2. Coherence (cohesion)—文章的連貫與凝結性 (有 cohesive ties 來串聯句子)

Appendix A

The teaching material for instruction of text structure:

A well-structured text must contain two most important elements:

1. Unity—文章的統一性 (the ‘one and only’ idea)

2. Coherence (cohesion)—文章的連貫與凝結性 (有 cohesive ties 來串聯句子)

Part One: Unity

I. Choose the most appropriate topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs and write it down on the blank line.

1. At home, we use small, simple computers to control the washing machine or the microwave oven. At the supermarket, computers read the labels on products and work out the bills for customers. In the library, a computer can tell you, in a second, if a book is available.

Modern schools use computers to teach students. People even use computers to make friends on the BBS.

A. Computers are used in many situations today.

B. Computers are much smarter than human beings.

C. Computers are products of modern technology.

2. In the past, many people worked on farms or in factories making simple goods like shoes and umbrellas.

Today, they are more likely to be working in high-tech fields such as electronics or telecommunications, or they may be part of the fast-growing service industry.

A. The new communications technology will bring far-reaching changes to many people’s lives.

B. The job market in Taiwan has changed tremendously in recent decades.

C. The way of living today is different from that in the past.

3. Like every good scientist, Newton had a curious mind. He was interested in finding out why things happen. He was also very observant. He paid attention to everything around him and he used his observations to support his ideas. He was also skeptical. He would not say something was true until he had tested it and proved it. And he conducted his

experiments very carefully.

A. Newton was recognized as the leader of English science.

B. Newton, one of the world’s greatest scientists, developed the theory of gravity.

C. Newton’s success was due to his scientific attitude.

4. For example, they are not afraid of making mistakes in front of others. They enjoy talking with people, even in broken English. They enjoy singing English songs or watching English movies, even though they may not understand the meaning completely. They set goals and try any means to achieve them. They work hard and never quit. They believe that there is no shortcut to learning a foreign language.

A. Successful English learners can make good use of their time.

B. Successful English learners have a positive attitude toward their studies.

C. A positive attitude toward learning a foreign language is the key to effective learning.

II. Cross out the sentence(s) that is/are not related to the controlling idea in each of the following paragraphs. (以下文章因為句中帶有與主題無關的贅句而顯的 雜亂, 缺乏統一性, 請刪除)

1. There are many things to do before Chinese New Year arrives. First, people need to clean up their homes. Then they need to put red paper strips with good wishes on them on the wall or the door. Candies, peanuts, and all kinds of snacks also need to be prepared. Children also must have new clothes and shoes ready. Everyone looks forward to the coming of the Lantern Festival. (一句贅句)

2. Dolphins, according to researchers, help one another. When a mother dolphin is giving birth, other female dolphins will gather around her to guard against sharks.

Unfortunately, the number of dolphins has greatly decreased, mostly because of commercial fishing. Later on, when the mother dolphin has to look for food, the others will baby-sit the newborn dolphin. What’s more amazing, dolphins will even try to save another dolphin caught in a fisherman’s net. (一句贅句)

3. Reading is like a journey that each of us takes every day. When driving, we read the road signs to figure out where we are going. When studying, we read textbooks to explore the world of knowledge. Knowledge is power. When relaxing, we read stories and novels to take us to an imaginary world. Some of us may make all these reading trips in one day. Traveling is really fun. (兩句贅句)

4. Businessmen use advertisements to make consumers buy their products. They

place advertisements everywhere—in newspapers, in magazines, on the radio, on TV,

and even on the Internet. You can read news on the Internet, too. Advertisers will do

just about everything to make you believe that their products are better than their

competitors’. They will even spend millions to try to persuade you to spend just a few dollars. Indeed, he is a smart consumer.

(兩句贅句)

III. Choose an appropriate alternative for the passage.

1. Chocolates are a national craving. Designer chocolates often sell for nearly $30/lb. These candies are America’s number one choice.

a. Every year, manufacturers sell huge quantities of chocolates—1 ½ pounds per capita.

b. They are sold in huge quantities—1 ½ pounds per capita per year.

2. Robert Frost is probably the best-known American poet of the twentieth century.

Besides, he received a lot of honorary degrees from famous universities. Most of all, he was invited to read his poems at President Kennedy’s inauguration. For nearly half a century he was the unofficial poet laureate of America.

a. He put great emphasis on family life.

b. He won almost every major literary award and honor in America.

3. Chocolates are a national craving. They are sold in huge quantities—1 ½ pounds per capita per year. Designer chocolates often sell for nearly $

30/lb. .

a. America’s number one choice is these candies.

b. These candies are America’s number one choice.

Part Two: Coherence/cohesion

I. Categories of Cohesive Devices: Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) model—adopted

from Rochester and Martin (1976)

Category Subcategory Examples*

I. 指稱詞 1.代名詞 2.指示詞/冠詞 3.比較詞

We met Joy Adamson and had dinner with her in Nairobi.

We went to a hostel and oh that was a dreadful place.

Six guys approach me. The last guy pulled a knife on me.

II. 取代詞 1.不定代名詞 2.代動詞 3.代替句子

The oldest girl is 25 and the next one’s 22.

Eastern people take it seriously, at least some of them do.

I’m making it worse for myself. I would think so.

III.

省略

1.名詞省略 2.動詞省略 3.省略句子

He’s got energy, too. He’s got a lot more ∮ than I do.

I could go to university all my life, ∮ keep going to scho Have you ever been to Israel? –No, my brother has ∮.

IV.

連接語詞

1.Additive 2.Adversative 3.Causal 4.Temporal 5.Continuative etc.

I read a book in the past few days and I like it.

They started out to England but got captured on the way.

It was a beautiful tree so I left it alone.

My mother was in Ireland. Then, she came over here.

What kind of a degree?—Well, in one of the professions.

V.

相關字彙

1.同字根

2.

同義字/反義字 3.類別包含關係

4.General item

5.重覆 (repetition)

Mother needed independence. She was always dependent on my father.

I got angry at M. but I don’t often get mad.

I love catching fish. I caught a bass last time.

The plane hit some air pockets and the bloody thing went up and down.

I turned to the ascent of the peak…The ascent was perfect easy.

* Presuming item is underlined; the referent is italicized.

VI. 時態/語態

A list of cohesive devices : Adopted from Chang (1997), and Liang (1997)—those with brackets

1. 代名詞:

he him his she hers it its they them their theirs 2.不定形容詞:

every another other some both each all no none 3. 指示詞/冠詞:

the this that these those above below following here there such then [as follows]

4.Substitution (取代詞)/省略):

one ones the same the opposite so think so hope so [hope not] [do] [∮]

5.Conjunction (連接語詞)

5.1 Conjunction (Additive-simple):

and nor or or else

5.2 Conjunction (Additive—complex, emphatic)

furthermore in addition besides alternatively incidentally

by the way that is I mean in other words for instance thus likewise similarly by contrast on the other hand [not only…but also]

5.3 Conjunction (Adversative “proper”):

yet though only but however nevertheless despite this 5.4 Conjunction (Contrastive/Correction/Dismissal)

in fact actually instead as a matter of fact rather at least in any case on the contrary anyhow at any rate in either case whichever way it is [after all]

5.5 Conjunction (Causal-general)

hence therefore consequently for this reason on account of this because of this as a result in consequence for this purpose with this in mind

5.6 Conjunction (Reversed Causal/Polarity)

for because it follows on this basis to this end in that case in such an event that being so under the circumstances otherwise

in this respect in this regard aside from this with reference to this 5.7 Conjunction (Temporal-simple)

next after just then previously before that finally at last [at that time] [in the end]

5.8 Conjunction (Temporal-complex)

at once soon meanwhile until then secondly up to now in short in conclusion at this moment to sum up from now on at this point briefly to resume to return to the point

II. Fill in each blank with one of the transitional words or phrases given in the box above the passage.

1.

