適足居住權於我國司法裁判之建構與落實 - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學法律學系碩士班碩士論文. 指導教授：孫迺翊. 博士. ‧ 國. 學. 政治大適足居住權於我國司法裁判之立建構與落實 ‧. The Establishment and Fulfillment of Taiwan. n. Ch. engchi. er. io. al. sit. y. Nat. the Right to Adequate Housing in Judiciary in i n U. 研究生：陳姵妤. v. 撰. 中華民國一〇六年二月二十三日.

(2) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.



(5) . 謝辭在論文寫到中後段時，心裡時常冒出謝辭的內容，或許是因為很想快點結束這場惡夢；沒想到現在真的寫完、要離開學校了，想著謝辭二字卻是千頭萬緒，不知從何下筆。當初進研究所前，總是擔心自己怎麼可能有辦法寫出篇幅上百頁的論文（愛幻想、焦慮無謂的事的老毛病），可是我真的做到了～而且這本論文還有點厚！回頭想想還是覺得一切都不真實的很不可思議。一年多的寫作時間真的可以用髮蒼蒼視茫茫來形容，中間還經歷了長達幾個月的健康危機，加上不時的卡關，說這本論文是目前順遂人生中最大的挫折，一點也不為過。但其實能不負任何義務地享有這樣長的一段時間深入研究有興趣的議題，真的是非常幸福的事情，也絕對是會讓即將進入職場的我懷念不已的。. 政治大雖然在就讀政大這漫長的一千多個日子裡，總有一些負面情緒和不開心的往事，立 ‧. ‧ 國. 的回憶。. 學. 但我從不感到後悔，因為來到這裡讓我認識了好多很棒的人、經歷過好多畢生難忘. 首先最要感謝的就是迺翊老師了！那時做申請政大的備審資料時很斗膽的以老. y. Nat. er. io. sit. 師的文章為基礎，再自己天馬行空的延伸，開啟了和老師認識的機緣。雖然碩一修. n. 完二代保險的課後就被嚇跑，但還是因為很喜歡老師，繼續跟在屁股後面做了幾堂 a v. l C ni U h engchi 課的教學助理和科技部計畫助理。到現在都還記得那個被一群人拱去拜託老師收我當指導學生、心臟乒砰跳緊張兮兮的下午，老師竟然一口就答應了，聽到當時想寫. 土地徵收的提議還哀嚎一聲，趴在桌上說我會加油。自此之後，就展開了一段老師和學生之間相互折磨的過程……即便每次論文討論會回來，通篇內容都被改的亂七八糟，哀怨到不行，但如果沒有老師，我現在應該還是一團不成形的爛泥。老師有著非常深厚的功力和非常神奇的魔力，瞄幾眼就能找出我思考的盲點或認知的錯誤，再給予精闢評價；在撰寫論文的過程中，對於老師縝密的邏輯和清晰的思路更是非常佩服，不敢說學到了多少，但從每一次的討論會中真的獲益良多。除了做研究的態度外，老師的待人處事對我也有非常深刻的影響，讓我過去衝動不經大腦的個性收斂不少，也時刻提醒自己為人正直、思慮周全的重要性；而不論再忙再累再崩潰，老師總會耐著性子陪我們熬過漫長的討論會，身體力行認真負責的做事風格，是常常遇事就想逃跑的我的好榜樣。就要畢業、不能繼續糾纏老師了，真是捨不得啊～. i.

