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Math Problem Posing : Students’ Learning, Teachers’ Professional Growth and Parental

Involvement

Shuk-kwan S. Leung law@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

National Sun Yat-sen University The 14th International Congress on

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Thank you

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About Myself

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About Taiwan

Population is 23,000,000 Size is 36,000 sq km

PME 36, Taipei, 2012

Population Size

SWITZERLAND Maryland, USA Guninea-Bissau (WEST AFRICA) AUSTRALIA

ROMANIA

Shanghai

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About this talk

My selected work as a response to

“manifestations of MPP” by Silver (2013) and

“teaching and learning through MPP” by English (2020).

Sharing results of analyses to data from Taiwan, Hong Kong and US. This research agenda grew over time with participants that were initially students, adding in teachers and finally parents.

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Introduction

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Polya (1945) Math in the making

Freudenthal (1973) Math as a human activity

Brown & Walter (1983) What-if-not

Kilpatrick (1987) MPP as goal and as means

MPP Activity

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MPP still needs attention

MPP refers to different activities and its multi-facet nature draws attention to researchers and practitioners internationally (Silver, 1994; Silver, 2013, Singer, Ellerton, Cai, 2015, English, 2020).

However, it still need attention for learning, teaching and parenting.

Implementation (Ask what happen, which strategies can meet challenges, and why document designated outcomes) aims to empower involving participants for growth.

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Growth in knowledge

To constitute growth in knowledge one must be curious.

When curious raises questions (pose) and finds answers (solve).

After answers ask more questions.

This cycle goes on and on

Pose and answer questions in or

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擬題、佈題、命題

擬 題 : Constructing a new problem (Brown and Walter, 1983).

佈題: Presenting a problem properly (Butts, 1980).

命 題 : Designing items for examination (Leung, 2006).

Three translations

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Problem Posing(擬題)

Today, the first (擬題) is my major focus

MPP means the formation of a mathematics problem which invites a solution from an intended problem solver who cares to solve it

By WHOM and FOR WHAT PURPOSE Silver, 2013,ESM Special Issue

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Problem Posing and Solving

Posing (擬題) is important, related to (yet different from) problem solving (Leung, 2009)

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Students’ Learning

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Myself (and team) covered different independent variables and dependent variables (Kilpatrick, 1978).

Independent variables: tasks, subjects, situation

Dependent variable: products vs processes;

attitude, beliefs, creativity…etc.

Most frequentiy addressed: tasks

Variables in research

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Posing a story vs posing math structure to match a text.

Content Specific vs Free Posing

Content: Number, Algebra, Geometry, Statistics

Posing a goal led to completion of posing with several givens (see Leung, 2013, 6 types)

In fact, one cannot tell what problem posing is until

MPP Tasks-Nature

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MPP Tasks-Openness

Reitman (1965) Silver (1994) Stoyanova &

Ellerton (1996) Leung (2013) Given defined Goal defined

(R1)

Reformulate known

problems (S1) Structured (SE1) 1. Known Problem Given defined Goal

undefined (R2) Formulate new

Problems (S2) Semi-structured (SE2)

2. Algorithm 3. Text 4. Figure/Table

5. Math Topic Given undefined Goal

defined (R3)

Formulate new Problems

(S2)

Semi-structured

(SE2) 6. Answer

Given undefined Goal undefined (R4)

Formulate new Problems

(S2) Free (SE3) WHY NOT

FREE ?

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My first piece, Leung, 1993

Task (X1): Test of Arithmetic Problem Posing (TAPP Version A: with numerical information content NIC, Version B: without NIC). Pose as many problems as you can from a description given in a text.

Subject (X2): Math Knowledge H/L

Subject (X3): Creative Thinking H/L

Posing Performance (Y): TAPP scores as

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Leung & Silver (1997)

1.TAPP effectively evaluated arithmetic problem posing

2-1. Problem-posing performance was significantly better when task contained NIC

2-2. Problem-posing performance significantly related to math knowledge

2-3. Problem-posing performance NOT significantly related to creative thinking.

Results on Variables

(X1, X2, X3, Y)

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Leung (1994)

MPP Process: a sequence of problems

After solving, subject used goal to prior posed problem as a given to pose more problem(s).

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A replication: extended TAPP to TGPP

Addresse relationships between creative thinking and problem posing and problem-posing tasks in mathematics domains.

Fluency is general in verbal creativity problem posing flexibility is specific in problem posing.

A general, rather than specific, problem posing competence exists in children and can be measured by the test TGPP.

Leung 1997, ZDM

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“ What problems should I pose? ”

“ Can you give me examples? ”

“ Is her posed problem better than mine? ”

“ Who is going to solve it? “

“ What if I myself cannot find the answer? “

“ How difficuit? ”

Strategies Needed: how to teach MPP?

Children’s first posing

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Reflections on failure

When children did not perform well, teach them MPP (Leung, 2009) and show how to perform well.

We did content specific MPP research and concluded that children CAN performed well only with conditions.

