學前聽損兒主要照顧者社會支持之研究
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(3) ……. ……. 2013.01. i.
(4) 128. 75.29%. 57.6%. ii.
(5) Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the social support for caregivers of preschool children with hearing impairment. Data were collected from self-developed questionnaires given to the caregivers of preschool children with hearing impairment. A total of 128 valid samples were obtained. The collected. data. were. analyzed. using. one-way. ANOVA,. Pearson’s. product-moment correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The major findings were as follows: 1. On the resources of social support scale, the respondents perceived the most support from formal social support. The “information social support” received the highest score among the types of social support, while the “instrumental social support” was the lowest. 2. Caregivers of preschool children with hearing impairment received different resources and types of social support according to their educational level and monthly family income. 3. The research results revealed that middle to high positive correlations existed between resources of social support and the level of social support obtained by caregivers. 4. The stepwise multiple regression results indicated that monthly family income, informal social support and formal social support could totally explain the types of social support. The explanation power was 57. 6%. The most effective variable was “formal social support”. Concrete suggestions based on these findings were presented for the reference of decision makers in the government and early intervention agencies, as well as for future researchers. iii.
(6) Key words: children with hearing impairment, caregivers, social support. iv.
(7) ……………………………………………………………. 1. ………………………………………. 1. …………………………………………………. 3. …………………………………………………. 4. …………………………………………………. 5. …………………………………………………. 7. …………………………………………………. 8. ………………………………………………………. 9. …………………………. 9. …………………………………. 15. ………………………………………………………. 25. …………………………………………………. 25. …………………………………………………. 26. …………………………………………………. 27. …………………………………………. 34. v.
(8) ………………………………………………. 37. ………………………………………………. 37. ………………………………………………. 45. ……………. 71. …………………………………………………………. 73. ……………………………………………………. 77. ………………………………………………………. 77. ………………………………………………………. 83. ……………………………………………………………. 87. ……. 93. ……………………………………. 97. …………………………………………………………… 104. vi.
(9) 2-2-1. …………… 19. 3-3-1. …………… 29. 3-3-2. ………………… 30. 3-3-3. …………… 32. 3-3-4. ………………… 33. 3-4-1. …………………………………… 35 …………. 4-1-1. 38. 4-1-2. ……… 40. 4-1-3. ………… 41. 4-1-4. ……… 42. 4-1-5. ………… 44. 4-2-1. ……………………… 47. 4-2-2. ………………………… 51. 4-2-3. …………………… 54. 4-2-4. ……………………… 58. 4-2-5. ……………………… 61. 4-2-6. ……………………… 65. 4-2-7. …………………… 69. vii.
(10) 4-3-1. …………………… 72. 4-4-1. … 75. viii.
(11) 3-1-1. ………………………………………………………… 25. ix.
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(17) 6.
(18) ( 80). (. ) (Hearing-impairment). 0 6. Caplan 1974. 7.
(19) 8.
(20) (hearing loss) (pure tone). (deaf). 2000Hz. 500Hz 1000Hz. 90. (hard of hearing). 25. 90. Polloway, Patton & Dowdy, 2001) 76 25 80. 9. (Smith,.
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(29) ( 2003. 2007. 2010). ( ). information social support. ( ). instrumental social support. ( ). emotional social support. (. 2-2-1). 18. 2000. 2002.
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(31) 2-2-1. (. Gavidia-Payne. Family predictors of. &. maternal and paternal. Stoneman(199. involvement in. 7). programs for young. 1.. 2.. children with disabilities.. Keller &. Maternal and parental. Honing(2004). stress in families. 3.. withschool-aged children with disabilities. (2005). (2002). 1.. 2.. 20. 1).
(32) 2-2-1. (. (2002). 3.. (2003). 1.. 2.. 3.. (1998). 1.. 2.. (2010). 21. 2).
(33) 2-2-1. (2007). (. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. (2010). 1.. 2.. (2000). 1.. 2.. 22. 3).
(34) 2-2-1. (2000). (. 3.. 4.. (2010). 23. 4).
(35) 24.
(36) 3-1-1. 3-1-1. 25.