(6) . 老師您要健健康康的喔！再來就是兩位辛苦的口試老師：傅玲靜老師和廖福特老師。有幸在傅老師剛進政大時就擔任幾次老師的助理，私底下體會老師如同媽媽一樣的溫暖（還有許多好吃的點心），每次有問題前去討論時，老師總會不厭其煩，很有耐心的花好幾個小時循循善誘，讓你問到滿足為止。口試前雖然耳聞老師嚴厲的學術風格，但口試當天老師仍以一貫熟悉的溫柔提點我許多應該改正的錯誤，真的有點受寵若驚，非常感謝老師的提攜和包容！廖老師則是我在北大時的國際公法老師，當時就充分體會到老師使生硬的課程變得生動有趣的舞台魅力；從德國交換學生回台後瀕臨破產，因緣際會下擔任老師在中研院的兼任助理工作，得以請老師指點論文方向，也因此得到邀請老師擔任口試委員的機會。老師在幽默風趣的談吐中精準指出我論文的缺失，並且不吝嗇地給予鼓勵，讓我在懷疑中重拾對自己的論文信心，真的十分感恩。多虧口試老師們的大力協助，才能讓我的論文有更佳的呈現，雖然礙於時間壓力無法. 政治大把所有缺失修改的盡善盡美，但老師們的指點已經銘記在心，成為可以讓我受用一立 ‧ 國. 學. 輩子的珍貴資產。. 也要感謝其他政大公法中心的老師：定基老師、詹老師、秦雯老師、元豪老師、. ‧. 佳和老師和貞如老師，修習老師們開設的課程總是收穫滿滿，更謝謝老師們對我擔. y. Nat. er. io. sit. 任公法中心總幹時的各種莽撞行事給予無盡包容。感謝黃程貫老師，非常喜歡老師. n. 的德文課程，還有超級逗趣的笑聲。謝謝顏玉明老師，總是如此親切和藹。 a v. l C ni U h engchi 謝謝孫門大會的大家，每個月陪我度過難熬的討論會時光，尤其是親愛的璧竹，. 我們擔任對方的與談人、一年來互吐苦水、一起崩潰、再一起振作，很開心我們能夠攜手從頭走到終點，完成這項艱鉅的任務，如果沒有妳還真不知道該怎麼辦。還有晁綱，每次跟你討論問題都會讓我覺得自己笨的想鑽洞，謝謝你總是願意花一堆時間在電話中替我解惑，如果我的論文有因此看起來更像個樣子，那都是因為你的功勞。感謝沛君學姊，總是很溫柔又直指核心的點出我論文的問題，還多次與我分享重要文獻。感謝公法中心的軍志、之昱、以璇、念儂、奕安、雪梅、幸彤、長江、鍾安、明勳、紹萱、怡禎等學長姐、凌亞、王井、蘑菇、娙妤、宜璇、QN、小艾、品嘉、黃柏。還有欣佑、肉包、明忠、老車、逸豪、小夫、威廷、哲瑋、懷慶，好懷念碩一碩二常常可以聚在一起吃飯聊天打屁的時光，研究所生涯好幸運有你們在。也很開心可以認識毛毛、老許、小龜、阿樂、小 mu、彥霖、星翰、儉忠、子靖、大秉、. ii.