Provide a variety of rich MPP tasks to children

Discuss children’s intended or unexpected outcomes

TRY: teach MPP myself, a math teacher education (MTE)

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Attempt of a MTE

An action researcher who works with teachers;

teach teachers in ways she proposes them to teach (e.g. Math Problem Posing, MPP)

When Where Grade MPP Task Teachers

2001 Hong Kong 5 5x=40 PDGE primary 2009 Kaohsiung 7 Simultaneous Equations In-service middle 2014 Hualin 10 Sine Rule In-service high

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5x=40

Grade 5

5X=40

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Grade 7

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Grade 10

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Research on students’ learning MPP.

MTE try first

Children get used to it gradually

Use multiple tasks to stimulate children

Intended vs unxepected outcomes

Not to be frustrated, work with teachers

What I learn …

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Teachers’ Growth

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Problem posing is explicitly mentioned in the part concerning getting students to do inquiry. (Ministry of Education, Taiwan R.O.C., 2008).

Problem posing can be found in the curriculum guidebook for mathematics. (MOE of Taiwan, 2014)

Curriculum Standards revisited

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Why content-wise?

Addition and Subtraction; Multiplication and Division;

Fractions, Decimals

Ratio and Rate, Probability and other topics. (For details, see http)

No need to ask for extra instructional time.

Teacher understood children’s learning when compared to posing freely

Inservice Teachers

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Research on Tasks and on Children’s work

Content related MPP tasks (n=52)

By strands, by grade, and in six type of posing (unstated goal, Leung 2013)

Showed teachers how to deal with the 5 categories of children’s work (Leung 1997).

Used them in teaching.

Teachers joined MTE

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If I introduce MPP

A new teaching idea to school teachers…

I must teach MPP myself

Leung & Wu (1999): Two real classroom examples.

FIX the ill-posed problems as that it can be solved

Ratio: Wu as teacher

Geometry: Leung as teacher

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Leung & Wu (1999):

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Would you try it (ever)?

If you introduce a new book to student…

If you introducing a new car to your customer…

If you feed a baby new food…

Do not introduce unless you try and find it great

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Conducted study on MPP during student teaching, received grant (from NCS student research grants, See Leung 2011)

A course on MPS and MPP (18 weeks, selective)

Assignments on analyzing children’s posed problems to the 52 MPP tasks (mid-term, Teaching Methods).

Preservice Teachers

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Teacher

Educator Shared Teachers Knowledge

Jaworski (2008)

Be Active: Work with Teachers

Did not say “ I teach teachers “

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Leung (2013) Educational Studies in Mathematics.

Level One: Teachers assist in developing task by data collection. [Helpers; I only].

Level Two: Teachers decide on when to use which tasks, use coding scheme then suggest how to revise task and coding. They also suggest ways to use children’s work in teaching. [Junior partners; II, III only].

Intervention Program

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Teachers as participants

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

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MPP tasks across grades

Tasks in six types (Leung, 2013)

an algorithm,

text,

a figure/table,

a math topic,

an answer,

or a math problem.

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Three sessions were conducted on

the first three Wednesdays of the term with 20

teachers each from the lower (grade 1-2), middle (grade 3-4), and upper grades (grade 5-6).

1. They did problem posing themselves.

2. They analyzed posed problems.

Pose and Analyze workshops

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They experienced MPP in pairs as children while I was their “elementary school teacher”.

These “elementary school children” posed problems, and when they asked questions I showed how to answer these questions.

Frequently asked questions were recorded to compare with questions asked by children during

Did MPP themselves

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The temperature of the cup of tea is 50℃. NOT-A- PROBLEM

Is there soup or tea in this cup? NON-MATH

The temperature of the cup is 45℃; the volume is 450 cc., how many altogether? IMPLAUSIBLE

The temperature of the cup of tea is 50℃, it is cooled down in 2 hours, what is the final temperature? INSUFFICIENT

If the cup of tea is 49℃ and heated to 5 degrees warmer, what is the final temperature?

SUFFICIENT

Analyze responses

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Teachers’ questionnaires (TQ)

What type of tasks will teachers consider in MPP?

What types of problems are posed by children? Can teachers categorize them?

What are the successes and difficulties of teachers during implementation?

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After half a year…..

I consider why and how teachers enact research- based tasks,

how teachers use the coding scheme to analyze children’s posed problems,

and the techniques, challenges and strategies they employed in enacting MPP.

What I learned after

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Tasks Enactment: How

I did not give an example but said, “No, no. Try

to think it over. If I give you an example, you will pose a problem similar to my example!”

During the categorization exercise, the teachers were amazed to see real examples of children’s problems in the five different categories.

At times, they called “Can I use grade five tasks for

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MTE shared knowledge on the coding method.

Teachers asked me to clarify the distinction between the Not a Problem and Non Math categories as well as the distinction between Impossible and Insufficient.

Analyze children’s work

Teachers’ sheared strategies on coding children’s work. “Hard to tell which is insufficient and which is implausible…so… I put them into 2 categories: Ok, not Ok”

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Name names: who did try problem posing in teaching, and research on tasks development and enactment. Newsletter by month.

Building on the findings of this study, 3 teachers from this 60 did action research (Leung 2016) conditions that allow students to perform well on MPP.

