我國女性人力資源低度利用之析探：現況檢討與政策發展

全文

(1)*"It! A.. h ;i;7.f, f~Jt 11 if] ·:zAk J~ : a 11 *'tf.~fJ 1ti~1~Ji;ttl m.~.AJf~ . ~ ml. 19921'-11 11. JJLVL~1t~~~1tJ[4.. A Study on the Underutilization of Female Labor in Taiwan #} ~.* Mei-Chun Liu. J1. ~ ~l'lItJ.!I-. ,. =. +~*. -I. . ~~*~b~~*'fifmFi!fB"J!\j1.m. ~1j!{!;:jffi AP~1t~·itfitJ(]*Ia-::J~~Uilfjffi~. W_Jilti/jj\. ,. 0. ~!t:t~~1f*. ~~ti!!:A:t.Jjii/jj\tw.I~..tB"J-J~. 0. *Jt:±'Jm1":E:Wf-~t~m1*!tIJJ:t.Jm~ti!!:m1:t~i't1.iB"J~·Ij:*!tJJ~~*,*,. g;IJ11f5&B"JA:t.JfMS'. 0. 6i;t1"r7jjlfiijjt*i3-::Jff.!tHII(''j::ffiJj!lf ,. ~W*11f~£f.tli!:~a-::J~$I§ ~ij:.:tIli"1J1l. 0. a-::Jm~~{lli!:nr:g. ,. 0. 0. ,. m-a-z. '. ' 1":E::1!t;m. ~,};:1":E1?tUt!!ii!'~*!tIJJ~W-Jm..t. '. W'!!IJi!j~!1!!. ' :It. ' 11f5&!t!:!.(1!!fl. 0. '. fl~!t:l n:.111H~iH:!1I:ifiX!!1i1i~ A:t.J1EH~~fIJ!fla-::Jw.. *Jt1:tJ25!!&~OOilfli1iffij*~ff5tffi-. ~[]fliJl!i'f~ Aa-::J~5f.r~TJ:i:.f:;L. ,. t:£..t~a':JlIt~cp. •. '. ~gIJ~::X:.R*:!5t.?..t;J.*. x.tj:gtlf£J~~~~.t!);!!~&~iJ!fg*a-::J~.qr~Ka. f.tl!lfliJm:!1l:i~tt1":E*I!JJ:t.Jm~..ta-::Jff:m. Df& •. -15iEl!ll~}'Rr!lIlp:*!tIJJ. iW'ftft*:t.Jm~nrtli!:{#a-::JJl{ltI:. {fI~m:~a-::JtI!.lilfti!!:WB"JtJn'5!. ~~tJn~!fltl1&'~*!tIJJ:t.J. I5IfliJ1":E. ~~. g-1iffijafl-l:M!ilI±lI!ffl~*:t.J*!ij~i!l!Jfl.l:tW~tI!.. i!:J~~JffaB}H\!Ji.~BjJ. ~~..tiiifli'EH&ftl~l~lB'5~. ~1i1i~*!tIJJ:t.J. ,. '. 0. *Jt1!fM:tli!:I±l-1!:!;;iJij{mt'i:~,~. mI1J~~ A:t.JjlfjJ.iitai§'a-::J~,~t~~. • .t;J.~~**. 0. *~~AA.~~~*.~*.~±'.~a~*.*~~~~~ft~o. -107 \.

(2) *j,Q~~. ~. $JJ. Abstract Like other industrialized countries. Taiwan has witnessed a rapid increase in female labor force participation. This change in female la bor force behavior is much welcomed and highly valued in a society where the population aging is underway. A decreasing fertility rate and an increasingly aging population combined result in a gradual shift in labor force composition. Female labor becomes a highly valued human resource that has yet to be fully developed. The main thesis of this paper is to point out. though more wom en enter the formal labor force market. their labor is increasingly un derutilized. This fact shows in the official statistics indicating a rising underutilization rate.. Reasons e}':plaining this phenomenon are pre. sented. In brief. the underutilization and undervaluation of female la bor has its root back in history when the patriarchal practice dictated women's status and position both within and outside domestic spheres. This paper traces a brief history of women's labor force activity since the revolution of industrialization. A cultural perspective was proposed frequently in literature that highlighted the ideological hegemony of gender role conditioning women's "proper place" and how this ideology poses as a hindrance against women's labor force activity. And a struc tural e""planation was also noted suggesting that the Structure of the in equality in the economy e""poses women in a disadvantaged position in the labor force market and how this structure contnbutes to the under utilization of female labor. Policy implications are suggested attempting to address this issue.. T'* .... ~-l.-. nu. 5. .i~JlI~+~*. ~Wpff&~. ' :jtI:j:JZ-P.S*lJir:h. ' ~I±t~*r. ~~!fij.5¥:t$].tfrJ~~ , {~1~AD~.Em.. ~~c1l:~. 0. ~~~=Fj:ftAD*s.IE. ~l$)f+Jt~'*' ' ,*,il£5i!itiAD~~~j:~. iJO ' ffiflJ£;MADf4IJ1$)flf?~1;-e/;J~. 0. FPt;§I¥JC1eW 1:fj~*r~~r.OC~~ *1:J.r:h e/;J?~1;- ; 5¥~atfrJe/;JtJi!~~ mtCJ ffl ,*,i%~*It.7::h e/;J!tjiJO Ilil~ AD ;r.sf-1iW1I::ffifsIBe/;J A::hiit~~ ~W.~ffle/;J~~ , ~~1IttJi :jt1:j:J =!ji fi 5l:: 1IttJiI¥JmJilHP.S I:j:J ~~~ 0. 0. 0. -108. ".

(3) 1992Jf-ll fJ. ~ jJ -:k,ttA. iJ. ;/t if§, 1t.1t :l11 m z;tfj- JJ.. 17: Ah~t~a~~~&WfflmP!g <> 2$:. D a~E3:d .l::t~if-!f!t1JD. )cltf:f~~t"!lll filJl'f5&~ ~& f~ffl9$17:. if-ij&J§~*lfJAD§t1Jtm~I~*. Ah~tJYJ{. IfJA D <> El31n'ij&J~~~*1fJ1:i.WW pg~ , l~lHJ~~a.g-9$17:*'fJh~W '. a~W1t. ,. .L-::J..~~fJt~*'fJh$:J;~. <>. 9$17: Ah~tJYJ{~$Jf3t.m ' fD~~*am)[[~+if-*a~[!31~. l!!fa~1W-&~m~. Wl'fWW rUH*. ,. :Jt:.. ~W1if~~;~JI!Jf1=ffl. &:t±*frlm!a~c31. ~U:1!B~:l1.I5~. ,. '. 17:1:i.*Jb~W~a~...t7t{J;lJf~~T ~m17: AhW1JYJ{zlfaltfh. ' *111. <>. fM.i'ii6. ~zfl3:!Ma~1J&J§~. *IfJADfr.l:i1#!l~,t~A. ~.qz.~~tt*IJJADS¥jS]if-fiX~~. '. ~a~fiS.. *,., * jt ~. fh 11 ~rr ~. *" ~. f-fnj.~$ ~. ~. '*. -1{f ;ft. '*. 67 68. 77.96 77.92. 39.16 39.21. 2.1 2.1. 3.3 2.9. 69 70. 77.11. 39.25. 1.7. 76.78. 38.76. 1.3. 2.3 2.1. 71. 76.47. 1.0. 1.5. 72. 76.36 76.11. 39.30 42.12. 1.3 1.3 O.S 1.5 2.S 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.2. 2.1. 73 74. D ~E3:d. ' ~~ 54 -- 78 if-rd:l ' 17: tt*lfJh A DS¥jS]if-fiX~~ (4.5%). *- - : 'Jl }}'l. ,. , EJ JeJj&~~~iii~&51 T ~1~(ar.a~17:'I:i.*IfJAD <> .l::ti\!3t ~~1:i.*'fJ~W~~if-r:~a~~ ,. kl:~*~W1t,. I~&.f*i~!f~~~jfJf~*1a D~if-1~-1>. ~=EJ~. .l::tfiX~l!t:§.. )[[- ' =-+if-* ' ~m=17:*jfJ~W~ l'f!flt1JDa~itB~ ( Je~-) <> ~1JIj~. A. <>. W.ij&~~ a~ 17:1:i.*1fJ A. <>. ,. ~~1:::+1:::. ~ij&~~~~~WM*~t9$17:*'fJ. , fj(. f::&fTi&~.3::.St~a~jif*4~Ji:i'.0. :(£J\Oif-f-t1'~. <>. 75 76. 75.47 75.15 75.24. 77. 74.S3. 78 79. 74.S4 73.96. SO. 73.S0. 43.30 43.46 45.51 46.54 45.56 45.35 44.50 44.39. W#*.:ff.~~~ •••. '. 2.1. 1.2 2.0 2.6 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.6. rt.R~~hW •• ~~.J. -109-. 0. '..

(4) ~. 1}Mt-J:tli. J:tJj. *-:::- : *'ti.~121A. ., ~1 z1f tQ ~~ ~ ., f". ~. :)tfpi'l r - . ~. 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 7S. IE'. *". 17.43 15.02 13.44 13.32 13.46 12.94 12.14 12.06. :J1. 7.49 6.46 6.06 5.51 5.38 5.69 5.45 5.40 5.37 4.71 4.09 3.73 3.82. 11.66 10.58 9.63 9.18 9.02. 76 77 78 79. .:I. W#*.:*4~~~. ., f". nil. *". ~. 26.09 27.73 28.21 28.10 27.20 26.59 26.96 26.39. 13.19 14.02 14.15 14.07 14.02 14.54 15.32 15.04. 25.48 26.48 26.92 29.98 26.76. 15.63 16.28 15.46 15.26 14.11. •• ~'. U·. 23.57 24.14 24.90 25.24 25.53 24.98 24.68 25.09 24.84 24.85 25.67 26.20 26.69. ., f". *". 12.19 12.59 13.24 13.74 14.37 15.26 15.44 16.02 16.66. 17.13 18.08 18.68 19.60. r~~~.AhW._~~~~.J. R~~+~~o. (2.6%) a~~{tf ( ?aj:5t 1992:6). ffiJ1t€. 3}<:f~{~*~ , .a::1~H:::+)\iF.l-~jlj(j , 1;l::tt*tb 1J ~ 3}<: f~m~- jt[ri!i61i~~ 1j:*Jb1Ja~3}<:f~{tf~ , OJJe.*Jb1J 0. ~~1;(·Ij:Sf.ts]f5{1lfj.~a~m7ii5. IJ' J. ' m1. W~'Ij:Sf.ts]f5{fijfj.~~~je. 0. i9i)\l&A::t~1.lll~:7f'z~~OJ.a~ m:1;('Ij:{~{~~. t.t!'!~z.. 'Ij: 1;('Ij:*1JJ1J Z. ~m:tJl EE llt.OJJe. -JlJSi. ' f5{1l*$ a~mfl~jI~~t±I*Jb1J*.i'iii:ia~1;('Ij: , ;:gjIFffUifrt!l~ J 1;(1j:a~ EI fltll1Pi!* $WI.f'Fati,;tJb~ , ~lR5~:t~f61;(f.. :;I.t;j( , fltmf5C~?±j(~tJ::a~. f~j§tA*Jb1Jm~~~:7f'CJ.~ma~. m~~:t1;('Ij:*liJ1J ~*~ii~~~ 0. 0. 7;: ljJiiU~ Ji!. ¥~. (). '. j§~ t±I ?aj *j(a~ A 1J iii. &~?±*1Jm~J::a~~1t~*. 1J $j;fa~.giAmri!i6. 0. EE1i~1;('Ij:W:!'1J. '1j:~~~~f5cFfa~f-ifIJ. ' ~=. ' Il9. +~*f5{1l 15.lt:mJ:: ~lum~a~-I~15.lt. 0. ~W1Jo. ~51t-. ' :td:*~:t1;(1j:1t€.$*JlE.l-~ 5lt-~*tiJfT~ , ~i$JTtig~~FlDE t.t!'!-: z. ' 1;(1!Ea~ fi3 @t5}i~~]!!7;:a~ rl3':! :td:.f:t1;('I!E r.:E1*J j fi3fSa~ 0. 0. -110. ".