(7) . 坤龍，還有其他好多好多人，謝謝你們豐富我的研究所生活。讓我不害怕念法律甚至有興趣繼續攻讀研究所，必須歸功於啟蒙我公法學習的文郁老師和銘輝老師。文郁老師可愛又親切，大三修行政救濟法時總是在下課時間讓我天南地北的問問題；銘輝老師則是在我大四時加入北大，很幸運的能在考研究所前旁聽老師精彩的憲法課，讓憲法學習更扎實。當時甚至唐突的請素昧平生的銘輝老師替我和雅竣模擬政大口試，老師不僅爽快地一口答應，抽空為我們練習，也給予許多實用的建議。即使畢業多年，遇到兩位老師時仍會得到非常溫暖的關心。而我之所以有幸成為政大的學生，最不能忘記的就是三位辛苦帶領公法特戰部隊的學長：大黑、阿邊和啟瑞了！讀書會的經費少之又少，學長們卻願意耗費無數心血與時間在我們這群非親非故的學弟妹身上，甚至常常自掏腰包為我們影印補充資料、忍受我各種無厘頭的提問，還要批改我鄉民見解般的考卷。當時的講義還有看了會大笑的考試本都還好好的收藏在我的書櫃裡，那段時光真的非常令人懷念而. 政治大且眷戀！短短幾行字無法表達對你們的感謝，沒有你們就不會有今天這本論文了，立 ‧ 國. 學. 謝謝你們的無私付出，但願將來的自己也有這樣提攜他人的能力。也要謝謝特戰部隊的每一個夥伴，特別感謝亞蒨一直以來的協助與鼓勵，還有摯友雅竣和強，和你. ‧. 們一起窩在四樓大桌子苦讀、看函授、討論問題，是我這輩子唸書最用功也最快樂. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 的日子。. n. 謝謝北大每個同學和學長姐，尤其是 97 級司法組和最愛的北大法律男籃大家 a v. l C ni U h engchi 庭，給我太開心溫暖的四年，讓我有熱情繼續走法律這條路。. 謝謝第 24 期第 5 梯第 5 組的律訓夥伴們，讓我得以暫時從論文的煩躁中逃脫。謝謝孝宇、靖儀、Johnson、Seven、Joshua，還有其他陪我度過永生難忘的交換學生生活的朋友們。謝謝吳俊達律師，對從事律師工作很沒自信的我給予許多鼓勵，讓我有勇氣繼續嘗試。謝謝 Emma、杜彥萱、小喵、雅竣、侶揚、家聿、憲安、香玉、胡起綺、何憲、肥任、杜昭、黃翊恆、小奈、駱駝楓、一智……族繁不及備載，雖然我是個不太會主動聯絡朋友的人，但謝謝你們一直都在。特別感謝我的家人：謝謝爸爸、媽媽給我一個適足到不行、最舒適溫暖的家，讓我從小到大總是衣食無虞；這幾年當米蟲的日子雖然偶有爭執，但還是給予最大的愛、包容和支持，如果沒有你們，我不可能這樣毫無後顧之憂地做自己想做的事。. iii.

(8) . 謝謝大姐，不管我幾歲了還是把我當小妹妹般的疼在手心，並且在求職或任何人生的疑難雜症上提供我最多的協助和鼓勵。謝謝叡，同為念法律的一員常可以和你討教旁人冷感到不行的話題。謝謝宗，雖然你真的很吵鬧，還一直在論文根本沒寫完時就三不五時要檢查我有沒有在謝辭裡感謝你，但你還是常讓我霸佔大大的電腦螢幕舒緩眼睛的不適，甘溫啦。謝謝阿嬤和爺爺，從小就對我們如此溺愛，要保持身體健康喔～謝謝如同第二個媽媽的阿姨，也是這麼的寵我。謝謝一起玩耍、最多才多藝的曉儒。謝謝總會指點我各種身心靈修養、待人接物態度的舅舅。謝謝哲瑋陪我上山下海，滿足我的各種綺夢幻想，不論開心難過，你總是在身邊陪伴。最後，希望這本論文的小小研究成果能夠幫助到這塊土地上曾經、正在、或者可能面臨迫遷威脅的人們，謝謝你們的犧牲讓我們看見問題。期許臺灣真的有朝一日成為人人都能安居樂業的美麗之島。. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. n engchi U. iv. iv. 2017.02.22 在小小的書房裡.

(9) 摘要我國已於 2009 年透過制定施行法的方式將兩公約內國法化，正式引進適足居住權，然而多年來嚴重違反本權利要求的迫遷案件依然不斷上演，衝擊人民基本權利與臺灣在國際社會上的人權信用甚鉅。由於司法部門係確認適足居住權定位並確保其實踐的關鍵角色，本文乃以居住議題相關的司法裁判為核心，探討在我國究應如何透過司法途徑建構及落實適足居住權。經爬梳聯合國針對此議題作成的權威文件，本文整理出適足居住權的形成、發展、監督落實機制、內涵、以及締約國應負擔的國家義務等內容，勾勒出對我國而言尚屬陌生的適足居住權形貌。在我國採取接納說的一元論架構下，兩公約於經批准後即容納為我國法律體系的一部，其規範效力並非取決於《兩公約施行法》；屬強. 政治大權規定提升為基本人權層級後，與包含一般性意見在內的國際人權文件共同作為具立行國際法性質的人權條款具有憲法位階的高度，其餘則為法律位階，並得在系爭人. 體明確的違憲審查指標。而為了盡可能消弭經社文公約上的適足居住權規定與我國. ‧ 國. 學. 憲法基本權間的落差，本文檢驗了若干基本權條款，認為居住自由、遷徙自由、生存權、財產權、文化權及環境權可共同承接適足居住權的內涵，使適足居住權得以. ‧. 提升至憲法位階，作為一項獨立的基本權，並指出過往與居住議題相關的大法官解. Nat. sit. y. 釋審查依據應有疏漏。. er. io. 確立憲法層次的適足居住權後，本文全面檢視我國涉及適足居住權的裁判並深. al. 入分析其中六則個案，嘗試歸納我國司法部門看待及操作適足居住權的模式，再指. n. v i n Ch 出引進適足居住權的意義——適足居住權不因屬經社文權利即不具備可司法性，司 engchi U 法者毋寧應於審理裁判時妥適運用合憲、合公約的法律解釋方法，甚至在系爭個案為消極抵禦侵害、不涉有賴立法與行政兩大政治部門定奪的資源分配事宜時，賦予公約條文直接適用的可能性。若衝突明確，無法透過解釋方式排除國內法律與公約牴觸的疑義，大法官在釋憲時亦應充分衡量適足居住權的各該憲法規範依據。本文最後並提醒，政治部門同樣必須承擔實踐適足居住權的國家義務，不論是與居住相關的法令及行政措施的檢討改進、抑或政策及法令的制定，均有待其積極作為，始能在實害發生前即充分滿足適足居住權的保障，避免事後救濟的緩不濟急。關鍵詞：適足居住權、迫遷、經濟社會文化權利國際公約、兩公約、兩公約施行法、內國法化、可司法性、合公約解釋、自動履行、直接適用、基本權第三人效力 v.


(11) 1 1 4 6 10 12 15. 立. 政治大. 16 22 47. ‧ 國. 學. 55. 65. n. al. er. io. sit. ‧. Nat. 65. y. 63. Ch. engchi U. v ni. 69 75 80 83. 83. 、. 88 109 113 114 117 131 I.

(12) 200 217 217 220. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. II. i n U. v.

(13) 1 1 4 6 6 7 7. 立. 9. 政治大. 10 10. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. Ch. n U engchi. 11 12 12 12 15. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 11. iv. 16 16 18 22 23. ・. ・. 26 27 30 32. 3. ・. 34 34. III.

(14) 36 37 3. 38. 3. 39 40 41 44 47 48 48. 政治大. 立. 49 49. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. 2. Ch 2. 1. engchi 2. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. i n U. v. 49 50 51 51 52 55 57 58 59 62 63 65 65 65 67 69 70. IV.

(15) 70 70 71 71 71 72. ・. 75 75 76. 立. 政治大. 77 78. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 sit. n. al. er. io. 10. y. Nat. 、. 76. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 80 83. 83 88 88 88 90 91. 15. 93 93 94. 15. 96 96 97 98 98 V.

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(17) 143 144. 3. 145 145 152. ─. 153 154. 3. 158 158 159. ─. 政治大. 3 立. 160 161. ‧ 國. 學. io. n. al. sit. 3. er. Nat. y. ‧. ─. Ch. engchi. i n ─U. v. 164 165 166 168 169 171 171 172 173 173. 3. 179 180 180 ─. 180 182 183. 3. 187 ─ VII. 188.

(18) 189 190. 3. 192 192 193. ─. 194 195. 3. 200. 3. 立. 3. 政治大. 203 204. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 205 208 208 210 217 217 220 220 220 223 225 225 227. 3. 232 235. 1. 253. 2. 257 VIII.

(19) 3. 709. 263. 4. 265. 、. 5. 267. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. IX. i n U. v.

(20) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. X. i n U. v.

(21) 4-1 2009. 84. 、. 4-2. 107. 5-1. 151. 5-2. 102 103. 2598 1148. 159. 5-3. 166. 5-4. 179. 5-5 5-6. 立. 207. 政治大. 214. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. XI. i n U. v.

(22) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. XII. i n U. v.

(23) 5-1. 146. 5-2. 199. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. XIII. i n U. v.

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(26) 4. ・. 7 (. 、、 7. socio-economic rights. ・. 8. 、 eviction ・. 20. ” 9. 立. 政治大・ 10. 11. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 7. Lilian Chenwi, Putting flesh on the skeleton: South African judicial enforcement of the right to adequate housing of those subject to evictions, 8 HRLR 105, 105-06 (2008); ICESCR, General Comment No. 4, para. 1, 7 (1992). 8. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 33: Frequently Asked Questions on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2 (2008), available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet33en.pdf. 9. Joël Audefroy, Eviction trends worldwide – and the role of local authorities in implementing the right to housing, Vol. 6, No. 1 E&U 8, 10 (1994). 10. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Fact Sheet No. 25: Forced Evictions 1 (Rev. 1, 2014), available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS25.Rev.1.pdf. 11. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Human Settlements Programme, supra note 10, at 3-4. 2.

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(33) (. housing. 10. 、 adequate. 3 right to adequate housing right to. housing / housing right43. 政治大〉. 立. y. Nat. 3. 44. n. er. io. al. ”forced removal” 45. Ch. engchi. squatters. 43. “right to housing”. sit. ”removal”. Habitat International Coalition, HIC Habitat Terms. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. ”forced eviction”. ”housing right”. i n U. forced eviction. HIC-tionary of Key. v. 、. forced removal. 、 JESSIE HOHMANN, THE RIGHT TO. HOUSING: LAW, CONCEPTS, POSSIBILITIES 5-7 (2013). 44. 1976 3 ・ First United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Habitat I http://www.hic-gs.org/about.php 2015 7 29 45. HIC. “Forced removal: refers to various forms of coercive and often-violent displacement of persons from their habitation or residence.” HIC-tionary of Key Habitat Terms, available at http://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/HICtionary.pdf. 9.

(34) 46. ・ eviction 】 47. 3 、. ( 3. 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. 學. 48. juridicity ”justicability”. ”juridicité”. 9 50. 3. ‧. 、. sit. n. al C. er. io. 46. y. Nat . justicability. hengchi. i n U. v. 52. 47. “Eviction: The act or process of evicting; or state of being evicted…Removal of a tenant from rental property by a law enforcement officer following the landlord’s successful lawsuit….” 48. 4-6. 19. 1. 2015. 49. 50. 50. 4. ICESCR, General Comment No. 9, para. 10 (1998), available at http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CESCR/Shared%20Documents/1_Global/E_C12_1998_24_3756_C.doc. 10. 18. 2012. 49.

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(39) ・. 、. 1. ・ ” 1776 1917. Bill of Rights. 2. 1918. 3. Karel Vasak. 1977. 3. 政治大 the second generation of human rights. ”A 30-year struggle”. 立. ‧ 國. 】. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. ”. 5. ‧. ”. 學. 『. 4. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 1. Theodoor C. van Boven, Distinguishing Criteria of Human Rights, in THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 43, 49 (Karel Vasak ed., 1982). 2. 84-90. 2002. 3. Imre Szabo, Historical Foundations of Human Rights and Subsequent Developments, in THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 11, 19 (Karel Vasak ed., 1982). 4. rights of solidarity —— Karel Vasak, A 30-Year Struggle—the Sustained Efforts to Give Force of Law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, NOVEMBER 1977 THE UNESCO COURIER 29, 29 (1977). 5. Kristen David Adams, Do We Need a Right to Housing?, 9. NEV. L.J. 275, 276-287 (2009). 15.