Document to empower

teachers

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15 graduate thesis too

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Curricular Reform

Implemen Teachers

What I learn: a never

ending cycle…

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Parental Involvement

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Why Parents’

Posing at home through diary writing (Leung & Wu, 2000)

Practical, connect to daily life

Make math learning continuous

Promote teacher-child-parent relationship

I teach in my sons’ classes (1-6)

I conducted parents workshops (K-6) over time

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Parenting,

Communicating,

Volunteering,

Learning at home,

Decision making,

Collaborating with community.

MPP attends to communicating and learning at home.

Epstein, 2000

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Parental involvement assisted young children to perform MPP that extended the activity from school to home, using strategies like reading picture books or diary writing (Leung, 2019).

Long term project in an-elementary school with walking distance from my school.

Parental involvement:

An Intervention (K-6)

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Grade 3 and Grade 4

Parents as Teachers: They made up problems for children to solve.

Teacher educator took photographs for parents to consider.

Parents (in pairs) made up problems for peer to review and revise.

Teacher educator collated problems and organized Family Math Trail.

Building a math trial

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Parents’ posing: Grade3, 4

Map with 10 checkpoints

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Example Tasks

School Entrance

1.

Find the perimeter of the red circular bench

2.

How many sides are there on the surface of this stool?

If you put this into a box find the size of this box Length

Breadth height

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More Examples

6.

Watch the figure on the ground

How many right angles can you find?

Read the shapes:

(1) How many squares?

(2) How many rectangles?

(3) How many triangles?

Please read the figure surrounded in red.

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Walking with parents

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Parental involvement: K1

K1: Lengths

Parent and child used items at home and posed a problem for family members to solve by comparing lengths.

Outcome 1: “ Who is taller? ”

Use eyesight: Elder sister is taller than younger sister

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Parental involvement: K1

Outcome 2: Which is longer?

Direct comparison: Length of notebook longer than pen

Outcome 3: Which is longer?

Overlapping: Napkin box is longer than lunch bag

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Parental involvement: K2

K2 Combine 2 numbers

Folding a toy. Inside the toys please write numbers you like and draw in corresponding “o”s accordingly.

Pose a problem

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Parental involvement 1: K2

Chatterbox Surprise

What is written inside? “2、8

、3、7、6、4、1、5”

Pose problems

Numbers: 1 and 5 make 6

Unexpected:

Color: Red and white: Pink

Language: phonetics

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Grade 1 and grade 2

Geometric sticks

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We wash cups of rice but we have guests today and need 2 times as usual. How many cups shall we need today?

Grade 5

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Tangrams

Please use 7 pieces given in Tangrams to make the gun below.

Grade 6

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Leung & Kuo (2011)

Grade 4, MPP at home and in school

What are the changes in children’s mathematics problem posing after in-class instructions in mathematical problem posing?

What are the changes in children’s mathematics attitudes after in-class instructions in mathematical problem posing?

What are the changes in interaction of parent and child after in-class instructions in mathematical problem posing and practicing problem posing at home?

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Data Collection

Problem posing instruction materials

parent-child posing sheet

mathematics attitude measure

students interview

parents interview

teachers’ journal video tapes

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Data coding of posed problems

by Leung & Silver (1997).

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Parents’ views on problem posing

They expressed that normally they read quickly and signed children’s record book.

They discussed more with their children and became to understand children’s thoughts.

A long time since I was in elementary school and there are new ways to do math now.

I learn more on how to supervise the homework after this problem posing exercise.

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Children’s views on posing 1/2

Three of them normally did homework with mothers, one with father, one with elder sister and the last one with grand parent.

“I do homework by myself at home”

“Dad and Mom are busy, they sign without reading my work”

After introducing problem posing at home:

“ We spend more time doing homework together, at least 10 to 30 minutes more: “

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Leung & Kuo (2011)

MPP of children improved over time.(PP, attitude)

MPP at home increased interactions of family members.

MPP at home increased parents’ awareness of child’s learning in school

Problem posing in-class and at home can enhance interactions of parents, children and teacher.

Views from parents and children are positive towards problem posing instruction and problem posing at home.

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What I learn from parents

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Conclusion

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The investigator is an action researcher herself

Found that children and prospective teachers were inexperienced in problem posing.

Developed tasks and systematic assessment.

Offered a two-credit course for prospective teachers.

One student received award funding from the National Science Council (Leung, 2001).

Teacher-training workshops for in-service teachers.

Intervention program for parents (K-6).

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In working towards a framework on MPP, the

Pose

Existing

knowledge Unknown

(How to teach MPP)

Solve

What did I pose?

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Thank you…^0^

NSYSU, south of Taiwan, R.O.C

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Shuk-kwan Susan Leung

QR CODE

http://www2.nsysu.edu.tw/leung/home.html

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Math Problem Posing : Students’ Learning, Teachers’ Professional Growth and Parental

Involvement

Shuk-kwan S. Leung law@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

National Sun Yat-sen University The 14th International Congress on

Mathematical Education July 11th-18th 2021, Shanghai

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