(5) 4\ ~ *·t1:.A.. fJ ;i il#- {~Jt *1 m..z.Aif t~. 1992.tf-11 J:l $Ji~~1Ji'~1if£. ~~:tJ$~a~t~1ii'ij[. lii(~1~~fltt(?:E!£jJ¥.. 0. • 'tig~;!t(1f!a~~f~ t-±"iV 1ft{tmlfi!WI zti'?' tz:tEP3tEffii~ J:pn ~ ~a~c5c~ • tf!jI[nz~~tz:1j:a~~ltJ 0. il&1& & ~ fi!.. 0. ~ffiJ. '. WJ?:E~ ~'t1;( 'Ij:A:tJ jii. fjtffiJs • tz:1j:~'tJwW$a~j!t~lii 'JIfj!t1ft: T .Jt~ A:tJ'jif~~ ~ffiJ ' ftm1~::g: Ai:tfi3ft1J[lJ-:Agj,i1jIJa~~ : 1;(. , .:E ~ ~ ~;g1;JJ ~MJj?-?-W?:E tz:'I:~~ltJ~W$ , &~fi!.~DfiJJ~~ :!!fH~.§.*Il&~tz:'Ij:*ItJA D ' *5i'.ff mm,L.'1;(1j:*'tJ:tJ ~ 6fBt1'C f5iff5&jI! mS~ ffif;!t'Jftz:1j:*1tJ WW~f~:E:I!J,§ t3-ii:W'iit~imrtJ ; S~~*~fl;S~~Wfgfjt • # 1'1P*lb~W~ ; ffiJWftii~S~~fI@H *ItJwWa~1j:'iit~5!!i'ifjt , #-1'1Pfl@1;1 ~:tJ~6'tig~~fi:*5&m ( 1) , ::g: AJ-:A~ • !iim~tz:1j:*'tJ wW~~!!Jt~~ttf1J[l , {B;!t:*!ItJ:tJ. '1j:~ltJwW$a~t!t~.ill2::;;p~~~.\tl:;. aP~fiI:1!tfIJ. E:t9::A ~ 1tJ:tJ $~a~ tz:ij:~ItJ:tJ. 'ji?~S~lJ!:t'l!. 1~¥u:1C15iff~S~S~~m. ?:E~~. ~WO. ~J:~. - Jffii*fi:r1iij:rzg*$'t- • * '[Hfim~&W • ~Q/J'*lffa~iff&W ~~-=f-tz:I5{~?~-1> • WfJHt1't'flJ.t'1t F..i 1'tT *f~ij:W • ft.€ffiJ?~-1>T!t* f~a~:t9::A~M J-:.tJ:[l.g*i!:;JffflJti'?' 0. tz:'Ij:a~~ItJwW. 0. ft.€~ltJlft:*@j~P3. 0. 0. ¥~.:E ~ B~. 0. 0. m ' ffeliIf£~ ~tz:'Ij:A:tJ. EI f~fJjff -*f1tliefIJm , 1;(1j:*ItJ (extent 0. ::g: A?:E~±fi¥U 1;('Ij: ~ltJwW~t~~ S~[5JB~ , J!J!!~m~H)tz:1j:*ItJ:tJ;!'i!:. of participation) ~,~I~H.m~'Ij:z~ ,. ~Qf5JfBt(!m. partcipation) aP:i®~ti'?'~tES~*!ItJ~. 3tjJH~1±1. '. 0. iZ§1Jffmfijtz:t~E8;t~S~. :l.!?!!~*Jil.1;(1j:~ItJ:tJ~iI. ~~*ItJ:tJa~~i*Jf~~~~. , #-lW •. a~. 1j: * ItJ w W. :ta:. 0. '*. 1j: W (nature of. 'if::f' ;!'i!: -'& 1;1 A:tJ ~~~jI!m. J:S~-*;ilti~. 0. ~rl:t. ' :.$:3tlltIlfl'lt. 1;('Ij:~ItJAD*~;JF.R~~~a~1&fflff. EI 8IJ1;(1j:A :tJW~lljHg;fjtfIJma~. Jil[ffiJE (Bruegel, 1979; Dex & Perry,. fJi* ' .ill2:~1iII 1§¥i§IDtf.!ffjtfIJm~ .:E ~ [lg ~ , ft.€ ffiJt~ I±1 & '5!t~,I:), 1'C. 1984; Joshi, 1982;Dex & Phillipson, 1986) 16 ~. 0. ~~1n J\o~{-'(m. 59 ~ S~ tz:1j:I. {1= 5t: '. ~~:tdj:&li;,t~iW1!t. f5i~~tz:'Ij:~'tJ:tJ ~JJl. (Women and. Employment Survey) 'S~liff~*fi·;!jfHtii. I±1 '. I.{1=!ttz:1j:ffife¥mfijm~. f1= *§:JF1M. ,. .. J1l.:t:!i .~. ~. I. ~ ~i ffiJ E (Martin and. Roberts, 1984). 0. -. ... :Y-t:&Bg,\,j;.);!:l~""'.:x:... 0. [l.g II:t ' tz:'Ij: ~ ItJ A D ::f' 'tig;g:;;p. tz: 1j:?:E*:ItJ:tJ $:tJE z. -111. f~f.!f 1!t flJ.

(6) ~". 4<t~~~1t. -. ~. ttt! -JtlJ. m . OJ~}j~D.lUjl' A~J!1M5e~~~m~. ¥J;tf!f~ 7 ~tE~m:a~§i,;t3Ii!lH~~~~. a~ff.i!itJit1:~tlF. tifB~wr'jif~~l:iJH (Boston, 1980). <>. ~tt-r5J~f.8i~tlF. ~.3:.~a~*~~~lb~. • rm*~Jf!~ ~ A~ ifti:m'L,a~gii~~ • (se1~~ Aa~*~~(:t.j:~fJl~~$=1'OJU8i. <>. I*1fiiftiBtr • ~ Aa~~75ii.~~ If*~P'.J$'t-a~~IiJ...t <> I~iftit& •. • JJjHt!:t~1:1:*fJ$*B~lZSl ~~~1& • ~'Ij:*fJ=1'ffH.8i~* • ~rm • ~'I:1:1£'~~tttI{'F~~1~B~ #f:t.stfjg , 2~~7 B~~75~~ • !f~ f.{iillWW~f!r~IJ~~f.8i~1Jl tJtB~ &. t1:a~~lb~75/J::r:tJU8i7 :@!~-t(:fE. ~1:1:*.B~~*. a~~1:1:. $**tf!t&19i:~1JJi~. work) • ifij~*. P'.Ja~~~~w.*~. $'t-B~wr)ii*IiJZ53-ZJiJ. <>. =1'~. •. ~ z1il' * ~ P'.J 8~ t1:ZJ JJ53- I1i~ I ifti1~#71£f$jiJIfi5. Pinchbeck, 1981). *1fi. *'i. *~t¥R1&. IfifJiffl *:fi:~~ • ~ZJiJ~~Jjr.~I *IlBo: if,f\J 7 =1' d/' ~'l:1: * I • .¥.Jlt • ~ (unifying feature of women's. 0. 0. *IR. W*fjg ~ ~'I:1:3:.If!Mj~f*2~W a~ • • -f1f~~~*6* ' j§fiX:i'fH& 1~*3t.I{'FB~. 0. • IlBo::t.f\J7=1'd/'. ~1:1:*I. 0. ~IJ ~. I f'F ~ 1:1: 11:: (feminization. •. j§BXa~~rm~W. of clerical work) 1i1'~~~s. <>. (Baines, 1970; .=;.. " .f;!OJte§-Y!:it.::.. <>. :t£~f~~1:1:fJlfflJ!l5e~ • 1¥~jjijM1~aJ3~JjB~~ts. <>. ~1~. ;tt.- • I. {'FB~S)-~Jit~*ffBs)-~'I:1:ZJ IJrm*a~. •. ft:1j:~*~~~7t~*. ;. B~~11::. 0. f1i!BIiJJ!tft:'1:1:1~A~fJrP~. • 891ft:. i.a:(se1~~'I:1:=1'1~=1'f~*Ji~1:1:J...::1,~~. 'lj:mt*8~ AI{{#=1'IWTBX~. 0. i5 • ffii*lbrP~B~'I:1:ZJiJ5j-I(se1~~. '1:1: ~ fJ 3:.~ ~1'~ A ~ ~illJ!!!B~ ijrif§ * <> =1'd/'1Ji.3:.ti1~f&I{'F~~t '. • ~'I:1:B~wr)ii8J3~Jij~{~:5I3tE. 1:1:~Bi~Nftt:. r ~1:1: J a~fT1Ill*. •. ~itt-~5!l!11:: 71:1:ZJIJif3fS3EjljIJ~~ 7. 1984). ~~e§~.. = .......... 0. '. a~. Off.. O~{-\':ft:'Ij:mt*rPt~fiaJ3~Jt. B~Jji~~. ~{~+:tL ttt*c. • =1'd/'~i:1:¥~~ 13'T~ ~IJftt:.*~_fIiIf. =1'. ¥3l1J~.·lmra'J. (work shift) B~~.m~~Ut~. <>. Ifi$'t- •. 0. ___. IfIlI {'F (part-time) ~ I {'F m {-\':&. ...=..". Off.{-\':&~Off.{-\,:'. r~~Md*J...::1,zlZSlJf!. :tt WJ ~ (Yeandie,. ~ '1:1: B~ :t@ ~. <>. • e91~'Ij:B~*Ib~W.* !J.Q~B~tt!l:tJll • =1'~ • {im:1~1£'i!B~~ • ~q: ~ =F 1Ill B~ fJI =ti (Robinson, 1988). 0. 0. =F1Ill~ 1Jiru!~zfiX:ft~tJJ}t.ill. m'*ttt1f.*'~WJr~&'~1& • ~1:1:*. J!!! • 3:. ~ OJ II lZSl1i~ ijrif§ff~ 1"":1 a~.~. JI5 M .B~ ~~*j:. &ft:'Ij:~liJfJ.3:.~~~IDtff*~. •. 3:. ~JJj~:t~J~jjij* *. -112 \. 0.