For this reason, however, such as

Cars are the main cause of air pollution in many cities. This is especially true in big cities, Los Angeles, where most people go to work by car. In order to reduce pollution, the city must reduce the number of cars on the road. This is only possible, , if people have another way to get to work. , many city governments are working to improve their municipal Mass Rapid Transit Systems.

2.

and yet, As a result, besides, First, For example, For instance, Second

The cities with the best recycling programs have discovered that two things are

necessary for success. , the program must be simple and

convenient. , recycling containers should be placed on almost every street corner, and , they should be clearly marked. , the government must educate people about the importance of recycling. , it can run television commercials and put up posters emphasizing that each person must help to keep the garbage separated. Separating garbage may be troublesome, it is important. More and more people around the world are beginning to understand

this, and they are helping to fight the garbage problem. , they are

making their cities cleaner and more beautiful.

Appendix B

Think-aloud modeling

1. The passage of “Discourse Structure” test for think-aloud modeling

Are drive-in movie theaters disappearing? 1 The car was “king” and gasoline was cheap. Theaters advertised “$ 1 a carload.”

In the 1970’s, however, things began to change. There was an oil shortage, and the price of gasoline went up. People took fewer unnecessary trips. 2 By 1984, there were only about 3,000 drive-in theaters in the United States, mostly in the West and the South.

3 The theaters had been built on cheap open land, outside of towns and cities. As the suburbs spread out into the country, the land became more valuable than the theaters. 4 Hotels, shopping centers, and office buildings replaced the old drive-ins.

5 The indoor theaters can remain open year round, while the season for drive-ins is only from May to September.

(A) Changes in the value of land also helped to put many drive-ins out of business.

(B) Some theaters gave way to indoor theaters with as many as 12 screens.

(C) Drive-in movies were a success in the 1950’s and 1960’s.

(D) Many theaters and the land they stood on were put up for sale.

(E) The popularity of drive-in theaters began to fade.

2. Transcript of think-aloud modeling

各位同學大家好! 現在為你介紹一種新的閱讀增進法, 叫做 [有聲思 考法], [有聲思考法] 的運用如下: 讀者將正在閱讀的部分, 一個句 子, 或句子的部分念出來, 而且在念過之後, 把當時的想法說出來◦

你將聽到以下這篇 [篇章結構] 的解題錄音閱讀, 在錄音內容中, 你

會注意到這位讀者將文章中的句子, 或句子的部分念出來, 甚至重複

念某一小段, 而且在念完之後, 把他當時想到的想法說出來, 特別是

將他在解題時尋找線索, 確認線索的過程說出來, 這就是 [有聲思考

法] ◦ 現在請跟著錄音帶一起解答這一篇 [篇章結構] 題型, 之後,

你將有機會練習 [有聲思考法] 在解題中的運用, 請特別觀察以下示

範中, 強調文章的統一性和連貫性◦

Are drive-in movie theatres disappearing? [Drive in theatres 是啥麼啊?]

The car was “king” and gasoline was cheap. [嗯! 是講跟車子有關] Theatres advertised one dollar a carload. [嗯! 這一整段講一種叫做 drive-in 的電影院, drive 和車子有關, 所以 drive in 應該是講車子直接開進去看電影吧! 嗯! 有這種電影 院嗎? OK, 後面就說 a car load 一塊錢, carload 應該是指車位吧, 因為他們把車 子開進去看電影◦ 然後 The cars was king and gasoline was cheap. gasoline 很便宜, 應該和車子有關的東西, 而且 gasoline 有 gas 在裡面, 所以是不是指汽車的汽油 呢? 汽油很便宜而且一個車位一塊錢, 一輛車可以坐很多人, 所以看這種電影一 次一塊錢應該算很便宜吧! the car was king , king 是不是指那時候是極盛時期呢?

還有第一句是現在式, 可是格子後面兩句是過去式, 所以第一格應該是要引出過 去式那個時間吧, 嗯, 來看看選項是不是有時間, 有了, 就是(C)了◦] (C)Driving in movies was a success in the 1950’s and 1960’s. [這一句裡面有重複第一句的主題 driving movies, 然後 success 呼應 king 這個字, 而且這裡有提到過去的時間在 1950’s 跟 1960’s, 這樣應該沒錯, 第一格應該要選 C]

[好, 現在看第二段, 第二段] In the 1970, however, things began to change. [時 間現在講下一個年代, 而且出現 however, 那就跟上一段是相反的囉! things began to change, 上一段是講 success, 成功的時候, 極盛時期, 那這一段應該就 要講沒落了] There was an oil shortage, and price of gasoline went up, people took fewer unnecessary trips by 1984, there were only about three thousand drive-in theatres in the United States, mostly in the west and south. [嗯, 沒錯, 開始產生變化 了◦ 因為汽油漲價, 人們就不愛開車出去玩, 接著到了 80 年代, 所以這個是依照 時間順序講的, 50, 60 然後 70, 80 年代, 到了 80 年代, 就只剩下 3000 家 drive in theatres, 那就是每況愈下囉, 所以第二個應該是講汽油漲價對 drive in theatres 的影響, 而且一定是負面的, 好, 看選項] (A)Changes in the value of land also helped to put many drive-ins out of business. [說的是 land, 土地對 drive-ins 的影響, 嗯, 那應該不是這一段的主題吧! 這一段的主題應該是講汽油啊! 好, 看 B]

(B)Some theatres gave way to in-door theatres with as many as 12 screens. [這裡出 現 in-door theatres, 可是前面都沒有提出來作比較啊, 嗯, 應該不可能在中間的 地方一下子就冒出來, 好, 現在看(C), (C) 剛剛選過了, 看(D)] (D)Many theatres and land they stood on were put up for sale. [也是講跟 land 有關, 那也不是這一段 的主題, 看 (E)] (E)The popularity of drive-in theatres began to fade. [這裡有說到 drive in 的 popularity, 它受歡迎的程度, began to fade, fade 不知道是啥麼意思, 不 過有 began to 應該是開始有改變, 那就應該是指開始變差, 變沒落囉! 因為上一 段是講極盛時期, 那這一段講沒落, 就應該是對的吧, 那第二格就先選(E)]

[現在看第三段, 第三段的第一句主題句就空格了, 沒關係, 先看後面的細節 講啥麼] The theatres had been built on cheap open land outside of towns and cities.