(37) 2012. 5 60. 1. 50. 83.33 2. 48. 2. 96. 2012. 6. 170 170. 131. 3. 128. 1 2. 26. 77.06 97.71.
(38) ( ). 1. ( ). 1 4. 40-49. 20. 5. ( ). 2. 3 2 20-29. 3 30-39. 50 1. 2. 3. 4 ( ). 1 3. ( ). 5. 2. -10. 4 1. -5. 10 2. 27. 2 2. 3. 4.
(39) ( ). 1 (25. 55. ). 2. 3. 4. ( ) (2010). (2007). 2000. 2012. 5. 3. 2. 28.
(40) ( ) Cronbach’s 2003. .80. .70. .80 .70. 48. .60. 3-3-1. 3-3-1 Cronbach’s. 29. 9. .800. 6. .729. 15. .844. .70.
(41) 3-3-1. .73. .80. .84. 3-3-2 3-3-2 9. 6 Likert. scale. 1 2. 3. 4. 3-3-2. 30. 1-9. 9. 10-15. 6.
(42) ( ) (2010). (2007). 2000. 2012. 5. 3. 2. 31. (2005).
(43) ( ) Cronbach’s 2003. .80. .70. .80 .70. 48. .60. 3-3-3. 3-3-3 Cronbach’s 6. .905. 10. .786. 4. .901. 20. .908. 3-3-3. .79. .91. .91 32. .70.
(44) 4 3-3-4 6 10. 4 Likert scale 1. 3. 2 4. 3-3-4. 33. 1-6. 6. 7-16. 10. 17-20. 4.
(45) SPSS17.0 30 SPSS. invalid data. ( ). ( ) 1.. 34.
(46) 2.. 3-4-1. (. 2008). 3-4-1 (. ). 1.00 .70. .99. .40. .69. .10. .39. .10. 3.. F .05 F. 35.
(47) .10 / 2010. 36.
(48) 128 112 (87.5%). 6 68.0%(87. (4.7%). 30-39. ) 50. 3.9%(5 49.2%(63. 7.8%(10 ). ). 2. -5. 2. 8.6%(11. ). 44.5%(57. ). ). 4.7%(6 37. ). 41.4%(53. ).
(49) 60.2%(77 3.9%(5. ). ). 4-1-1. 4-1-1. (n=128). 6. 4.7%. 112. 87.5%. 10. 7.8%. 20-29. 9. 7.0%. 30-39. 87. 68.0%. 40-49. 27. 21.1%. 5. 3.9%. 10. 7.8%. 44. 34.4%. 63. 49.2%. 11. 8.6%. 11. 8.6%. 50. 2 2. -5. 53. 41.4%. 5. -10. 50. 39.1%. 14. 10.9%. 49. 38.3%. 57. 44.5%. 16. 12.5%. 6. 4.7%. 10. 38.
(50) 4-1-1. (n=128)( ). 5. 3.9%. 23. 18.0%. 23. 18.0%. 77. 60.2%. 15 3.58 3.27 3.23. 2.91. 2.77. 1.68 1.74. 4-1-2. 39.
(51) 4-1-2. (n=128) (. ). 2.91(0.926). 1~4. 4. 2.46(1.003). 1~4. 7. 2.43(1.025). 1~4. 9. 1.88(0.927). 1~4. 12. 1.97(0.869). 1~4. 10. 1.74(0.990). 1~4. 13. 1.90(0.995). 1~4. 11. 2.64(0.839). 1~4. 6. 1.74(0.941). 1~4. 13. 2.77(0.778). 1~4. 5. 3.27(0.670). 2~4. 2. 3.58(0.610). 2~4. 1. 3.23(0.715). 1~4. 3. 1.68(0.996). 1~4. 15. 2.48(0.859). 1~4. 8. ( ) 1. 4. (2007). (2000). (2007). (2000). 40.
(52) 2.443 (2.829. ). (2.186. ). 4-1-3. 4-1-3. (n=128) (. ). 2.186 (0. 692). 2. 2.829 (0. 507). 1. 2.443(0. 564). (2007) (2000). 1.51. 2.67. 41.
(53) 2.67 1.51 4-1-4. 4-1-4. (n=128) (. 42. ). 2.53(0.698). 1~4. 6. 2.49(0.732). 1~4. 9. 2.55(0.730). 1~4. 5. 2.51(0.687). 1~4. 8. 2.53(0.698). 1~4. 6. 2.57(0.750). 1~4. 4. 2.63(0.896). 1~4. 2. 2.67(0.775). 1~4. 1. 2.08(0.884). 1~4. 13. 2.06(0.937). 1~4. 14. 1.92(0.952). 1~4. 16.
(54) 4-1-4. (n=128)( ) (. 1. ). 2.05(0.908). 1~4. 15. 1.51(0.896). 1~4. 20. 1.57(0.919). 1~4. 19. 1.72(0.822). 1~4. 18. 1.77(0.806). 1~4. 17. 2.29(0.795). 1~4. 12. 2.38(0.775). 1~4. 10. 2.38(0.869). 1~4. 10. 2.63(0.831). 1~4. 2. 4. 2.243 2.531 2.420. 1.998 4-1-5. 43.
(55) 4-1-5. (n=128) (. ). 2.531(0.583). 1. 1.998(0. 629). 3. 2.420(0. 722). 2. 2.243(0. 542). (2002). (2007) (2003). 44.
(56) ( ) 4-2-1 M=2.256. M=2.019. F(2, 125)=.224, p .05 ( ) 4-2-1. 50. M=2.244. 20-29. M=1.194. F(2, 125)=.696, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-1. 45.
(57) M=3.343 M=1.856. F(2, 125)=17.405, p. .001. Scheffe’s. ( ) 4-2-1. 10. M=3.246. 2. M=1.828. F(2, 125)=21.446, p. .001. Scheffe’s. 10 2. 2. -5. 5. -10. ( ) 4-2-1 M=2.311. M=2.007. 46.
(58) F(2, 125)=1.010,. p. .05. ( ) 4-2-1 M=2.412 M=2.073. F(2, 125)= 1.347, p. .05. 4-2-1. (n=128) F (1). 2.019. .697. (2). 2.189. .685. (3). 2.256. .830. 20-29. (1). 1.194. .407. 30-39. (2). 2.232. .698. 40-49. (3). .224. .696 50. (4). 2.115. .702. 2.244. .976. 47.
(59) 4-2-1. (n=128)( ) F (1). 1.856. .677. (2). 1.962. .507. (3). 2 2. 2.192. .653. (4). 3.343. .342. (1). 1.828. .380. 1.929. .506. -5. (2). 17.405*** 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 21.446*** 5. -10. (3) 2.240. .685. 3.246. .418. (1). 2.311. .718. (2). 2.131. .718. (3). 2.007. .504. 2.167. .631. 2.400. .710. 2.073. .598. 10. (4). 1.010. (4) (1) (2). 1.347. ***p. (3). 2.412. .865. (4). 2.137. .655. .001. ( ) 4-2-2 M=2.836. M=2.750 48.
(60) F(2, 125)=.100, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-2. 30-39. M=2.880. 50. M=2.533. F(2, 125)=1.384, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-2 M=3.364 M=2.659. F(2, 125)=6.684, p. .001. Scheffe’s. ( ). 49.
(61) 4-2-2. 10. M=3.357. 2. -5. 5. -10. M=2.654. F(2, 125)=9.362, p. .001. Scheffe’s. 10 2. 2. -5. ( ) 4-2-2 M=2.972. M=2.754. F(2, 125)=1.092, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-2 M=3.100 M=2.747 F(2,. 50.
(62) 125)=. 2.052, p. .05. (n=128). 4-2-2. F (1). 2.750. .689. (2). 2.836. 0496. (3). 2.800. .560. 20-29. (1). 2.630. .477. 30-39. (2). 2.880. .499. 40-49. (3). 2.790. .526. 2.533. .519. (1). 2.767. .578. (2). 2.659. .443. .100. 1.384 50. (4). (3). 2. 2.865. .494. (4). 3.364. .378. (1). 2.682. .398. 2.654. .487. 2. -5. (2). 5. -10. (3) 2.900. .465. 3.357. .397. (1). 2.915. .446. (2). 2.754. .531. (3). 2.781. .629. 2.972. .306. 3.100. .346. (2). 2.891. .431. (3). 2.986. .607. (4). 2.747. .492. 10. (4). 6.684***. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 9.362***. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 1.092 (4) (1). 2.052. ***p. .001 51.
(63) ( ) 4-2-3 M=2.473 M=2.311 F(2, 125)=.180,. p. .05. ( ) 4-2-3. 30-39 M=2.491. 20-29. M=2.200. F(2, 125)=.897, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-3 M=3.352 M=2.220. 52.
(64) F(2, 125)=16.230, p. .001. Scheffe’s. ( ) 4-2-3. 10 M=3.291. 2. M=2.170. F(2, 125)=21.256, p. .001. Scheffe’s. 10 2. 2 5. -5 -10 2. ( ) 4-2-3 M=2. 552 M=2.317. 53. 5. -5. -10.
(65) F(2, 125)=1.134, p .05 ( ) 4-2-3 M=2.680 M=2.381. F(2, 125)= 1.642, p. 4-2-3. (n=128) F (1). 2.311. .635. (2). 2.448. .554. (3). 2.473. .683. 20-29. (1). 2.200. .365. 30-39. (2). 2.491. .564. 40-49. (3). .180. .897 50. (4). 2.385. .582. 2.360. .768. 54. .05.
(66) 4-2-3. (n=128)( ) F (1). 2.220. .546. (2). 2.241. .429 16.230***. (3). 2 2. 2.461. .533. (4). 3.352. .281. (1). 2.170. .340. 2.219. .425. -5. (2). 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 21.256*** 5. -10. (3) 2.504. .547. 3.291. .334. (1). 2.552. .553. (2). 2.380. .595. (3). 2.317. .503. 2.489. .463. 2.680. .468. 2.400. .481. 10. (4). 3. 2. 1.134. (4) (1) (2). 1.642. ***p. (3). 2.644. .732. (4). 2.381. .527. .001. ( ) 4-2-4 M=3.083. M=2.383 55.
(67) F(2, 125)=3.157,. p. .05. ( ) 4-2-4 30-39 20-29. M=2.556. M=2.463. F(2, 125)=.159, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-4 M=3.410 M=2.250. F(2, 125)=12.394, p. .001. Scheffe’s. 56.
(68) ( ) 4-2-4. 10. M=2.798. 2. M=2.318. F(2, 125)=2.956, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-4 M=2.833. M=2.427. F(2, 125)=1.885, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-4 M=2.681 M=2.433. 57.
(69) F(2, 125)= .814, p. .05. 4-2-4. (n=128) F (1). 3.083. .736. (2). 2.515. .576. (3). 2.383. .423. 20-29. (1). 2.463. .389. 30-39. (2). 2.556. .607. 40-49. (3). 2.488. .590. 2.467. .519. (1). 2.250. ..410. (2). 2.527. ..580. 2.426. .502. (4). 3.410. .404. (1). 2.318. .524. 3.157. .159 50. (4). (3). 2 2. -5. (2). 2.406. .547. 5. -10. (3) 2.637. .560. 2.798. .714. (1). 2.643. .525. (2). 2.433. .564. (3). 2.427. .704. 2.833. .753. 12.394*** 4. 2.956 10. (4). 1.885 (4). 58. 3, 4 2, 4. 1.
(70) 4-2-4. (n=128)( ) F (1). 2.433. .796. (2). 2.681. .586. (3). 2.580. .687. (4). 2.478. .537. .814. ***p. .001. ( ) 4-2-5 M=2.100. M=1.980. F(2, 125)=.083,. p. .05. ( ) 4-2-5. 20-29. M=2.067. 40-49. M=1.837. F(2, 125)=.754,. p. .05 59.
(71) ( ) 4-2-5 M=3.073 M=1.790. F(2, 125)=17.225, p. .001. Scheffe’s. ( ) 4-2-5. 10. M=3.121. 2. M=1.691. F(2, 125)=33.281, p. .001. Scheffe’s. 10 2. 2. -5 5. 60. 5 -10. -10.
(72) 2. -5. ( ) 4-2-5 M=2.120. M=1.750. F(2, 125)=1.521, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-5 M=2.360 M=1.912. F(2, 125)= 1.540, p. .05. 4-2-5. (n=128) F (1). 2.100. .648. (2). 1.995. .622. (3). 1.980. .754. 61. .083.
(73) 4-2-5. (n=128)( ) F 20-29. (1). 2.067. .403. 30-39. (2). 2.038. .660. 40-49. (3). 1.837. .579. 2.060. .680. (1). 1.790. .582. (2). 1.807. .466. .754. 50. (4). 17.225*** (3). 2. 1.978. .589. (4). 3.073. .393. (1). 1.691. .530. 2. -5. (2). 1.736. .406. 5. -10. (3) 2.030. .540. 3.121. .410. (1). 2.120. .597. (2). 1.968. .694. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 33.281***. 10. (4). 3. 1.521 (3). 1.750. .473. 1.950. .446. 2.360. .783. (2). 2.087. .560. (3). 2.122. .780. (4). 1.912. .582. (4) (1). 1.504. ***p. .001. 62. 2.
(74) ( ) 4-2-6 M=2.450. M=2.333. F(2, 125)=.051,. p. .05. ( ) 4-2-6. 30-39. M=2.440. 20-29. M=2.190. F(2, 125)=.318,. p. .05. ( ) 4-2-6 M=3.386 M=2.165. 63.
(75) F(2, 125)=10.591, p. .001. Scheffe’s. ( ) 4-2-6. 10. M=3.143. 2. M=1.932. F(2, 125)=10.606, p. .001. Scheffe’s. 10 2. 2. -5 5. 5 -10 2. ( ) 4-2-6 M=2.592. M=2.234. 64. -10.
(76) F(2, 125)=1.610, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-6 M=2.576 M=2.331. F(2, 125)= 1.015, p. .05. 4-2-6. (n=128) F (1). 2.333. 1.137. (2). 2.422. .689. (3). 2.450. .888. 20-29. (1). 2.194. .570. 30-39. (2). 2.443. .737. 40-49. (3). .051. .318 50. (4). 2.426. .689. 2.400. 1.009. 65.
(77) 4-2-6. (n=128)( ) F (1). 2.250. .726. (2). 2.165. .684 10.591***. (3). 2 2. 2.456. .647. (4). 3.386. .438. (1). 1.932. .643. 2.198. .583. -5. (2). 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1. 10.606*** 5. -10. (3) 2.560. .694. 3.143. .751. (1). 2.592. .655. (2). 2.329. .744. (3). 2.234. .761. 2.375. .833. 2.450. 1.095. 2.554. .500. 10. (4). 3. 1. 1.610. (4) (1) (2). 1.015. ***p. (3). 2.576. .755. (4). 2.331. .742. .001. ( ) 4-2-7 M=2.442. M=2.195 66.
(78) F(2, 125)=.447,. p. .05. ( ) 4-2-7. 30-39. M=2.274. 40-49. M=2.150. F(2, 125)=.365, p. .05. ( ) 4-2-7 M=3.236 M=2.020. F(2, 125)=20.543, p. 67. .001. Scheffe’s.
(79) ( ) 4-2-7. 10. M=3.029. 2. M=1.927. F(2, 125)=20.635, p. .001. Scheffe’s. 10 2 -10. 2 5. -5. 5. -10 2. -5. ( ) 4-2-7 M=2.371. M=2.050. F(2, 125)=1.911,. p. .05. 68.
(80) ( ) 4-2-7 M=2.400 M=2.166. F(2, 125)= 1.320, p. .05. 4-2-7. (n=128) F (1). 2.442. .696. (2). 2.236. .536. (3). 2.195. .551. 20-29. (1). 2.211. .330. 30-39. (2). 2.274. .578. 40-49. (3). .447. .365 50. 2.150. .481. 2.250. .591. (1). 2.020. .507. (2). 2.094. .458. (4). 20.543*** (3) (4). 2.208. .452. 3.236. .316. 69. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 1.
(81) 4-2-7. (n=128)( ) F 2. (1). 1.927. .505. 2. -5. (2). 2.029. .401. 5. -10. (3) 2.318. .495. 3.029. .394. (1). 2.371. .522. (2). 2.180. .544. 4. 3, 4 2, 4. 20.635***. 10. (4). 3. 1.911 (3). 2.050. .547. 2.300. .554. 2.400. .789. (2). 2.359. .511. (3). 2.350. .620. (4). 2.166. .567. (4) (1). 1.320. ***p. .001. (2010) (2010). 70. 2. 1.
(82) .399 .693. .565 .681. .468 .646 .501 .659. 71.
(83) .462. .743 .596 .738. 4-3-1. 4-3-1. ***p. (n=128). .399***. .693***. .565***. .681***. .468***. .646***. .501***. .659***. .462***. .743***. .596***. .738***. .001. 72.
(84) 4-4-1. R2. .242. 24.2%. =.469. =-.187. 1. 2. 4-4-1. R2. .595. 59.5%. 73. 3.
(85) =.360. =.323. =.258. 4-4-1. R2. .366. 36.6%. =.329. =.225. =.187. 4-4-1. 74.
(86) R2. .576. 57.6%. =.361. =.349. =.210. 4-4-1. (n=128). -.308*(-.187) .202***(.258). .168*(.187). .142**(.210). .327***(.360). .344**(.329). .273***(.349). .540***(.469). .401***(.323). .320*(.225). .387***(.361). 1.629***. -.359. .339. .194. 128. 128. 128. 128. .242. .595. .366. .576. R2 1. 2. * p. .05. ** p. .01. ***p .001. 75.
(87) 76.
(88) 30~39 2. 77. -5.
(89) ( ) 1.. 2. 10 2 5. -10. 3.. 4.. 78. 2. -5.
(90) 10 2 5. 2. -5. -10. 5.. 6. 10 2 5. -10. -5 5. -10 2. 2. -5. ( ) 1.. 2.. 79.
(91) 3. 10 2 5. -10. 2. -5. 2. -5 5. -10. 4.. 5. 10 2 5. -10. 2. -5 5. -10 2. 80.
(92) 6.. 7. 10 2 -5. 5 5. 2. -10. -10 2. -5. ( ). ( ). ( ) ;. 81.
(93) ( ) 24.2%. ( ). 59.5%. ( ). 36.6%. ( ). 57.6%. 82.
(94) ( ). ( ). 83.
(95) ( ). ( ). 84.
(96) ( ). ( ). ( ). 85.
(97) ( ). ( ). 86.
(98) uho. (2012) 3 1. 28. 15. 2013. http://www.uho.com.tw/hotnews.asp?aid=16327 ( 2013. ) 1. -. 28. http://www.chgh.org.tw/apnwlhif/Frameset.php?page=page3.php (1991) (2012). 24. 2-6. 2005. (1989) (2012) 2013. 1. 28. http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawContent.aspx?PCODE=L0020020 (1999) (2002). 87.
(99) (2003). SPSS. (1984) 14. 3-9. (2003). (1994) (2002) (2008) (2010). SPSS(PASW). (1997). (1998). (2010). 88.
(100) (2007). (2007) 26. 55-84. (2012) 2013. 1. 28. http://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContentDetails.aspx?id=FL009187&Key WordHL=&StyleType=1 (1999). -. (2005). (2007) 18. 7-9. (2010). (2000). (2010) 89.
(101) (2006). (1986). (. 85-110 (2004). 90. ). 2.
(102) Barker, R. L. (1991). Social work dictionary. Maryland: Sliver Spring. National Association of Social Workers: 221. Ben-Zur, H., Duvedevancy, I., & Lury, L. (2005). Associations of social support and hardiness with mental health among mothers of adult children with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability research, 49,54-62. Caplan, G. (1974). Support System and Community Mental Health. New York: Behavior. Duvdevany, I. & Abboud S. (2003). Stress, social support and well-being of Arab mothers of children with intellectual disability who are served by welfare services in northern Israel. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 264.272. Gavidia-Payne, S. & Stoneman, Z. (1997). Family predictors of maternal and paternal involvement in programs for young children with disabilities. Children Development, 68(4), 701-717. Gottlieb, B. H. (1983). Social support strategies: Guidances for mental health practice. Beverly Hills: Stage Publication. House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Philippines: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Keller, D & Honing, A. S. (2004). Maternal and parental stress in families withschool-aged children with disabilities. American Journal Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 337-348. Marsh, D. T. (1992). Families and mental retardation: New directionsin professional practice. New York: Praeger. 91.
(103) McCubbin, M. A., & Tina-Huang, S. T. (1989) . Family strengths in the care of handicapped children: Targets for intervention. Family Relations, 38, 436-443. Norbeck, J .S., Lindsey, A. M., & Carrieri , V. L. (1981). The development of an instrument to measure social support . Nursing Research, 30 (5) , 264-269. Shumaker, S. A. & Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 11-36. Smith,T. E. C., Polloway, E. A., Patton, J. R., & Dowdy, C. A. (2001). Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Settings. MA: Allyn & Bacon. Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 416-423. Tolsdorf, C. C. (1976). Social Networks, Support, and Coping:An Exploratory Study. Family Process, 15(4), 407-417.. 92.
(104) ______. 1.. (1). 2.. (1) (3) 30~39. (2). (3). 20. (2) 20~29. (4) 40~49. 3.. (5) 50. (1). (2). (3). (4) 4.. (1) 5-10. (2) 2-5. (4) 10. 5.. (1). 6.. (2). (3). (1) 55. (3). ). (25. (2). (3). (4) 93.
(105) 94.
(106) 01. 02. 03 04 05. 06 07 08. 09. 10 11. 12. 95.
(107) 13 14 15 16. 17 18 19 20. 96.
(108) ________. ________. 1. 1. 2. 3. 97. ______________.
(109) 2 1 4. 20 40-49. 2 20-29 2 50. 3. 30-39. 3 1 4. 2. 3. 4 1 4 10. 2. 2. 2-5. 2. 10. 2-5. 3. -5. 5-10. 5-10. 5. -10. 10 2-5. -5. 5-10. -10. 5 1. 2. 3. 3. 4. 6 (25. 1 2. 3. 4. ---. 1. 2 -. 98. 55. ).
(110) 1. -------------------------------------------. 2. -------------------------------------------------. 3. ---------------------------------------------. 4. -------------------------------------------. 5. -------------------------------------------------. 6. -------------------------------------------------. 7. ------------------------------------------------5. 8. ---------------------------------------. 9. ----------------------------------------. 99.
(111) 10 ---------------------------------------------------------11. --------------------------------------------------. 12. ----------------------------------------------------. 13. --------------------------------------. 11.12 14. ------------------------------------------. 15. ------------------------. 1. 2.. 11.12.13. 100.
(112) 1 2 3. ------------. 4. ----------. 5 ---------------------------------------------------. 6. …... 101.
(113) 7. ---------------------. 8. -------. 9. ---------------------------. 10 11. ------------------------------------12. ---------------. 13. -----------------. 14. ------------------. 15. ---------------------. 16. …... 102.
(114) 17. ------------. 18. -------------------------------. 19. ----------------------------------. 20. ---------------------. ……. 103.
(115) ______. 1.. (1). 2.. (1) (3) 30~39. (2) 20. (4) 40~49. 3.. (2) 20~29. (5) 50 (1). (3). (2). (4). 4.. (1) (3) 5. (2) 2. -10. 5. 6.. (2). (3). (1) ). -5. (4) 10 (1). 55. (3). (4) (25. (2). (3). (4). 104.
(116) 01. --------------------------. 02. --------------------------------. 03. ----------------------------. 04. --------------------------. 05. --------------------------------. 06. --------------------------------. 07. --------------------------------. 08. ----------------------. 09. ----------------------------. 10. --------------------------------. 11. ------------------------------. 12. ----------. 13. ------------------. 14. ----------------------. 15. --------------------------------. 105.
(117) 01. ------------------------------------02. ------------------------------------03. -----. 04. ---. 05. ----------------------------06. -----. 07. -----------. 08. ---. 09. -----------------------------------------. 10 11. ---------------------. 12. 106.
(118) 13. ---. 14. ---------. 15. ---------. 16. ----------------------------17 18. -----------------. 19. ---------------------. 20. ---------. 107.
(119)
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