ƕၸѐ຾ՉΓπങᕛ୔ਏ੻ຑ՗Ǵӧᅕ཰ၗྍ໨Ҟӭаᅕᕇၗ਑߄ ҢǴҗܭᒧ᏷ᅕݤό΋ǵᏹբᅕڀמೌৡ౦ǵਂᕇӦᗺฦᒵᇤৡ฻Ǵᅕᕇၗ਑኱

ྗϯόܰǴЪ৒ܰ۹ౣߚ࿶ᔮ܄ങᅿӧғᄊسύޑख़ा܄Ƕ߈ԃٰǴ໻Ԗ၏฻ (2003;

2004) ӧч೽ᕛዬǵࠄ೽ᕛዬǵᐱҥᕛǵैᝮᕛǵНݝᕛ຾ՉങᜪဂᆫޑፓࢗǴӧ ങᜪޑဂᆫಔԋ΢ǴΓπങᕛ୔ᆶᐱҥᕛޑၨࣁ࣬߈Ƕ

1.6 ࣴزҞޑ

Ѡ᡼ڬൎੇୱҞ߻ӅԖ 88 ೀΓπങᕛ୔ (ᅕ཰࿿ᆛઠၗ਑)Ƕᅕ཰࿿Ծ 2008 ԃଆଞჹങᕛਏ੻຾Չදࢗ (ഋ฻Ǵ2008ǹ၏کቅǴ2009Ǵ2010)Ǵঋ૶ᒵНЎᕉ ნၗ਑ǵᕛᡏރݩǵۭ෈ߕ๱ғނϷങᜪဂᆫǴԿҞ߻ࣁЗǴς࿶ಕᑈԖ࣬྽ኧ ໆޑғނ܄ (хࡴങᜪၗྍ) ᆶᕉნၗ਑Ƕ

ҁࣴزЬाջᔈҔ೭٤ၗ਑ǴଞჹаΠҞޑǴ଺຾΋؁ޑϩ݋Ǻ

(1) ೸ၸဂᆫϩ݋ǴᔠຎѠ᡼ڬൎੇୱΓπങᕛ୔ങᜪӧဂᆫ่ᄬ΢ࢂցૈϩᜪԋ ဂǴӕਔଛӝғނဂᆫࡰ኱ǵങᜪᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆ฻ୖኧǴפрόӕෳઠளа ᘜᜪԋဂޑӢηǶ

(2) ϩ݋όӕӦ୔໔ങᅿಔԋޑৡ౦௃׎ǴᙖаפрЬाቹៜϩဂޑങᅿբࣁӚӦ

୔ޑж߄܄ങᅿǶ

(3) ஒғނӢηᆶᕉნӢη຾Չ࣬ᜢ܄ϩ݋аϷ௨ׇϩ݋Ǵפрёૈቹៜങᜪဂᆫ ϩѲޑᕉნӢηǴ٠КၨങᜪဂᆫǵᕉნӢηᆶෳઠϐ໔ޑᜢ߯Ƕ

(4) ೸ၸϩ݋Γπങᕛ୔ങᜪޑ१܄ಔԋ่ᄬǴ௖૸ΓπങᕛၗྍޑճҔ௃ݩᆶӚ

୔ੇୱങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬޑ੝ቻǶ

ມǵ׷਑ᆶБݤ

2.1 ၗ਑ٰྍ

ҁࣴز܌٬Ҕᕉნᆶғނၗ਑ྍԾܭᅕ཰࿿܌௢୏ޑȨࡀܿϷᆵܿੇୱΓπ ങᕛ୔ፓࢗຑ՗πբȩǵȨΓπങᕛᅕ཰ਏ੻ፓࢗࣴزȩϷȨΓπങᕛᅕ཰ਏ੻

ፓࢗϷёՉ܄ຑ՗ȩ฻Ο໨ࣴزीฝޑԋ݀ൔ֋ਜ (ഋ฻Ǵ2008ǹ၏کቅǴ2009Ǵ 2010)Ƕ

2.2 ࣴزኬ୔

΢ॊΟ໨ࣴز܌ளϐၗ਑఼ᇂ 32 ೀങᕛ୔ (߄ 1)Ǵϩձࣁఈੇࡅǵεݓடǵ ҡࠤǵܿᐞǵεٚǵుᐞǵᐞۭǵԮൎǵ҉Ӽǵཥᙦ (Β)ǵ஘ഗǵѦ঵ǵқཥǵ ೯৑ (Β)ǵϖҘǵऽᅽ׸ǵࠄᅽ׸ǵੇαǵࠄ᡼ǵ݅ᜐ (΋)ǵ݅ᜐ (Β)ǵ݅ᜐ (Ο)ǵ

ܽቧ (΋)ǵܽቧ (Β)ǵܽቧ (Ο)ǵᡶቧǵڻ๲ሷǵԮ෫ǵە᡼ǵλෝǵਮαᆶᓫ

᡼฻Γπങᕛ୔ (კ 1)Ƕ

җܭ፾ӝಭወբ཰ޑਔ໔ڙज़ܭϺ਻ϷੇݩǴӢԜ໻ӧੇݩᛙۓޑනਟқВ

຾ՉወНፓࢗǴፓࢗਔ໔வ 2008 ԃډ 2010 ԃ 3 ДԿ 10 ДǶ32 ঁᕛ୔ϩձ຾Չ 3 Կ 9 ԛǴӝ 135 ঁෳઠޑങᕛፓࢗǴᕛᡏᜪࠠхࡴНݝᕛǵႝఎᕛǵᒳ៓ᕛǵᅕ ಭᕛϷैᝮᕛ฻ 5 ᅿόӕᜪࠠǶ

2.3 ፓࢗБݤ 2.3.1 ᕉნӢη

2.3.1.1 ߚғނ܄ᕉნӢη

೭٤ൔ֋Ӆ૶ᒵǺ؂ঁෳઠӧΠᗕ߻ճҔ GPS ෳளΠᗕᗺޑ࿶ጎࡋၗૻǹΠ ወࡕаుࡋ߄ǵНྕ߄ෳໆᕛᡏ০ပНుǵᕛᡏଯࡋϷНྕǹڰۓೕ਱ϐНݝᕛǵ

ႝఎᕛϷᒳ៓ᕛ૶ᒵᕛᡏኧໆǴᅕಭᕛϷैᝮᕛ՗ᆉᕛᡏߏቨǴ؃ளᕛᡏۭय़ᑈǶ

ຑ՗НΠૈـࡋϷෳໆᕛᡏ߄य़ᙟᇂ؇ᑈނࠆࡋǴ૶ᒵНΠբ཰྽ਔаϷၸѐН ᡏషᐜࡋၗૻǹۭ፦٩ᕛᡏۭ೽ڬᎁಈ৩ελԶۓǴҗܭόӕਔය܌Ҕޑ኱ྗό

΋ǴӢԜӧҁፕЎύਥᏵচԖၗૻǴख़ཥϩࣁ 5 ঁ฻ભǺ0Ǵᕛዬǹ1Ǵεࠠ༝ҡǹ 2Ǵ༝ҡǹ3Ǵࣳǹ4ǴݝǶ

2.3.1.2 ғނ܄ᕉნӢη

ۭ෈ߕ๱ғނճҔ D200 ኧՏൂ౳࣬ᐒଛٛНෘӧᕛᡏ΢ܡྣڗኬǶ٬Ҕ Coral Point Count With Excel extensions (CPCe) ೬ᡏǴीᆉᕴғނᙟᇂ౗аϷӚεᜪۭ෈

ߕ๱ғނޑঁձᙟᇂ౗ǴхࡴᝯᜪǵੇᆟǵНⶥǵҡ࣑ྴǵ೬࣑ྴǵੇဗǵ೬ᡏǵ ጺᛵǵᛯ൙ǵऱឿ୏ނǵ඿Ҝ୏ނǵੇᓋᆶځд҂ӈΕ߻ॊεᜪϐۭ෈ғނǶ

2.3.2 ങᜪဂᆫ

ങᜪဂᆫޑፓࢗБԄЬाϩࣁٿεᜪǴନΑճҔӚԄᅕڀǵϯᏢᛰࠔǵࣆᛰ

฻ஒፓࢗ୔ୱങᜪ࣬మନޑਂᕇݤ (capture methods) ϐѦǴҞ߻εӭ٬Ҕჹੇࢩ ᕉნϷғނઇᚯᆶυᘋനեޑᢀჸݤ (observational methods) (Bortone et al. 2000)Ƕ ࡕޣΞаҞຎݤ (underwater visual census) നதᔈҔӧ࣑ྴᕛങᜪဂᆫޑፓࢗ

(Brock 1982)ǶҗܭҁࣴزፓࢗҞ኱ࣁڀԖ΋ۓଯࡋϐҥᡏ่ᄬᕛᡏǴ٠ߚࢂ΋༧ ໒ܫޑ୔ୱǴࡺ௦Ҕۓਔीኧݤ (interval counts)ǴаᕛᡏࣁύЈǴӧڬᎁᒿᐒْ

ෞ 15 ϩដǴ೴΋૶ᒵр౜ޑങᅿǵᡏߏϷኧໆ (Williams 1982)Ƕ

2.4 ၗ਑ϩ݋

2.4.1 ၗ਑኱ྗϯ

܌ϩ݋ޑᕉნᡂኧх֖Αߚғނ܄ᕉნӢηϷғނ܄ᕉნӢηǴӚঁᡂኧ٬

ҔόӕޑൂՏǴ҂ᗉխൂՏৡ౦ޑυᘋǴஒ؂ঁᕉნᡂኧ຾Չ኱ྗϯǴа኱ྗϯ ࡕޑᕉნᡂኧ຾Չࡕុϩ݋Ƕ኱ྗϯϦԄࣁǺ

σ X Z X ^

XǺा኱ྗϯޑॶǹX Ǻ၀ᡂኧޑᆉೌѳ֡ኧǹσǺ၀ᡂኧޑ኱ྗৡ

2.4.2 ෈܄ (residency) ղձ

Γπങᕛ୔ങᜪ٩ྣғࢲӧᕛ୔ޑਔ໔ᆶჹᕛ୔ޑ٩ᒘ܄Ǵ΋૓ёϩࣁΟᅿ

෈܄Ǻۓ෈܄ (resident)ǵଽ෈܄ (visitor)ǵၸნ (transient) (Seaman and Sprague 1991)ǶୖԵၸѐЎ᝘૶ᒵǴஒҁࣴزύр౜ϐങᅿಉౣϩࣁǺۓ෈܄ᆶߚۓ෈܄Ƕ ࣁΑᗉխߚۓ෈܄ങᅿଽว܄ޑуΕဂᆫǴ೷ԋϩ݋΢ޑᚇૻǴҁࣴز໻ଞჹෳ