[喔, 這裡有提到 land 了, 有提到土地了] As the suburbs spread out into the country,

the land became more valuable than the theatres. Hotels, shopping centers and office

buildings replaced the old drive-ins. [這一段講的都跟土地有關, 上一段是講汽油 漲價使得 drive in 沒落, 這一段應該就是講土地價格的變化使得 drive-in 沒落的另 外一個原因, 而且這一句它說 the theatres has been built on cheap land out side the towns and cities, the theatres 的 the 有指定, 是指啥麼呢? 應該是指 drive in 吧, 因為這種 drive in 電影院車子都開進去, 那要很大片的土地才行, 所以一定是土 地比較便宜的郊區囉! 嗯, 所以上一句, 第三格, 就應該要有出現 drive-in theatres 這個名詞才對, 這樣才接的起來, 那麼來看選項, 選項裡面有 (A)跟(D) 兩句有提到跟土地有關, 看看哪一句是主題句, 可能就是第一句了, 它應該要引 出來土地影響 drive-in 沒落的原因, 好, 看(A) 和 (D)] (A)Changes in the value of land also helped to put many drive-ins out of business. (D)Many theatres and land they stood on were put out for sale. [所以第三格應該是(A), 土地價格也是使

drive-in 沒落的原因, 嗯, 應該沒錯, 然後, 第四格就是 (D)囉! 來確定一下好了]

As the suburbs spread out into the country, the land became more valuable than the theatres. [as 在這裡應該是隨著吧, 隨著都市的發展, 郊區的土地也變得有價值, 而且比電影院本身要有價值, 那就是說開 drive in 這種電影院的人, 寧願把地給 賣了, 因為上一段說生意既然不好, 而且賣土地還會比較賺錢, 所以最後就是 hotels, shopping centers, office buildings 取代 drive ins, 這樣沒錯, 第四格應該是 要選(D)]

[好, 最後一段, 第一句又是空格, 先看後面] The indoors theatres can remain

open year round while the seasons for drive-ins is only from May to September. [嗯,

這裡把 indoor theatres 跟 drive in 拿出來比較他們的不同, 室內電影院可以全年

營業, 可是 drive in, 一定是室外的, 會受季節的影響, 所以當然是室內的電影院

比較佔優勢囉! 所以第五格也要提到 indoor theatres, 看(B)] (B)Some theatres

gave way to indoor theatres with as many as 12 screens. [句子裡面有提到 indoor

theatres, 而且說明 drive-in 比不過 indoor theatres 的原因, 所以第五格選(B), 好,

這樣沒錯]

Appendix C

Four DS-Mode Passages for Think-aloud practice

(1)

International Falls, Minnesota, has been called “the Nation’s Icebox.” The town won the title when a bone-chilling 46 degrees below zero Fahrenheit was recorded in the month of January in 1984. 1 Most of them are proud. Actually, the title is so important to them that they are angry that Fraser, Colorado, is trying to take it away. 2 But International Falls has filed for a copyright and now the name

“the Nation’s Icebox” is legally theirs.

There is more than pride involved in both cities’ claim to being coldest. 3 Manufacturers of products such as car batteries and flight suits flock to International Falls to test their products against the cold weather. 4

One group that does not always appreciate the cold weather of International Falls is students. 5 Said one resident, “If they closed down every time it got real cold, the kids would be home all winter.”

(A) Fraser claims that it is colder on average than the Minnesota town.

(B) Since winter is cold all the time, schools are almost never closed.

(C) Money is an important factor.

(D) Commercials bring an average of $300,000 per year to the town’s economy.

(E) How do the townsfolk feel about living in the coldest spot in America?

(2)

Fiction is the name we use for stories that are make-believe, such as Harry

Potter or Alice in the Wonderland. 1 It can be so close to the truth that it

seems as real as something that happened to you this morning. Or, fiction can be as fantastic as the most unbelievable fairy tale.

Not everything in a fictional story has to be made up. 2 You, of course, are real, and the moon is real, and many of the things that you could describe, such as the stars, the wind, and the pull of gravity, would be real. 3 It would be a trip you took in your imagination.

Nonfiction, on the other hand, is all about true things. 4 Someone’s biography is nonfiction; so is your autobiography. So are articles in your local

newspaper, and school reports on science. 5 Imagine writing history about

the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, or a report about a high school sports team. An

old proverb says, “Truth is stranger than fiction.” Do you think that’s true?

(A) History is nonfiction, too.

(B) But fiction isn’t always different from the way things usually are.

(C) Nothing is made up.

(D) You could write a story in which you fly to the moon.

(E) But your trip through space would be fiction.

(3)

Many people try to combat aging. 1 For example, they take in diverse health foods or apply the expensive cosmetics with special formulas. But they may not know that enough sleep is the secret. 2 These hormones make us healthy, sober and in a good mood.

Despite the benefits of sleep, people in modern times are getting less sleep than is needed. 3 So they may not go to bed until it is very late. In the meantime, some of these people get up as early as they can in order to study, exercise, or do housework. 4

Are you eager to keep young and energetic? 5 Otherwise, no health food or cosmetics can slow your aging.

(A) They try all possible ways for the purpose of staying fit and young.

(B) Then, you had better change your lifestyles and go to bed earlier.

(C) According to the medical people, our bodies produce chemicals called hormones during the sleep time.

(D) Many of them tend to work longer hours, attend meetings at night, watch TV or spend hours online.

(E) In a word, people have many different reasons why they don’t have sufficient sleep.

(4)

Windshield wipers of a car were invented by Mary Anderson on a trip in New York City in 1903. While touring the city on a streetcar, Mary was not interested in the views on the streets. 1 Repeatedly, the motorman had to get out of the streetcar to wipe off the snow and ice that had collected on the windshield. New York streetcar motormen at that time had tried various ways to solve this problem. 2 Mary, sitting on her seat, quickly drew her device in her sketchbook. 3

Mary’s device allowed the motorman to use a lever inside the streetcar to activate a

swinging arm on the windshield to wipe off the snow and ice. Because the device was

first designed for cold weather, it could be easily removed when warmer weather

arrived. 4 Even though her friends teased her about her awkward invention

attached to a streetcar, Mary didn’t give in to peer pressure. 5 By 1913, her invention became standard equipment on American cars. Since then, windshield wipers have saved many lives and made it easier to drive through storms.

(A) Wiping off the snow and ice by hands, however, seemed to be the only solution.

(B) Her solution was simple.

(C) Instead, she paid much attention to the streetcar motorman.

(D) A year later, she received a patent for it.

(E) Its function of wiping rain was later considered and added.

Appendix D

DS-mode Passages for Pre-test and Post-test

Pre-test

(1)

Are drive-in movie theaters disappearing? 1 The car was “king” and gasoline was cheap. Theaters advertised “$ 1 a carload.”

In the 1970’s, however, things began to change. There was an oil shortage, and the price of gasoline went up. People took fewer unnecessary trips. 2 By 1984, there were only about 3,000 drive-in theaters in the United States, mostly in the West and the South.

3 The theaters had been built on cheap open land, outside of towns and cities. As the suburbs spread out into the country, the land became more valuable than the theaters. 4 Hotels, shopping centers, and office buildings replaced the old drive-ins.

5 The indoor theaters can remain open year round, while the season for drive-ins is only from May to September.

(B) Changes in the value of land also helped to put many drive-ins out of business.

(B) Some theaters gave way to indoor theaters with as many as 12 screens.

(C) Drive-in movies were a success in the 1950’s and 1960’s.

(D) Many theaters and the land they stood on were put up for sale.

(E) The popularity of drive-in theaters began to fade.

(2)

Most people get a common cold at least once a year. 1 Colds are more

common during the winter months when it is colder, but you can catch a cold at any

time of the year. In America, people usually go to the local pharmacy to get medicine

for their colds. 2 In fact, there is no cure for the common cold. Taking

medicine can help relieve symptoms like runny noses, sore throats and coughs, but

only the body’s immune system can get rid of the cold. 3 Westerners like to

take vitamin C, sometimes in the form of orange juice, as some studies have shown it

helps to prevent colds. 4 That is because oranges are ‘cold’ according to

the traditional Chinese system of medicine. 5 It tastes great served hot and

is very nutritious, just what you need when you have a heavy cold.

(A) If they do not, they are very lucky.

(B) Another favorite ‘cure’ for the cold in the west is homemade chicken soup.

(C) Because of this, to strengthen the defense system of our bodies, it is important to get plenty of rest and eat healthy food.

(D) Chinese people do not like to eat oranges when they have a cold, however.

(E) People in Taiwan, on the other hand, often go to the doctor.

(3)

Some time ago, an explorer in Antarctica was amazed to see a ship quite close to his hut, which was far away from the sea. 1 Yet he was not dreaming. So what was the real reason? Was it his imagination?

Sometimes, what we see may not exactly be there. 2 It happens because different layers of air with different temperatures make the light rays bend.

Therefore, what we see is just the reflection but not the real thing.

There are different types of mirages. One of them is called looming. 3 In this case, the denser layer of air, located close to the ground, bends light rays

reflected from the ship downward. That’s why the ship could be seen from miles away.

This phenomenon may cause distant mountains to appear much closer than they are. 4 Actually, it does not only take place in Antarctica, but also over still, cool bodies of water, like lakes, usually in winter or early in the morning.

5 It is not because we have problems with our eyesight, but because light and air are playing tricks on us.

(A) It may also make things on the ground look like floating in the air or even like being upside down.

(B) Thus, our eyes do not always give us the correct information.

(C) He knew that even with a telescope, he could not possibly see that ship.

(D) When light passes up from a layer of denser air to a layer of less dense air, its rays are bent downward.

(E) This is called mirage.

(4)

Every society has a system of values—ideas, beliefs, ways of doing things.

Values are the ideas and things we believe in. 1 Children growing up in the

United States learn very early that their society values competition. This happens each

time their parents and teachers encourage them to get higher grades, to win at games

and sports, to “get ahead,” or to accumulate possessions. 2 Eskimos value

co-operation above competition. The Hopi Indians teach their children that it is bad to push ahead of others, to try to be better, to be first, or to win at games. 3

To many Americans, the “good life” is acquiring possessions, having money and savings in the bank, and enjoying what these bring. 4 The Dwakiutl and other Northwest Coast Indian tribes consider it good to have enough, but not too much. In ceremonies called “potlatches”, members of the tribe compete with one another to see who can give away or destroy more things. 5 The greatest honor and status is accorded the man who has the most things to give away or destroy.

There are many such contrasts between societies.

(A)Co-operation is the most valued quality of a person, and competition, in the American sense, would be considered a most undesirable quality.

(B)Most Americans, for example, consider it good to be hard working, inventive, ambitious, and competitive.

(C)Respect goes to the members of the tribe who can give away more of their things than anyone else.

(D)Members of other cultures would find the owning and displaying of wealth disgusting.

(E)Other societies, however, may have just the opposite values.

Post-test (1)

People generally hate cockroaches. 1 They put out poisons, they set roach traps, and they clean every available surface. They even buy electronic devices that are supposed to drive the roaches away. 2 In fact, cockroaches have been on this earth a lot longer than human beings. Scientists consider them to be one of the earliest forms of life still in existence. 3 Well, for one thing, they seem to be able to live in any place, hot or cold, damp or dry. For another, they don’t require much food. 4 Also, they can eat almost anything: wallpaper, glue, books, or even dirty laundry. 5 It’s all part of the roach diet. The war of man against roach is likely to continue for a long time to come.

(A) What accounts for their ability to survive the destructive disasters that have perished thousands of other species?

(B) They do everything in their power to get rid of these unwelcome insects.

(C) It doesn’t make much difference what it is.

(D) They can go weeks without eating.

(E) And still the roaches survive.

(2)

Maybe you remember being told, “Go ahead and cry. It’s good for you!” In just what way is crying good for you?

1 So, if you accidentally get something in your eye—say, some kind of

pollution irritant or a small speck of dirt—crying will help you remove it from the eye.

2

But this is only the physical satisfaction produced by crying. 3 It is true that if you feel sad, crying often makes you feel better. Why is that? Well, it seems that crying releases certain beneficial chemicals into the body that help restore a sense of well-being. 4 These substances contribute to high blood pressure, an upset stomach, and a fast heartbeat.

A scientist studying the phenomenon of crying reports that, among a group who admitted to having cried recently, 85 percent of the women and 73 percent of the men said that they felt better after crying. 5 You’ll feel a lot better, and probably be a lot healthier, too.

(A) Similarly, if your eyes become irritated from peeling an onion or getting soap in them while washing your face, crying will help relieve the discomfort.

(B)Well, for one thing, crying helps protect your vision.

(C) At the same time, crying helps the body get rid of negative chemicals.

(D) What about its emotional benefits?

(E) So, the next time you feel sad, go ahead and have a good cry.

(3)

For many years, Latin America had both a high birthrate and a high death rate which offset each other. That’s why there was no increase in population during those years. 1 One reason for this was the immunization against certain fatal diseases. Another reason was the improved sanitary conditions leading to fewer diseases. 2

While the death rate has been decreasing, the birthrate has not. 3 Several factors affect the attitudes of most Latin Americans about family

planning. One is the position taken by the Catholic Church which prohibits or forbids most birth control techniques. Another factor is tradition. 4 Still another factor is the lack of information on family planning in some rural areas.

Some experts say that unless things change, the population will continue growing

at a rapid rate. Others disagree. 5 They predict that this will happen in

Latin America by the end of this century.

(A) They believe that as Latin America becomes more modern and industrialized, the birthrate will slow down.

(B) As a result, most Latin Americans can now expect to live at least sixty years.

(C) It has long been the belief of many Latin American men that one way to demonstrate their machismo is to father a lot of children.

(D) But, by the 1900’s, the death rate began to decline because more Latin Americans began to live longer.

(E) One reason is that, until very recently, most Latin Americans, especially those of the lower-income groups, did not believe in birth control.

(4)

Many people collect things. Some collect stamps or coins, the two most

traditional collecting activities. 1 It seems that the things people collect are almost as varied as the people themselves.

In America, there currently seems to be a strong interest in anything from the 1930s, the period of the Great Depression. Most people living through that era could not afford expensive things and had to do with ordinary, low-cost items. 2 Some collectors—mainly older people who remember when—pay a lot for what is called “depression glass.” 3 Others collect presidential buttons, which display photos of the candidates and are worn by supporters during the presidential elections held every four years. 4 Elvis Presley fans collect anything having to do with their rock idol. Still others collect rusty old license plates and hood

ornaments from cars that are no longer manufactured.

It is an interesting question why people collect all these things. 5 Do people just enjoy the close association they form with other collectors with a similar passion? Are people enjoying the fun of becoming a real expert in one narrow field of interest? Maybe all of these theories help explain people’s passion to collect things.

(A) But today those very items that have survived the intervening 60 years are in great demand.

(B) They’ll spend $50 for a drinking glass made of milk glass or $75 for a colorful dinner plate of the “Fiesta Ware” pattern.

(C) Is it a nostalgic effort to recover the past?

(D) Others prefer cards, ranging from baseball cards to Pokemon cards.

(E) Two of the most popular buttons currently are “I Like Ike” (Eisenhower)

and “I’m just Wild About Harry” (Truman).

Appendix E

Metacognitive Awareness Questionnaire

你好! 這一部份的問卷是為了了解你對

〈

篇章結構

〉

題型如何解答, 請閱讀每 一項敘述, 然後根據該敘述符合你真實情況的程度來圈選答案, 切勿依你認為<應該 如何>或<別人會怎樣>來回答, 本問卷沒有絕對標準答案, 故請你在讀完每一項敘述 之後, 在量表上劃一記號, 以表達你對該項敘述的同意程度, 如量表所示的<非常同 意><同意><沒有意見><不同意><非常不同意>, 此外, 此份問卷僅供本人作研究之 使用, 不會列入成績考核的參考, 請各位同學安心地作答! 謝謝你的協助!

非常 同 沒有 不同 非常 同意 意 意見 意 不同意 一. 當我在做〈篇章結構〉題型時，常用的方法著重在:

1. 唸出字的讀音 □ □ □ □ □ 2. 判斷每個字的意思 □ □ □ □ □ 3. 找出關鍵字並判斷該字的意思 □ □ □ □ □ 4. 分析句子文法結構 □ □ □ □ □ 5. 找出文章的主旨大意 □ □ □ □ □ 6. 找出文章的細節內容 □ □ □ □ □ 7. 分辨文章中之主旨與細節 □ □ □ □ □ 8. 了解作者的旨意 □ □ □ □ □ 9. 根據上下文, 做適當的推理 □ □ □ □ □ 10. 略過不懂的地方, 繼續閱讀，希望下文會加以說明 □ □ □ □ □ 11. 重覆閱讀不懂的部分 □ □ □ □ □ 12. 由上下文猜測不懂的部分 □ □ □ □ □ 13. 將文章主題和我現在的知識聯想在一起 □ □ □ □ □ 14. 判斷文章的文體 (敘述文, 論說文, 描寫文, 議論文, 或說明文)

□ □ □ □ □

15. 注意文章組織結構的一致性與連貫性 □ □ □ □ □ 16. 尋找可能線索—代名詞 (如: I, my, me, mine, myself) □ □ □ □ □ 17. 尋找可能線索—指示詞 (如: that, this, these, those, the) □ □ □ □ □ 18. 尋找可能線索—上下文相關字彙 (如: 同義字，反義字,等)

□ □ □ □ □ 19. 尋找可能線索—轉折語 (如: however, but, instead, therefore 等)

□ □ □ □ □ 20. 尋找可能線索—文章的次主題 □ □ □ □ □

非常 同 沒有 不同 非常 同意 意 意見 意 不同意 二. 當我在做〈篇章結構〉題型時，面臨解題困難的原因有:

21. 生字太多 □ □ □ □ □ 22. 看不出字彙之間的關係 □ □ □ □ □ 23. 句子太長 □ □ □ □ □ 24. 句型太複雜 □ □ □ □ □ 25. 片語不懂 □ □ □ □ □ 26. 找不出文章主旨 □ □ □ □ □ 27. 看不出文章轉折 □ □ □ □ □ 28. 看不出可能線索 □ □ □ □ □ 29. 文章組織結構無法掌握 □ □ □ □ □ 30. 文章主題不熟，缺乏相關知識 □ □ □ □ □ 31. 不懂其他有效之解題方法 □ □ □ □ □ 32. 上下文不能連貫 □ □ □ □ □

Appendix F

Response to the Instruction and Think-aloud Modeling and Practice

一. 你對教授文章的基本組織要件 (統一性, 連貫性與 凝結性) 的(1) 感想如何? (2) 是 否使你對文章 的基本組織要件 (統一性, 連貫性與凝結性) 有更深的體認並更懂得 如何運用? (3) 對你解答 [篇章結構] 題型有幫助嗎? 如果有, 請具體列出那些方面, 原因為何? 如果沒有, 為什麼?

二. 你覺得教授文章的基本組織要件 (統一性, 連貫性與 凝結性), 除了運用在 [篇章 結構] 題型的解答, 在你學英文時, 其它方面的學習有幫助嗎? 如果有, 請具體列 出那些方面, 原因為何? 如果沒有, 為什麼?

三. 你對 [有聲思考法] 的 [篇章結構] 錄音解題示範的 (1) 感想如何? (2) 對你解答 [篇章結構] 題型有幫助嗎? 如果有, 請具體說明為什麼? 如果沒有, 為什麼?

四. 你認為 [有聲思考法] 的 [篇章結構] 錄音解題示範, 是否使你對文章的基本組織要 件 (統一性, 連貫性與 凝結性) 有更深的體認並更懂得如何運用? 如果有, 請具體說 明為什麼? 如果沒有, 為什麼?

五. 你對使用 [有聲思考法] 作答 [篇章結構] 題型的 (1) 感想如何?

(2) 對你解答 [篇章結構] 題型有幫助嗎? 如果有, 請具體說明為什麼? 如果沒有, 為什麼?

***六至十一題請根據該敘述符合你真實情況的程度來圈選答案

六. 我認為如果再多聽幾篇 [有聲思考法] –think aloud—的[篇章結構] 解題示範, 會對 我解答 [篇章結構] 題型有幫助。

□非常同意 □同意 □沒有意見 □不同意 □非常不同意

七. 我認為如果再多練習用 [有聲思考法] –think aloud—作答 [篇章結構] 題型, 會對我 解答 [篇章結構] 題型有幫助。

□非常同意 □同意 □沒有意見 □不同意 □非常不同意

八. 我會建議老師上課給你們機會多練習用 [有聲思考法] –think aloud—作答 [篇章結 構] 題型。

□非常同意 □同意 □沒有意見 □不同意 □非常不同意

九. 我願意和同學配對一起練習用 [有聲思考法] –think aloud—作答 [篇章結構] 題型。

□非常同意 □同意 □沒有意見 □不同意 □非常不同意

十. 整體而言, 在本階段的訓練之後, 我對 [篇章結構] 題型的解題, 較具信心。

□非常同意 □同意 □沒有意見 □不同意 □非常不同意

十一. 我認為本階段的訓練, 對我幫助最大的是 。 (幫助最大的寫’1’, 次之寫’2’, 再次之寫’3’)

□ 文章的基本組織要件 (統一性, 連貫性, 凝結性) 的教授

□ [有聲思考法] 的 [篇章結構] 解題示範

□ 練習用 [有聲思考法] –think aloud—作答 [篇章結構] 題型

Appendix G

Think-aloud protocols of four participants

Highest (H1) (1)

International Falls, Minnesota, has been called “the Nation’s Icebox.” The town won the title when a bone-chilling 46 degrees below zero Fahrenheit was

recorded in the month of January in 1984. (第一格) Most of them are proud. Actually, the title was so important to them that they are angry that Fraser, Colorado, is trying to take it away. (第二格) But International Falls has filed for a copyright and now the name “the Nation’s Icebox” is legally theirs. 它說一個城市被稱為 “the Nation’s Icebox”, 然後因為 46 degrees below zero 這樣的低溫, 才被稱為 Nation’s Icebox, 然後 Most of them are proud. Actually, the title was so important to them that they are angry when Fraser, Colorado, is trying to take it away. 就是說另外一個城市, 認為 自己才有資格被稱為 Nation’s Icebox, 現在看選項 (A) Fraser claims that it is colder on average than the Minnesota town. (B) Since winter is cold all the time, schools are almost never closed. 第一段沒有講到 schools, 所以應該不是這一個, (C) Money is an important factor. (D) Commercials bring an average of 3 million dollars per year to the town’s economy. (E) How do the townsfolk feel about living in the coldest spot in America? 它前面說 Most of them are proud. 這是他們的感想, 所以第一格應該是說住在這裡的人, 對住在這麼冷的地方的感想, 所以我覺得應 該是(E) How do the townsfolk feel about living in the coldest spot in America? 再來 講到了 Frazer 這個城市, 想要奪走這個稱號, 我們來看選項有講到 Frazer 這個城 市的, 有提到的就是(A) Frazer claims it is colder than average most of the town. 然 後後面說 But International Falls has filed for a copyright and now the name “the Nation’s Icebox” is legally theirs. 後面說 the Minnesota town 確定已經是有合法權 的, 而且有 but 這個連接詞, 所以前面應該是相反的事情, 所以第二格我選(A)。

再來看第二段 , There is more than pride involved in both cities’ claims to being coldest. (第三格) Manufacturers of products such as car batteries and flight suits flock to International Falls to test their products against the cold weather. 這段 沒有講到學校, 所以不會是(B), 我們就看(C)跟(D)這兩個選項, 它說 這兩個城 市想要成為最冷的城市, Manufacturers of products such as…它說不只這些, 所以 下來應該還有講說還有啥麼是另外的因素, 我們看到(C) Money is an important factor. 它說錢是很重要的因素, 所以第三個應該是(C), 再來第四格, 因為這段 沒有提到 schools, 所以第四格應該也是跟學校沒偶關係的, 所以我們就選 (D)。

接下來最後一段, One group that does not always appreciate the cold weather

of International Falls is students. (第五格) Said one resident, “If they closed down

every time it got real cold, the kids would be home all winter.” 這個就是跟學校有關 係, 我們來看(B)選項, (B) Since winter is cold all the time, schools are almost never closed. 一直跟 student, school 有關, 所以說選(B), 就完成了。

(2)

Fiction is the name we use for stories that are make-believe, such as Harry Potter or Alice in the Wonderland. (第一格) It can be so close to the truth that it seems as real as something that happened to you this morning. Or, fiction can be as fantastic as the most unbelievable fairy tale. 第一段解釋了 fiction 這個字的意思, 它說 fiction 可以跟事實很接近, 就好像你身邊的事情, 但是 fiction 也可以是想像的事 情, 無法相信的故事, 我們先來看選項好了, 選項(A) History is nonfiction, too.

顯然跟這個是完全沒有關係的, (B) But fiction isn’t always different from the way things usually are. 選項前面有一個 but, 但是因為其實它前面講的是說, 我覺得 不需要讓它使用 but, 所以這個先不列入考慮, 那(C) Nothing is made up. 這個跟 這一段也是沒有關係的, 然後(D) You could write a story in which you could fly to the moon. 然後(E) But your trip through space would be fiction. 它這句話也是跟 前面沒有衝突, 那它用 but 表示跟前面不符合, 那我們現在就先暫定第一格是(D) 好了。

那再來我們看第二段, 它說 Not everything in a fictional story has to be made up. (第二格) You, of course, are real, and the moon is real, and many of the things that you could describe, such as the stars, the wind, and the pull of gravity, would be real. 可是這一段講到了 you 跟 moon, 我們再回去看選項好了, 選項剛 剛的確有一個提到說 (D) You could write a story in which you fly to the moon. 那 這樣子我覺得剛剛我好像選錯了, 那就這一格, 第二格填(D), 那我剛剛也列入 考慮的選項(B) But fiction isn’t always different from the way things usually are. (B) 就填在第一格, 接下來看第三格, 我們還是從前面唸 You, of course, are real, and the moon is real, and many of the things that you could describe, such as the stars, the wind, and the pull of gravity, would be real. (第三格) It would be a trip you took in your imagination. 它現在講說你可以寫一個你飛向月亮的故事, 那月亮是真的, 你是真的, 很多東西都是真的, 像星星, 萬有引力, 跟風都是真的, It would be a trip you took. 它說這是一個你想像中的旅行, 現在是要講一個不是真的事情, 前 面真的事情已經講完了, 而且前面它說 Not everything in a fictional story has to be made up.它說不是所有的事情都是被捏造的, 它講完真的事情, 那現在應該是 要講捏造的事情, 我們看選項 (E) But your trip through space would be fiction. 就 是說你到太空旅行是 fiction, 所以我覺得選項是這個, 然後第三格我就選(E)。

再來 Nonfiction, on the other hand, is all about true things. (第四格)

Someone’s biography is nonfiction; so is your autobiography. So are articles in your

local newspaper, and school reports on science. 那現在只剩下兩個選項, 就是(A)

跟(C), 那它現在講 nonfiction 就是都是真的事情, 所以說沒有事情是捏造的, 所以我覺得應該選(C), 況且(A) History is nonfiction, too. 感覺很奇怪, 因為 too 也是, 它前面應該有提到一個東西也是 nonfiction 的, 但是它沒有提到, 所以這 個選項應該是(C)才對, 繼續看, So are articles in your local newspaper and school reports on science. Imagine writing history about the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, or a report about a high school sports team. An old proverb says, “Truth is stranger than fiction.” Do you think that’s true? 現在講到最後一格如果選 (A)應該是正確 的, 因為它前面有講其他的例子, 所以這邊用 too 不會很奇怪, 而且後面有講到 歷史的事情, 譬如想像寫一個歷史的事情, 就有關於那個地震, 所以說這個應該 選(A)沒錯, 那這樣子我第一格選(B),第二格選(D), 第三格選(E),第四格選(C), 第 五格選(A), 應該是沒有問題

(3)

Many people try to combat aging. 有兩個字不會, 沒關係, For example, they take in diverse health foods or apply the expensive cosmetics with special formulas.

喔, 天啊, 單字之多, But they may not know enough sleep is the secret. (第一格) These hormones make us healthy, sober and in a good mood. 生字好多, 沒關係, 現 在開始想, (A) They try all possible ways for the purpose of staying fit and young.

(B) Then, you had better change your lifestyles and go to bed earlier. (C) According to the medical people, our bodies produce chemicals called hormones during the sleep time. 好像有提到 hormones 下一個 (D) Many of them tend to work longer hours, attend meetings at night, watch TV or spend hours on line. (E) In a word, people have many different reasons why they don’t have sufficient sleep. 如果要選(B)的話, 它 前面有一個 then, 可是它前面應該有一個跟它相關的, 通常是方法吧, 它前面應 該有另一個方法, 但是它前面只是一個開頭句, 所以我覺得應該不是這個, 先把 這個剔除掉, 我現在先看第一段, 其實 for example 是一個例子, 所以(C)應該是 不對的, 因為他舉的例子跟這句話並沒有關係, (D) Many of them tend to work longer hours, attend meetings at night, watch TV or spend hours on line. 這個跟後面 的句子沒辦法串上, (E) 就更不是, 因為它說, (E) 跟後面例子也沒有關係, 我 現在先選(A), 那再來第二格, 我剛剛說那個 hormones, 在(C)有提到, 而且它也 說 these hormones, 應該前面也有提過, 它才說”these” hormones, 所以我就選有 提到 hormones 的這個選項 (C)。

看第二段, Despite the benefits of sleep, people in modern times are getting

less sleep than is needed. (第三格) So they may not go to bed until it is very late. 它

講說現在的人睡很少, 那剛剛有看到, 現在應該會講到為啥麼會睡很少, 或只說

他睡很少是做啥麼事, 我們現在就看跟睡很少有關係的, 就是(D)嘛 many of

them, 而且 them 也可以呼應前面 people in modern times, (D) Many of them tend

to work longer hours, attend meetings at night, watch TV or spend hours on line. 就

是因為他們做很多事情, 所以不到很晚是沒辦法睡覺的, 所以第三格我選(D), 再來它說 In the meantime, some of these people get up as early as they can in order to study, exercise, or do housework. (第四格) Are you eager to keep young and energetic? (第五格) Otherwise, no health food or cosmetics can slow your aging. 再 來就剩下 (B)跟(E)的選項, 它就是說你渴望保持年輕和活力嗎? 因為選項(B)說 Then, you had better change your lifestyles and go to bed earlier. 我剛說過 then 通常是講一個方法, 或者是接下來要做的事, 所以說現在第四句就顯得很奇怪, 因為它說同時有些人早起因為要念書, 還要運動, 做家事, 它說 You had better change your lifestyles and go to bed earlier. 他們那些人做什麼事, 跟你要改變你 的生活型態是沒有關係的, 所以說再來就看(E), 它說 In a word, people have many reasons why they don’t get enough sleep. 它前面講很多為什麼人們沒有充分 睡眠的理由, 現在就是說有那麼多理由, 所以沒辦法睡那麼多, 所以這個應該選 (E), 它又說 Are you eager to keep young and energetic? 它問了這個問題, 所以它 說 then, 那這麼一來, you had better change your lifestyles and go to bed earlier, 然 後你就應該改變你的生活型態, Otherwise, no health food or cosmetics can slow your aging. 它說 否則你會怎麼樣怎麼樣, 所以說第五格應該要填一個方法, 那 我們就填(B), 所以說這篇文章應該就是這樣子了。

(4)

Windshield wipers of a car were invented by Mary Anderson on a trip in New York City in 1903. While touring the city on a streetcar, Mary was not interested in the views on the streets. (第一格) Repeatedly, the motorman had to get out of the streetcar to wipe off the snow and ice that had collected on the windshield. 我們看選 項, (A) Wiping off the snow and ice by hands, however, seemed to be the only

solution. (B) Her solution was simple. (C) Instead, she paid much attention to the

streetcar motorman. (D) A year later, she received a patent for it. (E) Its function of

wiping rain was later considered and added. 它說現在這個人對街旁的風景沒有興

趣, 那接下來應該說, 反而對什麼事情是有興趣的, 有講到這個的就是 (C)

Instead, she paid much attention to the streetcar motorman. 我覺得應該是這一句,

因為下一句繼續講這個 motorman 的事, 而且就是 motorman 做了什麼動作才會

引起她的興趣, 所以第一題我選(C), 再來下一句, New York streetcar motorman at

that time had tired various ways to solve this problem. (第二格) Mary, sitting on her

seat, quickly drew her device in her sketchbook. 它說在紐約, 大家都儘力在想辦法

解決這個問題, 再繼續看, Mary, sitting on her seat, quickly drew her device in her

sketchbook. 她坐在她的位子畫出她的 device, device 忘了是什麼意思, 大概是

構想之類吧, 再來看選項, 現在要選第二個空格, 我們現在刪除 (D)A year later,

she received a patent for it. 跟目前的前後文是沒有關係的, 再來(A) Wiping off

snow and ice by hands, however, seemed to be the only solution. 它前面說他們想盡

各種方法, 這裡說想辦法把雪跟冰撥掉, however 然而, 似乎是唯一方法, 應該 跟前面有相互對應, 它前面說他們想盡各種方法, 那相反的然而, 但是似乎跟前 面一種方法, 所以應該第二個空格也就是選 (A), 再來第三格, 它說她畫下來了, 接下來應該是講跟她構想有關的事情, 接下來我覺得應該是(B) Her solution was simple. 因為這一句講說她的解決方法很簡單, 這樣才能帶出來下面一句的 Mary’s device allowed the motorman to use a lever inside the streetcar to activate a swinging arm on the windshield to wipe off the snow and ice. 它講後面這些方法跟 功能, 後面講的就是它的 solution, 它要用 her solution was simple 來引導後面這 些說明它的 solution, 所以說第三格應該是(B), 繼續看 Because the device was first designed for cold weather, it could be easily removed when warmer weather arrived. (第四格) Even though her friends teased her about her awkward invention attached to a streetcar, Mary didn’t give in to peer pressure. 那現在剩下(B) 跟(E)了, 現在看第四格, 它說因為這個東西 device 是為冷天設計的,所以天氣溫暖了就把 它拿掉, 它現在是講到它的功能, 所以說 Even though her friends teased her about her awkward invention attached to a streetcar, Mary didn’t give in to peer pressure.

(第五格) By 1913,n her invention became standard equipment on American cars.

Since then, windshield wipers have saved many lives and made it easier to drive through storms. 我覺得第四格應該選 (E) Its function of wiping rain was later considered and added. 因為它前面講功能, 下面應該說因為天氣變化改變的功能, 也應該是跟天氣有關的功能, 它說把雨擦掉的功能, 後來被考慮到, 然後被增加 了, 所以應該(E)填在第四格, 第四格就選(E)吧, 剩下一個選項 (D) A year later, she received a patent for it. 應該就是在…可是我不知道 patent 是什麼意思, 我覺 得應該…我猜是專利, 不知道對不對, 到了 1913 年, 她的發明物才會變成一個美 國正式的一個設備, 最後一格就選(D), 這樣就選完了。

High 13 (1)

International Falls, Minnesota, has been called “the National’s Icebox.” The

town won the title when the bone chilling 46 degrees below zero (Fahrenheit) [不會

念] was recorded in the month of January in 1984. [開始提到明尼蘇達州, 有一個被

稱為這個地方的, 這個 nation 的 ice box, 冰盒，它說這個 town 曾經贏得一個

title，就是 when the bones chilling, the bones chilling 應該就是很冷, 寒風刺骨那

種感覺, 就是很冷, 是在 1984 年一月的時候, 所以一開始就提到一個地方, 溫

度太低等等, 再來是] Most of them are proud. [現在先看選項 , (A) 提到 Fraser

這個人, 跟這個應該沒關係,] (B) Since winter is cold all the time, schools are

almost never closed. [嗯! 再來] (C) Money is an important factor. [跟這個絕對沒關

係] (D) Commercials bring… [再來] (E) How do the townsfolk feel about living in

the coldest spot…[應該是這一個, 因為 most of them are proud, 講到他們的感覺,

所以第二題就選(A)] [再來] Actually, the title is so important to them that they are angry that Fraser, Colorado, is trying to take it away. [因為 Frazer claims that it is colder on average than the Minnesota town. 所以, 跟 (A) 選項有關係, 所以第二 題就選 (A)] But International Falls has filed for a copyright and now the name “the National Icebox” is legally theirs. [所以第一段講到這個很冷的小鎮, 再來第二段]

There is more than pride involved in both cities’ claimed to be the coldest. [兩 方面都有人說他們自己是最冷, 因為他們覺得這很驕傲, 再來] Manufactures of products such as car batteries and flight suits flock to test their products against the clod weather. [這個地方提到說, 他們都說自己是最冷的, 那 (D) Commercials bring an average …to the town. 應該是(C)Money is an important factor. 應該是這 個, 因為它提到說, 他們都宣稱最冷, (C) 選項說 Money is an important factor.

Manufactures of products such as car batteries and flight suits flock to test their products against the clod weather. 所以第四個選項說 commercial 它帶來了多少 的利益, 也就是 Commercials bring an average of $300,000 per year to town’s economy. 所以第四格應該選(D)]

One group that does not always appreciate the cold weather of International Falls is students. [講到 student 所以答案一定是選項 (B)Since winter is cold all the time, schools are never closed. 大概就是這樣子, 我覺得第三個選項跟第四個選項 好像有一點…] There is more than pride involved in both cities’ claim to be the coldest. Money is an important factor. [money 是一個很重要的事實, 就是他們為 什麼堅持要搶這個名稱, 說他們是最冷的, 所以講到這個原因就是 money, 所以 就是這樣子.]

[現在還要檢查一下, 先看第一個選項 , 第一段有提到 Minnesota, 還有 the Nation’s Icebox, 提到跟溫度有關, 這個小鎮宣稱自己是最冷的地方, 所以第 一個空格說 Most of them are proud. 講到他們的感覺, 看選項應應該是跟他們感 覺有關的, 應該是 (E)How do the townsfolk feel about living in the coldest spot of America. 就是提到他們的感覺, 所以說後面才會接 Most of them are proud. 後面 Actually, the title is so important to them that they are angry when Fraser, Colorado, is trying to take it away. 講到這個州,他們想要把這個頭銜拿走 , 為什麼他們要 angry 就是跟 Fraser 有關係, (B)Fraser claims that it’s coldest on the average than the Minnesota town. 第二個應該選這個, 因為它有提到 Fraser, Colorado, 再來 International Falls has filed for a copyright and now the name “the Nation’s Icebox”

is legally theirs. 再來看第二段 There is more than pride involved in both cities’

claim to be the coldest. 他門之所以會去爭這個頭銜, 除了他們 feel proud, 他們

覺得很榮譽以外 there is more..所以還有其他的因素, 接下來他要提到的應該是另

外一個因素, 所以看選項裏有哪一個有提到因素的 , (A), (E) 已經選過, 我們把

它劃掉, 只剩下(B), (C), (D), 其中(C) 選項就有提到 Money is an important

factor. 所以他講到 more than pride 這個因素就是 money, money 是另外一個重要 的 factor, 另外一個重要的原因, 因為 Manufactures of products such as car batteries and flight suits flock into International Falls to test their products. 所以廠商 會在很冷的環境下想測試他們的產品, 接下來, 既然他們測試產品的性能, Commercials bring an average of 300 thousands per year to the town’s economy. 既 然廠商可以利用他們的環境來做產品的測試, 還有本身產品的宣傳, 所以 有商 業上的利益, 這些廣告 在他們這個地方是用, 就可以帶來很大的商機, 再來提 到 One group does not always appreciate the cold weather of International Falls is students. 它講到說, 大家都覺得這個 factor, 這個事情, 就是很冷, 是很好的, 只 有一群人不喜歡這個 cold weather,就是 students, 為什麼, 接下來就講原因, 所 以第五個就是應該填(B) Since winter is so clod all the time, schools are never closed. 所以說 students 最討厭, 因為就是 winters go cold 所以他們沒有辦法放 假 , 所以, Said one resident, “If they closed down every time it got real cold, the kids would be home all winter. 所以就算他們 close down, 他們也會整天在家裡, 也是沒有辦法出去, 也就是 one group 學生, 他們就是不喜歡 。

(2)

Fiction is the name we use for stories that are make-believe, such as Harry

Potter or Alice in the Wonder land. 然後空格 It can be so close to the truth that it

seems as real as something that happened to you this morning. Or, fiction can be as fantastic as the most unbelievable fairy tale. [所以第一個它講到 fiction, 它指 Harry Potter and Alice in the Wonderland, 然後 It can also be 空格後面, 所以選項

(A)History is nonfiction, too. 沒啥麼意思, 前面沒有提到, 第二個選項 (B)But fiction isn’t always different from the way things usually are. 可能是這一個, 我們 再看第三個 (C)Nothing is made up. 跟這個沒關係, (D) You could write a story in which you fly to the moon. 第五個(E) But your trip through space would be fiction.

這也沒啥麼關係, 所以可能的答案是 (B) 跟(D), 因為它前面提到, 接接看好 了, 先接 (B)But fiction isn’t always different from the way things usually are. It can also be so close to the truth that it seems as real as something that happened to you this morning. 所以我覺得答案應該是 (B), 因為它提到 can be so close 應 該說改變一般人的想法, 一般人都會覺得說 fiction 好像是很科幻的東西, 不是 很實際的東西, 但是後面提到到它也可以跟我們日常生活一些事實很接近, 所 以那句話應該是用來修正大家觀念, But fiction isn’t always different from the way things usually are.

再來第二段 Not everything in a fictional story has to be made up. 然後空格

You, of course, are real, and the moon is real, and many of the things you can

describe, such as the stars, the wind, and the pull of gravity would be real. 然後空格

It would be a trip you took in your imagination. [第一句講說, 並不是所有的