國內中年人關心的生活課題之探討研究
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(4) pJTmj:l±lakJ¥-fy*I:fl1f-M~mI fF. '. ~1~ ~ r=p$APJTlimlL\akJj:t5~*;mtJDJ;J1*~i. *litf §"G:3::~1£ti~1*~i[9{~Fo~IDi ' ~~~ ~ r=p$APJTIi11l1L\akJj:t51jJfHHfWU)J~Jtl'. ; =iEr=p$i@ mtMBkJfJX:$ A~~ r=p $MakJfJX:$A 1£r=p$ APJTlimlL\akJj:t5~JfH!M~NJ:_~~~PJT~~ ; - ~r=p$i&!mtMBkJfJX:$AW$~fJX:$A1£r=p$APJTlimlL\akJj:t5~*~f~NJ:~:~_rWpJT ~~ ; [9~~ft,\"Er=p$A1£r=p$APJTIi11l1L\SkJj:¥5~~f1Jl.NJ-_~~1'J-tijjIJ~~ 0. 0. ~~*litf§"G~~~~~r=p$ABkJj:m~.~ffm~litf§"G'~~'1£~~~~~ ,~~~~r=p$Mj:m~.BkJ~~W~~,~~r=p$MWmlfFBkJlitf§"G,~.~~ 1*~W~r=p$M~m~.BkJ~ft~~o. ~. ?r *;ft1t tf If-j!j] 1.. ~ ,~$: MJ f~ J! 1971) ~~~@~~iiOfJX:A~&MtSkJ1L\J!!'~ , 1tl!M~fJX:AM71m=fIBI. Jung (1930,. Erikson 1j!gm4 ~,fEl~tekJ. 0. ~. ~& j§9: r=p. , j: ~ J!IJjj!~~I f confusion) ;f[ (intimacy fliT A ± ~tj j§~ ij~. *. jJ.~£. 0. ,.. H~~. , ±£~f{J~i *wmftf&1-U mIfF ' ~1T: ij~~fJJGj:£~1. ~M:$~fJX:AMWr=p$Morr~BkJ~~fJX:AD~BkJ~fFr=p'~~~1£r=p$M(OO -~~)wmBkJm~'®BkJ~~~m.~m~~m~.w~.o~~~1£r=p$~~. (individuation process) ~$~fJX:$A ~®~BkJ~$mhmtt~Hft.mBkJ.*(~ • • '*.'fJX:ti) 'lli~®~mT @A~~~akJ.* ~Ar=p$M ' {IAm~*fJX:~m~JEBkJA~Ji (human being) * • • BkJ~.'.m~2BkJm~~.*W@AMfi,~• • m@~@A~~@rul:: akJJ!H~ 1£{~,\,,1:1I::BkJJfH~r=p , {~A&\~J[M~ ~ 2~~mIUD1oo~~SkJ ~ ]XW~~;fOffd:*s":J ,. ~ftr=p$A~9int((~fJX:f~,\"E1I::S"3J!H~. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. ~]Xmftm~Mf. Erikson ~~ ~Mfl3kJ1Tm f. ~Z, f~Mf1I::BkJJfiHJl.~M:m~~Wt~~~~BkJ~~' ]ftOf};M~tlc. .*r~JEakJ*~. , f~ ~ e~]!! §l ]X.fJil.SkJj:t5 ~f~A5CfJx T f~ti11:: ' 1tl!Mtt*~t'§J fiN a"3 §l ]X. m ' §l]X f:8! ~ , f:8! ~ A ti: W~ ~ 7l'J~O BkJ• • 1JIJ~O ' 11hM~]I!! ij~ll!g [p] fI 'fts"3 ~ ]XW~~ §l2/f.E:!:.akJ¥-ffi&iliMIUi 1£{fgI'\"1:1I::akJlfHJlr=p , f~AM~• • tJ#jtEB1B ifd:*1I::pJTmfJX:akJ~ti1I::MfiWGft'l'i11::¥-ffi ' {~§l c]!!ij~ ~ f::I3skJ~~j~pH'iBkJ~~fi ili 8',t~mt ' fIBIAM~*[PJ1I::~II'iakJ@A¥-ffi ' {~,\,,1:5jIJtqt§j£j:&~. ~{~~9:~~ , ~. Jacques ( , r=p$B~M ' 1111lEI {IE] A Of}; ~ ~~ff-I±l* ' . *. ~J7g?&&j:B)U. 0. :. ?.tI~ El c~:i. 0. it: ; • • Of};M. 0. 0. 0. m.J~g~BkJ.~,wm~W~EB~A~~&.'mAA~BkJ&.~~MA. ffd:*ffm ' tqt§skJc5l:. ( ~o9\§191!1Iim1*s"3c5l:. ' 1*EB~MA)L\J!!ekJc5l:~ , ®~F)L\fJJ:l.ffrr * (psychosocial) ekJc5l:.) Jung ~tfJX:AWmekJ~~{*flH~Y-El~*IH!f!mli!~la"3W;tl: f~. ' ~~Ii~~Ji11::¥IJJE'M ASkJ!l 1::. ' ~1~.m: w,@jfl~Of5J ' Jung ~~tfJX:A~Ii:S"Jf#l 0. 0. ~tt~~m~~fJX:AWm~litf§"G.~T~'ftBkJ~~o. Erikson (1959, 1963) tJtI±l r Aj:/\~~H9:J akJ)L,fJJ:l.ffd:* (psychosocial) Dfi J!! ~ , ~ J!! ~ :lz: ~ ~ i.t ~ 11:: akJ fl ~ :ntf §"G (cross-cultural case study) *i5!f1: 0. Jacques g!gm:* tr::fi ' 1::. 00pJT fJj Jacques f9:! , ~1@1~tfi~a) ~OLevinson et !f1: 13"3 x ffl Vaillant (. i1t fT 30 $ akJ ~i Wr fJX: 8',t ekJ 1i ~4 0. 0.
(5) ~ l*jI:P!iFA ~m JLAt-J.~m~Jm;L. ~lMUHJ'j;. ~1JD tJ~~"1 I~ Jl=J;: ;. ** -=-_ ~ 9=J1=y: i&! 0. -~7E s.::;r';I'="-1~ c¥:: W ; u'R rJl ;E:f/, nlliNJ:.~~~r1T li53!J~~. 0. 145. Erikson §2~~@A1:.rEff9:tf~$Jc..\e"J~mIfFw:~mf[tm ' ~mI{'Fw:~mf[tm ~f§rNI3"J ~~I {'F$zO!f!:~t*/llf[flj~fflG ' !'{IJWr~1:.~~e"Jmm tEA1:.fflG$$AAI3~ i¥'Eff9:9=J ' 1:.~~m (generativity) ~~me"J$Jc..'IfF ' ffITliJil§iiLlfllfit (stagnation) ~IJ ~ ~ mIfF l' /11f[ flj ~ fflG e"J *6!f!: !=P $ ilEl II &\ ~Ji m i* lj! AA ~ ftj .~ 1!B m (role confusion) fOfJJllz: (isolation) ~mf[tm ' ffij~1?lj § i'x(j!e[nj (self-identity) fO*J! W (intimacy) e"J~mEH~ , :;tfJ~/llf[f'JI3"J~fflG1:.j£'~1¥fl3"J~mIfF $zo!f!:$$Arr 0. 0. 0. 0. ~A1:.~R~~§fi~[n],ft~§c'~H.m.Q~~m~~Hlz:W:~A~.W. : ' :tFJJt~t!tt~9i Hitf§"C , fj£~X.\tX. ~momM,~~:;t~~EI3~.T-~'~~fr~~~~M~mffij~W~mo~~. ,. 1:.~~1¥jl3~f~~. ,. WrWm7t1~{-ce"J1:.m. Ji:I fF '. :fflG.AJtJHt~=1[QI j:f5JCtF.$ $WJ (36 -rc. '?c!T1 /~, ,..t, ,q:: t1J;!o Pt. •wC.');"i11± ....,....L.j- P8 FY:. °m-$~fflG$A. 'ililEI ffIT m, m7 LUman being) {IEIAOO~BilEl'l't1L. W: ~~~fOijil·Wte"J ~. , 1ftH~~~ § C. {tQH~ fr ~ r§'J III [JP.' ~ .A1::o~!T1 ~~] :rl3 {j~nft ~1'lt.o'C."n J-.n.. 1L '. ~~~~tm~ El31B ~ 'It e"J ¥-f'n. olJ1. ~&.5B1[QIA. ~'ffIT~~~~ w~~m~.w MfflGAgm~oo. hosocial) ~m ;tudy) *6!f!: 0. t!n~$$fflGAIi~Jc..\ 0. ' itW '. ~5T -1-\;. $zO!f!:$$fflGA~m~fflG1:.~~m. :lt1T~H~;ig1L1?1J5E!lffie"J11!R*J!W1T~. fJ~~fflG1:.Pffi:~m~~mI fF. '. 0. , ffij:ltM!f!:H~~WJlB~ ' ~fIJ:f5~ifrtWr ' T -1\:;13"J~. Erikson §2~~1'~~-11E1$$A~~. ~e"J$$A fr3t1?IJJL\lm~ifrtWr~*~~~ffij1~rmfflG~. Erikson !ttmGA~mI i'F~m~ , ,~tJttef]gmlmlffili~t~- A1:.~f9:A]'JJW1! ~ fll~1Tffifb lEI Z ' tJHj:H~**§"CfflGA ~mI fF~ ($zO Vaillant. Levinson) ~~tf 0. ~m~~.'~fflGA~m~*~.~~~tt~~~o. Jacques ( 1965) (j2~~Jlie"J-1:.$~ -@mma~AA ' t;{rHt53IJ~w~'$B~M , $$a~AA ' fO~$a~AA $$1:.ml3"Jf[tmB~AA~mOO9iJ~ 35 ~:tr:::b ' ll:ta~f[tf.l@l; tttt~@A.m~~~~m.~tt'ffIT1!m~Mom.f[tm • • ~mu-.n~z ~~~I±\* ' -~i'J~1:.~1J~1g; , =~ilJ~1:.£1Jt~7t ' ~~iIJ~1:.~1JI3"J~n~ W~~~1:.~M~.1L°:ltt;~&.'~~IfF~~A~m;fittm~~ • • •~ ; rl,i~ § c~~w:ff ' ill:lwll,1~1±tt.x. WrM{~fre"JfflG~W::5x:£nJ!e"J~1L~1E~pfT5E!l 0. 1L;.~.m§B~1'.¥-f~W.MW~*.~~-oo,~mU~3t,~~o. ~~ws~~*$ffi~$$~tt~~*~.~-.uJ:.~1:.m~~ • • '~7~.. :tr:::b '. J:.oopfTm1?lJe"Jm.1:.r5§Rm*~fJ~mi*. '. ffITf[tmtt~}f:ll1*7. 0. ~~ws~m~mw§.~@.*~.MMm~~M!f!:,~~~mlffili~-RA. , ~1@:1~t!H~e"J ~lffili$zOfPJ ' Jacques ~t$$AA~Ji:I3"J~¥*{fJ3t1?IJWf~1~*~~ , $zOLevinson et al. (1978) ; Gould ( 1978) fOBrim (1976) e"J ij Im ~1~fIJ*~ M :W.:e"J-xM' Vaillant ( 1972) tE1li'11'* *~1f:£ 1939 $1?IJ 1944 $~lf)(!it JL\~i~,*e"J~'li*~1:. ~1T 30$e"Jffim~tf~ , rr~AArs'1~mr~'~ , @J.lIJMrl=l'Ji~ifrt*~m ' !itJL\~,*W:ifrt WrfflGff",te"J_;f4 mltl:~1:.~~~=$!,Ji;~-~rl=l'~ 11E153IJIDJrl=l'~1T-~ , 7t53lJrrUF 0. 0. 0. 0.
