progress and lessons learned

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Marine Spatial Planning in Japan:

progress and lessons learned

Kazumi WAKITA 脇田和美

Tokai University 東海大学

5 October, 2016

CTCI Foundation, Taipai

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Today’s talk

1. How is Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) positioned in the Basic Act on Ocean Policy and the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy?

2. Review of coastal and marine planning:

from sectoral to integrated approach

3. Recent progress: Tools and projects/actions

ex. Marine Cadastre, Manual on wind energy in ports, Offshore wind energy, Marine Protected Areas

4. Way forward

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Today’s talk

4. Way forward

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2013 Basic Plan on Ocean Policy 2007 Basic Act on Ocean Policy

（海洋基本法）

Act and Plan on Ocean Policy

2018 (SCHEDULED) Basic Plan on Ocean Policy Every 5 year updated

Since Feb. 2006,

Ecosystem-based Marine Spatial Planning has

been developed by IOC- UNESCO

2008 Basic Plan on Ocean Policy

（海洋基本計画）

Sep. 2008: Marine Policy 32(5)

“The Role of Marine Spatial Planning in Implementing

Ecosystem-based, Sea Use Management”

MSP promotion in the world

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MSP in the Basic Act on Ocean Policy

No explicit wording of

“Marine Spatial Planning”

海洋基本法

 Headquarters for Ocean Policy

 Minister for Ocean Policy

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MSP in the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2013)

No explicit wording of “Marine Spatial Planning”

海洋基本計画

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４海洋産業の健全な発展 / Sound development of marine industries

term “planning”・・・ 3 times in the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy

２関係者の責務及び相互の連携・協力 / Responsibilities of related parties and mutual coordination and cooperation

６海洋調査の推進 / Promotion of Marine Surveys

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４海洋産業の健全な発展 / Sound development of marine industries

…… it is important to actively make efforts to create new

marine industries….…. An innovation system should also be formulated under industry-academia-government

collaboration and rational planning needs to be promoted for these related parties to establish clear goals, conduct surveys, research and development, and put them into practical use.

……

→ considered related to “Marine Spatial Planning”

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MSP in Japan

 No clear definition of Marine Spatial Planning （海洋空間計画） by the Headquarters for Ocean Policy.

Case of the U.S. What is Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning?

Coastal and marine spatial planning—or marine planning—is a science- based tool that regions can use to address specific ocean management

challenges and advance their goals for economic development and

conservation. … Put simply, marine planning is a process developed from the bottom up to improve collaboration and coordination among all

coastal and ocean interests, and to better inform and guide decision- making that affects their economic, environmental, security, and social and cultural interests. (from Website of NOAA, US)

Some points had already been incorporated in previous coastal planning.

No concept or idea related to MSP in Japan?

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Today’s talk

4. Way forward

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Integrated Costal Management (ICM)

(Wakita and Yagi, 2013)

Spatial

responsibilities for coastal

management in Japan

Needs integration among sectors

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Integrated Costal Management (ICM)

(Wakita and Yagi, 2013)

Needs integration among national and

local governments Japanese government framework related to ICM. *The National Land Agency was integrated into Ministry of Land,

Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as one bureau, the National and Regional

Planning Bureau in 2001.

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Guideline for Integrated Coastal Management Plans 2000

Guideline for Integrated Coastal Management Plans was agreed upon at the Grand Design for the 21^st Century Grand Design

Liaison Conference in 2000.

 It was formulated by 17 ministries and agencies related to coastal management

 It is not binding on local governments, but the first and the

only national strategic document that approaches coastal areas to be managed as integrated spaces encompassing land and

sea, with integration of among sectors, national and local governments, and all stakeholders.

Poor in implementation

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Policy Implementation Framework by Mazmanian and Sabatier （1981, 1989）

Why the Guideline 200 has not been implemented?

Condition 1: Clear and consistent objectives;

Condition 2: Causal linkages between objectives and actions;

Condition 3: Structuring implementation processes involving sufficient financial resources and assignment of implementation authority;

Condition 4: Assigning implementation responsibility;

Condition 5: Public and stakeholder support; and

Condition 6: Supportive socioeconomic and policy environment.