ઠύۓ෈܄ങᅿ଺௖૸Ƕ

2.4.3 ങᜪғނໆ՗ᆉ

߯ճҔόӕങᅿғߏޑ౦౗଑ᘜԄ (allometric equation) W=aL^bٰ՗ᆉ၀ങᅿ ޑख़ໆǶӚঁങᅿᙯඤޑୖኧୖྣԾ FishBaseǴऩ၀ങᅿલЮᡏߏᡏख़ᙯඤୖኧǴ аᡏࠠ࣬՟ޑӕឦങᅿڗжǶ೸ၸᡏߏᆶᕴ׀ኧၗ਑ё؃ளӚങᅿޑᕴғނໆǶ

2.4.4 ဂᆫࡰኧ

2.4.4.1 ނᅿᙦ൤ࡋࡰ኱ (species richness index) D = (S -1/log N)

SǺނᅿኧǹNǺᕴঁᡏኧǶD ॶຫଯ߄Ң၀ෳઠނᅿᅿᜪຫᙦ൤Ƕ

2.4.4.2 ӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ (diversity index)

ճҔ Shannon diversity index (H’) բࣁෳઠғނӭኬ܄ࡰ኱Ǵж߄Ӛෳઠঁᡏ ᆶނᅿޑ֡ϬำࡋǶ྽H’ॶຫଯǴ߄Ң၀ෳઠဂᆫނᅿຫӭ܈ᅿ໔ঁᡏϩଛၨ֡

ϬǶ

¦

 ^S

i Pi Pi

H'

1

log

SǺ؂΋ԛፓࢗ܌૶ᒵډޑങᅿኧǶ

PiǺ؂΋ԛፓࢗਔǴಃ i ᅿങᅿϐঁᡏኧᆶᕴങᅿঁᡏኧКॶǶ

2.4.4.3 ֡Ϭࡋࡰ኱(evenness index)

Pielou’s evenness (J’) ࢂҗ Shannon diversity index ़՜ԶٰǶճҔෳઠύᅿ໔

ঁᡏϩଛޑ֡Ϭำࡋᆶӭኬ܄ࡰኧനεॶ (Hmax) КၨǴ྽؂ঁނᅿޑኧໆ΋ठਔǴ

֡Ϭࡋࣁ 1ǴࣁғނӧෳઠύኧໆϩѲޑࡰ኱Ƕ J’ = H’/Hmax=H’/log S

H’ǺShannon diversity index

2.4.5 Ӧ୔ੇୱᆶᕛࠠϩ݋

ճҔ Kruskal-Wallis ൂӢη฻ભᡂ౦ኧϩ݋ (Kruskal-Wallis ony-way analysis of variance by rank, Kruskal-Wallis Test) ᔠෳѤঁӦ୔ޑӚᅿဂᆫࡰ኱ࢂցԖৡ౦Ƕ ऩੇୱ໔Ԗৡ౦Ǵ຾΋؁а Mann-Whitney Test ᔠෳٿੇୱ໔ဂᆫࡰ኱ޑৡ౦௃׎Ƕ ჹܭӚ୔ੇୱϐϣǴဂᆫࡰ኱ࢂӢόӕᕛࠠԶ౦Ǵӕኬа Kruskal-Wallis Test Ϸ Mann-Whitney Test຾ՉᔠۓǶ

ԜѦǴӧᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆ೭ٿ໨ᡂኧБय़Ǵҭ٬Ҕค҆ኧᔠۓБݤǴϩձᔠ

ෳόӕӦ୔ϷόӕᅿᕛࠠǴჹങᜪᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆࢂցԖቹៜǶ

ჹܭӚ୔ੇୱύόӕᕛࠠჹܭဂᆫ่ᄬޑቹៜǴ߾ճҔ࣬՟ࡋϩ݋ (analysis of similarities, ANOSIM) ٰᔠۓǴ࿶җ฻ભ࣬՟ࡋંତٰीᆉ R ॶǶR ॶૈ୼߄Ң όӕᕛࠠ໔ဂᆫ่ᄬޑৡ౦ำࡋǴ྽ R ࣁ 1 ਔǴ߄Ңӕᕛࠠޑ࣬՟ࡋεܭᕛࠠ໔ ޑ࣬՟ࡋǹ྽ R ॶ߈Я 0 ਔǴ߄Ңᕛࠠϣکᕛࠠ໔ޑ࣬՟ࡋؒԖৡ౦Ƕ΋૓ԶقǴ

྽ R>0.75 ਔǴ߄Ңٿဂᆫ่ᄬڀԖཱུεৡ౦ǹԶ R<0.25 ਔǴ߾߄Ңဂᆫ่ᄬ΢

൳ЯؒԖৡ౦ (Clarke 1993)Ƕ

4 / ) 1 (

) (



 n n

r R r^{B W}

rB Ǻᕛࠠ໔฻ભ࣬՟ࡋϐѳ֡ǹr_W Ǻᕛࠠϣ฻ભ࣬՟ࡋϐѳ֡ǹnǺᕴෳઠኧ

2.4.6 ဂᆫ่ᄬϩ݋

ဂᆫ่ᄬ߯а Primer v6 (Clarke and Gorley 2006) ঺း೬ᡏ຾Չϩ݋Ƕӧ 135

ঁෳઠޑങᕛፓࢗύǴԌନ௞ߚۓ෈܄ޑങᅿǴஒങᜪဂᆫၗ਑࿶ၸ log(x+1) ᙯ ඤǴीᆉ୷ܭ Bray-Curtis ຯᚆޑ࣬՟ࡋંତǶа໘ቫԄ໣ဂϩ݋ݤ (hierarchical cluster analysis) ᆶߚीໆӭӛࡋໆЁݤ (non-metric multi-dimensional scaling, MDS) КၨόӕӦ୔ങᅿಔԋޑ࣬՟ࡋǶᕉნၗ਑߾຾ՉЬԋϩϩ݋ (principal components analysis, PCA)Ǵפр೷ԋόӕӦ୔ᕉნৡ౦ޑЬाӢηǶ

ԜѦǴ೸ၸ BIO-ENV (biota and/or environment matching) ஒဂᆫၗ਑ᆶᕉნᡂ ኧբೱ่ǶόӕᕉნӢηಔӝ୷ܭኻԄຯᚆ (Euclidean distance) ׎ԋᕉნӢηં

ତǴނᅿဂᆫಔԋ׎ԋ Bray-Curtis ࣬՟܄ંତǴीᆉٿ๱ϐ໔ Spearman ฻ભ࣬ᜢ

߯ኧ (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient)Ǵ࣬ᜢ܄നଯޑᕉნӢηಔӝ߾നૈ

ှញങᅿဂᆫಔԋޑৡ౦ (Clarke 1993)Ƕ

2.4.7 ௨ׇϩ݋ (ordination)

а௨ׇϩ݋௖૸ғނဂᆫ܈ኬ୔ӧᕉნఊࡋ΢ޑϩѲ௃׎Ǵᙖаפрቹៜғ ނဂᆫᡂ౦ޑЬाᕉნӢηǶҁࣴزϩձ٬Ҕڂࠠჹᔈϩ݋ (canonical

correspondence analysis, CCA) ϷϧᎩϩ݋ (redundancy analysis, RDA) ٿᅿϩ݋

БݤǶനதҔٰϸᔈނᅿᆶᕉნᜢ߯ޑኳࠠԖٿᅿǴ΋ᅿࣁጕ܄ኳࠠ (linear model)Ǵ ќ΋ᅿࣁൂঢ়ኳࠠ (unimodal model)Ƕ྽ނᅿӧᕉნఊࡋ΢և౜ጕ܄ϩѲਔǴ٬Ҕ ϧᎩϩ݋ǹऩނᅿӧᕉნఊࡋ΢Ԗ΋ന፾ॶ (optimun)Ǵևដ׎ޑൂঢ়ϩѲਔǴ٬

Ҕڂࠠჹᔈϩ݋Ƕኳࠠޑᒧ᏷ڗ،ܭफ़ᖿჹᔈϩ݋ (detrended correspondence

analysis, DCA) ఊࡋືߏࡋޑϩ݋Ƕ྽ಃ΋ঁఊࡋືεܭѤঁ኱ྗৡਔǴ٬Ҕڂࠠ

ჹᔈϩ݋ǹऩλܭΟঁ኱ྗৡਔǴ߾٬ҔϧᎩϩ݋ (ter Braak and Šmilaue 2002)Ƕ നࡕճҔᆾӦьᛥ࿼ඤᔠᡍ (Monte Carlo permutation test) ᔠෳ࣬ᜢޑᕉნӢη

ࢂցၲᡉ๱Нྗ (Lepš and Šmilauer 2003)Ƕ

җܭ܌ᔈҔޑၗ਑৤ύങᅿ౲ӭǴԶځύёૈԖ٤ങᅿӧϩѲ΢ёૈᆶҁࣴ

ز܌ԵቾϐᕉნӢηؒԖᡉ๱࣬ᜢǴΞ܈ޣԖၠӭ୔ϩѲޑ௃׎Ǵ܈ങᅿӧᕛ୔

ύޑр౜ࣁଽว٣ҹǴ܈ങᅿϩѲጄൎᇻλܭҁࣴزύ܌ჄۓޑӦ౛ϩ୔฻ǴӢ Ԝᙖҗ Primer ύޑ SIMPER (similarity percentages) ϩ݋Ǵीᆉр΋Ӧ୔ϣǴჹܭ ങᅿಔԋ࣬՟ࡋଅ᝘ଯޑങᅿǹ٠Ъीᆉ၀Ӧ୔ᆶځдӦ୔ങᅿಔԋ࣬౦ࡋଅ᝘

ଯޑങᅿǴᒧ᏷ӕਔჹٿޣଯࡋଅ᝘ޑങᅿനࣁ၀୔ޑж߄ങᅿǴ೸ၸ௨ׇݤ຾

Զפр೭٤ങᅿ໻ϩѲӧ੝ۓ୔ୱޑำࡋǶᙖҗჹ೭٤ж߄܄ങᅿ଺ϩ݋Ǵૈ׳

మධޑᕕှӚ໨Ӧ୔܄ᕉნӢηޑቹៜำࡋǶ

2.4.8 १܄ಔԋϩ݋

ஒ؂ঁෳઠ܌ፓࢗډޑങᅿǴୖԵၸѐЎ᝘૶ᒵᆶ FishBase ΢ങᅿ१ނ࣬Ǵ ϩࣁ 8 ᅿ१܄ᜪဂǺᝯ१܄ (herbivores)ǵੌෞ୏ނ१܄ (planktivores)ǵۭ෈คૉ