(6) m=+WJ. 146 ~W!IlH}Jill!liJfj"C. . . litf ~ ~ ~fl151f.~& . . & 30 1f.~& it ~ Vaillant a"J litf ~ 1* ~~ metE ~fj fftjf~mlJ (defense mechanisms) a"J~B!J}]llt ' igI1llB~1tl!tt~~i{IQIAIEI1f.~~j;~t~j~Eta"J{,'. ~ ~ ~fl B~. f-'~1l. 0. 0. Vaillant a"J litf~*fi 5f1j~ H:J A 1:. %r~ t~ ~.fJHltU'::f Wi a"J ~ m J1H'I!. ' ~ tia'] ®:mkJf! l'I!.~:1F'Ml.lTrJHfllJ[J"J. mttfr~~1f.~a"Jitf~mffipJT~1l. o. 50~t)1&;. ,. M~1i'&~1~. Vaillant a"J~tf3'C*a. WEriksl. *3Z},f T Erikson a"JlLd]!ffrr.fr~mffifB Z~tft Wj,~1f.B~M~@1HHtl[ 13 ~a"J~~ma~ M ' :llir*~5i!W~~i*~ 20 ~~a"JA::t~a"J®:mI1'P ' 30 :§:r~a"JA~1:.it5m:lL,7i;~i9: Y±~Ii'Pl?X:ff)ta"J1I1~ 40:§:r~a"JB~M~lL'iiW:j:La"JA1:.~~'itiJ~M ' rp1f.A~~fl~~ 13 fX ' itt!ir'frBIJSii!l t) 1±a"JpJGiJ)tW m:*JTn5E**a"JA1:. § ~ ftl!irHl1~~~flitf:tJmN1tl!.A $:fia"J~~tl ' mEN [:'3 ca"J~~lL'BPfl3fBa"J~~fJ :fflltB~ , iIQ1At'±~IJ%Jt§a"Jm~~tJ11 ::fElJlM ' !ltm:~itt!Aa"J1ELlli~@A~mlL,a"J~ifH[ m:~o"J~ Vaillant ~2~rp1f.a"J. ~ r:t fl3 *::f j. '. 0. ~*J::. 11 1~ ]I! :§:r a"J ~ iglL' o44-5C. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. *~.~A1:.~~n~W§~'~~fr@~mA~1:.fi~~~~o. Gould !ltl?X:) ~JiftWIEm). a"Jr~~Jm®:1Fli =@r~~fH[~i lL,a"J~ifH[1±/. fH[ , ®3&JJR7I. Vaillant a"J~tf~Rt)~t'±~~tf~'3'tBrt ' ~ffifB~D1PJ ' lItlitf~*fi*3Z},fT Erikson. a"J I?X: A ~ m:ooffifB Gould (1972, 1978) 0. '. ®:*=ilQ1lf~m)JJGAM®:mD']~tf~*fi*. m~@litf~i*tJ. Neugar1. !ItI?X: A W& J§St ~ :I]! IDfB pJT t~ ttl. lli~~W~~m~~.~~m~~.,m=mlitf~~~ffil1ll1f.~.~~~4~~~. longitudinal. rprp~m~~m~~m~~.°:ffm=mlitf~rp~~~~.,~*'3't~W~~~8. rp 300 ill: '3't ~. @.fH[(~M~"'M~ ~-bJi1X~m:~tHJPrr;. ... ~a."'AmM ..... (rank-order). 0. tt."'I1'P . .. m~"'~~)~ffiMa. MBf-r~J§Sta),. Gould a"J~tf~*5~1iH~:ffpJGAr~J§St~t-6-tM::f. 1f.~I?X:~. 11ll1:.Yt5 ~~~ Of] 1f.~ r~ J§St ' 3& 1[fi] *fiffifB ~ffl1J): tFi:f$ ~ ,lift W~iMt IE -m A Gould tt~rp1f.~Yt5~~~a"Jt8'i~ , B2~rp1f.~~fl~ 40 ~tr::tJ ' M (35-43 ~) a"JflPM~*fi*a~ , Jl:ta~~:tz:Jt'±-'&3tj~T'i5r,c.~ IEI~ ,. lltB~~ffil;JJf&~. o ~Arp1f.~ pfr ::f I1ll ~ Jj. itt!ir'~Jt¥IHiQJrl. PJT2j(~. 0. 0. Wm~~I?X:~*~lfffi~~'.~&lf.~~"'~~W.~~ol1ll~,~m.I3U. . . ~l}ia"JI i'P ' lEI Jl:t 1[fi]A!lt 13 c~tifla"JffiW~.~5!R?!{a"Jitf:tJIJ *i?i~i51'a"J~9: 'I' ±¥IJ T 45 ~ (lfa"JAQl(;:'Fj!I~) '3&li!lt~tifla"JffitJJ~t~~fr1$JT1$JTa"JriR1l :fftp~ ~~fla~M ' mtI:J~~!lt1[fi]Aa"J1EL~7j\~~lL'ill!:lfpJT!~tU Jl:ta~ , @A1$JT1$JTf-'WH=J cpR ~~. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. ~mlL,JI'1flt~a"Ji*ffW~~. Gould (1978). ,. ilfltl3:fY:~mJm. . . mYR. r:t~~lf:§:r1. 0. I1'P!l1~JI1®§,~tJ. tt~m:~il~* • • ®~~M.~~'~®~1$JT.~~~*~~~~~'~~c~ ~rt5m3&fD~l§'. ~~fiiJ.l~ ~D. 0. t\. Levinson. ~'I''±~It*fr5E.~. LevinsOI. tt,®*mttl~~tt~:§:r~.ttfi~orp1f.:tz:tt~1$JTEN*~~MW~~t§®AA~. lL'fJI!ffrr.fr~J.li. 0. Jl:t~*t~F-ay1£rp1f.~t'±~I?X:~IEa":J~. Kansas I f'P~{l!1g9: '. 0. -llit~ttlrp1f.~7ltM~Y~;f~~a":JJI1~iJZ¥:~. J11~. 1f.A::f P} ~~ lL * ' :tz:JI1~i/t • ' l1lla~ 13 i. .lf~::f~M.ill!:~.'3't~~'~~~I3~~*m~:ff~~mWa~~mtt®.M ~,~Hjljlj. ,. 'w'lEIlIt '.