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Extent to which the Guideline met the effective implementation

Condition Assessment

１．Clear and consistent objectives Low

２．Causal linkages between objectives and actions Low

３．Structuring implementation processes involving sufficient financial resources and assignment of implementation authority

①Assigning implementation responsibility

②Assigning implementation authority with adequate hierarchical integration and few hindering points

③Financial resources

Low

４．Commitment and skill of top implementing officials Low

５．Public and stakeholder support High

６．Supportive socioeconomic and policy environment High

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１）Participation and collaboration among all stakeholders

２）Spatial integration between land and sea

３）Long-term approach considering ecosystem

４）Consistent management

Central element of ICOM

(Cicin-Sain & Knecht, 1998) U.S.

8 principles of the EC (2002) Europe Essential element of ICM

(Chua, 2006) East Asia

Adequate in principles

Too much detail in the implementation process set in the Guideline

Condition 3-① Assigning implementation responsibilities Principles in developing ICM plans

Principles in other

regions

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Coastal area needs to be identified in consideration of ecosystem, areas of mutual influence by geographical

settings, water flow, and sediment transportation.

48 areas by the national government

The extent of area towards land and sea, local governments set in

consideration of their natural and

social characteristics and items of plan.

海岸線方向の４８区分

Setting of the coastal areas Condition 3-① Assigning

implementation responsibilities

Adequate in principles

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48 coastal areas ＝ Multiples prefectures

Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998:

“Starting from single local government or authority is a good

way to implement Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management.”

Chua, 2006:

“…it is advisable to design the integrated coastal management program for within the administrative boundaries of a coastal municipalities or a province.”

Setting of the coastal areas

Difficult in actual implementation

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More detail…

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Today’s talk

4. Way forward

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Today’s talk

4. Way forward

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An information tool provided by Japan Coast Guard, MLIT to promote understanding, proper use and conservation of the ocean.

Marine Cadastre

http://www.kaiyoudaichou.go.jp/

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An example: Tokyo Bay (1)

fishing, port, national park areas

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An example: Tokyo Bay (2) shipping traffic

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An example: Tokyo Bay (3) natural environment

Useful tool for MSP

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Today’s talk

4. Way forward

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長崎県五島沖環境省

浮体式洋上風力発電実証事業

我が国初となる系統連系を行う浮体式洋上風力発電施設として、100kW小規模試験機をH24年6月に設置、H25年度に 2MW級実証機を設置予定。

茨城県鹿島港

民間会社

洋上風力発電所

民間事業者「㈱ウィンド・パワー・いばらき」により、2MW の洋上風車７基がH22年6月より稼働中。

また、H24年に8基を追加予定。将来的には沖合に100 基程度の建設を計画中。

地図は、日本周辺海域（海面上80m）

の年間平均風速（環境省調査）

6.5m/s以上 7.5m/s以上 8.5m/s以上

千葉県銚子沖／福岡県北九州沖経産省（ＮＥＤＯ）

洋上風力発電等技術研究開発

2MW級の実証機と観測タワーを設置して、着床式の洋上風力発電ステムの実証研究を行う。

銚子沖・北九州沖ともに、H24年度中に設置予定。

山形県酒田港

民間会社

民間事業者「サミットウィンドパワー㈱」により、2MWの洋上風車5基がH16年月より稼働中。

北海道瀬棚港

自治体（せたな町）

せたな町により、600kWの洋上風車2基がH16年4月より稼働中。

我が国の洋上風力発電の現状（現在稼働中及び実証実験予定のもの）

福島県沖（具体的箇所は今後調整）

経産省

浮体式洋上ウィンドファーム実証研究事業

2MW級の風車１基、世界初となる7MW級の風車２基及び浮体式洋上変電所を設置して、浮体式洋上ウィンドファームの安全性・信頼性・経済性を明らかにする。

浮体の形式は、セミサブ型とアドバンスド・スパー型。

アドバンスド・スパー型３コラム型セミサブ

〔注〕右3件グレイ＝既存、左上・中央下2件グリーン＝経産省＋NEDO、左下クリーム1件=環境省

（出典：総合海洋政策本部資料）

Ports and Harbours Offshore

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Manual on wind energy in ports