෎୏ނ१܄ (benthic invertebrate feeders)ǵ१ങ१܄ (piscivores)ǵ࣑ྴᙝ१܄

(corallivores)ǵᚇ१܄ (omnivores)ǵԺ१܄ (carnivores)ǵమዅ१܄ (cleaners) (Jennings et al. 1995; Jennings and Polunin 1996; Ferreira et al. 2001; Khalaf and Kochzius 2002; Ferreira et al. 2004; Ferreira and Gonçalves 2006; Cole et al. 2008;

Honório et al. 2010)Ƕ࣑ྴᙝ१܄хࡴ஑΋܄ (obligate) ࣑ྴᙝ१܄ᆶҭ१ᝯᜪᆶ

ۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނޑঋ܄ (facultative) ࣑ྴᙝ१܄Ƕᚇ१܄ж߄ӕਔӞᝯᜪϷੌෞ୏

ނ܈ۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނǶԺ१܄ж߄ӕਔӞۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނϷങᜪ܈ੌෞ୏ނǶమ ዅ१܄аځдങᡏѦ஌ғނ܈ᡏ߄ϩݜޑᗹనࣁ१Ƕځύঋ܄࣑ྴᙝ१܄ǵᚇ१

܄ᆶԺ१܄ങᅿൺ٩ྣ१ނٰྍǴஒғނໆѳ֡યΕᝯ१܄ǵੌෞ୏ނ१܄ǵۭ

෈คૉ෎ғނ१܄ǵ१ങ१܄ǵ࣑ྴᙝ१܄ύǴа՗ीόӕӦ୔ങᅿჹܭόӕၗ

ྍޑሡ؃ำࡋǶ

аങᅿᕴ׀ኧϷғނໆၗ਑ीᆉӚঁෳઠ१܄่ᄬಔԋޑኧໆԭϩКᆶख़ໆ ԭϩКǴ٠уа࣬ϕКၨǶ

ୖǵ่݀

3.1 ങᜪဂᆫϩ݋

܌Ԗෳઠ٩ྣങᜪޑဂᆫ่ᄬޑಔԋёаϩࣁѤঁܴᡉޑᜪဂ (კ 2)Ǵஒ 4

ঁᜪဂ٩ྣӦ౛ϩѲϩࣁǺч೽ (62 ઠ)ǵՋࠄ (25 ઠ)ǵܿࠄ (30 ઠ) Ϸᚆ৞ (18 ઠ)Ƕځύܽቧ (Ο) ΋ෳઠ೏ჄΕܿࠄ୔Ǵεݓட΋ෳઠᆶԮൎٿෳઠ೏ჄΕՋ ࠄ୔ǴࣁୃᚆځচٰӦ౛ϩ୔ޑϿኧෳઠǶѤঁဂ໣ύǴч೽ᆶՋࠄങᜪဂᆫಔ ԋၨᜪ՟Ǵܿࠄ߾ᆶᚆ৞ၨ࣬՟ǶMDS ϩ݋่݀ (კ 3Ǵstress=0.16) ύǴч೽ǵ ՋࠄᆶܿࠄΟ୔ޑಔԋ࣬՟ࡋӧѳय़ޜ໔΢ևΟف׎ϩѲǴԶᚆ৞߾ᆶܿࠄၨᜪ

՟Ƕ೸ၸ SIMPER ϩ݋Ӛঁဂ໣ങᜪဂᆫಔԋޑѳ֡࣬౦ࡋ(average dissimilarity) ёှញෳઠӧ MDS კ΢ޑϩѲ (߄ 2)Ƕ

3.2 Ӧ୔ᆶᕛࠠϩ݋

3.2.1 ങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬ

ӧങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬБय़ǴӃ߻ޑ໣ဂϩ݋ᡉҢങᜪဂᆫԖӦ୔܄ޑৡ౦Ƕ೸ၸ one-way ANOSIMଞჹ 4 ঁӦ୔ϩձ଺௖૸Ǵࢂցᕛࠠޑৡ౦ҭ཮ቹៜങᜪဂᆫޑ ಔԋǶ

ӧч೽ᕛ୔ύӅԖНݝᕛ (р౜ܭ 18 ෳઠ)ǵႝఎᕛ (15 ෳઠ)ǵᒳ៓ᕛ (23

ෳઠ)ǵᅕಭᕛ (3 ෳઠ) Ϸैᝮᕛ (3 ෳઠ) ϖᅿᕛࠠǴങᜪဂᆫಔԋӧᕛࠠ໔൳ ЯؒԖৡ౦ (ANOSIM, global R=0.104)Ƕ

Ջࠄᕛ୔ύӅԖНݝᕛ (6 ෳઠ)ǵႝఎᕛ (2 ෳઠ)ǵᒳ៓ᕛ (8 ෳઠ)ǵᅕಭᕛ (9ෳઠ) ѤᅿᕛࠠǴങᜪဂᆫಔԋӧᕛࠠ໔ҭΜϩᜪ՟ (ANOSIM, global

R=0.224)Ƕ

ܿࠄᕛ୔ύӅԖНݝᕛ (7 ෳઠ)ǵႝఎᕛ (12 ෳઠ)ǵᒳ៓ᕛ (7 ෳઠ)ǵैᝮ ᕛ (4 ෳઠ) ѤᅿᕛࠠǴങᜪဂᆫಔԋӧᕛࠠ໔Ԗৡ౦Ӹӧ (ANOSIM, global

R=0.29)ǴࣁΑᕕှব٤ᕛࠠ೷ԋৡ౦ǴӢԜ຾Չᕛࠠϐ໔ޑଛჹϩ݋ (pairwise tests)Ǵ่݀ว౜ᒳ៓ᕛᆶैᝮᕛޑങᜪဂᆫಔԋԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ (R=0.926) (߄ 3)Ƕ

ᚆ৞ᕛ୔ӅԖႝఎᕛ (6 ෳઠ)ǵᒳ៓ᕛ (5 ෳઠ)ǵैᝮᕛ (7 ෳઠ) ΟᅿᕛࠠǴ ങᜪဂᆫಔԋӧᕛࠠ໔ҭԖৡ౦ (ANOSIM, global R=0.343)Ǵଛჹϩ݋ύǴႝఎᕛ ᆶᒳ៓ᕛ໔ӧങᅿಔԋ΢Ԗᡉ๱ৡ౦ (R=0.824) (߄ 4)Ƕч೽ᆶՋࠄ୔ޑෳઠǴങ ᜪဂᆫಔԋӧѤᅿόӕᕛࠠ໔ؒԖܴᡉৡ౦Ǵܿࠄᆶᚆ৞୔ޑෳઠ໻೽ϩᕛࠠ໔ Ԗৡ౦Ƕ

3.2.2 ғނဂᆫࡰ኱ޑКၨ

аނᅿᙦ൤ࡋࡰ኱ǵӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ᆶ֡Ϭࡋࡰ኱բࣁғނဂᆫࡰ኱ǴΟ໨ᡂኧ ϩձ຾Չ Kruskal-Wallis Test ᔠᡍੇୱ໔ဂᆫࡰ኱ࢂցԖৡ౦Ǵ่݀ᡉҢނᅿᙦ൤

ࡋࡰ኱ (Kruskal-Wallis test, ͞²=91.074, p<0.001)ǵӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ (Kruskal-Wallis test,

͞²=57.215, p<0.001) Ϸ֡Ϭࡋࡰ኱ (Kruskal-Wallis test, ͞²=28.013, p<0.001) ӧ ѤঁӦ୔ࣣԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ (߄ 5Ǵკ 4)Ǵа Mann-Whitney Test КၨٿٿӦ୔໔ғނ ဂᆫࡰ኱ޑৡ౦௃׎Ǵӧނᅿᙦ൤ࡋࡰ኱Бय़Ǻᚆ৞ > ܿࠄ > ч೽ > Ջࠄǹӭ ኬ܄ࡰ኱Бय़Ǻᚆ৞ > ܿࠄ > ч೽ = Ջࠄǹ֡Ϭࡋࡰ኱Бय़Ǻᚆ৞ > ܿࠄ = Ջ ࠄ > ч೽ (߄ 6)Ƕ

ѤঁӦ୔ϩձӆа Kruskal-Wallis Test ϩ݋ӕӦ୔ϣόӕᕛࠠࢂցჹғނဂᆫ

ࡰ኱೷ԋቹៜǴ่݀ᡉҢѤঁӦ୔ϣόӕᕛࠠޑΟᅿғނဂᆫࡰ኱ࣣคᡉ๱ৡ౦ (߄ 7)Ƕ

3.2.3 ങᜪᕴ׀ኧ܈ғނໆޑৡ౦܄

೸ၸങᅿᡏߏᆶᕴ׀ኧၗ਑ीᆉӚঁങᅿғނໆǴӆஒ؂ঁෳઠр౜ޑങᅿ уᕴளډӚঁෳઠޑᕴғނໆǶճҔ Kruskal-Wallis Test ᔠᡍѤঁӦ୔ങᜪᕴ׀ኧ ᆶғނໆࢂցԖৡ౦Ǵ่݀ᡉҢᕴ׀ኧ (Kruskal-Wallis test, ͞²=23.625, p<0.001)

܈ғނໆ (Kruskal-Wallis test, ͞²=18.72, p<0.001) ӧѤ୔ੇୱࣣԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ (߄ 8Ǵკ 5)Ƕа Mann-Whitney Test КၨٿӦ୔໔ᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆ኱ޑৡ౦௃׎Ǵӧ ᕴ׀ኧБय़Ǻч೽ = ܿࠄ > Ջࠄ = ᚆ৞ǹғނໆБय़Ǻܿࠄ > ᚆ৞ = ч೽> Ջ ࠄ (߄ 9)Ƕ

Ѥ୔ੇୱϩձӆа Kruskal-Wallis Test ϩ݋ӕ୔ੇϣόӕᕛࠠࢂցჹᕴ׀ኧ܈

ғނໆ೷ԋቹៜǴ่݀ᡉҢѤঁӦ୔ύޑᕛࠠёૈჹᕴ׀ኧ܈ғނໆౢғቹៜ (߄ 10)Ƕч೽ᕛ୔ғނໆӧᕛࠠ໔Ԗᡉ๱ৡ౦ (Kruskal-Wallis test, ͞²=12.882, p=0.012) (კ 6Ǵ߄ 11)Ǵ࿶ၸ Mann-Whitney Test Кၨٿٿόӕᕛࠠৡ౦ࡕǴैᝮ ᕛᆶᒳ៓ᕛғނໆᡉ๱ଯܭНݝᕛᆶᅕಭᕛǴᕴ׀ኧБय़߾คᡉ๱ৡ౦ǹՋࠄᕛ

୔ғނໆӧᕛࠠ໔ҭԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ (Kruskal-Wallis test, ͞²=8.911, p=0.031) (კ 6Ǵ ߄ 11)ǴMann-Whitney Test ่݀ᡉҢᅕಭᕛғނໆᡉ๱ଯܭНݝᕛǴԶᕴ׀ኧคᡉ

๱ৡ౦ǹܿࠄᕛ୔ᕛࠠӕኬӧғނໆ΢೷ԋᡉ๱ৡ౦ (Kruskal-Wallis test, ͞

2=19.86, p<0.001) (კ 6Ǵ߄ 11)ǴMann-Whitney Test ่݀ᡉҢόӕᕛࠠғނໆελ ޑৡ౦௃׎ࣁǺैᝮᕛ > ႝఎᕛ = ᒳ៓ᕛ > НݝᕛǴᕴ׀ኧБय़ҭคᡉ๱ৡ౦ǹ ᚆ৞ᕛ୔ᕴ׀ኧӧᕛࠠ໔Ԗᡉ๱ৡ౦ (Kruskal-Wallis test, ͞²=8.911, p=0.031) (კ 6Ǵ߄ 11)ǴMann-Whitney Test ่݀ᡉҢόӕᕛࠠᕴ׀ኧӭჲޑৡ౦௃׎ࣁǺႝఎ ᕛ > ᒳ៓ᕛ = ैᝮᕛǶ

3.3 ᕉნӢηЬԋϩϩ݋

ࣁΑஒӚങᕛ୔ၨόቹៜങᜪဂᆫޑۭ෈ғނᙟᇂ౗௨ନǴԶ຾Չҁ໨ϩ݋Ƕ २Ӄа 12 ᅿۭ෈ғނᙟᇂ౗຾ՉЬԋϩϩ݋ (PCA)Ǵϩ݋܌ளϐಃ΋ືЬाӢη ࣁᝯᜪǴಃΒືࣁੇᆟᆶ೬࣑ྴǴٿঁື܌ಕᑈૈှញᡂ౦ޑໆࣁ 65.4% (კ 7)Ƕ ਥᏵԜ΋่݀Ǵஒځύ੝ቻӛໆ (eigenvectors) ၨλޑӢηǴхࡴੇဗǵ೬ᡏǵҘ

ෘᜪǵ඿Ҝ୏ނϷऱឿ୏ނ฻уа௨ନǴќа੝ቻӛໆၨଯޑΎᅿۭ෈ғނӢηǴ у΢Нྕǵᕴᙟᇂ౗ǵۭ፦ᜪࠠǵ؇ᑈނࠆࡋϷૈـࡋ฻຾ՉЬԋϩϩ݋Ƕ่݀

ᡉҢǴӧങᜪဂᆫޑϩ୔ύǴܿࠄǵᚆ৞ങᕛ୔ޑᝯᜪᙟᇂ౗ǵᕴғނᙟᇂ౗Ϸ

ૈـࡋၨଯǹՋࠄങᕛ୔߾ۭ፦ၨಒǵᕛᡏ΢؇ᑈނၨࠆ (კ 8)Ƕ

3.4 ᕉნӢηᆶങᅿಔԋᜢ߯

а BIO-ENV БݤਥᏵ೚ӭᕉნӢηಔӝीᆉᆶങᜪဂᆫಔԋޑ࣬ᜢ܄Ǵ൨פ

೷ԋങᜪဂᆫಔԋৡ౦ޑЬाᕉნӢηǴ่݀ᡉҢۭ፦ᜪࠠǵૈـࡋᆶጎࡋࢂ೷

ԋৡ౦ޑЬाᕉნӢη (͙w=0.647) (߄ 12)Ƕ

3.5௨ׇϩ݋

२Ӄஒങᅿޑဂᆫၗ਑຾Չफ़ᖿჹᔈϩ݋ (DCA)Ǵᒧ᏷аڂࠠჹᔈϩ݋

(CCA) ࣁ௨ׇޑኳࠠǶෳઠᆶᕉნᡂໆӧಃ΋ఊࡋືکಃΒఊࡋື΢ޑϩѲ࿶а ᚈׇკ (bioplot) ߄Ң (კ 9)Ƕှ݋ਔǴෳઠᆶෳઠ܈ނᅿᆶނᅿ໔ޑຯᚆࣁьБ ຯᚆ (Chi-square distance)Ǵຫௗ߈߄Ңෳઠӧނᅿಔԋޑৡ౦܄ຫλ܈ࢂނᅿޑ ϩѲৡ౦ၨλǶᕉნᡂኧጂᓐ໔ޑ֨فё߄ҢᕉნӢη໔ޑ࣬ᜢ܄Ǵऩ֨فև 90 ࡋ߾ࣁό࣬ᜢǹෳઠᆶᕉნᡂໆϐ໔ޑᜢ߯߾ёճҔෳઠჹᕉნӢηጂᓐБӛ଺

׫ቹ߄ҢǶკύᡉҢǴӃ߻ϐങᜪ໣ဂϩ݋ϩԋޑѤεᜪဂϣޑӚങᕛ୔ҭᆙஏ ϩѲԋဂǴځύᆶಃ΋௨ׇື࣬ᜢ܄ၨεޑᕉნӢηϩձࣁૈـࡋ (࣬ᜢ߯ኧǺ 0.849)ǵᝯᜪ (0.6523)ǵᕴғނᙟᇂ౗ (0.427)ǵጎࡋ (-0.6597)ǵۭ፦ᜪࠠ (-0.6488) ᆶ؇ᑈނࠆࡋ (-0.4889)Ǵ೭٤Ӣηӕਔૈ୼ှញᚆ৞ǵܿࠄෳઠޑϩ୔౜ຝǶԜ ѦǴᆶಃΒ௨ׇື࣬ᜢ܄ၨεޑᕉნӢηЬाࣁጎࡋ (-0.5525)Ǵځ٠Ъёૈࢂ೷

ԋч೽ෳઠᆶՋࠄෳઠϩᚆޑख़ाӢηǶ

а SIMPER פрӚ୔ޑж߄ങᅿ (߄ 12)Ǵϩձࣁч୔Ǻᐪ׀Ӏភഒ᜶ (Chromis fumea)ǵΟጕᚊങ (Parapristipoma trilineatum)ǵъጕϺޞ᜶ (Apogon semilineatus)ǵ ጂϺޞ᜶ (Rhabdamia gracilis) ϷϤඬΒᏁⰦ (Diodon holocanthus)Ƕഒ᜶ᆶϺޞ᜶

ࣣឦܭ۟ᕛ܄ဂۚങᜪǴ१ੌෞғނ܈λࠠคૉ෎୏ނǹϤඬΒᏁⰦୃӳܭ؅ݝ

೬ۭ፦΢ਂ१ۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނǹဂෞ܄ޑΟጕᚊങ౽୏ૈΚ٫ǴᲉෞܭӚঁᕛ୔

ڬᎁޑ؅፦ۭ፦೔१ǶՋࠄ୔Ǻᙔཥഒ᜶ (Neopomacentrus cyanomos)ǵआ஥ᔕ޸

ᢙ (Pseudanthias rubrizonatus) Ϸୁ஥Ϻޞ᜶ (Apogon pleuron)Ƕୁ஥Ϻޞ᜶ᆶआ

஥ᔕ޸ᢙࣣୃӳ؅ݝۭ፦ޑੇୱǹᙔཥഒ᜶߾தـܭ۞ᜐ܈Ѧੇޑᕛ୔Ƕܿࠄ୔Ǻ Ѥ஥ᚊങ (Pomadasys quadrilineatus)ǵߎᔕ޸ᢙ (Pseudanthias squamipinnis)ǵ຋

যങ (Labroides dimidiatus)ǵқ֍ᚈ஥ҥᄡ᜶ (Heniochus acuminatus) Ϸᒯ׀᜶

(Prionurus scalprum)ǶѤ஥ᚊങឦܭቶݱϩѲޑങᅿǴᕛ۟ᆶ؅Ӧࣣёـǹߎᔕ޸

ᢙǵқ֍ᚈ஥ҥᄡ᜶ᆶ຋যങࣣ෈৲ങ࣑ྴᕛੇୱǹᒯ׀᜶߾ᲉෞܭӚঁᕛ୔໔Ƕ ᚆ৞୔Ǻፃඬڈ׀᜶ (Acanthurus nigrofuscus)ǵլМጷጸങ (Chaetodon kleinii)ǵ Οඬ༝ഒ᜶ (Dascyllus trimaculatus)ǵߎ஥ᔕᠣ᜶ (Mulloidichthys vanicolensis) Ϸ ف៑ങ (Zanclus cornutus)Ƕፃඬڈ׀᜶ឦܭభНୱങᅿǴЬा෈৲ܭᕛҡޑۭ೽ǹ լМጷጸങᆶΟඬ༝ഒ᜶Ьा෈৲ܭ࣑ྴᕛੇୱǹف៑ങ߾தـܭమᅒޑ࣑ྴᕛ

܈۟ᕛ୔ǹߎ஥ᔕᠣ᜶ୃӳӧᕛࣳషӝೀ܈ᕛ୔ѦൎࣳݝӦ೔१Ƕ

ନΑᔠຎ೭٤ങᅿޑ෈৲ᕉნѦǴࣁΑᔠຎ೭ 18 ങᅿޑж߄܄Ǵа೭٤ങᅿ ख़ཥ຾Չ௨ׇϩ݋ǹ೸ၸ DCA ϩ݋ࡕᒧ᏷ൂঢ়ኳࠠޑ CCAǶϩ݋่݀аΟׇკ (triplotǴკ 10) ߄ҢނᅿǵෳઠᆶᕉნӢη໔ޑ࣬ᜢ܄ (ނᅿᆶෳઠຫௗ߈߄Ң၀ ނᅿӧ೭٤ෳઠύޑ࣬ჹᙦࡋၨଯ)ǶӧΟׇკύǴԜ 18 ᅿങᅿዴჴϩձᆶ܌ឦෳ