(7) ~~$~AH~~~m~m~~~m~. ~~a~~. •• ~. ffi**~~~~ j. , ~'I:1B"JR~~. U7. .m~~~.:V:E1~,~m~:9t!~$.~~~~~mJfJ~~~mM.~~~h~~. fElJL' 44-50 ~~~}:Er* (setting down) B~M ' llta~B".1rp1f.A*~~t~~fJ!. o 50~t)1~~[;]'A (mellowing) a~M ' lItB~I3"Jrp1f.A;!t1-T~*~i*E1tltpq~~rt:J 0. 'M~.-@.~~tlt'rm~~~.h'.~M*'~M~A~~~.mo. Vaillant l3"Jli}f3-"C*fi I:v: EI tltB"JmJJ.a~ t ~ 13m>L' 7G ~ f9:. Gould ltJ~AR~t~~~rftpfTfN~~liJf3-"C1Jrft~~!M[j'H!}~~. ,rp1f.A~:9t!m~. m.W~mA~R~~~.~~'~ili~~~~;!tM~ffl~liJf3-"C~a~.~hlfftt. t~:9t*1JOltJfIE.A. ~ rl=l~ arm ~F JL' .I'll! '1:1 QX: 1W:l:Jt'I:1 ~ rl=l~ a. ~ @.B"JMiw$x t) 11. ant ~2~rp1f.B"J-. WErikson ~~AR~fll!~lt. ' Gould ~~AR~B".1~¥ft9'dt~W Erikson 13"J ~$ffi*~~,mW~mT~~AR~m~~~~mHM~~m~o~~~w, §$'c~1tl!gfJ!mtEfl. ' 129 lit ~ ~ IE! 5t t±l FfHj;~ [PJ '3't~~ r",~ 13".1 ~. ~ =1~rl=l~a~liJf3-"Ct;;Rffl ltJ 1611m~~1iJ1t<;!t1t~'I:1:J1FJiJB".11Jrft ' t(Olltff1}f:1~[PJ-1[QjpfT~JJ {}B"J ~~a~~ [PJ a~Mff~~ [PJ B"J ~JJ JL'S£€J!it ~ ~~;!t't::B~M~~H~~1t~B"JmJJJL'~i a ' rm3&JJR$'cpfT~JJJL,~~~aM1!}$X~1t~ Neugarten fD Berkowitz ( 1964) tN~ Kansas city study B".1liJf3-"C*I'¥:* ' R* ltJ~AlP§'p~R~I1'FB"J~1ft Kansas city studyili~~ Erikson B".1ifd:ffJL'f!l!R~ f!l! ~ pfT tl'! t±l13"J 1111 ~9: ~ iff 3-"C t) tJ .. $ (cross-sectional study) fD *t'f fit rft ( longitudinal study) 31§i-T ' refJJt) 700 ill: 40 ~ 70 ~13".1~ 3z"~~~li}f3-"CltJ~ , ltJ;!t rp300 ill:'3't~~31§1-T 10 1f.13"J*MmmliJf3-"C Neugarten (1964, 1976, 1979) ltJ~ 1f. 0. 0. 0. *5cl~ T. Erikson. 0. , m-1~liJf3-"C1*t) ~I'i I!ru B"J 5241ftifd: ~ '3't ~~ ~ ltHg?;- 8 @c1~) B"J 16 @1#~. *. 0. 0. M.-IP§'~~R~I1'F~t±l-~~$o. "J~ P~Bt5-t:: @~. 1f.ft~1f.A~~~R~I1'F.rp~.:v:.~~~,~~~m.Wm*I1'F~M. o31§Arp1f.M '. , IJta~~ml7JftH~ , fIE. 1r'~fl¥lJ:j:lgJt lJa~ , a~m1rW EHx. 10. 0. 0. *1'r~1JtB"J~~. iJfB"Ji~11::. 0. ~rp:$. ~JliJf1$)ffll!f~l~ E=I. c rff. ~ ~ B"J 1~ '1:1 rm ~ rff ~ltJ ~'I:1rm §. $xt). J13JfJ ' 1}f: EI c~ 'H:1ff1t$ff}:E ~~ ~ ~ B"J jq @. rm M~. rfT~[PJ. 0. PfTc!x:~. ,. 9'dt~~mB"J]I~>L'iJJ~~~WIi'F. '. m~mJL'B"J~!M:lnW1f.~~1f.M~. ~~~~*Bt.B".1c!x:~~~rp1f.Ajq@'B"J~11::. '. t(O*~rs9B"J:9~~jZ;I~l!Ji*M~ff~. 'I:1JjIJjq@'B".1~11::. 0. Iffft~~r3tQ~~~rfTc!x:~. '. ltJ1f.~~£J*Jl~l!JJL'B".1~1JD. 1f.A::fM~mJL,~~~ij9HEI1'FB".1ffth. '. , rp. rm~~l!JJL'$~~gB"Jr-&tzD1PJiE' 1±1PJ~. *,~ttff.