(Ports and Harbours Bureau, MLIT and Global Environment Bureau, MOE, 2012)

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Points to be considered in Site Selection

(Ports and Harbours Bureau, MLIT and Global Environment Bureau, MOE, 2012)

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A demonstration project in Fukushima

http://www.fukushima-forward.jp/index.html

 Funded by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

 Led by a consortium composed of the University of Tokyo and 9 companies of related industries

 The first floating offshore wind farm in the world

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Today’s talk

4. Way forward

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Marine areas designated and managed by law or other effective means, in consideration of use

modalities, aimed at the conservation of marine biodiversity supporting the sound structure and function of marine ecosystems and ensuring the sustainable use of marine ecosystem services.

(Ministry of Environment, 2011)

Concept of Marine Protected Area (MPA)

in Japan

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2011 8th meeting of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy 2011 National Marine Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2013 Basic Plan on Ocean Policy

MOE

- Promotion of settings, management effectiveness, and networking of MPAs

2007 Basic Act on Ocean Policy ^HOP

HOP HOP 2010 CBD/COP10 Aichi Target

Progress on MPA in Japan

 MPA stipulated

As one of the means to ensure the biodiversity and realize sustainable use of

fishery resources, the government should, in accordance with the Convention on Biological Diversity and other international agreements, clarify how to establish

marine protected areas

in Japan under coordination between related ministries and appropriately promote the establishment thereof.

2008 Basic Plan on Ocean Policy ^HOP

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区域根拠法 %

自然公園（普通地域および海域公園地区）

国立公園自然公園法（S32：1957） 0.3

国定公園自然公園法（S32：1957）

都道府県立自然公園都道府県条例

自然海浜保全地区瀬戸内海環境保全特別措置法（S48：1973）

自然環境保全地域（海中特別地区と普通地区）自然環境保全法（S47：1972）

鳥獣保護区（鳥獣保護区、特別保護地区）

国指定鳥獣保護区鳥獣の保護及び狩猟の適正化に関する法律

（T7：1918）

都道府県指定鳥獣保護区

生息地等保護区種の保存法（H4：1992）

天然記念物文化財保護法（S25：1950）

保護水面水産資源保護法（S26：1951）

沿岸域水産資源開発区域指定海域海洋水産資源開発促進法（S46：1971） 6.9

都道府県漁業者団体等による各種指定区域

採捕規制区域水産資源保護法（S26：1951）、漁業法（S24：

1949） 2.1

資源管理規定対象水面、組合の自主管理区域

水産業協同組合法（S23：1948）

共同漁業権区域漁業法（S24：1949）

合計 8.3^＊

( Tsurita and

Matsuda, 2015, * Excluded areas of duplication)

Sustainable Management of Fishery Resources

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Japan

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Ecologically or Biologically Significant marine Areas (EBSA) identified by Japan

EBSA was identified scientifically through 3-

year research and discussion by the Commission led by the Ministry of Environment.

 270 coastal areas;

 20 offshore surface areas;

 31 offshore bottom areas.

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http://www.env.go.jp/nature/biodic/kaiyo-hozen/kaiiki/download.html

EBSA

offshore

surface

areas

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Today’s talk

4. Way forward

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Position Document of Advisor to Headquarters for Ocean Policy (March 28, 2016)

Development of renewable ocean energy

•Industrialization of wind energy would speed up if zoning of non-designated ocean space is

implemented and a broad-scale road map for industrialization is provided by the national

government

Way forward (1)

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Major designated ocean areas

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Report of the Offshore Wind Energy and Ocean Renewable Energy Working Group, Advisor to Headquarters for Ocean Policy (March, 2016)

progress and lessons learned

Marine Spatial Planning in Japan: