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10 - 12歲兒童投擲動作發展之追蹤研究(I)

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I 一、 中文摘要 投擲 動作 是人 類 的基 本運 動能 力之 一,也是許多運動項目的基本形式,此一 動作的良窳關係著日後類似運動技能的學 習與發展;本研究以苗栗縣海口國小三至 六年級 120 學生為研究對象(三,男 19、 女 15;四,男 13、女 13;五,男 11、女 13;六,男 15、女 21),透過投擲技巧發 展表,以及自製的投擲技巧認知測驗卷、 投擲自覺能力量表、環境影響量表以及日 常活動量量表,以皮爾遜積差相關(Pearson correlation)檢驗 9-12 歲學童投擲表現相關 的因素,以 t 考驗(t-test)檢查男女學童 的差異,以逐步向後迴歸(backward-step regression)檢驗變數對於投擲變化的解釋 變異量,最後以平均數檢驗在一年中間的 變化以及比較不同年齡層之間的差異。實 驗期間為民國九十一年九月至民國九十二 年四月,每三個月追蹤一次,共進行 475 人次的資料收集。本研究受試對象均能符 合全國 9-12 歲學生體適能常模,研究結果 可推及至全國母群體,結果如下: 一、單項年齡層的投擲距離表現相關因素 在各個單項年齡層方面,投擲技巧、肌 力、投擲技巧認知、社會因素以及心理因 素方面,男女童皆顯示均和投擲距離有顯 著相關(但是每一年齡層與投擲距離相關 的項目不同,比較特殊的是男女童的肌 力、12歲男童投擲技巧認知以及12歲女童 的日常活動量以及環境影響),同時由各年 齡層學童的造成投擲距離變化的各項變數 所組成迴歸方程式的解釋變異量除了9歲 男童低於50%之外,其餘年齡層都超過70 %,女童則皆是超過50%,顯示了本研究 所提出的變數可以解釋大部分學童投擲距 離變化的原因。 二、跨年齡層發展的投擲距離表現相關因 素 本段將追蹤一年的資料與跨越年齡層發 展的投擲距離表現以及影響原因資料結合 來討論跨年齡層發展的投擲距離表現相關 因素,男女學童都顯示「11歲」是一個距 離表現進步相當多的時期。 三、在男女差異上 在心理因素上、肌力方面、整體投擲技 巧上,男學童優於女學童,在投擲技巧認 知總分上,男童在 10 歲和 11 歲是優於同 年齡的女童,在社會因素即環境影響和日 常活動量上,從「11 歲」起男童就優於同 年齡的女童。 關鍵字:投擲,兒童,動作發展,觀察表 Abstr act

Throwing is a common movement among the upper extremities activities. This study adapted the Burton’s amendment(1992) of development sequences for overhand throwing ,throwing skill recognition , self-ability competence test , environmental effect test and regular activities test. In order to realize the development of throwing distance and related factors those were associated with throwing distance, we tried to trace the developmental trend of every age from last year to this year(three month period). Except for using cross-sectional analysis, the study also took a look at the change of these subjects during a year through longitudinal analysis. Teachers of elementary physical would be provided with holistic research results by the study.

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forward area. A camera video from subjects’ right side was used to obtain these subjects’ motions. The relationship between the developmental skill patterns of children’s throwing and throwing distance was examined by Pearson correlation(p<.05). The relationship between these critical factors and throwing distance was also examined by Pearson correlation(p<.05).

The results of the research was as follows: 1. The related factors which were associated with throwing distance in every single age. (1)As for these factors, throwing skill

( including each segment skill ) ,

throwing skill recognition,

psychological factor ( self-ability competence),strength(30 meters sprint and sits up ) ,social effect ( environmental effect and regular activities ) were associated with throwing performance ( But the situation of these factors in every single age is different. ) .Except for boys aged 9 years old, the R Square of the regression of boys was over 70%. The R Square of the regression of girls was also over 50%. These results mean these variablities could explain most of the change of throwing distance.

2. The related factors those were associated with throwing distance in different age.

The passage would connect the data that traced for a year with the change of throwing distance across different age to discuss the factors that could affect the change of the throwing distance. These results indicate that the period of 11 years old improved a lot

for the throwing distance and the other factors of boys’ and girls’.

3. The difference of boys and girls If teachers of elementary school want to reduce the difference of throwing distance between boys and girls, they should focus on psychological factor, strength ( 30 meters sprinting and sits up ) and throwing skills ( backswing, forearm and trunk skill). As for the recognition of throwing skills(foot and other skills), boys’ aged 10 and 11 years old were superior to girls’ at the same age. The environmental effect and regular activities of boys aged 11 and 12 were better than girls’ at the same age.

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一、 緣由與目的

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3 技巧)上,女學童需要多加油,在投擲技巧認知總分上(尤其是腳步和其他投擲 技巧認知),男童在10歲和11歲是優於同年齡的女童,在社會因素即環境影響和 日常活動量上(除了週遭運動環境以及週末活動量),從「11歲」起男童就優於 同年齡的女童。 三、 計劃成果自評 1.本研究所發現結果與原定研究方向相吻合,達成預期目標。但由於本研究採 用投擲動作發展表屬粗略動作,因此對於此部份的影響有必要作進一部細步 的研究。 2.由本研究追蹤9-12歲男、女學童在民國九十一年九月至九十二年四月間的變 化可以看出各項變數和投擲距離表現的關係,以及各項變數在這一年中的變 化情形,同時也將各項變數作跨年齡的比較,以了解發展的情況,另外並比 較各年齡層的男女學童在這些變數上的差異,發現各年齡層和投擲相關的變 數都不盡相同,可以提供體育教師在編排上一個參考,而在體育教材上,則 是建議在11歲時給予一個加強的練習,因為這個年齡層不只是一個投擲距離 進步關鍵期,在各項變數上也呈現一個進步的狀況。 3.所有的體育教學均依照學童的發展來編寫教材,才能適所適性,但是前提是 這仍需更多的基礎研究支持,替台灣的體育發展提供很好的教育方式。 4.本研究結果適合發表於國內外相關期刊或研討會。 四、 參考文獻 (1)楊梓楣和卓俊伶(民 87):5-12 歲女童接球動作發展的年齡差異。體育學 報,26 輯,81-88 頁。

(2)Burton, A. W., Greer, N. L., & Wiese-Bjornstal,D.M.(1992).Changing in overhand throwing patterns could be regarded as a function of ball size. Pediatric Exercise Science, 4, 50-67.

(3)Langendorfer, S.(1980). Longitudinal evidence for developmental changes in the preparatory phase of the overarm throw for force. Detroit:Paper presented at the Research Section of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance.

(4)Payne, V. G., & Isaacs, L. D. (1991). Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach (2nd ed.). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

參考文獻

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