~tt~A~~~m~~I1'F~o.~'ft~1f.ftAili~rp1f.A~~~. $ ,. [PJB~E1tltpq~Wml!JJL'@AI3".1~L~rp1f.AB".1i-T~*f~J[. 0. ~llt '1t!!ir'~JB~rs913"J~. $~.~~~~8m~'rm~~e.mT~~~8o. Kansas city study ~m-1~1l!ffl ~F~,*~1~~liJf3-"C~1Jrft~M~~~A R~ I1'F~~S'~liJf3-"C~ffl~.ttW.fittt~liJf3-"C1J$ • • *.'3't~~~~~D.M ~;!t1'1m~ Neugarten PfTtl'!t±lltJ~Aj)l'~p~R~I1'F~~¥ft ' 9'dtMAe~~~t~t±l ' t(O Levinson ( 1974) 'f8 ;!tltJfJ! 1t~A R~I i'Ffll!~lii[.~ ~ffif!lt Levinson *A (1974, 1978) 5ttfT 40 ~~'I:1liJf3-"CltJ~B"J.;f4.:V:~'I:1~1f.AI3"J JL'f!l!ifd:1tg~t~~ , ill 40 ~~'I:17tJjIJ* EI 4 m~[PJ l3"JIffft~ (~!jo/J~ , )(:~ , fl'ij~ , 0. 0.
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(16) 156. 1&:ff¥JiH.<flI1~}f)j;. m=-+VJl. GI ~-- PTl~TI t+PfJ 81lLJ'}~%f~mL&: 13 J~rr{f-fttj:~~ -~\fJ"J~±ji5~~Jm ' 1'f 111\[~=m1iifO ». 13 r!4 ql1f'J) 'I''tI~~/L\n''J~l:j2i§'1m ;}tr-/-l tt,tB !~tf~;gM~JH~~@m*e"JJtt tJDJicrtJ±f t;clif:~m IL- rl'J it i/i tt~)jlM , lliijt {::j ~tt1i2l~1f£f-'j, -'I! ~ n"J 'l:nJ \'J: r'=J ±~ r:p 1f-~ tt~flJ/L\Elf')±¥6 ~,~ U'rIllHf{' MJdl"J:9EC ' tt51lJftIl~i'lf')2)::~ , l,;£f~Yffi*J[e"J!it~»':9Ec ' ,/,ftf~ f'fgJ'{! f:1~hX: 1fJUi~]Jlf:J'l ' ~tHffiI~flJ 1*, e"J 2j(~ , JQ l'r ljj2;-rl"J 0 ft:1iiB/rlJ ' m:nMl!t*±t6fl"J El f~ it::,~ ~~=m- pJT ~ rrrJ 1i2m ~ r:t1 :tf- A rJT~flJ IU1"J± r51i'1m 0. 0. 0. 0/ If=- 1. it; ;€.l~ 41.f. ~~. ?. 141j'z: ~ 9i-*cff ltt r:p "+'Jt ¥5r~~e"J ~t~ rJTmw*P3 t±l i'l f,) 14 ~J[ r:j-l 'rF- A ~flJ IL' s"J ~l:riS1i'~ , *33J1:t PI tJ;~H-e LjJ )~~±j5f0 f~-@l¥E@iB!a~w.J ' IL<f]Ffzp:1~ja~w.J ' :(f llt~~ pStf.m$7n~iJ~JII~i..fIJ~B! ' ~IJA±Ml!t:tI fcd~® iEFA' ~~:%f/f}~q:]1f-±r51=r1Thf~e"J ;g¥~ Nydeggar ( 1976) @]j~ Kansas City n"Ju]f7'C1i2m ' 40 ~flJ 50 ~e"JA~t1j5 W~ IL<fEJl!IR J&; It It 'f~~ A ~t B~ w.J * 1!'HI JE ~:I,z 'Ivl: HfJ ~ m]!!!41'fijJHf ff~ j] ffiJ/f JEff ftH~ ® ' r:p 1f- Hey Wl;J:E :tji~ {~~ O"J B~ WLg w.J ~ Mlf * tfSl! ~ ~J nf,} ± 115 Troll ( 1975) tj m San Francisco uH3'ee"Jjtr}1i;gESq:1'r:f1~_ri5/f~-@Iffi;~aW'!tJj , f~~lI~t;z:-ti:(£r:p1f-a~ flH~ t)L. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. M1'fM.~~m~m,~~~m~tJtt1f-@~w.J~~~ffiJ/f~~r~$~g±~o 11~/~'1'ft;('I'i1fir1El *!M~~ rW'l 1illi~rr1jPN~. 0. !±J~ w.J I'I"J. r:p1f- ' lIIfflm~PJTJ , ~ t;z:-lfl~; 11: EI:. 