(40) 6. 1948. 70. ”. 7. 8. 3. 、. . 立1940. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 、. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 1945. 6. 25. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 1. 7. 11 1 5 3 14 2 8 3 8 115 ILO Recommendation 155 Concerning Workers’ Housing Scott Leckie, The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Right to Adequate Housing: Towards an Appropriate Approach, 11, HUM. RTS. Q. 522, 522-24 (1989). 5. 8. 19 4 6 2015 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, commonly known as “European Convention on Human Rights”, ECHR American Convention on Human Rights, ACHR African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, ACHPR. 16. 5-.

(41) 、、. 9. habitual residence. post-war human rights programme 1941 freedoms. four. freedom of speech and expression. freedom of worship. freedom from want. freedom from fear 10 11. 、 12. ‧ 國. 學. 1948. 立. 政治大. y. n. al. sit. io. 15. 14. er. Nat. International Magna Carta. 1. ‧. 13. 、. 25. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 9. Matthew Craven, History, Pre-History and the Right to Housing in International Law, in NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON HOUSING RIGHTS 43, 46-47 (Scott Leckie ed., 2003). 、】】・. 10. “…economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world….” 11. Craven, supra note 9 in this chapter, at 43, 49.. 12. Loc. cit.. 13. UDHR art. 25 (1): “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including…housing….” 14. 58. 3. 15. 2013. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, HOUSING RIGHTS LEGISLATION—REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 1-2 (2002). 17.

(42) 16. 17. 1950. 3. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 21. 18. 1965. 3. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ICERD. 5. 5. 19. 3. 20. 11. 1. 立. 政治大. 、. 3. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 16. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 17. 21. treaty, covenant, convention SCOTT LECKIE, FROM HOUSING NEEDS TO HOUSING RIGHTS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 7 (1992). 17. UN Doc. A/RES/429(V) (1950).. 18. 21. 3 、. 19. ICERD (5). 20. 5. 5. 3. 、 (iii). ・・. 18. 、 21. 17. 1 2. 18. 2013. 】.

(43) 1979. Convention on the. Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW 8. 22. 14. 2. 1989. Convention on the Rights of the Child, CRC. 27. 1990. 23. 3. 、. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, ICMW. 1. 4. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, CRPD. 28. 25. 立. 43. 24. 2006. 政治大. 1. 26. ). ‧ 國. 學. Punishment, CAT. ‧. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or ・. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. pogrom. 22. CEDAW. 23. CRC. 24. ICMW. 14. 27. 43. 2. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 8. 3. 1. 4. 25. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME & OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, supra note 15 in this chapter, at 3-4.. 26. CRPD. 28. 1. “. 19. racist.

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(45) 35. ( 1986 36. Declaration on the Right to Development. 2007 10. 8. 1. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 37 38. 39. 1976. Declaration on Human Settlements. Vancouver. ). 40. 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. 8. ‧ y er. al. n. ・、. 1. io. 8 、. 5-10, 12-14. sit. 8. 36. ・. 37. 38. 42. Nat. 35. 10. 20. 3. 學. Guidelines for Action. 41. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ・. 24, 31-32. 39. 1976 3 ・・ 1977 3 ・・ United Nations Commission on Human Settlements 3 United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT 3 United Nations Centre for Human Settlements ・ UN-HABITAT https://goo.gl/CrSH8e 2016 4 8 40. LECKIE, supra note 16 in this chapter, at 15.. 41. 20. 23. 42. “Adequate shelter and services are a basic human right which places an obligation on Governments to ensure their attainment by all people, beginning with direct assistance to the least advantaged through guided programmes of self-help and community action. Governments should endeavour to remove all impediments hindering attainments of these goals….” 21.

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