ઠޑຯᚆၨࣁௗ߈ǴӢԜёຎࣁ၀Ӧ୔ж߄܄ങᅿǶ

࿶а DCA ϩ݋ӚӦ୔ж߄܄ങᅿ܌ᄬԋϐဂᆫޑఊࡋߏࡋǴᡉҢӚ୔ဂᆫޑ ఊࡋືࣣλܭ 3 ঁ኱ྗৡǴӢԜ٬Ҕ୷ܭጕ܄ኳࠠޑϧᎩϩ݋ (RDA) ᝩុуаϩ

݋Ƕ

ӧᚈׇკύǴނᅿᆶᕉნӢηጂᓐ໔ޑ֨فж߄۶Ԝޑ࣬ᜢ܄Ƕӧч୔Ǵᆶ

ಃ΋௨ׇື࣬ᜢ܄ၨεޑᕉნӢηࣁጎࡋ (-0.7235) Ϸᛯ൙ᙟᇂ౗ (-0.5038)ǹಃ

Β௨ׇືࣁ؇ᑈނࠆࡋ (0.4641) (კ 11)Ƕ΢ॊ่݀຾΋؁аᆾӦьᛥᔠۓуаᡍ

᛾ǴᡉҢቹៜч೽ᕛ୔ങᅿϩѲޑЬाᕉნӢηࣁጎࡋǵ࿶ࡋǵҡ࣑ྴᙟᇂ౗ǵ

؇ᑈނࠆࡋϷᛯ൙ᙟᇂ౗ (߄ 14)ǶӧՋࠄ୔Бय़Ǵᆶಃ΋௨ׇື࣬ᜢ܄ၨεޑᕉ ნӢηࣁۭ፦ᜪࠠ (0.4347) ᆶ࿶ࡋ (-0.4621) (კ 12)Ƕ࿶଺ᆾӦьᛥᔠۓǴቹៜՋ ࠄᕛ୔ങᅿϩѲޑЬाᕉნӢηࣁ࿶ࡋǵۭ፦ᜪࠠǵጎࡋǵૈـࡋϷుࡋ (߄ 14)Ƕ

ܿࠄ୔ύǴᆶಃ΋௨ׇື࣬ᜢ܄ၨεޑᕉნӢηࣁጎࡋ (-0.3937)ǴಃΒ௨ׇືࣁ

ੇᆟᙟᇂ౗ (0.3544) (კ 13)Ƕ࿶଺ᆾӦьᛥᔠۓǴቹៜܿࠄᕛ୔ങᅿϩѲޑЬा

ᕉნӢηࣁጎࡋǵ࿶ࡋǵᕛᡏଯࡋǵНⶥᙟᇂ౗ǵੇᆟᙟᇂ౗ǵᕴғނᙟᇂ౗Ϸ

ۭ፦ᜪࠠ (߄ 14)Ƕӧᚆ৞୔ύǴᆶಃ΋௨ׇື࣬ᜢ܄ၨεޑᕉნӢη٩ׇࣁૈـ ࡋ (0.829)ǵᝯᜪᙟᇂ౗ (0.5908)ǵጎࡋ (-0.5333) Ϸۭ፦ᜪࠠ (-0.5033) (კ 14)Ƕ

࿶଺ᆾӦьᛥᔠۓǴቹៜᚆ৞ᕛ୔ങᅿϩѲޑЬाᕉნӢηࣁૈـࡋǵጎࡋǵᕴ ғނᙟᇂ౗ǵۭ፦ᜪࠠǵ࿶ࡋǵ೬࣑ྴϷҡ࣑ྴᙟᇂ౗ (߄ 14)Ƕ

3.6 १܄ಔԋϩ݋

ч೽ᕛ୔ӧ१܄่ᄬಔԋޑኧໆԭϩК΢ǴКٯനଯޣࣁੌෞ୏ނ१܄

(57.1%)Ǵځԛࣁۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ (39.15%)Ƕ೸ၸख़ໆԭϩК߾ёว౜ੌෞ୏

ނ१܄ϐख़ໆόଯ (11.24%)Ǵۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ӧч೽ࣁനЬाޑᜪဂ (69.08%)ǴӵΟጕᚊങ (Parapristipoma trilineatum) ᆶచҡ᜶ (Oplegnathus

fasciatus)ǴԶ᎟஥ҡඬങ (Epinephelus lanceolatus)ǵᅦ܎Ѓҡඬങ (E. malabaricus)ǵ ሌદಂ᜶ (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) ฻Ժ१܄ങᅿኧໆ΢ᗨϿǴՠځғނໆჹ१

ۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނϷ१ങ१܄ᜪဂޑғނໆԖ೽ϩଅ᝘ (߄ 15)Ƕ

Ջࠄᕛ୔ӧ१܄่ᄬಔԋޑኧໆԭϩК΢ǴКٯനଯޣࣁۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१

܄ (41.57%)ǴǴځԛࣁੌෞ୏ނ१܄ (31.66%) ϷԺ१܄ (20.75%)Ƕੌෞ୏ނ१

܄ჹᕴғނໆଅ᝘όଯ (7.29%)ǴԺ१܄ޑሌદಂ᜶ (L. argentimaculatus)ǵᅦ܎

Ѓҡඬങ (E. malabaricus)ǵΐڈ〝ឦ҂᠘ۓᅿ (Cephalopholis sp.) ฻ᆶ१ۭ෈ค

ૉ෎୏ނޑൂඬಂ᜶ (L. monostigma) ᆶ޸೬য (Plectorhinchus cinctus) ޑғނໆ ࣁԜ୔Ьा१܄ᄬԋ (߄ 15)Ƕ

ܿࠄᕛ୔ӧኧໆ΢՞ᓬ༈ޑࣁੌෞ୏ނ१܄ (34.38%)ǵۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄

(34.09%) Ϸ࣑ྴᙝ१܄ (17.46%)ǴԶԜ୔మዅ१܄܌՞ޑኧໆКӧѤ୔ύനଯ (0.96%)Ƕӧख़ໆԭϩК΢Ǵۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ҁيғނໆόեѦǴᚇ१܄ޑങ ᜪӵᒯ׀᜶ (Prionurus scalprum)ǵ᠄ݢᇂڈങ (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) ฻ჹ ܭᝯ१܄ (20.24%) Ϸۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ (58.6%) ޑғނໆ΢ԖόϿଅ᝘ (߄ 15)Ƕ

ᚆ৞ᕛ୔ӧങᅿ१܄่ᄬಔԋޑኧໆԭϩКܴᡉ໣ύӧੌෞ୏ނ१܄΢

(71.77%)Ǵځд१܄ᜪձޑങᅿӧᚆ৞ᡉள࣬ჹีϿǶவख़ໆԭϩКٰ࣮Ǵᝯ१܄

ޑКख़ౣեܭܿࠄᕛ୔ (10.81%)Ǵ࣑ྴᙝ१܄߾کܿࠄᕛ୔ৡόӭ (1.38%)Ǵੌ

ෞ୏ނ१܄ (44.42%) کۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ (39.04%) ܌՞ޑख़ໆЬाҗ၀୔

Ժ१܄ങᜪӵඬߎ㲸 (Cirrhitichthys aprinus)ǵᡖيᇘૅ㋗ (Gymnothorax eurostus)ǵ ߎ㲸 (C. aureus) ฻܌ଅ᝘Ƕ

စǵ૸ፕ

4.1 Γπങᕛ׫ܫޑՏ࿼ᆶങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬ

ᆕӝၸѐ΋٤ଞჹѠ᡼ڬൎੇୱ୔ୱ܄ޑങᜪဂᆫࣴز܈ғᄊፓࢗൔ֋ύǴ Ѡ᡼ޑ࣑ྴᕛങᜪޑဂᆫಔԋЬाڙډ໵ዊᆶࠄੇ߄ቫН฻ٿεНიޑቹៜǴځ ύǴࠄ೽ǵܿ೽ǵλ੥ౚǵើᔁϷᆘ৞฻ڙډ໵ዊ܌ቹៜǴ዗஥Ӧ୔ޑങռ܈в

࿧ങёૈᙖҗྕཪᆶჲᔼᎦᡶޑ໵ዊ຾Εࠄ೽ੇୱۓ෈ǹч೽ᆶዋ෫ੇୱ߾ڙډ ࠄੇ߄ቫН܌ቹៜǴоۑൣհޑύ୯ݮ۞ࢬࠄΠૈ٬Нྕեܭ 20кǴ೷ԋങᜪ࣬

ӧࠄчٿεӦ౛୔ᡉ๱ޑৡ౦ (Chen et al. 1992; Shao et al. 1993ǹᔎǴ2006)ǶਥᏵ

໣ဂϩ݋ᆶ MDS ޑ่݀ (კ 2Ǵკ 3)ǴѠ᡼ڬൎੇୱΓπങᕛ୔ങᜪဂᆫ٩ങᅿ ಔԋ࣬՟ࡋϩࣁч೽ϷՋࠄǵܿࠄϷᚆ৞ٿεᜪဂǴᆶ Shao et al. (1997) ϩ݋Ѡ᡼

ڬᎁΖೀϺฅᕛ୔ങᜪဂᆫಔԋޑ໣ဂϩ݋่݀࣬྽ᜪ՟ǶନΑങᜪဂᆫಔԋѦǴ

࣑ྴނᅿᙦ൤ࡋᆶ೷ᕛբҔமࡋҭᒿ๱ᕉნచҹޑৡ౦և౜ч೽ᆶܿࠄǵᚆ৞ٿ εϩဂ (ᔎǴ2006)Ƕܿࠄǵᚆ৞ੇୱғߏೲ౗ၨזޑືϾ࣑ྴᆶജف࣑ྴૈ׎ԋ

ၨፄᚇޑҥᡏޜ໔Ǵӧ࣑ྴᕛങᜪޑӦ౛ϩѲ΢ڀԖ࣬྽ޑቹៜ (Shao et al.

1997)Ƕ

ճҔނᅿᙦ൤ࡋ (D)ǵӭኬ܄ (H’) Ϸ֡Ϭࡋ (J’) Οᅿဂᆫࡰ኱ٰှញѤঁ

Ӧ౛୔ങᜪဂᆫǴ่݀ࡰрᚆ৞ޑނᅿᙦࡋࡋനଯǴځԛࣁܿࠄǵч೽ǵՋࠄǴ ჹྣӚ୔ፓࢗ૶ᒵޑങᅿኧ (ч೽Ǻ131 ᅿǹՋࠄǺ65 ᅿǹܿࠄǺ201 ᅿǹᚆ৞Ǻ 159ᅿ)Ǵᗨฅᚆ৞ᕛ୔ނᅿኧ٠ߚനଯǴӢࣁᕴ׀ኧၨեޑጔࡺԶӧނᅿᙦ൤ࡋ

ࡰ኱΢ଯܭځдӦ୔ (კ 4)ǹӭኬ܄ࡰ኱Бय़Ǵᚆ৞ᕛ୔ᆶ 2003 Ϸ 2004 ԃፓࢗϐ ч೽ᆶࠄ೽Ϻฅᕛዬௗ߈ (Ц฻Ǵ2004)Ǵӧဂᆫಔԋ΢ᖿ߈ᛙۓǴځԛࣁܿࠄǴ Զч೽ᆶՋࠄᕛ୔߾ୃեǴᆶ Shao et al. (1997) КၨϺฅᕛ୔ӭኬ܄നଯޑෳઠр

౜ӧᏜ΍ޑ่݀ౣԖৡ౦Ƕӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ڙډঁᡏኧᆶނᅿኧޑቹៜǴނᅿኧຫӭǴ ӭኬ܄ΨຫଯǴฅԶऩԖϿኧങᅿޑঁᡏኧࡐӭǴࠅ཮٬ӭኬ܄ࡰ኱फ़եǶԜ΋

௃׎วғӧч೽ᕛዬᆶᐱҥᕛǴӧങᅿኧৡ౦όεޑ௃ݩΠǴᕴ׀ኧၨεޑᐱҥ ᕛӧӭኬ܄ࡰ኱΢ࠅᇽܭч೽ᕛዬ (၏฻Ǵ2003)Ƕᐱҥᕛ܈ΓπങᕛޑᆫങਏᔈǴ р౜Ͽኧങᅿεໆᆫ໣ޑ౜ຝǴӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ΨӢԜफ़եǴӢԜӧှ᠐Ϻฅᕛዬᆶ Γπങᕛӭኬ܄ਔᔈᙣ཈ǹ֡ϬࡋБय़Ǵࡰрᚆ৞ᕛ୔ങᅿӧኧໆ΢ϩѲന֡ϬǴ ځԛࣁܿࠄᆶՋࠄǴԶч೽࣬ၨܭќѦΟ୔ౣեǴځ่݀ᆶӭኬ܄ࡰ኱ᜪ՟Ǵՠ җܭՋࠄᕛ୔ނᅿኧၨեǴӧ֡Ϭࡋ΢ߡКч೽ٰளଯǶ

ӧѤ୔ੇୱύǴନΑᚆ৞ෳઠᕴ׀ኧදၹόଯѦǴќѦΟ୔೿р౜εໆങᜪ ޑᆫ໣ (კ 5)ǹځ໔׀ኧࡐӭޑങᅿӧч೽ЬाҗϺޞ᜶ࣽǵഒ᜶ࣽکҡᢙࣽങᜪ

܌ᄬԋǹՋࠄ߾аϺޞ᜶ࣽǵഒ᜶ࣽλࠠങᜪϷߎ޸ᢙࣁЬǹܿࠄᕛ୔߾аҡᢙ

ࣽǵϺޞ᜶ࣽǵ〝ࣽǵᔕߎ౳ࣽǵഒ᜶ࣽ฻ࣁЬǹᚆ৞೽ϩǴԖ΢ίଫкߎ౳᜶ (ᔕ ߎ౳᜶ࣽ) ӧλ੥ౚ΋ෳઠр౜ǴϐѦޑങᅿӧ׀ኧ΢٠ؒԖܴᡉଯঢ়ǶӧϺฅᕛ ޑࣴزύǴഒ᜶ǵໜᓐങࣁதـޑᓬ༈ނᅿǹ࣬ჹϐΠǴӧΓπ෈Ӧύၨࣁதـ ޑ߾ࢂᔕߎ౳᜶ᆶᠣ᜶ (Wen et al. 2010)ǶӧҁࣴزύǴᠣ᜶໻ӧᚆ৞Ӧ୔ኧໆၨ

ӭǴᔕߎ౳᜶߾ӧܿࠄکᚆ৞ᕛ୔εໆр౜Ƕч೽ੇୱങᕛ୔ޑങᜪᕴ׀ኧᆶܿ

ࠄᕛ୔ᜪ՟ǴԶܿࠄᕛ୔ޑғނໆ཮ၨଯǴЬाࢂӢࣁᆫ໣Αᡏࠠၨεޑᒯ׀᜶

(Prionurus scalprum) کѤ஥ᚊങ(Pomadasys quadrilineatus)Ƕᚆ৞ޑᕴ׀ኧၨեǴ

ோӧғނໆ໻ԛܭܿࠄᕛ୔ǴځύӾવᐪങ (Platax teira) کϤ඿ሷങ (Naso hexacanthus) ޑଅ᝘ࡐεǶӧՋࠄ୔ੇୱǴӢϺޞ᜶ᆶഒ᜶ޑᡏࠠၨλǴѬॺჹങ ᕛ୔ޑ᏾ᡏങᜪғނໆޑଅ᝘٠όεǶ

คፕӧങᜪޑဂᆫಔԋǵဂᆫࡰ኱܈ࢂᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆǴӧѤঁ୔ੇୱ໔ࣣ

Ԗܴᡉৡ౦Ǵёـ׫ᕛᒧ֟ޑ٣߻πբߚதख़ाǴىа،ۓ׫ᕛࡕങᜪဂᆫޑಔ ԋ่ᄬ (Bohnsack and Sutherland 1985)Ƕ

4.2 όӕᕛࠠჹങᜪဂᆫޑቹៜ

ҁࣴزӅፓࢗϖᅿόӕᜪࠠޑΓπങᕛǴхࡴНݝᕛǵႝఎᕛǵᒳ៓ᕛǵᅕ

ಭᕛǵैᝮᕛ฻ǴନΑᕛࠠҁي׷፦ޑৡ౦ϐѦǴНݝᕛکᒳ៓ᕛࣁ஑ߐ೛ीޑ Γπ่ᄬᡏǴᕛᡏޑᄬࠠૈ୼ႣӃϒа،ۓǶᕛᡏ߄य़ϾሜᆶࢰҤޑελჹܭό ӕᡏࠠޑങԖόӕޑቹៜǴᡏࠠλޑങୃӳၧᙒӧλϾࢰύǹᡏࠠัε܈౽୏ૈ

ΚமޑങύჹܭϾ৩ελΞԖόӕሡ؃ (Hixon and Beets 1989; Wilson et al. 2007)Ǵ

٬ҔНݝᕛ܈ᒳ៓ᕛޑӳೀߡࢂૈ୼ଞჹҞ኱ങᅿ଺ႣӃޑᄬࠠ೛ीǶНݝᕛҁ ي܄፦ᛙۓǴё୴᠄௨ӈǴฅԶߏਔ໔ڙډੇࢬߟᇑΠ׷፦Ԗёૈ஝ှǹᒳ៓ᕛ ޑҥᡏޜ໔εǴ٬Ҕԃज़ၨߏǶฅԶٿޣख़ໆၨεǴࡼπᜤࡋଯǴЪ٬Ҕᒳ៓ԋ ҁၨଯǶၨ࿯࣪࿶຤ޑբݤࣁ٬ҔΒԛ׷਑ǴஒቲకޑႝጕఎϪപǵ࿸࿹ᇙԋႝ

ఎᕛǴ܈ࢂஒ࿶ၸೀ౛ޑቲకಭଫǵैᝮ؈ܫΕੇύ (၏کቅǴ2011)ǶԶӧόӕ ᕛࠠϐ໔ࢂցӵӕ Walker et al. (2002) ளډؒԖৡ౦ޑ่݀Ǵӧҁࣴزύаဂᆫ่

ᄬǵဂᆫࡰ኱ǵᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆٰ଺КၨǶ

ঁձଞჹόӕᕛ୔Ǵа ANOSIM Кၨᕛࠠৡ౦ޑ่݀ᡉҢǴӧч೽ᆶՋࠄᕛ

୔ǴဂᆫಔԋؒԖܴᡉৡ౦Ǵќӧܿࠄᕛ୔ޑैᝮᕛᆶᒳ៓ᕛǵᚆ৞ᕛ୔ޑႝఎ ᕛᆶᒳ៓ᕛӧဂᆫ่ᄬ΢Ԗᡉ๱ৡ౦ (߄ 3Ǵ4)ǶӚ୔ੇୱӧނᅿᙦ൤ࡋ (D)ǵӭ ኬ܄ (H’) Ϸ֡Ϭࡋ (J’) Οᅿဂᆫࡰ኱΢Ǵӧᕛࠠ໔ؒԖৡ౦ (߄ 7)Ƕ

຾΋؁ϩ݋ᡉҢч೽ैᝮᕛғނໆεܭНݝᕛᆶᅕಭᕛǴᒳ៓ᕛғނໆΨε ܭНݝᕛᆶᅕಭᕛǴԶႝఎᕛғނໆӧෳઠ໔ޑৡ౦ၨεǴԜёૈᆶ׫ᕛޑՏ࿼

܈ࢂᕛ୔ޑۭ፦Ԗᜢ (ӧځύԖ٤ങᕛ୔ࢂ׫ܫӧϺฅᕛ΢)ǶՋࠄᕛ୔ᅕಭᕛޑ ғނໆεܭНݝᕛǴ݅ᜐ (Ο) ᒳ៓ᕛᆶܽቧ (Β) ޑᒳ៓ᕛᆶғނໆ࣬ৡཱུεǴ Ԝёૈᆶܽቧ (Β) ۭ෈ᙟᇂ౗Ԗᜢ (5.5%ǹ݅ᜐ (Ο) ࣁ 24~72%)Ƕᚆ৞ᕛ୔ႝ

ఎᕛӧᕴ׀ኧБय़Ǵεܭᒳ៓ᕛᆶैᝮᕛǴЬाӢӚႝఎᕛෳઠ૶ᒵډ 100ɴ200 ଫࠖМ౦நӓᠧ (Heteroconger hassi )ǴฅԶӧځӧғނໆ΢ޑଅ᝘٠όεǴЪځ р౜ᆶΓπങᕛ೛࿼ᆶցၨค࣬ᜢǶٿ০ᒳ៓ᕛύр౜εໆޑӾવᐪങ (Platax teira)ǴᏤठᒳ៓ᕛෳઠޑғނໆр౜ཱུଯॶǶ

ч೽کܿࠄᕛ୔ैᝮᕛᆫങਏ݀ؼӳǴᔈᆶैᝮᕛҁي่ᄬፄᚇԖᜢǴЪҗ

ܭಭيᕛᡏࠟޔଯࡋǴ৒ܰ֎Ї߄ቫᆶۭ෈ޑങᅿǴ࣬ၨܭځдᕛࠠԖၨଯޑғ ނໆ (Lukens and Selberg 2004)ǶฅԶಭᝮޑ่ᄬڙډረ॥ቹៜޑำࡋό΋ǴBell and Hall (1994) ᇡࣁ 50 ϦЁаభޑಭᕛ৒ܰڙډமਗ਼ረ॥ቹៜԶՏ౽Ƕӧᆘ৞ᆶ λ੥ౚޑैᝮᕛǴڙډӚᅿނ౛܄ޑߟᇑբҔǴε೽ϩಭيςှᡏᘐ຋Ǵᕛᡏ่