8li *5~~ e"J A lfl ~~L ff~ ~ ~A rf:I 1f- r~ j r:p 'r:f ~~ p9: ' JfI 'r:f ~ ~,~ ~ 1'l"J tp 'r:f l@17 *~Aq::]'r:f~e*. O/lf=-;€'~~o/lJ. RXAw.J±ri58 0"J ,,~~~ j§9: pJT ~ [PJ a"J ffi; f~~" ~ 0. ~~'r:f A*1~§7. -E!.fJ!.. l:t~EAj:_B~w.J*~JItt~§7 i'lf'.! ~ft. 0. 1t!!. mt±l*~~~~H~e~M~.~~.'*OOffi~~~~tt.~~/f~mff~~~. 0. ~ fj~ ffi f. f[tf~trp~R~/L\.fJ. Clausen ( 1972) iJ 1m Oakland uH3'ee"J. "?ffl1i2m 'i-' 'r:f~tri5*@j;1:f ftdl~ , rp if-1::ri5 /f •. au it f:'if. Erikson ( 191 o. Jacques ( 196E. m:0"J Levinson ~~~p9: ltfm:§7:'J o r:p 1f- ~ '1'1 Jt: ~ 0. ,. ftnf~ jIdl~ 1& If] [I',) Y J~HJllli '@rl'~%JEft!~ fr~ [I'+r ~-z:tH)( tY:f1~. lEI lit Clausen ~;g~~r:p ifJt. 0. 0. rr5~I 1'nr~t~:. '. lU;1'j{il(~~f:'iH~~ffilr~~1*1~:gi'lf']-'±jt5~JEH4nO]. 0. I ==~ ilL: ~'tg- ~2 l0 rtl 'r:f ± rfli ijt 1'ffti f~ o"J TI tld*, fIH}~ _=- f[@ :N: w.J '1'1 O"J PH3'e ;:~ ;¥;} , W: -~ WilliH 3"C lti r-\-l1f- n~ Wl i'lf'7 ~ R tl:tA JJJ'! N ~ 1:f M-@uH3'e ElJl 1iflI O"J tl'4ltl ' r:p if:±.15 ijt ff fu f~~ t~ r:p 1f- i@H)j WHm ~ '¥f1 f[~ r-p Iff'- n~ w.J i~ 1'f ffi;~ $. L ' i§: til,;~:*Jf~15}1'f ~flJ r:p 1f- WEt. ri51iH3'eJJJ'! f@J~$d~n"J FJ]~ [Z;] llt ' MOO 141lL~ 9i-~:%f pJTtJHtl ltt r:p 1::r:- ±rl5r~M i'I"J;g ¥ft ' *ii~1)Hf!~-lli:?ir5 i~ fI HJljii 0"J:j:~ t±l O}j~ ~PJT~~ IL\O"J ± ¥61i'~~¥t±m r:p 1f-3.&17Jl B~M:~xJ\~f[@r:jl1f-a~w.J mtf~---J1t.¥t*/L'.fJ!~:%fI'l"J~i~ , 1±A!-tJ~W]o"J,'~r~p9: ' ill 1~@AiWfclii&1*i'lf'.!* ~wm:~**o"J:~ui ' ILd;MLtJ!lgi2,@r£±/fZP:1jje"JM*JK.~ ~J1t , :(fill f[l,J A ~ t ~ t)j a~" Wi *'~ fr 1'f'~ §7 e"J ~ ff~ rn ~ FJlliJ.! yl1j'. 31& t)}1 BW W] fj- L\.fJ! /f zP: 1tr e"J .fJ! ~ , ;iti pJ( j-t ¥5 /f j@lff! e"J FJ:l~ 1m i§: J1t. t1,~ )jlM ~n ff~ ~ mo"J iWlk flIHJ, rt: i'I"J r P1f-± r5 Mlf ff~JIW[ ;fIHI"Jf~ i@ , /f fy:fj~fI ffi;f~O"J £± ' ~9J<:1i'fjE-, @wxX$'R LJJ(I!,-Jy;Ji,{t mrr:\1f~~H:l?:tzll1iiltd1LfE ri1±fi&1~!tWJ ? L1iif§7o"JuH3'e'"§" t)'r:f~li *JEfi ' 4~}f\'[!~~6frr;:LRi'lf'.l/rl::~liiB[I]§7PJl-tUA Neugarten (1980) ~2~fJH\;AA 1-). *. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. I. 'J.. 0. 0. 0. *. ~1'I"J~tJT. 0. Gutm. -aUJ[lli jEf[t f~ B~'H r:p 1f-lm i'lD Y: ~ a"J t: M ' f~1~:(ftth~~_C~ l$Jil$Jf ~tJD. 0. -J1t.~~1i;gffi. frRf±JL\.fJ!"~Ej. /f ~ fj~ ::R& f[t f~.fJ! ~ 1!::};::±ri5o"]"~ , , rtf::};:: €i~ 1)1 0"J A /j a"J"~n frJ:!Wm:l. Rubin ( 1979). ~2.
(17) ~ j7qq14 A~M)Bl1::75~MIzm1lMliJfJj;. ~E. ~. ' l'f 11 {\J:~1§. *O'J J:!M1JO. jE r-j.:l $. c::1fi tt ~m {At] ± 1§ f~ &37Et: ' tJf?~ JM~*:'±.1t5n'J El f~. :'±.a~Mll'J11J7}~~f~M!\t~m. (age-irrelevant). 0. 110']A 1!31tA.9J"f, ,. 157. :ff13'JAB:fu~A.. $$,~m~ffi.~~~±~$#*~~o¥~~A~~~hl*m.'~~~Wft. ,. ~ft -1'-100J'[ El 1:. S~*6 ~~I3'J A ¥. ~t 13 CEt'i~ffd:*1tltA :fft;:i*tJJI3'J~;gg~. '. 31tA. t:p ~ ~?H~. tEl &: 13'J '. 0. ,. lli!z:;lllt1lli1rF1JIf~t;:lEff,$. 1l5M~ 13'J A ~[I *-llitml'f lEm 13'J ~~T 1'F. ' WjnJ. ~B:fu31tA9J$~~o!z:;l~'~$M~~Uf§"C~~.ft~m.~~~~1§-~~8~A.. $$~~'ffl$n~~*m~~~~~~o~~~W'~ffl$n*m~A:'±.~M~. III ij!x~ 0'J t:p $ 3.@J tJia~, JtA '. ql $ A ~~ ieAI'J ~/fZP:1jJa~M ' :tt ~Ji. 'rfJtj§ t'f ftt~ 13'] 50 ~ 13'J A!t ~t 1§ ~ 1J ffffl;; ~l'f ftH~ roll ( 1975) S Iffl o~ :t;cl'ift r:j-l 'if'.a~. *~A. rt:l1'f-WG e*<~~ T. r qJ $:;t~:'±.I3'J. lE.. 0. 0. 1lli. ~Ff IflO:W9Hf 13'J 1tFI ~~. lusen ~;g~9Jif-:'±.. 0. ?. ~AM:'±.m~m§"C1§-*~~~,*mffi~~ftttftt:p$M~*~~ftt.~~* ~M~~Woffim~$ftt~~M~~~~.~~~$M~MWG~~&:ff~ittttmffi. ~~ftt~~M~'R~~~~l'fffi~~~~~ft°~~9J$A~.mtt$@~$A ~~$A*m§:r'~~A~A'.'~~~$tt$@~$A~~$A*m~W'N ftm.o~~~~t:p~A~$MJ:!M~~~$~A'.'~~$~~m,.~,~~ f[tt~trn~R~iL\fj!,'~$14. I Oakland ~Jf§"C 13'J ~t:t§:r 13'J. 9J :l:f-~rJiM. 0/ It- ;t #\ ~ 0/ It--t-t- ~. J. ~IHN OJ If~ ~ ittfEz: ~;g~ lEJ1K:fj~ ~P $3.@JtJiM 0'J '5t~.i:t1§-.~ I_ fbi. Erikson ( 1963) o. '. ~%fr~/f[OJO~~~*. 0. ~;g1E{,rp'ir::W:!ttL1IQ1A~±Jlq}1Jl-f*. '. ~~~ft~~EU§~Jf~n!'.!f&*~. ~;gffi,'!,:'JJ'I'tF.q:l$~I3'Jfttf~fO~tA~:J~W]I3'Jftt~ltij!xilli*~ij!xlMi. Jacques ( 1965). ml3'J Levinson et al. (1974) 0. ~;g~ 80%I3'JJl'I'tftJ:jJ$jtA*~~J~rp~f2.gtJ;J. I:J1kJm. .~~o~~~Jltt®~,~~~~tJiw]ili~~~,&~rp$W]~~~*m~lMim:. o~$:'JJtt~.T~M~tJfe,@~~~~~mM~~m'M~~~~:W.~~~. f:O'JUf§"Cjfffl- ' EI: ~W ' 9J$~Y6¥9. ':!.~*ti~1:Hl'f~mr:j-l. ::\ ltH J:jJ $:'±.1§ *ill~ ~~:':t:fj~ 9J "f'.~t& ~o'J'~H~W§'~~ , EtJ S.1jil3'JM*~ fJg llt 0. ~O'JWtJT. 0. Gutmann ( 1976). £H~lliJr::ftt~a~fJtJJ. ~±, ~WGWf~. ; 13'J Mf §"C fr J;) $~-t ). rs{"p, A A 5J(-=.\,M,~J% '-.J/\..../\.. "91 /~. Brim ( 1976). $$~Bn3C~1'l'J~i@. 0. f~hS'{Etili~~tz~. 0. M '. l$JTl$JTJ:!M1JU. 1j;gffi,'!,~J-itt AmI j§ , l1:1{f.M:fff&f~. Stevenson ( 1977) Jung ( 1971). ' ,. lJ:!JiijJIJJ&:fi~X 1R~ '~~Aft. ~;gffi,'!,J:jJ~4c:1§~i'M~iL\'I'W~~o'J~.R~. ff;g~r:p$tjj;5*~,~1i11Ii:n'Jj::1t~'I~W~'~iL\1'w. 0. -itt¥1§-m~$$M~*$IDA®~~-M~~M,®~m~~@Aj::~MW 1l~j::;L\Jlt!"~~~t A ~3&~~fttf~f].~. , ~ittFlc~Mi~D*If~. 0. ~;g~r:pItF-Wl~t:~II'tmI §~~FG~O'Jfttf~lWl. 0. ' $ , ~O'J~1t~~ !t;Lk~~17}n']A*~)t~lEml3'J:FJ~,jz , ~ Gould (1978) ~;gffi,'!,~1*ti~151"0'Jt:p$~ft® j§ , t:p$it.1§~l'f 0. m*j::~~Q~'~~OJ~*~j::M~~/f~~o~~~~~$~W]~m~/f~~. ,. ~t*url151"I3'JA~*jJf~rlif~. 0. Bernard ( 1975). tr~. Livson ( 1976). ~;g~9l;'ftti§. ~M~R*IMim:~.~.fttl~~m,*mffi~~$ftttR~ffi.~~~.o. Rubin ( 1979). ~;gt$ r:p $M/f JJ'!::ftt~la~'1tA. ' 1IlJP{-f-j::1§lt;!:t 'Ea~jtJ]t'l'J ~t 115 jJf 'iJ!Y:iW.
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(23) ~~~~A~~~~m.m~.~m~ ffi3. ! • • ~Jm;m~. ~1~~~(~~$~7m~~~WOOm~~~~~a~~m~~~'~Zmm~. J~.~m.m~. ~.")Wmm.~~&.~~ftm-~~$~3&tt7tmo~IE~~~~r~~j::. j~AA~;.~g. m~~.~J~&.M~ft~~j::m.aa~~$~3&tt7tmMm~~j::$.aa. jmmm&;mn. lJ[ I'I"J ~ $ ~ 3& ti 1* 11!: mIfF. ~W~~~~~. 1.14,23,34,58,71,82,91.99,104,109,114,117) ,:!t~ 1.23,104,114,117am& rtI~t7tJl!1[ ; {If!]. ffl* i.& (. a =. .78 ) 'El E..- 13 {If!] a JJj (. AI'I"J7EL ( a = .56) 'ElE..-9 @aJJj (2,42,50,72,83,92,105,110,118) ':!tr:p 92 JI!1[~& HN@J~~J'ij::r15~ ~. ( a = .72) 'El E..-10 {If!]Jm~ (3,24,43,51.59,73,84,100,106,115. ) ,:It ~ 3,43,115 JI!1[m& rtJ H7tJl!1[ ; tilllJ fE3 ~1'I"Jc5<:~ ( a = .56) -§ E..-4 @lJl!1[Jj,[ (. , ffjFf ~ f!i [n]. 4,15,25,35) ,:!tr:p 15,25,35 Jmm&rtIH7tJm ; Hi~)t~foXl'I"J/fI~J~~ ( a = .67) 12E..-7. ;H'I '+ J~'\t~. [ftl(; m Hl7l§B'. J~,JiiL~rfil. "'. J;)~~~tffl-. ~i'Bi. ~ 1~ )L\~~~. T J!tt~.JZa:t" ~!lli~ ,xU.""". , -e;:. """. ~~. It:JH7tJm ;. '. .Jm. ~;;~!lt~~±. {If!]JI!1[Jj,[ (26.44,52,60,74,111.116) ; :R1.Y:B3:*Jl~~~ , 7EL~Y:B3:*Jlfi'.l13I'1"Jc5<:~ ( a. = .83) 12E..-1O {If!]aJj,[ (5,16,27,36.45,53,61.75,85,93) ; m?&~~jli~RX;8~1'I"J~~ (. a = .79) lEI E..-9 {If!]JI!1[:IJi (6,17,28,37,54,62,76,94,101) ,;!tr.p 17,28,54,62,76,101 JI!1[m. & rtIH7ta ;. '1'i~~tJl'I"J.~. (. a = .84) 'ElE..-7 {lma~ (7,18,29,46,63,95,102) ;. *5l. :R ffl Ijj iJ!:J m40 ill:. *~IDHlg:*I'I"JiiW;J]D. ~~3&ti7tfIT ' ~. 2&~. ;0 ~~ (corrected. It:J~t7tJm. ~-@ritW;J]D1~ &1*11!:. :!tr:p~~~am&rtI~7ta;mn~*~j::$§.(a=ffi)'ElE..-5{1mJl!1[~(. lil!5 '. ~IJ;J]DJ;)Iffi~~;t. (. a. = .69) 'ElE..-8 {If!]JI!1[~ (8,19,30.47,55,64.86,96) ; 9~9IZSI/JItH*I'I"J. ( a = .87) 'ElE..-1O {lmJl!1[lJ[ (9,20,31.38,56,65,77,87,103,112) ,:!tr:p 31.56 Jm~& ; fJllfj::r15I'1"J ~ foXg2[n] (. = .57) 12E..-6 {If!]JI!1[~ (39.48,66,78,88,107) ,. a. 10,32,67,79,89) ,;!tr:p 32 Jm~& rtI~t7ta ; 1!H~ ~~I'I"J ~ ±.jli:lI. {In! • lJ[ ( 11.21.33,68,80,90,97). ;. ~. itIi. ~. m( a. (. a = .61) 12E..-7. = .73 ) 12 -2l 9 {If!] •. ~. (. :J:trt:l'Jm~c&~illi. 12,22.40,69,81.108,113,119,120) ,;!tr:p 81.113 am&rtJH7ta ; ~*iji±-@r**lW~ (. ·fJla~{If!]ApJTmm)L\. a = .56) 'ElE..-6 {If!].~ ( 13,41.49,57,70,98) ,;!tr:p 57,70,98 .~&rtIH7t.. .r15il*Jm. ~~~IE~~~~rr:p~j::$~~.~J~&.M~ft~~m~3&tt~.~*. M~lIt~Ji. 0. 0. ,itWn r ~$-±r15. r:p ,. :':tr15~*.. ~*M-@r**lW~~li{lmj::$.a~~m-3&tt~I1!:~~o~z,ttli@j::$.a. : /J~)L\. {1m A I'I"J 7EL ' tl: Jj IJ fi':l13I'1"J c5<: ~ , fJ~Jt j::¥15I'1"J ~ foX g2[n] , 1i1~ l! ~ I'I"J ~ ±.100 .lzjli~. iBOi:lpJT j§RX; I'I"J ifri. l'I"Jmlj.1~ f:lt$3t1ff. $-ApJTmm)Cz~t. -=- "'. ~$-j::$~~.. 17q ~$- Amm)L\I'I"J. ~ ~4.77";flT. ;$: utf 3"C 1'1"-1 •. *4 7tfIT 1J $ tm """f pJT Q!J;. (-)J;)~I1!:7t@c. tIT Iffi~~;t Jm:IJi1!t pJT. iii) ~:IJi. 0. 0. M~ IE ~. 0. (frequencies) 7t~rr*1~~~:rt~~@J~j::r15a*.7H&I'I''J~fCH.11!:. (=)J;) t ~~ (t-test) 7t;fIT~~~!lt§l~~mil*.~IIl)L\fllf:ltI'l"J~~lt~tillIJ~~ o.
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