(7) rJ. fc ~.. ~:. .!(,. ~;. ",.. ,c.. r;-.),. ~ I@. 19921'- 11 fl. *" -[1.. A. fJ. ;i iJ.f. {~Ii ,,~ .If] .Z..lJi" It. *. MalIier "& Rosser(1979) a~{tin.=f:: .:9:1:1: * I i:f! • 1§f }\f.iX;li!1t«i1i~ f:l13l , :;It. ft!!J~IJ ~ ~1ft1itttJl59.X.=f::tt. IfUIl:9:1:1:aq. tJEla~~f'FfT~. :*.::It.=f::.If'F '. ~. 0. :t('I:1:1"£fTlfi1J(~i:f!?JTlID~Nlia~mr~. :(£*tttJi;e.i:f! ~1f3- BJ:l r.~. 0. ~;f.mWiri~. ,. 1FJez1i~~. Ztn~~fT.~ -~~i:f!~~a'1.~~. Hakim ffiJ.iFi 1lif~*IJZ-5:\:a~lfi1J(~mir~ • ffiH~1lif~ ¥!jji[~a'1I1i1!t~l&r~ (1979) ?JT~W* l¥ 5:\: a'1li~iI\~;li!jl1i~J!tfTlfi1J(_l§f*I§:*': ~.a'1~1:1:9.X:9:·I:1:;;I ' :;It.'I:1:~IJliit :B-fl31itBJ:lD ffiHE:i][:r\a~~r~~lJj~ [QJ - ~ ~ J*J ~ FcJ ~~~ tl:rfJiBJ:lDa~'I:1: ~ IJ l&rila • .:t!l:lJ:C~ WJf!!3m1tt ~ :9:1:1: ifij.::E~ j;).~1:1:~*~:*.:~. Jl-t;fif!liit rl&:IWt~~a~~l¥~1"£~f~ , ~ ~IJ 01:f.f-X:B~ , !i!tEl§f:9:'I:1:.::E~~ ~t~:tJ::tE:i£)lr8l:.&:.:sL~~l:.lJ*c~ , f!i ifij rOC ~ 1§f~'& (Howe, 1977; U.S. Department of Labor, 1984; Prediger & Cole, 1975; Pfafflin, 1984) 0. 0. 1&tI:B:j~. 0. jJ.J1~ 1:J %::E: :ti51)j-aq~. f:ll3lfj§~a'1~~W~$h[l!l1~. l§ffIJtn:t(t1:.*jjJ~W. ' 18:;1t.mf;!ta'1. :;It..1ft1i~~:ti5f)j-l§f~. aq~~:t('I:1:*jjJ:tJ. fff~. 0. ,. f~C~W. &:f~?JTtrflll!m~aq:t(1j:*tJJ.if. ' 1ft1ii£-J3[B:!k::(£IE:r\*:tJrP~l:. ' 1F£!fJ ' :9:tEfj(~*~~W~1j:;t~z~ , :9:1:1: OJ f!i ?£~ J!t;fT. ~ &: i:f!f.tI:IIi1!t~ i:f! ' f~l§ffEl1iti$5aqe5}tt: :t(ttA :tJ ji! m D f!i rS3 *~tmt_!M:aqij:~IJ:B0. Io. 0. e:9 .. ~mm*'i'~*t»M!!. fit~:t(1j:*ItJ5t!. 0. 0. *wIJn~*. ' :9:1:1:*tjJ~~7~7~. 1tfflIJ1i~tt~IJ1Ir@a'1~~~Ji~. 0. Wl&r17 a~:9:'I:1:IIi1!t_i:f!rr" I f'FI~:'H~~i~7t-1:E*±*a~fgfmI~ , f~x~zJ*J:(£rOC~'I:1: ' 1F£!IlIf'F1:1: w*$t1ft1i~~mf;!t~:gfl@. ' 11z_~~ ~ *Jb1lif ~I f'F i:f!1!if~ EU~rOC~W 0. 0. ;li!f.mf~1t ~. ,. ~~. 0. ¥:tlO)t.If'Faq-rOC~. ,. M~. :E~ii$~t~N. Ilft!g§1JI~1fim:rig-:t('lj:i,;t. ~?ff~BXaq1Jj~!f! 7 fit~~ili-ttt. fit ~ ~m:t( :(£.. ~ a~f-X: m7fD g§1.f~ffi':t(-I!J:lt ' ~i8~~lf*~W E!:91.f~~51~I~1I::Z1~ , *~*tJJZ7t- ' iii~ 7 I.*JjJa~ ~t~ , *:!ItJ~i5JJl§f*~P'JW7t-a'1 5}!f ~:iM! ' fit~~ffi':t(W,;t~~~W g:g1.f~:t(aqiitt~~~:tzDte-m :*.: "li~:B-~ffi':t(ft€.?JT~Waq:t(·1j:1l:1fjifT~ , jft f~ 1§f:*.:::§7 ff;!:aq{g:IP'& I f'F ~ftiitt. lFe. z.?-... 0. 83-. ;. 0. 0. ~~~~f.&*_~&~:t(t~:~~*~ ili!:~f~PJT~i$5aq*jjJ:tJ*.. ' 1.&. ~~3!.JIj. ( ~mm. 0. ~_. :*.:W!. 741:f. ) tt5}tFT. ~;li! :t('Ij:A:tJ iftJ9.l:. aq -. tM1i~:9:tta~~ttJ1D:tJ1ft1i~. ,. ~*l:.~E!:9. 0. :9:1:1:a~ *tbrs~ - jji[;li!1"£*~*tJJ. rOCW.t~. 1.fHlftl '. '. 0. 1980 i:f.A D -li1t= f:lz:J5(!f~~9-~~W~ ~*4. -113. '. ~fJi~J!t;fTIIi1!t~fii.l§f·I:1:~1J.

(8) 1i. =-1.. ;1;.f!J *-'¥It liilp~a~:EJl*. 0. •. ~11:fii"t~f6~@. : ~± ' +r~",,~ , [i!l.i!'8:E-'iL~ , :fi!lt~~}1I!~ ,. I!tflJm. -. -. It,, -tYJ. 0. itf<J!~a~Ifflt~'E!ti5 1*f~. ~jJ~!tWd,,~~!tgffi. l.t815~@~. ,. p~:EJl*. ,. JJ!~gffi. ~.PI~~11iI~. a~f3.. '. Q. '. .¥.1n~Th[~a~~p~. -. (. ~fj. '. 81). ' .~fTlmU,~'*'fr1£'11:7jIJliil ' f8 .l::t.iI!3(~~~~~ , ~~. a~.~~p~:f~IJt.ill!.~M:m. ,. <>. ~£!I):t.£[OJ. ~~ P'J ~ [OJ ~IV'§ OO~'I1:7jtlliilp~. ,. 00 f;tjj #IUe ~W .~)tf*4 OJ f~f3.I1:t :mlp~~f£a~~fJ£ff~=* f.NiJI ~~~ ( ~~ 76 if ) a~:pff~¥Iil*"tl§ t±.l ' ~~~:1E:~mtJUofriJ ' ~'I1:~:E1! A ~ =* ~ ~ '*' :t.£fJ;I:IV'§.:E ~a~lfa!H1l: ; ~ :1E:~mt)l JflJ; =* a~ , :;!t~'*' a~ J!:I~ JflJ;8jjlili fEU~j~ , ~~~tE*IJJ:t.J §. 0. ". ,. 0. -m[OJt~ilu~~~~~!i.ffia~.~wr~. <>. 7tiWtitt~&M~AAJ~ A:t.J"IirJ!j, .~M~iIDr5J. •. ~~Pf1JJt~iiil:t.£~ro;P'J. ' f:E*. 0. <). 0. 0. • ~!t1!fW.~~f§m ~ A.L-:l.m. 9;:~ •. <>. • ~T .LilltZ*J1J:t.J. ~ IE ' ~~!t1§fW.~~. tEl m. ~ A :t.J fJ;I: N jj! m a~ 'I'; 7;c$T} , ff -f.m'l"m~}jfiz ' J1-t.~p : liii'j~f!l. *- . J.t iJL ~\.. ~Jf. f~§i,t~WIf'F.ff::*~~1~~. *'~Z .L-:l..L~i7£~~a~jEj~*~~'I1: *11J:t.J*f~ftf'ljf~ma~rJj~IDl8jj. <>. :?E.D~ § OO.i':~'I1:A:t.Jjitmtf~fJ;I:1Jt. f~ m ~~ 1£?lo far. ? :<$: BP ~ :t.£'iJtt:EJlff A :t.J ~ i!t zMt!it.!1I* 5j-.fJT~'I1:A:t.J jf1mtf~fJ;I:l!tfIJ m a~:EJl15C :t.£~fTSf ffTOO • ff£,~7tW.~:;$:XPJTll\iWa~fJ;I: 0. ,. mt~~~~. • ~A.*:t.J*:tJ!li ; m;:tD~B~A.*:t.J*~ • {8f~fJ;I:1Jt m ~ • t~ i'S.i:;it. flJ m '.L-:l. ft f'lj ~ :f$:;it.*JJJ1t1FlE: :;$:X.:E~;t*~PY& ~ tl~~J1-t.~ r {J;I:lJtfIJm J ;lJ7~m friJ? -JiJi~~ A:t.J r<=t'ma~ • ~~:;tt Sf miOO 1Jt ~ m W*iOO ~~m= :ml1'iVm :tti Hauser ~IDl~:t: • A:t.J* iOO~~m f*tl§r91J [9f~7JC *J1J:t.J ; ;tt= • 'iJtt~f8Ia~~ IE ; ;tt= • Ia~IEmf8PJT1~~f~ ;. FlE:ltf *fJ;I::;tt.3:§jl~ttFlE:a~I f'F'*' ' fJ;I: 0. : :;it.- ,. :t~A.a~~11:. ~f~f~ § OO~11:*IJJAD~,*,:t.£tt ~fIJma~'I"7;c:a;:m'tflli!i. i~Jj{~~}fh~f1.:::Ea. ~¥lilfD. ~*igffi. f.NiJI~~. -. • *JtPJT~~a~. <>. r f~l!tflJm J '. ~T ~ ~ A:t.J*~~~ma~[9:ml'I'iV. 1£$T} ,. ~~M.Lilltfffifta~-f.m11f75G. 0. .L-:l. r fUi. W. ~:;$: X pJT ':±5~a~::f:\:mlA :t.J m: I!t jj! ma~ m1£ 1. iM:~*~ : :tJtfii,t~f8*ijI5IDt J;J] ttl!~,;t ~ , A:t.J j f 1mt a~ ~f~. -114. 0. itil:.. '. m1'17JCftfA:m~. 0.

(9) .ft ~ *' ,tt A. fJ 1t il§, it It iflj ffl .;t. *Jj- f¥.. 1992l¥- 11 fl. *~*:~~~~~~~m~~h~~~~~~~~*_~OCM~ '- ffL : %. ;l:l!. ~'l. El. JJ. 'tt. *'. It!. *"ttJt JJ 'tt.;t.~t. 69l¥. 79l¥. 69l¥. 79l¥. 77.11. 73.96. 39.25. 44.50. 14.76. 19.41. 15.54. 23.24. 105.28. 119.73. 15-19Ji.. 27.82. 40.13. 15.94. 42.87. 57.29. 106.83. 20-24. 19.41. 27.47. 15.44. 28.41. 79.55. 103.42. 25-29. 15.73. 20.58. 18.98. 22.61. 120.66. 109.86. 30-34. 9.55 7.76. 16.13. 21.98. 149.32. 13.52. 14.26 12.20. 18.26. 157.22. 136.27 135.06. 45-49 50-54 55-59. 9.42 10.77 13.41 17.59. 12.76 12.26 18.41 24.51. 13.44 13.70 14.01 18.21. 16.38 16.31 17.63 20.75. 142.68 127.21 104.47 103.52. 128.37 133.03 95.76 84.66. 60-64. 25.59. 31.68. 25.18. 29.85. 98.40. 94.22. 65~)'X.J:.. 28.02. 41.32. 32.16. 35.28. 114.78. 85.38. ft 1.f ;fI1Vi ~IJ I!lH,ltYA r ;flJ tp ;flJ Jfl tp IfiJ. 10.41 11.11. 17.11. 13.72 9.38. 131.80 84.43. 111.40. 16.33 23.71. 11.37 18.04 26.71. 19.06 14.66. 18.46 18.05. 21.11 34.16. 113.04 76.13. 117.02 127.89. 39.19 23.42. 32.31 20.90. 29.97 34.63. 26.16 26.86. 76.47 147.87. 80.97 128.52. 21.61. 26.78 16.55 23.11. 17.32 13.76 18.82. 29.58 19.34 26.17. 80.15. 110.46 116.86 113.24. "'~t-*"4sltS.J.t ~IJ m4s. 69l¥. 79l¥. -. Sf;tt~l]. 35-39 40-44. .... Jfl .If. #. * * *. ::k. )'X.J:.. 128.94. ~1I!I~Vl.~IJ. ~ ~c.11fJ *.Iiil ~ -tll~. ,. ;i**i7.f.:. ~jfr. '. fi-~. 11.77 20.28. 116.91 92.80. n-.iFtF~.i.ltA.~~P' r ~~J~J~A..11l!mjJ!):t*l* J ,69Sflt79Sf". *. *'. 'it BA : *- ~ E1 :$,'" tt.:ft -1= ~ tb ~ - m*-i! 1" if ffl 11 A..:ftFt J'X ~~!Jl ~ 11 ~A..:ft r1Q 1.lf* : J!:.1t1tS.Ji;flJffl.R ~*,.:t..at~Jt • fJf1.lf-~1tS. • ltft1.f~Jf~"f~;f~~~-=-;ft 0. -115 \. 0.

(10) *~. ~. *~. *w:~~*~.~~*. :-. $JJ. •• ~m~. ~~:%. 1\ !II ,\. 'ii. fI. ~1. 1;-it. -,¥-.$ll~'J. .L~. + ft.J¥. f,111. ~)t ~itS.. ~ if ~~Jfa"\. "t ~*~~jj.. 1\ !11-1::' +ft.J¥ A~t p ;>. .Lilt. Pff11. ~if$t~. ~)t. ~itS.. "t ~*Qfjj.. 15.54 0.95. 8.77. 4.39. 23.24. 1.30. 10.75. 9.81. lS-19j';.. 15.94 0.25. 9.79. 3.19. 42.87 0.06. 22.87. 14.70. 20-24. 15.44 0.29. 4.58. 7.91. 28.41. 0.26. 7.60. 17.42. 25-29. 18.98 1.39. 6.51. 9.30. 22.61 0.70. 6.59. 14.32. 30-34. 14.26 1.09. 9.56. 3.26. 21.98. 1.23. 9.33. 10.52. 35-39. 12.20 0.87. 10.26. 0.94. 18.26 2.58. 9.38. 6.05. 40-44. 13.44 1.74. 11.29. 0.42. 16.38. 1.81. 1(j.86. 3.05. 45-49. 13.70 2.34. 11.07. 0.29. 16.31. 1.23. 13.04. 1.79. 50-54. 14.01 1.43. 12.05. 0.52. 17.63 2.90. 13.63. 1.10. 55-59. 18.21 1.02. 16.85. 0.34. 20.75 2.68. 17.15. 0.63. 60-64. 25.18 2.65. 20.22. 2.32. 29.85 2.34. 26.79. 0.28. 65~1';;(J:.. 32.16. 32.16. -. 35.28 5.75. 29.53. -. *iI!l. -. #~ i}t ~'j. 15.54 0.95. 8.77. 4.39. 23.24. 1.30. 10.75. 9.81. ~. 17.32 0.30. 6.51. 7.45. 29.85. 0.37. 9.28. 16.72. ;tji5~~~f.i]'%. 13.76 1.46. 10.20. 2.01. 19.34. 1.65. 10.85. 6.48. ~'%.1G-~{tti,'iJ. 18.82 1.66. 15.42. 1.90. 26.17 3.30. 18.43. 3.28. 13.72 1.51. 11.78. -. 19.06 2.44. 15.90. 9.38 0.23. 7.86. 14.66. 1.18. 12.54. -. "F. 18.46 0.16. 3.41. 10.38. 21.11. 0.24. 7.10. 11.41. iti l[a\ .t ift. 18.05 0.31. 4.01. 10.50. 34.16. 054. 7.63. 23.07. 29.97 0.39. 4.47. 23.44. 26.16 0.65. 3.1. 20.32. :k'!~h;;(J:.. 34.63 0.97. 4.26. 26.16. 26.86 0.40. 3.58. 22.24. *. ~ "If f1.J.t ~Ij. If,! .j-.&.I';;( r. :fJJ 'f :fJJ ~ ~. l"7. If tt !,fUJ.f, :. ~. * -116 'i.

(11) ~ ~ -k'tiA h. 1992Jf-ll fl. 2. ¥;1~pITffl : ~f~*113-WpIT¥ *~g~CEl. '. ¥!l.1~A1J~:y*~g1~.l-::J.. ~1if11f~:!:tS~Jm. ,. ~t;;J1Jit*AffiJ. <>. *§:;p~~~eq1.f&f!fflJffl. 3. [$'j~JHf~~~ : ~.f~e"J~*. '. ~g1J:Y~i%Md. #~[lR~fflJ:A1J. e"J-iSi) 5t~[Ja:riPi§ fi!I f1=eq11S* ' fffi f:f::~.;It ftl! :y ~*Ji!l.r~" <> 4.-*'.If1= : If1=.f:f:wa~rm ~y , :tEmt9E.~JjI-.:7te"JIf1=111l. * 113-. 5.If"F.f:f:eq~~. ~. ~;'(i~. :. <>. 113- jE :;P:t:E3:JZ.;It ~j£: 1J. If1=.f~. #~p <>. ;flSifI f1= ' .:jt: r m~~ J weq >ciif mltEJj!;'(i~ <>. , If1=*. .1m ' :firft*~.. 6.Ia~iEmfBpIT1~~f~ ~$~(~[$'j~f~. <>. (token) ~I}JtI.t1:. .*~ • • :fir~:tf. ,. :. PIT~. .;It.re;f§~ttn'if.. ji'¥JH&.~JH~I29~ffiJ~<>. Z ' I. f1=PIT~~$~1if:!:1!!BtIl5k::If1=. :tfH~if. ~. ,. ~JH&. *~~PIT~fJf t:eeq. ~JlJ1Jw*. -=- ... .A....7.l1~J:l)f'j Jft. 1. -*'.I f1=W~~~pITffl ~a:~. 66. r iJ~tSWlA1JllI!ffliifflJ'i!f J. nt. Hauser eq 1'5. f~fti.~eq~~r£. '. eqWJ¥4 '. ,aif.~f.f~JlJ. 1J f~ f!f j)(ffl5t #f <> SfJBjzft&. *>cpIT W)E:Z r f~f!ffIJffl J :t£P'JriiiinlmlJ: 1:t Hauser pIT W )E: if ~ ~ , 1291lt ~. ~. fm: 1.f& f!fflJ ffl m. it>tj;XrIDtaJl1Ji~~. ~~.eq~~Uf!f5t;fIT~~. ( ~3: 2 ) <> ~ _lJ :;P [5J t4: ijlJ ~ 69 &. 79 if.eq f~ I:lit: llI! ffl-W J1J 1J Z1:1::WU ' ~~1:t WU1~ft(if.~ , ~~f~f!f&tlfj~Itl~6(. 1111 j;)MB 7.t :r:t *W eq 1.f& f!f ll(ffl1:I::WUffiJ , ~1:i:A 1J f~ f!f j)( ffl trf 6(.1:1:: ~.~ .:mglf~ <> a:~ 69 if.~ , ~~m:1J£ ll(ffl1:tWU;fEl~:;P& -fl~n3~~ ( ~ : ~~ 14.76:15.54) ; {Sa~~ 79 if.~ , ~~1:t~~Ptll:* T 3.83 f~B5t~~ , ffiJ mtm 19.41:23.24 <> ~~ A1Jf~f!fj)( ffl eq1~7£:t:E~ if.*:;Pyec5cf!J ' 1XffiJ~ft: <> ~ffi)[5J:Mrdj , ~1:i:eq* JlJ~W*~pyeM~e"Jmt~ , ~~~ 69 if. eq 39.25 iff 110 ~ 79 if. 44.50 ~WJf~mlHlR*tfiflli-f~~. : Jt( *~~e"J~'I:i::f~A~JlJ1JFfi~ , fS IQJI& ' -m~*ff£t~eq~i:1:*I1J1J~ 0. *+. 0. <>. ~'I:i:A1Jf~f!fl~ffl. eq fW;ft:~ fi! t~tfH!j[129 * 1J $W$m ~mttlt11oz~J1J1J <> §SfJtl~ifB:tUJfi'iJ ff~~t.!l!~'l:1:A1Jii¥~z~ , ~:fJl ~ ~ ij lJfi~Hf;f.1'±:fir stt.111l j;) at f!J j;)1f-IIt*JlijlJ*IJl~ , .g.if.~m ~ tJj :fJH~ f!fflJ ffl l'i!'dteq 1~6(. , fS j;) ~~*Jl&. f~lItmeq~'I:i: ' .:jt:A1Jf~ f!f llI! ffl ~ 7£fi flUfi <> ~ 7J~ ~m:«frim eq 15 - 19~W20 - 24~if' a:~ 69 if.~ • .}tf~lJ£il:ffl1:tWd:;P& +~ 0. ~ft(#l. '. EEtrHft~fi!~m~*4. <>. f~*>c pIT WAE eq ~ -. ~Ei1.f&lJ£f~ffl~. 0. ~~... ~. pITHlU)E: lli Z f~ ~ llI! ffl f~1J£. 6(.-f*~Lt:lH.. <>. .l-::J.5t!U~~f~~~f~j;)J:eq/J''.ft[:7t. 'f i~ 1tJt 1='j 1fl Z~Jf ~. -11.

(12) ,~. *~*~Ii 1~. 8 5;t ~6 •. +. 1~ ~p i~ 1J1l ~~. 42.87(15 - 19 ~ffJi ) &. 28.41 (20 24 ~*l3.) '" ii~~m5;tf1T~5X:;!t.fg;1!t ~fflftJJ1il[[z;;I (JE~[?B) • .g.A~J! • .Ia~:;;r:: fE 1"J'~] J1il[[z;;I:;;r:: * • ffiJ.:E~~Pfi" *"fRiiHg; • ~ 7J H~::t:E 15 - 19 ~ ffJi&. 35 ~P)'J:.B13(1j: • ;!t.*~;JFPfi"m • ~7J~~ 20 - 34 ~B1:tc1j: '" J.-:J-f5(~f!i~7J~*ft~ • .f4J.-:J J:.B13('Ij: • AtJfg;~fIJmB1't!7£li ~r"B1Jt3~ • ~]jIJ:;IE.li*~PXI. ~~~ • ;!§tfg;~fIJffl*E13 69 if.a1 34.63 ' ~¥ 79 if.B1 26.86 <> ¥1i~;!t. ft1!.f!{.f!i~mB13('Ij: , :;I§t:fg;~flJm $fifg1ta1Jt3~ , ~7JH~:~fJi~· ;!t.fg;1!£fIJ m ttWUftE: 69 if.B118.05 i~ 1J1l~tl 79 if.B1 34.16 ' ~~f5rFn!i~ ffJir:j::I • fg;~fIJm'I"'7£iiilft1l[~ <> E ft£ ~f.m;;~EXfg;~fIJ m B1mt[z;;l*5J-fJT • f!tJ~;JFPfi" m :;IE~5X:1g;~fIJmB1.:E[z;;I • :;I§t:*~PJTf~~f.g; '" 1t£~!~I~Bl*7£*ft~ • :;;r::~iii'ifilJ~ ~J:l*-7£ • ftE:~~ 69 if.~~ 79 if.r~ , 3(1j:AtJfg;~flJmttW~~~imll. *iJ;b1J$~. • fa*fJ1H~fflB1*j;b1J <> j@j~_ +1iif.* • ~*7 63 - 64 if. ' &. 72 - 74if.r~~*$~Ij!f:;;r::~~ , ~5X:9c~$.l:fl-7~ , ~~W¥.~if.~ ~~B1Jt3~ '" f§!t1515FJ ' :tctj: 9c~*~~B14J1~¥* 9c~:tctEr:j::I. :jFm*~.~. <>. f~~fg;. ;. • *~*~~~~1i~. · ~5X:~tE:frl~~B1W. *aD1j:~~~~1j:.I f'F~*. <>. ~~if.~*l3.]j~*"~~9c~$. ,. ft fr~ OJ ~ fJ! ~fi if.~tWB1 :tct~:t:Ej@j -ft 25 if.*B19c~*~IIJJJ:. ' *f6l.. f~ , .eP~~ 54 if.~*~i"f:!!~ 67 if. B19c ~ • fa 79 if. ~ J:lIHt 67 if.~tJj-~li <> 15 - 19 ~;'fJiB1:tc1j: • 9c~*fi~ • ~*~ 20 - 24 ~ffJi ~ '" 1.&ajjMB1~~~ • 9c~*l¥iilf if.~B1it!t1JllffiJ~~fg; ( JE~1i) '" ~t+tLif.~.5X9c~B1Jm[z;;lr:j::I , P). ~5t li I f'Ff~\it!t ~.:E ~ 9c ~mf[z;;l , *. <>. ~.5X*~:tc1j:AtJfg;. ~flJmB1.:E[z;;Ij:'iH~·;JFPfi"m. <>. • .:E~~!1Jm.If'F:;;r::~jI§ • *~I f'Ft.fb pfi" ~ ~~;tt: ft1!.mf [z;;I •. ;!t.r:j::I • :1tJ.-:J-*~3('Ij: , AtJf.g;~fIJ fflB1't!6CfiJil1f! ' :;I§t:*~~fM ' • ~!~:9'r.s~. .: :. 'Jl. ~. • )X~Pfi". 18!t;!§tft1!.~!~~*7£B1:tc1j:. , pfi"f4~fg;J:lIJ~;!t.AtJ1g;l!tfIJ m B1.::t: [z;;I <> 2. 9c~*!I:JJtJ. ~~~*~ ttWtl~/J'. -118. [z;;I¥;JFPfi"mffiJ9c~~. ). <>. ftE:f){.f!i~7J~*fi~. • :;;r::~iii'ifOJ f.mfj{.f!i~ , ~-ft 25 if.* ' :tc'Ij:9c ~*~~-¥)(~~~B1Jt3~ '" 11=EOO1~ 7±'fiB1~ , ~/J' , ~9=t&'~r:j::IB1:k ~$1:E~~ 54 if.~Mlf:tiE~~;tt:1t1!. f!{l!Jf!i~~ • 1tP)'~ r:j::If!{.f!if:!!~ z9c~$jt~~+=filB5J-!6°m. ~~7 ~~. ~~A tJ jf1~r:j::Ili;@Mijtt~A. (. ·. 67 if. • ~r:j::I&'~.B19c~ ~U11J Jmi®;tt: ft1!~j(l!Jf~ ~ ~ , ffiJ *~.

(13) ~ ~ -k,riA.. h. 1992lf-ll fl. 1t i1$1~Jt *11 ffl i::AIf:f*. *-.A : ~~lti.~1*.fitJ.l.tt.l1.ltz~"M.J.l~"" JF. ~. t\ {:}. it. 15-19~ 20-24~ 25-29~. 30-34~ 35-39~ 40~J'XJ:.. {:}. "it. ~~":f ~. {I}. 11. .j,. ~. t. ~. t. 11;. I1'l. 1Il. .f. ;;f4 *.. -:t J'XJ:.. ~ 54lf. Iii. 79lf. 100.00 (2.25) 35.94 (6.57) 20.31 (5.63) 9.38 (1.40) 3.13 (0.48) 7.81 (1.33) 23.44 (1.51). 100.00 (1.82) 18.31 (3.31). 100.00 (2.25) 6.25 (0.80) 3.13 (1.90) 60.94 (2.47) 14.06 (3.21) 4.69 (3.03) 6.25 (2.89) -. 100.00 (1.82) 2.60 (0.78) 2.60 (1.14) 23.38 (0.94) 23.38 (2.48) 12.99 (5.40) 18.18 (3.36) 12.99 (5.13) 3.90 (1.31). 4.69 (2.86). 30~99. (5.23) 22.54 (2.40) 7.04 (1.06) 1.41 (0.26) 19.72 (1.05). Iii.. -k. 67lf. t\. ~ 54lf. :%. 67lf. 79lf. 100.00 . 100.00 (1.53) (5.86) 10.00 61.54 (4.54) (13.11) 30.00 21.54 (5.69) (7.11) 20.00 6.15 (1.74) (3.05) 13.75 4.62 (1.27) (2.54) 8.75 3.08 (0.90) (1.90) 17.50 3.08 (0.67) (0.83). 100.00 (1.44) 48.27 (3.28) 41.37 (2.62) 6.90 (0.63) 3.45 (0.35) 0.01 (0.25) -. 100.00 (1.39) 25.58 (5.23) 41.86 (3.14) 13.95 (0.99) 9.30 (0.89) 2.32 (0.25) 6.98 (0.44). 100.00 (1.53) 0.00 (0.44) . 1.25 (1.34) 13.75 (0.70) 26.25 (1.85) 10.00 (1.69) 33.75 (2.70) 8.75 (1.44) 6.25 (1.22). 100.00 (1.44) 0.00 (0.07) 20.69 (0.70) 17.24 (1.77) 17.24 ( 4.85) 34.48 (3.64) 3.45 (0.91) 6.90 (3.14). 100.00 (5.86) 10.77 (1.87) 0.00 (0.00) 66.15 (7.92) 13.85 (12.50) 4.62 (11.11) 3.08 (5.13) -. 1.54 (5.56). t~:#~t.*ft.~t.o. .#*.:~._.r~~~.Ab.m~~. a._.~~r*~at. -. ... J. .~~o. 100.00 (1.39) 2.38 (0.55). 16.67 (0.80) 11.90 (0.94) 14.29 (2.36) 40.18 (2.28) 11.90 (2.04) 2.38 (0.64). •• ~W~~~JP~&~o. -119.

(14) ~. f-tQ**l. ;::... llJJ. *- * :-:kIt!. #tf; *;fir .:r..11::Jl..*-*~ I: Ii- 15l (~.f"llti:"K;fIJt?t-) (~I179.f). If.1iL ; %. SJ! In. jJ!. Jt. :k 1t.. 100.00. 38.66. 28.71. ~lt. it. -3-. #'. ~ ~J!.:m. ~I]. .:r.. at af! :k -k fIT. :I~ }ij. 18.30. 2.10. ~. ~t~ .:r..1t#lt. 1~. -t:t- i'Jf 1,1; %. 12.22. 45.84. 15-19J.i.. 100.00. 48.97. 27.01. 18.94. -. 5.10. 43.92. 20-24. 100.00. 34.34. 34.44. 20.91. 2.09. 8.20. 37.89. 25-29. 100.00. 24.54. 21.79. 10.24. 11.86. 31.53. 61.82. 30-34. 100.00. 32.91. 12.44. 13.58. 35-39. 100.00 100.00. 40J.i.~A r. 100.00. *·j,&h::l.rit. 61.71. 38.29. -. -. -. -. -. 41.06. 100.00. 38.66. 100.00. 35.90. d,. 100.00. 45.62. 36.27. 5.38. t' ;i1 t'. 100.00. 74.51. 18.33. 7.15. 100.00. 34.77. 18.17. 34.12. 6.43. ;i1 lift. 100.00. 28.75. 33.56. 27.00. ... *4. 100.00. 40.54. 35.04. -. :k.'''~AJ:.. 100.00. 29.04. -. ~. ~. 83.84 55.88. . - -. -. 28.71. 61.11. --. 18.30. 2.10. 12.22. 34.64. -. 29.47. 21.30 39.92. -. 12.72 -. 47.15. 6.51. 40.12. -. 10.70. 50.74. -. 24.41. 48.72. 33.48. 42.80. 37.11. 45.84. jf**-ili:~*-.E .I-:J.....t~JttfttE1fr.$aq~~$t!z~ ~ll1i!~.zf&. .$' 0. Il"tJij{~~.:¥'. ,. Bq'±'~)JjHZ;]~i5tfl.I f1=~i!r. 79. l1b~·~jH:J.....t~~ft, ~~$*. $M~~f~. ft. 0. ,. m:}f:l:i!!f~1i1"~1t!!f;f{'j!1ff~fJ£. ~j[!*{~. ftffij ~ ,. 0. {B1tt~q:t.l-:J.. "Ff):~~fJ£. f-ifj[!*ffi;~lJffit~~.±.!ZSI. iX~~5tfl.I{1=~t!t. ~~t:p & ~.aq~~*1)Jf.!i~. ' iXffit. 0. '. ~~j::fflm~jfiT. tt*¥.I-:J.....t*~ftlllitOC~~lE~7}. ~l'0. tt~ttl!~~f~l!£aq:P:·I:1:ffij~. f;:f.llli tOC .g. ~ 'j!1f fl?1!£ft ~ ~Bq ~ rzgffij~ , i'i!fjt:p.l-:J.....tf):~~f![ft~~. :t14tOC~~~Bq)Jj{!ZSI. ,. ,. 3t~. 0. W. .I-:J.....t A 1J :iI! mimJ:e: j!iW4aq Xl". -120 \.

(15) .A ~ *'tiA. h if i~ 1~Ji ~~ m:.t.*Jf~. 1992lf-ll fl. ;fJT , f!< 1M"i'iJ 1i011!g. ~ iii /f' rqj A 0 ~~. Z:9:'Ij: , ~fiX~A:fJff:&~l~FfIe~~ ~ ill ~ /f' fEl rqj f,!Q f1iJ ~;ti1t~~.I3Ji~ 0. A 1J JC 15f~ ffl e~ ~ *7 J;),r~~* · If § iW~t~tliI:9:'Ij:A:fJ~tlilt~ffle~jqil. 7Jtl:7}Irnjt~~jjll. • l~~:9:tEJjjjtlJ .R ft.€ -¥ • ~ fg ff,lj 'ij: e~ I 1'1= Rapoport.& Rapoport(1976) t!! t~ 0. 1::8 • .R ~ 3clj:mI f'F~-fm~lUI~ ~ e~ !Ua~1j:I 1'F ' fJ~ ffl! I f'F~'iSiitt /f'.?E:1i~W*~~f5~flj~. ~m~o. 0. i1tf~tI~. 1~7JIJ~l!S;§:ml~~fiff~fiXe~~.~. : :9:1:t1Dal7 OJ j f 7C 15f~j!tIe~"i'iJ Jt A :fJ Ji 1W, li!iI ~ , * f~ ~tJJill~A:fJ ji1W-~j!tItI~-f~1.HI:ij , fB~~flj.~. !f: " m~ -i1-lJf. 0. J:Mn*~~,tf!<~A:fJ~i!fJif4. *7 m~iW:9:'I:tA1J~1W-f.f£:;fj!~Ff1. ' ~f~1:t'ite~rJHI:: ' flftJO£.* nADtI~*ii/J, , l~l~t~A.*f~~tJJ. e~JJit5C.. tI~~ra'WA:fJfEl;.t:l:1Si~Y. 0. m ' ~re~*n~tJJA:fJ. ' OJt~A.. 0. *MlItfft.€,!jH!!rn~fj!*gIJ. ;fJT , ~fiX:9:'I:tA1J1.f£:;fj!~ffle~~(Zg. 0. ~W. ~tJJ:fJm~7 J;)'1f5&:l:1S~~. -. ". :;t~.'/'.!t.~~1EIi!..~'.:t:.. :9:1:t gj ~~1i~.ffl:e~~ 'is:t9-ijij" , $ 7C:7} Bj!tI;ltA:fJ W?lilt. ?&ffiJ. t3 e~ n tEl m ~ f;( 'I:t ~ ffP ii5 tJJ tI~ r ftif! J :.iEf1L~ :t~1:u8~m ' :(£!t"t 0. A~ I~J~ ~ f;(fi~f1L ffle~:fif,~ml~ m~tl'2re~-JJil~~~. : ~f;J~ tJJ ft tie: ~:mt:9: 1j: ~ tJJ * 'it ; :9: 1j: r ~~ J ~~1R*~iOOe~ ~!t"t ' Il[Jl~:9:1:£t~A.*:fJm~ , *n~f5 WIlll ~ ~ f51JJ 1ft~:ltIUjfff Z:7) , iW 0. 1!ie~~iS~ik~'I:£e~. , ffiff&1!if(1J1i§ *~ .fgff,lj1:t. ~!t"t ' pJT~!;e~ ~~iSftj~illOJ:t:ElJ:t_*~1~r:i!!f~ 7 Goldberg (1970) :(£:7};f<lTf;('ij:mfDJ ~ 0. ffiJ~. 0. ,. 0. ,. 0. f4ffl:tI~ ilHil'I:t7Jtl ~ 'is:7} I 1~~/f'/J>. WMC e~ 1:£7JIJ ~ is lItf~ ttW:9:'I:t e~ii5tJJ ~ilii!lj(-T- J;), Wi:~~ *~~7il§. ,. ~-I:Ui!i~. ft.€~-f~~~*~~'ij:. :(£.ffl:~f5~J[.iiBrpJTtElM~IDijij"e~. I ;i\: ~ 'is (instrumental role)(Par sons .& Bales, 1955) , Il[J.R~j{ID7J[* ~tI~~i~:xt¥~~'iS. • ~~j[~Jt*. f;JW*Aj:\ijIQ • WM~:9:tEe~11f~ 'is ' 1~1~:9:1j:I f'F~'iStfjtJOZ ~:s'IE*fEl!tt:l:1S~Y-~*n~'iS. '. Iltfm P¥.i 'ij:~ 'is ~:jJl tI~ /f' ~ fJi1:1 • fiXllll~~:9::(£~f5f1j~~~f5i!i~ ~. 7ifir e~, c' J1I!.E 1J '. J1E*:fJm~e~i§~f1L~R~:t1fl1::8. • .*1f~ 'iSmiBM~ill"i'iJti~~fiX~f5tn~~ • tf£ffiH~141lll~~'iSe~Bj!tI , ~$7\s. MC~mlml~~JfEiI$;lt~. ~o. 0. 0. ' f.t Et31Riafm'l:t. tttl~~tJJ~~:fJ. mH'll':I:-tB~.:9:. -121. 0. tft'!~z. 7~if;l~n~'iSffif~m.~-.

(16) ,. I ~. ~ ~ ~. c:x::!. ~. ~. J J..U.. ....... H .g ~~ :t:!~. flllP ,....... . r-. ~. H I. *" ¥i -!;l<1:. ~. G:J. ~~ ~~ ~$J. l. t r. [. -. r-. II g!S. .I. m;. ~. I ~~. - Hili ~<Ill. 1:.(7'. IN~. tt«. t ~. ! I!. ~. -!;l<. HE. :J. r-r r- l!. I(. it. -. -. «. ~$J. I!!R. +tl. ~E:. ~ ~~. ~. H. .(7' <Ill. ~ ~. fl. I. ....... N N.

(17) ~ ~ -k,tiA..:h :~ ;1.t.1~Jt?l1 ffl Zljf ~. 1992-+ 11 f1 *~ffif~ Z. jf-~~fiJlr. *Ilt±~ffl. •. • tE~fF1Et~guPr~s~ ~'Ij:B~:B:it~Jl:J@~. ~ j)J ~Ji[ 1+ pjJl:f~ flq Jl:J @ , @' ~f'1-t rF:fJ:e~.~. 0. ( ~T & miJm~~~Jl:J@ ). • ±~I f'F~P*t?'§. =- ... 0. *~±~fflS~Jl:J. @~fl,l..:J. rS~~'I1:. :. (1){f,~*tiB5:ts~. *fR~5:t?JfU~~ffl~. ;. (2)~f.iX:~t~tE. @'E!&~tt-:Wlbflq5f;fIT ' ±~. (3)~f?,§:If' ~. iJ:£1F.t~t1tE~ii1fl!* rPJTt§ifle~~. ~ ii1f L!&:1!J3 'l1:s~ fii; llfl!i. ;. fltt .::r::. f'F s~ 5:t (status of non work) ; (4)~Ilt±~fflJl:J@1M:;Itftt!.Jl:J @~flf~7t:jt!!t\'L. ' 1.J'~1J • !l!Pf~~tE. ~ .7.l;;f1i!£-.~1;:_. ~ , JJj{ (Zg:lf' tE~ij1fmt* *J:r ' ~f~if.amtt~7f'-+~PJT¥;{. esttl~'~. ,. 0. £1!IJIt!iij[. tfJT~l!ilr6~iK~1F.t~?j1f. ~$fl*~I f'F ' ;ft*~±~fflJl:[email protected]!:. 11* I*J Sq if.af.1j:(Zg ~ f!! ~ ~1F.t~f.t:. :;P (Zg Il"t. ffifr~ ~. 7f'.IJZ ~~pF11ifl~ ~7Jmt:§ ~. ff: (Walby,1988). (Oakley, 1974). 0. ~. 11:l3 0Jl:J @s~M!i §7 ~~ ffiU *;s-~!1-1:;~!~jtiU 1mfOJ~~~'I1:fI~fr5J:tJ~fiJl Wt±x~. 0. ' tlll~.. ¥tl ~~ f.m::If' i¥~fI~ li:iH~ z. ~7J. 1mI-mtms~~'I1:l30Jl:J@. mj~JUaf.~tlllfOJ~~ ? .ill!:~~5<:~tE. W~'I:~E"lJi.t~z.OOfl~~.~Ji'Wf~. I.BlPJ:#1±I '. 0. '11:l3tlJl:J@fI~5m~. 0. ~~~. , tttt. ~~ffiIJT ~11::§tt;~~OOs~:tfia~~. 0. A7J~f.a::~l'IJ. ~:f4tt~~~ii***J:rfl~1ti** ~t!iij[*,. g§ }J3ti}:tEit~ifti~11:A7Jf.a::~. l'IJffla~. ? fl~f.t:~~IilI5fgtl. 0. i f 1m 1n';f-l-tt W ~ e~ ~,,~ ~. • ~lPJjf~'I1:~:::tm~7J4Rt. r -=5t,*7Jm:l:'~~~1ilI J (Dual Labor. fr, ~ f1(1!f 7Jd$~1fll. Market Theories) (Doeringer & Piore,. ~*" ft fJ} &J15lttEkt!! *ttE1~L. 0. ~·I1:fI~.*~tJ£ttE1~&. :iH~ Mlf:!:~ fg;D~:::t '*f§ ~ aq. (Fitzgerald & Crites, 1980). 0. tE. ~'iiJ8~. 1971). 0. ~?*fi!l!ti~;G1F.t ' Qif:f4tt~. ~.::r::. a~ ttij~f,lIJ~:t.l!:.J'1-. • ~ll"t:H:. aJII~J/1!~f~Yi L8i.t£:'f~t~1JO. ' Fr-'IJ~~. ,. ID'! • :If' j> :::t ~lt i'Sj flq ~'Ij:f~ *9-. fl ~ j> It!: ~ t~;ft PIT ~ ~ fili;ft:::t ~. Iflq~~!&1Ji±ffif~~JJi:it~. Bern f[) Bem(1976) tl:l.~fltil~*ID. f~ flq f.fi§ ,. 0. 0. IDI!. ~J/1!:t~Yi §7 ~~~~~ -:w I~lJf~¥tl'~. ;tEI!& D~ ;ftftt!. fi f~'Ij: i'Sj flq. 1F.t r ~~~i1:fI~IPJ.1t J (homoge nization of the American women). ~&ilil'fj/J>sq1"R.. 1.J'!l!1J ' ~·I1:~~IilI:::t~~f.a:: • t±*1t. ?*.r6,l..:J.:f4:ttW~*M~'*7Jm$. flq *a ~ i!ii! * IPJ :f~ e~ Jl:J @ffi iJi[ Betz & Fitzgerald(1987) (Zglltli;G1F.t'I1:. - :7t1t ( ±~'*7Jm$~*f&.-:W7J m:l:'~ ) SqJJj{flg ~1j:~.I&.;ltftY.9. l3IJffif;JFfItilA~~:Bij~7~7J!U~'I1:-~. It!:~ f~H:' m~.1n' *f&.'*7Jm:l:':§$. 0. *. 0. ~.I • fi!i:~~fJ~1n'f.!;t~ " If'F~f¥ 0. ,. ia. 0. -123.

(18) ,. :~. *tn.lli (Barron and Norris, 1976 ; Rubery,. *M~~:b$tg mip~a~J£.lll.iliiif.l1i&~~. i1tf !.lll. iliii (Radical Economic. Theort) " ~?*fiJt!!ta:lIJj;).~. *1!f~-:¥f.;~ij~~*V$:i§i1t~ I. *. ~*a*" Zellner (1972) ~IJttf.'I:i:Zl~~. • rmJr. t~81.~5*M~Jfil~....ta1'1:i:~Uliip~. B ~~±*a1I. • ~**tt*va1Jfi PIg. 1:£ 151: r 7J- ffiJ rEi Z J (Divide and. W.:R'I:i:imiif~fg;81 • •. " flt!!a;g~'I:i: ZlIJ ~tJl- iID f~1911;; !tl;;~ 'I:i: f t!l f~~ 81 Jfil~~t:Rti:~tJJ:b81~*/f'rs5 • ~ ffiJ mfg; 7 :t:E ~ t.i:f~ ~ Jfil ~ 9=J :R'1:i:81 imjff~~ ; ~-nrm ' ~mmji · f~f~:R 1:i: ~ I..R ijg* ii1JJ A:R'I:i:f t!l f~~ 81~~. • f;!t~jfftJl1 ~ffiJrdJft J:t!?: t!z J.IHII: 7 :R1:i:1:£:R'I:i:. ~ 9=J 81im. n. Rule) • fIJFfHj!~Bdi:Zl~~:fiJ1:a1. *" '. ~i1I~. , J.,.: J. ~IJ ~i1I i§ f.OCp;j~I}~ I rdJa1it.1L • ~ ~ Z ' ePfIJfflfj:~& 'I:i:Zl Ua13f Ji§i J.,.:J. 7J-1'1:: ~ I p;j~B ' ~ ~ 1t~~H~!jl& If**flJ~ (Edwards,. Reich and Gordon, 1975; Edwards, 1979) ". ". Rubery (1980) *~....tIQJ~....ti!l! ~:f.lll.iliiia1M~. :it}]. • /f' iflIlfllB ~~1-f-1:£m 1:i: Z rdJ81 X t-lt± .a1:Sj*Mf*t!z~JJjf~ " Jfil~*~ B:fia1 r 'I:i:ZlIH*ii J (sex labelled) ~xt-lt±*~:Sj:R *81. :?e1rN:£li** EI ~fIJ~tfj ~ , t~. .:::.... pJTf~?f~ mailiii *~g;....t 3i:j~ ....t:lll!;IDl~*. 1980) ". ~. ~. *'llz • ~:tJ$~81Wip~ • i§.EiX -!tl;;*lit141:i:~RjfjU • f~:R1:i:~:tJ.9=J lJ1:*~~'b$~ , .Mzttf..tif-t·I:i:~ a1I f''F " Astin(1984) i?,t~m tfj • :tJ $ pff7f~ f.OC 81 r tI! Wi *a m J. • iB J.,.::J.~~~iIRiijtH:;;. :I$J$Plg. T I .1:£1t9=JpMzhjfa1:f!1~ ". *. f1tl1W,;g~I.a1.EiX.1L*~~m-~ij~m*u ~:b$tg81~~. ,. ~J!t:~./f'ltifillffl.l. !I&:II*-EI.J.,..:J,~B!*,~i~~~. (structure of opportunity) ~W:R·I:i:.. .0. Z • ~f.OC:R'I:i:A :b fg; I!fflJ ffl 131 JJjf [z:;J • ~ 7 ~1:i: § ~ ~Si~~7i- • ~:b$~pJTij~tJ!f;!ta1i?,t~. " I*81 tJa5~1t.~1ffl, 7 f*~~:b$:l:g •. J+'''''''-'''-'-'-. .Mzf~f~0;::~&~:b$~.J.,.::J.7J-f~-ff. :?e171: :Rt.i:~ fllJ .:t:E=.:n:~p~a1 ~:b$~9=J ' 1i!i171:/f'fIJa1t\[iiff~1t ~:b~1*:1Cf5:1~mUVE! ? Rubery 81. 0. ~~. tI!.~~t!z.i$1t~". 1Ji'i&*-~4\. ~1*:~[z:;J~:R1:i:~II.1I::f~l!f/f' ~iy • ~7i--niID~IJ~~1:i:If1 A±. m:R1:i: ~ I1ffl,~ Ib:b $~a1ft~1tt =F • t&.t!i:tJ~It*U:R1:i:~I1JI1.A..ItfN " Hartmann( 1979 ) ttf. ~!t! )( i;It 5j- fJT. • ~f.OC:R'I:i:A:bf~1!f flj ffl 81.:E ~ m * JJjf ~ /f' 7i-f$1f.1t:f!1~. -124 \. :tn:r~upJTi11!;. 5j- Iw.~:b$~*st.:fi~~.~:R'I:i:.

(19) ~ ~ -k·tiA... i1lt ;!.f, 1~Jt ;flj. 199zJf-ll fl. Tm. iID !t~1J fi:iJ1C f9'~5&j;it!~~ :9:tEA1Jjt'i1~af;]~Jm ' -llJ~P!T7.i:~. P'y~l!±;. af;]~tb~~*af;]j1!7S:iU[l~~:9:t~A. j~ili. ~fftrtJ. 0. 0. m.~.-*Jf ~. j£~ffJUi"fraytTBJ;jltSJJf!i&~~. ? .:E~~ ( .l3!:~ 80 if. 7 J=l ) ~. 1JYiiliiHIm af;]1t~~*f~ , f8~nfi:iJ:1C ::it:il! m af;] rt::t'j Jm;ttm: ~t~~§:1i~~ff1J ~~$af;]j1!rai ' ~i3P4' JE~.1ififaf;]. ' j£~-arta!IJJjlI~Jmili-~ OJ*1t.-El :fXfOC~'*~~?i!i~*' 5fiJ.I f'F~€'t~Aag~l::jmmfiJ Z ' ~~7m~JlI1J§':t£T1§¥jlItEA. tl~iflI. ~ ~ ~Af;] ~. Q. iIDJt~~ :9:'11: A. 1J jt'irm!~5fj{:iI!. 0. 1_tJt~*. '. iP'~ f)t t:p PfTOO ~ag~jr5j. ~f~~.1:j£mflJfjE;*.. maf;]~l!±;~.. '. ~ff;fjE;j1!f~~ Afi'if. is:fX . .. :f.i:il&~!@=mllJE. ?. tJ. rtlxiJ1,tj£~f1'JW. j£~OJ~~~~*~UrS]agA1Jjf. j£~5'i-mfli'H3I.t~*~tT&~. ,. :fii,;tj£.f1'Jrm~. *~WIf'Faf;]m*. i~rg}1!.il&~. 0. , iIDfi:9:. , W'J§!P ,. ~Gt&~~~. 3t:#j:11:f[]~''l:1:Bf;]m1iffiWHIHj§. 11: ~tb ~5fiJ.$.J'l. raiffiJ ~ 11:~t1J~W *~~f~af;]$Jf ' :9:'I1:JlIPfTftS.l:tm: 8 ~4iJTt~bo ' j1!ra.i:9:'I1:A1Jj'if~m!af;]f~. f!I! ;:;;. ml!lxfH'~f~j£.i!§.*fIJ1~af;] §t~. €.5IJtgaf;]fJj~. '". o;tt;9;:: ,. ,. J.-j,t~. ~~I~~If'FfD*~lIil.a~g1J. Q. z ' j£*ta!IJJ JlI ~}.!I f1= /. *~ag1M* ,a~!IJJ. ,. I*~fD~fo'!l. tt!l1JIl;tt*~~7i!iaf;]. ~ ~1i::.'± it3:ri1:*ltJtJ Sf;] ~ OO~!f. ?iIil.ilE~. f. • a¥~.mj~ili • ~~~~.'jf. !tj£~~Jl~af;]:t~tA.W,'iS',~. f:it.af;] ~Je. '" ~litlXmJE!ttn':9:i1:A. *. 1Jiitm!m:l!lf~mIDr:OC~'11:1JBlii~IJJm. ~[]. ;¥;tt~. :t£If'F~~~fH§Eaf;]~sJ!. '. ~IJ£'~~. 1f -~3t:#!**1t.J.-j,.m-m!IJJ. 0. ~5'i-. <>. ~*~~af;]3:rt~5fiJ.~'I1:Mf. IiJjWf~ ~I f'F5fiJ.*~fi!r€sSf;]t7.f~jif. ffiJ~m:f.i:~€.~1~:HElB.:~. ~}1!.aifll:EJX:Wt~~iflIPJTj~ ili). <>. ( ~1J5'i. ';tt;f.5~. Z -~5'i-~~€'ftj~~~€'~7iif~ m: ' tJ.¥~~~. T I f'Faf;]~J~ wt ~1JIl:tAAaf;]r&:lJm ' ~1i::.'±OOqm'l1: ~i'II ~ €.Wf pfT£' ~j1[jE ~Jlaf;] r&:l~ 0. 0. gg1JI.1t:~*ili*~~mtJl j£.ffJL~lif1'JI f'F/*~af;]~J W'J§!P~~I f'F~PJTaf;]~~t~~. ~4'm~~~ftj;':Eaf;]fIiI!l. '. ' '. J.-j,~~. I f'F& *~~mfli'H?i!it1Jf3jt~af;]~iID. ". ,. ~OJm~JlIZ~~1J&. ~mf3ilf ~mm. <>. If1=W. ,*zif; t;JJ OJ~[jlf=~. , i&@XJlI '. ~g~~:9:i1:JlI1ig. '. j£~OJ tJ.~~~~ r ~Allm'f~ J Bf;J JiIta!IJJ1J~. • W'J§!P ,. t1!f~-mOJ. J.-j,t~~JlI lIi'HA~Jfaf;]3t:M'ftl*. ' -m!IJJ 1J ~ 'g:t£M tJi':fli'H A W-Uft &1. ~OO~af;]rt::t'j~. 0. EI3~I f'Ff[]*~~. B.: tb ~.m if; ttl af;] m {iilf i9-x ' i&tEmiiilf i91iliJ~Bg~ifl:f.4At1rt::t'~ , i$J.m~ I-m!IJJ1J~af;]m!IJJfB~ tA~Z ' Il:t:f.i: ~ A IIm'f~agm!IJJ 1J~~-;ffl-~FJg ~-ElIf'F5fiJ.*~mf3jti91 ' ~~tfffi:t f~Ittag~~ , ~-tvmr.t5~~f3jf 0. -125.

(20) <]}:'i. f-tQ~l[ ~ fl::[email protected].] BX: J1J 0. t:1f..tt-t1!f §. .1.-:,1, ~~ , ilB~~ ~ 8d'{'f-€:l. mr~ttfl::l@~m!lJJ. .=1':t5Jm~lmz~. ~. ,. .:::. 'JJ A 11:D:1m. Sf.] 1!1: 8~ fl::I@ ; ffij *:tJ m~ Jt!i:t~:9:11:. :9:11:litU~A D. ~:tJ ~ *i1itflJ11: IZ9. *t!1 OJ ~ El3 ~~~. ~ ~ Sf.] I f'F/ *~ ~fl::I@~:tJ t!:!~. f~9.X:*±.1:i.:o~af.].1it!!T j;.J.~~*. gIJBJl1.Jj{ • 1E:~m.P'J1ll1f[jH~f~-~. fJ:~:oiID. A:tJW$t1i'J.!l!j&~&t~fIJmOt!i !ff~~.I.I!:tJ. ~. • t~f~~~$:9:-f~~f~ .Z.~Ji!ftJi • WllonJe.9.X:n:l2:Sf.]. 1-::.1.. • ~1J~:9:'I1:A:tJWt~f!l~. is 1C 5f D::/1I!£If.] lUI. ~5'1-. '. Dim ;. mmtu ,*M ~1J[] 3fttn-lit Sf.]M:M: § fl(;. r~. trim f!I w,WJ ifU~~J3.Qf:9:tEA:tJ ~. 1~D:.f~fflaf.]lZ9*. ·. f*.Rb1!f~tn-1fll ~5!:. ?JlH.!1:!*~. $:9: ' ~)i;:5!:.1J$§~ , ~~.iI. 0. • i,tt-t* &j&Jffffij~ ,. 0. ~mo. • "llo~Jt&af.]·I1:. ~.'fitn-W~~~~~.k. 8~ fl::I ~~.~~F!~~fj(J!f"'¥f~T. m*~~&D:Im~.:9:ffij.,~.. ~;:~.~#.~~~~~~~~~.~~N~ ~. I. I. f'F fli!. [Ui'.WI7tt1T:. ii:.~JtftW~gJ.lI!.e • $!( ~ in' Jill I e.g Jtld£ fD. fi. tJtl . *tjllt.*: • *tjl~iiS~. iJ:IJ Ytlii WI 7t t1T : • tJt '-X / JQ. ~ · 'Hf: / § ::E • I!~n!l / 1m A. • ~ 11: tiD flj • Jl I 1t1idlb 1.1 ~ (EAPS). • I f'F Il~ r'dHD I f'F:tt!! 16. .IE~ ~f!'3t5~~fa OO~;t*7£ 'f:lRIM~iIi4t. ft~. I I. ,. *. 11 · T M Jl I I f'F fa * tjl e{J ~m ~~ • 5r;; 11: ft ~ i8l: l~HD.1it!i. ftfl ;;;. iIi tiD l.tl:. J. 1. ... f'F 4t ~ fD lJlt tit If. I. *. ~. *. ;;;.. mJ 8~ :l!f Jl fo • • JlI~$Illlt;fD;;r-fm.;tX7£ • f:lR m~ iIi e{J Jf f:f: • ~ 1M fO :}t: ttl! tit. fib l\ij lilt i j S{J uJ:; It!t ;tX7£ WI t-#i fa ·tiD fij • ii:. ~ :ft (:f: 1.1 WI. '0jjJ~JtJ~. jitH~$!: Bowen. S.L. (988). p.18S. lfl~.l{i13. Ii -126. (1991). p.120.. .. . *' :. I f'F It • I f'F ~ .IE ~ • ~il'i: lJ. • I f'F fA ~ fD. *,~. J. I.

(21) ~ ~ *·tiA.. h ;A"- i7f.1~!t *IJ if] ZlJf iJ.. 1992-+ 11 fl *e~~t~J:.. '. ~mJN:~{tfti?,;{*{tJirQJ. e~§lX~~~R. '. ~§lt&Bt~~~. :iM~tot'&fte~~*~t~. ,. mr~. , nuf&lfiI~c~*zill ' f~lX~. tzffl~ A 1J 1i rw' ~ m :t:Eii:W ~ J:.t5) flE:. [OJa~t~,Jf , .l-:J,.lJilEm.m.I~&f~m. tzm=~ A 1J jirw,e~ § t~. ,. f.~±iE~. tJt ~f.mflg~~& ~JI!!f~A:E;~e~OJ flgirill '. 0. .l-:J,.mJf~A1J~rW,7D1Jm.I. ~e~§t~ 0. F.t .. jt. IT 1 : '*t1J~W~£H~.f&fi;,*I;I]A [:H~A.*1JrP~e~l:two fS ~{~~fU.llIljW::it:fJTe~fi3r!t*~ , 0. a. 9p. .I {'Fa~~e~~m~IJBt~ J '* ~~tzffl~*I1J1J~WMi~~ ffiJ*I;I]1JrPj-~t!1*i'"m*,~'I'~7£r tzffl~ *!B;I]~W~e~t~~fi!iI{i!!OJg. 1;I]~We~'Ij:W~5mT!t. , ' ,. ~e~-{~r",ljm. ~. ,. 0. ~Jjjmt~~$. .R §. ' ~'1'8~~fi~H~1~. e '. lX~tzffl~*!B;I]~W~t~~e~[EJ. Ittf~f~e~:HH~. e~ fi D['Ij:. 0. tzffl~ A1Jf~r!tflJm. ' 1tti&JffffiJ ~ , £A1JWtw,Mm:e~~. ; !tt~ 1j:{~AffiJ~ , ~IJ£~*~H.¥W:E;~ (career aspiration) _ ~~ f~.l-:J,. 7C ::it ~ 0. *)c~JH5I:e~Bt~. fJlWf-'-~ifti I¥.rt~~. ,. fJl7£e~~. -1:nm* 5j-:fJTtzffl~. A1J{~r!tfljme~}jjf~. ,. t±l~?fT~lfe~i&~g~. .ill'z~-~m 0. ~;J1U'tzm=~ A1Jf~r!tflJm ~fte~fJl~. BJtI , ~lJlf'~.1i::*ff'§'~ , fEl. ~,;)~~-%. '. 1±~lQ;E:&tzffl~f~A§Jt. W~1J. 0. lE~J!~W~fOCf~r!tflJme~. f.m'l'~7£ffiJ. ,. 0. fS~Pf~£. ~iEtJ.Bt~. lX~~1j:A 1J jir~f~r!t~m. l~ilf~ , jg7E:?fTlf~~t~DfOJ~mtzm=. ~. -. $:M~f~f~J ~lEe~A. 1Jf~r!tflJm.'I'~. z ' tzffl~ A1Jf~r!tflJm{J;L~ B. ,. ~J (l).Ia~:;;p iE(2)?fTf~. imf~(3).~;JF?fTm. .:E~t~~*ji*3H·~. ~ A1JjirW,:li£'~Jli::E~JlB~---fIW~. 0. ~J: 2 : IttJi!i:f~r!tfljm*t1J1Je~at~. a~, ~*~'M"~m*JtlE~t!l:tHl'. tt!!:=. -~. *!B;I] 1J f~~z flg1J ~ m.l-:J,.~. fS~d-~~W*t1JrPj-~e~~t~A1J'jii. ~W,~~DfPJf~f~m. 0. \. -127. 0.

(22) '". ~. .f"Jh~*[. JtiJ. -t-*~IR. 'tx:fEl ~. fi:: 811:f.. t. ~'I:i.i,;t~rn$Z!!Ht;fiff9G ~?~~. t. <>. 'WM*~7mfiff9G¥&f!f. fi:: 76 ~~:11::~~i:i.WJ!!~B";Jj:i!:!fJL. ~tl.:E lMf. <>. t. i:i'~t;. :. ' fi:: 74 1:f. i:i'.~m.~Ah~m-~~W.~o.tt~.~~o. ~ i~". ' .it. iiiM ~ ,. .§t. 77 i=f. ~~)m~ru;~J!.firESZfiff9G. '. rTi&~JC~f4*~lefiff9GatJ1J (NSC 76. 0301-1-1002-32F) .:E ill! ~. , fi:: 80 1:f. ~·I:i.fir§.eq~:lJlW:11::~~&fIJeq~.r*Jl~. wtJ:*~. J :fiJflit*~lfllx. <>. **fiffplT& t:J*-=- fiffplTtJi7$1Jf. 0. PP. 103-127.. r *Ii&~. 1Tift~JC*~*&.I=j:1~tJ:*~tJ:.±tlJ¥. ; ift. 0. ?r-5t..- m Astin, H.S. 1984 'The Meaning of Work in Women's Lives: A Sociopsychological Model of .' Career Choice and Work Behavior," The Counseling Psychology, 12:117-126.. Baines, E. 1970 'The Woolen Manufacture of England", in K.G. Ponting (ed.) Baines's Ac count of the Woolen Manufacture of England, Newton Abbot:David &. Charles. Barron, R.D. & Norris, G.M. 1976. -128.

(23) 1992-f 11 fl. ~ ~*,ti.A..h. i7.f,1~Ji.*IJ. m.;~::AT~. "Sexual Division and the Dual Labor Market", in D. Barker and S. Allen (eds.)Dependence and Exploitation in Work and Marriage, Harlow: Long man. Bern, S.L. & Bern, DJ. 1976. "Case Study of a Nonconscious Ideology: Training the Women to Know her. Place", in S. Cox(ed.) Female Psychology, Chiago: Science Research Associ. ates.. Boston, S. 1980. Women Workers and the Trade Union Movement, London: Davis-Poynter.. Betz, N.E. & Fitzgerald, L.F. 1987. The Career Psychology of Women, NY: Academic Press.. Bruegel, I. 1979. "Women as a Reserve Army of Labor: A Note on Recent British Experi. ence", Feminist Review, 3:12-23.. Dex, S. & Phillipson, C. 1986. "Social Policy and the Older Worker", in Ageing and Social Policy :A Criti. cal Assessment by Chris Phillipson and Alan Walker. Vermont: Gower.. Doeringer, P.B. & Piore, m. 1. 1971. Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis, Lexington, Mass.. D.C. Heath.. Edwards, R., Reich, M., & Gordon, D. 1975. Labor Market Segmentation, Mass:D.C Heath.. Edwards, R. 1979. Contested Terrain: the Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth. Century, NY.: Basic Books.. Fernandez, J.P. 1986. Child Care and Corporate Productivity, Mass: D.C Heath.. Fitzgerald, L.F. & Crites, J.O. 1980. -129.

(24) ~th~~[. ~. JtJJ. "Toward a Career Psychology of Women:What Do We Know? What Do We Need to Know?"Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27:44-62. Hakim, C. 1979 "Occupational Segregation: A Comparative Study of the Degree and Pattern of the Differentiation between Men and Women's Work in Britain, the United States and Other Countries",Research Paper, No.9, London: De partment of Employment. Hartmann, H. 1979 "Capitalism, Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex", in Z. Eisenstein (ed.), Capitalist Patriarchy and the case for Socialist Feminism, NY: Monthly Re view Press. Howe, LK. 1977 Pink Collar Workers, NY: Punam. Mallier, T. & Rosser, M. 1979 'The Changing Role of Women in the British Economy", National Westmin ister Bank Quarterly Review, (November):54-65. Lambert, D.SJ. 1990 "Processes Linking Work and Family: A Critical Review and Research agen da"~ Human Relations, 43(3):229-257. Oakley, A. 1974 The Sociology of Housework, London : Martin Robertson. Parsons, T. & Bales, R. F. 1955 Family Socialization and the Interaction Processes, NY Free Press. Pfafflin, S.M. 1984 "Women, Science and Technology," American Psychologist, 39:1183-1186. Pinchbeck, l. 1981. Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850, London:Virago. Prediger, D.P. & Cole, N.S. 1975. -130.

(25) 1992-9'- 11 ,FJ. ~. m-k·ti.A..;h i' ~ {~/iA1 ffl z*Jf~~. "Sex Role Socialization and Employment Realities:Implications for Voca tional Interest Measures", Journal of Vacational Behavior, 7:239-251. Rapoport, R. & Rapoport, R. N. 1976 Dual-Career Families Re-examined, NY: Harper & Row. Robinson, Olive 1988 "The Changing Labor Market: Growth of Part-time Employment & Labor Market Segmentation in Britain", in Sylvia Walby(ed.), Gender Segregation at Work, Philadelphia: Open University Press. Rubery, J. 1980 "Structured Labor Markets, Worker Organization and Low Pay", in A.H. Amsden (ed.), The Economics of Women and. Penguin Books.. U.S. Department of Labor, 1984 Facts on Women Workers, Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Labor. Walby, Sylvia 1988 "Segregation in Employment in Social and Economic Theory", in Sylvia Walby (ed.), Gender Segregation at Work, Philadelphia :Open University Press. Yeandle, S.M. 1982 "Variation and Flexibility: Key Characteristics of Female Labor",Sociology, 16(3):422-430.. Yeandle, S.M. 1984 Women's Working Lifes:Patterns and Strategies, NY: Tavistock. Zellner, H. 1972 "Discrimination Against Women, Occupational Segregation, and the Relative Wage", American Economic Review, 62:157-160.. -131 \.

(26)