ᄬ࿗ТණѲǴӢԜӧᆫങਏ݀΢εѺשԌǶ

4.3 ങᜪဂᆫϩѲᆶᕉნӢηᜢ߯

BIO-ENVճҔόӕᕉნӢηಔӝीᆉᆶങᜪဂᆫޑ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǹCCA ߾ࢂஒങ ᜪဂᆫύޑނᅿനεᡂϯໆӧᕉნఊࡋ΢և౜рٰǶٿᅿϩ݋Бݤޑ่ࣣ݀ࡰр ቹៜѤঁ୔ୱങᜪဂᆫಔԋৡ౦ޑᕉნӢηࣁጎࡋǵૈـࡋǵۭ፦ᜪࠠǴЪ CCA

่݀ࡰрᕴғނᙟᇂ౗ǵᝯᜪᆶ؇ᑈނࠆࡋჹങᜪဂᆫΨԖቹៜǶBriggs (1995) ᇡ ࣁғނӭኬ܄ᒿ๱዗஥۳ྕ஥Զሀ෧ǹӧҁ໨ࣴزύǴങᜪဂᆫݮ๱ܿч-Ջࠄޑ Ϫጕև౜ࠄчٿεϩဂǴӧܿࠄᆶᚆ৞ᕛ୔Ԗၨଯޑങᅿӭኬ܄ǴЬाӢࣁᕛᡏ

܌ӧՏ࿼ڙډόӕޑࢩࢬس಍܌ቹៜǴёـጎࡋᆶ࿶ࡋჹܭങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬڀԖख़ εޑቹៜǶ߻ΓࣴزᇡࣁྕࡋࢂቹៜങᜪဂᆫനЬाޑӢη (Bortone et al. 1994;

Shao et al. 1997; Ferreira et al. 2004)ǴਥᏵ୯ࣽ཮ੇࢩᏢߐၗ਑৤ύޑНЎᆶੇࢬ಍

ी่݀ǴѠ᡼ڬൎੇୱ 30 ϦЁుӧহۑ (6~8 Д) НྕؒԖܴᡉৡ౦ǴҗܭϺ਻ǵ

ੇݩ฻ज़ڋǴፓࢗਔ໔໣ύӧহۑаϷ߻ࡕ΋ٿঁДǴӢԜӧҁࣴزύǴྕࡋჹ ܭങᜪဂᆫޑቹៜ٠όܴᡉǶ

ૈـࡋ (Н፦మᅒࡋ) ᆶ؇ᑈނࠆࡋٿ໨ᕉნӢηڀԖॄ࣬ᜢޑᖿӛ (კ 9)ǹ

΋૓ԶقǴૈـࡋ٫ޑᕉნǴϿԖ؇ᑈނ୴ᑈǹૈـࡋৡޑᕉნǴ؇ᑈނ୴ᑈࠆ ࡋଯǶGodoy et al. (2002) ว౜ӧΓπങᕛ୔ങᜪဂᆫᆶૈـࡋև౜ଯࡋ࣬ᜢǹ Cyrus and Blader (1987) ߾ᇡࣁᕉნషᐜࡋଯǴૈ୼෧ϿѴങ೏ਂ१ǶԶ؇ᑈނࠆ ࡋჹങᜪဂᆫࣁ໔ௗቹៜǴۭ෈ߕ๱ғނڙډ؇ᑈނޑቹៜ׳ࣗǴٯӵ؇ᑈނޑ

୴ᑈ཮Ꮴठ࣑ྴ౾৲ǴࣗԿቹៜډځдคૉ෎୏ނޑޑߕ๱ (Birrell et al. 2005ǹᔎǴ

2006)Ƕӧ CCA ޑ่݀ύǴᚆ৞ǵܿࠄᆶՋࠄᕛ୔ޑങᜪဂᆫᆶෳઠᒿ๱ૈـࡋɡ

؇ᑈނࠆࡋޑᕉნఊࡋԶϩѲӧᚈׇკ΢Ƕ

ۭ፦ᜪࠠ߾ᆶૈـࡋɡ؇ᑈނࠆࡋޑᕉნఊࡋև౜ᜪ՟ޑቹៜ௃׎Ǵᚆ৞ᕛ

୔ۭ፦ᜪࠠа۟ዬࣁЬǴН፦మᅒǴϿ؇ᑈނ୴ᑈǹࣳݝۭ፦ޑՋࠄᕛ୔ǴН፦

షᐜǴ؇ᑈނ୴ᑈᝄख़Ƕ

ᝯᜪᙟᇂ౗Ϸᕴғނᙟᇂ౗ࣁቹៜങᜪဂᆫޑԛाғނ܄ᕉნӢηǶᝯᜪᆶ

ۭ෈ғނҁيҭڙډځдᕉნӢη܌ቹៜǹFabricius et al. (2005) ᆶ McClanahan et al. (2007) ࡰрᝯᜪޑᙟᇂ౗ϷғނໆڙډᔼᎦᡶӭჲ܌ቹៜǴԶᝯᜪޑӀӝբҔ ਏ౗ΞᆶӀጕԖᜢǴుࡋຫుǴНᡏషᐜࡋຫଯǴӀӝբҔޑਏ౗ߡຫৡǶѠ᡼

ڬᎁੇୱᔼᎦᡶϩѲҗύ୯ݮ۞Կ໵ዊሀ෧ (Zhang et al. 2007)ǴᏃᆅࠄ᡼җܭᔼ ᎦᡶቚуϷ१ᝯ܄ങᜪ೏౽ନᏤठ࣬ᡂ (Chang and Tseng 2010)Ǵӧځдܿࠄᆶᚆ

৞Ӧ୔٠คޔௗ᛾ᏵࡰрᔼᎦᡶޑቚу೷ԋၨଯޑᝯᜪᙟᇂ౗ǶҗܭΓπങᕛ୔

ޑϩѲుࡋǴӧ୔ୱ໔٠คܴᡉৡ౦ǴӢԜܿࠄᆶᚆ৞Ӧ୔Ԗၨଯޑᝯᜪᙟᇂ౗Ǵ ԜᔈᆶН፦ၨమᅒǵӀጕऀ೸ࡋଯԖᜢǶBaynes and Szmant (1989) ᇡࣁߕ๱ғނ ޑᙟᇂ౗ᆶނᅿӭኬ܄ڙډੇࢬޑம১ᆶ؇ᑈբҔԖᜢǴܿࠄǵᚆ৞ᕛ୔ၨଯޑ

ۭ෈ғނᙟᇂ౗Ǵ੝ձࢂᘠ१܄ޑߕ๱ғނǴёૈᆶ೭ٿ໨ᕉნӢηԖᜢǶ

᏾ᡏԶقǴӧቹៜങᜪဂᆫϩဂޑᕉნӢηύǴനЬाޑӭឦߚғނ܄ޑᕉ ნӢηǴԶۭ෈ғނ࣬฻ғނ܄ޑᕉნӢη߾ࣁቹៜങᜪဂᆫޑԛाӢηǴև౜

Ԝ่݀ёૈࣁғނ܄ᕉნӢη (ۭ෈ғނ) ҁيҭ཮ڙډӚᅿނ౛܄ᕉნӢηᆶ ങᜪޑਂ१ਏᔈ܌ቹៜǴЪ؂ԛޑፓࢗǴങᜪᆶۭ෈ғނᙟᇂ౗ޑ੃ߏ௃׎ёૈ

ೀܭ୏ᄊѳᑽ΢ޑόӕਔ໔ᗺǴӢԜғނ܄ᕉნӢηᆶങᜪဂᆫޑ࣬ᜢ܄ߡόऩ ߚғނ܄ޑᕉნӢηܴᡉǶ

ҁࣴز٬Ҕޑж߄ങᅿόຬၸϖଫǴӧж߄܄ങᅿޑᒧ᏷΢ऩૈӈΕ׳ӭ୔

ୱ܄ޑж߄ങᅿǴᔈૈቚуϩ݋่݀ޑᆒዴ܄ᆶё᎞܄Ƕ

4.4 ങᜪဂᆫᆶ१܄ಔԋ

ӧ΋ঁങᜪဂᆫύǴങᅿӧ१܄΢ҭڀԖӭኬ܄ǶӧԖज़ޑёճҔၗྍΠǴ ғނ໔วғᝡݾ౜ຝǴ٠ॐ٬дॺϩଛ٬Ҕόӕޑၗྍ (Ross 1986)Ƕᙖҗϩ݋१

܄фૈဂޑಔԋǴૈᔅշךॺ౛ှ१ނᆛύૈໆᆶғނໆޑࢬ୏௃׎ (Garrison and Link 2000b)Ƕӧۭ෈ғނᆶങᜪဂᆫޑ࣬ᜢ܄ࣴزύǴԖёૈр౜ਂ१ޣᆶ१ ނև౜҅࣬ᜢǴΨԖёૈӢࣁਂ१ਏᔈΠǴਂ१ޣӭԶ१ނ෧ϿǴӢԶόܰளډ

ܴዴޑှញǶӢԜǴҁࣴز๱ख़ӧϩ݋Кၨങᜪޑ१܄ಔԋǴᏵа௢ෳόӕޑᕛ

୔ჹ੝ۓၗྍޑሡ؃ำࡋǶ

аӚ१܄ಔԋӧғނໆޑԭϩКٰ࣮Ǵч೽ᕛ୔аឪ१ۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނޑങ ᜪࣁԜ୔ᓬ༈१܄фૈဂǹՋࠄᕛ୔Ьा໣ύӧ१คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ک१ങ१܄ǹ

ܿࠄᕛ୔аᝯ१܄ᆶ१ۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ՞ε೽ϩКٯǹᚆ৞ᕛ୔߾ࢂੌෞ୏ނ१

܄ᆶۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ၨଯǶ

ۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނεᡏ΢ёϩࣁٿεᜪǺ౽୏܄ᆶڰ๱܄Ƕ౽୏܄คૉ෎୏ނ х֖Ҙෘᜪǵ೬ᡏ୏ނ฻ǴନΑӧ۟ᕛ୷፦ѦǴΨૈϩѲӧڬᎁࣳݝۭ፦ǹڰ๱

܄คૉ෎୏ނх֖࣑ྴǵऱឿᙝǵੇᓋǵੇᆟ฻Ǵதߕ๱ӧ୲ฯޑ୷፦΢ (Ferreira et al. 2004)Ƕч೽ᕛ୔ങᜪ१܄໣ύӧۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄΢Ǵӧ௨ׇύ໻Ԗҡ࣑

ྴᆶᛯ൙ޑᙟᇂ౗ᆶങᜪဂᆫ࣬ᜢǴՠ٠όૈж߄дॺࣁ೭٤ങᜪޑЬा१ނٰ

ྍǴёૈ໻ࣁ෈܌ୃӳ΢ޑ࣬ᜢǶӧ዗஥ᆶྕ஥ᕛ୔ޑࣴزύǴਂ१౽୏܄ۭ෈

คૉ෎୏ނޑങᜪࢂനЬाޑ१܄ᜪဂ (Ebeling and Hixon 1991; Jones et al. 1991)Ǵ

෈৲ӧч೽ങᕛ୔ڬൎޑۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނޑၗྍໆᔈ࣬྽ᙦ൤ǴБىаගٮ१ۭ

෈คૉ෎୏ނޑങᜪਂ१Ǵόၸ΋૓ӧወНፓࢗύ৒ܰե՗ޑ౽୏܄คૉ෎୏ނǴ ӢԜځख़ा܄٠҂ӧᕉნӢηϩ݋ύᡉ౜рٰǶ

Ջࠄᕛ୔ύᆫ໣Αኧໆ࣬྽ӭޑഒ᜶ᆶϺޞ᜶ǴԶவ௨ׇϩ݋ύ٠คۭ෈ғ ނᆶങᜪဂᆫև౜࣬ᜢǴ೭٤λࠠങᜪޑϩѲёૈᆶᕛᡏගٮёᗉእޑ෈܌ԖᜢǴ Զ१ނ٠όࢂ΋ঁज़ڋӢηǶόၸǴ೭٤ᆫ໣ޑλࠠങᜪǴӕਔΨ֎ЇΑ१ങ१

܄ϷԺ१܄ങᜪӵಂ᜶ᆶҡඬ฻ǴӢԜՋࠄᕛ୔ύ१ങ१܄՞ғނໆޑԭϩКၨ

ځдӦ୔ٰளଯǶ

ܿࠄᕛ୔ғނໆԭϩКၨଯޑࣁۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ᆶᝯ१܄Ǵځύ΋೽ϩ х֖ᚇ१܄ǶFerreira et al. (2004) ᇡࣁᚇ१܄ޑങᜪϩѲӧጎࡋၨଯޑӦ୔Ǵҗܭ १܄ၨڀቸ܄Ǵय़ჹۑ࿯܄ޑᕉნᘋ୏ਔ཮ڀԖᓬ༈Ƕӧҁ୔ੇୱങᕛ୔ύǴᚇ १܄ύғނໆଅ᝘നଯޑᒯ׀᜶ (Prionurus scalprum) ٠όڀԖଯጎࡋϩթǴЪӧ ௨ׇკύҭᆶᝯᜪޑ࣬ᜢ܄όଯǴӢԜۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނёૈࣁځၨୃӳޑ१ނٰ

ྍǶ

ᚆ৞ᕛ୔१ੌෞ୏ނޑങᜪӧኧໆ΢܈ғނໆ΢܌՞ޑԭϩК࣬྽ଯǴԜԖ ౦ܭځдΟ୔ǶSheppard et al. (2009) ᇡࣁ१ੌෞ୏ނങᜪޑ१ނନΑҗࢩࢬவѦ Ӧ஥ٰаѦǴ΋೽ϩٰԾܭᕛ୔Ǵхࡴ࣑ྴӕ؁໣ᡏౢռǴ܈ࢂځдคૉ෎୏ނ

܈ങᜪ܌ញܫޑଛη฻ǶԜѦǴ໵ዊࢬ࿶ᆘ৞ߕ߈ڙډӦ׎ᆶࢩࢬᓸΚޑቹៜΠǴ

ੇୱр౜෢ϲࢬǴ٬ளᔼᎦᡶቚуǴ஥ٰεໆޑੌෞғނǴᆫ໣౲ӭޑ१ੌෞ୏

ނങᜪӧԜ೔१ (णǴ2008)Ƕ

᏾ᡏԶقǴӧΓπങᕛ୔നЬाޑ१܄ᄬԋࣁۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ǴᆶӃ߻

ࣴزᜪ՟ (Khalaf and Kochzius 2002; Relini et al. 2002; Ferreira et al. 2004; Floeter et al. 2004)ǶԾᔼ܄ғᄊسӧܿࠄᆶᚆ৞ᕛ୔ၨёૈр౜Ǵӧ೭ٿ୔ҭதـ࣑ྴᙝ१

܄ᆶమዅ१܄ങᅿǴӧဂᆫޑ१܄่ᄬ΢ၨч೽܈Ջ೽ፄᚇǶ

4.5 ่ፕ

೸ၸങᜪဂᆫ่ᄬǵғނဂᆫࡰ኱ǵᕴ׀ኧᆶғނໆޑϩ݋Ǵךॺว౜Ѥঁ

ങᕛ୔ӧӚঁ໨Ҟޑᔠᡍύࣣև౜ᡉ๱ৡ౦ǴӢԜВࡕଞჹӚঁෳઠޑᆫങਏ݀

௖૸ਔǴᔈᆶӕᕛ୔ϣങᜪဂᆫಔԋᜪ՟ޑෳઠ࣬КၨǴᗉխၠෳઠКၨਔڙډ ᕛ୔໔ޑৡ౦܄܌ቹៜǶ

ᕛࠠБय़ǴᗨฅӚ໨ғނဂᆫࡰ኱ޑϩ݋ύࣣคᢀჸډᕛࠠόӕޑৡ౦Ǵՠ

ࢂܿࠄᕛ୔ޑैᝮᕛᆶᒳ៓ᕛӧങᜪဂᆫಔԋ΢ڀԖৡ౦Ǵч೽ᆶܿࠄᕛ୔ޑै

ᝮᕛങᜪғނໆ׳ࢂᡉ๱ଯܭځдᕛࠠǴԶځдᕛࠠ໔ޑৡ౦߾όܴᡉǶ

ӧቹៜങᜪဂᆫϩဂޑᕉნӢηύǴനЬाޑӭឦߚғނ܄ޑᕉნӢηǴٯ ӵᕛᡏޑՏ࿼ (࿶ࡋᆶጎࡋ)ǵᕉნޑރݩ (ૈـࡋǵ؇ᑈނǵۭ፦ᜪࠠ) ฻ǴԶۭ

෈ғނ࣬฻ғނ܄ޑᕉნӢη߾ࣁቹៜങᜪဂᆫޑԛाӢηǶ

१܄่ᄬޑϩ݋ᡉҢۭ෈คૉ෎୏ނ१܄ࣁӚᕛ୔Ьाޑ१܄ᜪဂǹќՋࠄ ᕛ୔ӭԺ१܄ങᜪǵᚆ৞ᕛ୔ӭੌෞ୏ނ१܄ങᜪǹܿࠄϷᚆ৞ᕛ୔ᝯᜪᙟᇂ౗

ଯǴΨԖၨଯޑ१ᝯ܄ങᜪဂᆫǴ१࣑ྴᙝᆶమዅ१܄ޑങᜪҭதр౜Ǵ࣬ၨԶ قǴч೽ᆶՋࠄᕛ୔१܄่ᄬޑಔԋ΢߾࣬ჹൂપǶฅԶ൩࿶ᔮ܄ങᅿޑ୻ػ΢Ǵ ч೽ᆶՋࠄᕛ୔ޑਏ݀ၨܴᡉǶࡺӧΓπങᕛޑೕჄᆶᆅ౛΢Ǵە൩׫ܫ೛࿼Γ πങᕛޑҞޑόӕǴϩ୔ԵໆǶ

ҴǵୖԵЎ᝘

Ц௵ܱǵቅ྆ᑫǵഋᓉ܃ǵ၏ᄪਦǴ2004ǴѠ᡼Γπങᕛޑਏ੻ຑ՗ǶѠ᡼ڬᜐ

ੇୱΓπങᕛ୔᏾ᡏೕჄࣴ૸཮ፕЎ໣Ƕ၏ᄪਦጓǶύѧࣴزଣғނӭኬ܄

ࣴزύЈǴ77-94 ।

णӀᓪǴ2008Ǵੇࢩᕉნ䃲ፕ : ፋѠ᡼ݮੇᕉნǶѠчѱǴѠ᡼Ջਜ

೚ᐛӹǴ2008ǴፄᚇࡋᢀᗺΠϐന٫ϯޜ໔թ࿼ǺΓπ෈Ӧ೛ीᆶᔈҔǶࠄ๮ε ᏢҾ཰ᆅ౛سᆅ౛ࣽᏢറγፕЎǴ100 ।

ഋণᖃǵ၏ᄪਦǵᔎܱስǴቅϘሎǴ2008ǴࡀܿϷѠܿੇୱΓπങᕛ୔ፓࢗຑ՗

πբǶՉࡹଣၭ཰ہ঩཮ᅕ཰࿿ᅕ཰ว৖ीฝ 96 ԃࡋൂ΋ीฝය҃ൔ֋Ǵ 596।

၏ᄪਦǵЦ௵ܱǵֻ݅၈ǵቅ྆ᑫǵഋᓉ܃ǵֺε൬ǵՖࡹ᏷ǵ߉ࠧၲǴ2003Ǵ Ѡ᡼ڬᜐੇୱΓπങᕛ୔ϐ᏾ᡏೕჄǶΐΜΒԃࡋՉࡹଣၭ཰ہ঩཮ᅕ཰࿿

ہૼीฝ୺Չԋ݀ൔ֋Ǵ186 ।

၏ᄪਦǵЦ௵ܱǵቅ྆ᑫǵഋᓉ܃ǵֺε൬ǵ߉ࠧၲǵՖࡹ᏷Ǵ2004ǴѠ᡼ڬᜐ

ੇୱΓπങᕛ୔ϐ᏾ᡏೕჄ (Β)ǶΐΜΟԃࡋՉࡹଣၭ཰ہ঩཮ᅕ཰࿿ہ

ૼीฝ୺Չԋ݀ൔ֋Ǵ425 ।

၏ᄪਦǵቅϘሎǴ2009ǴΓπങᕛᅕ཰ਏ੻ፓࢗࣴزǶՉࡹଣၭ཰ہ঩཮ᅕ཰࿿

98ԃࡋࣽמीฝࣴزൔ֋Ǵ286 ।

၏ᄪਦǵቅϘሎǴ2010ǴΓπങᕛᅕ཰ਏ੻ፓࢗϷёՉ܄ຑ՗ǶՉࡹଣၭ཰ہ঩

཮ᅕ཰࿿ 99 ԃࡋࣽמीฝࣴزൔ֋Ǵ231 ।

၏ᄪਦǵቅϘሎǴ2011ǴΓπങᕛֹӄЋнǶύѧࣴزଣғނӭኬ܄ύЈǴ42

।

ᔎܱስǴ2006Ǵ਻ংᡂᎂჹך୯ϐፂᔐᆶፓ፾฼ౣࣴز-ηीฝΟǺ਻ংᡂᎂᆶ ౦தჹך୯ੇୱ࣑ྴᕛғނဂᆫϐፂᔐຑ՗ϷӢᔈ฼ౣࣴزǶ94 ԃࡋȨᕉ

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