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1

P04

第 1 章

數列與級數 Chapter 1 Sequences and Series

1-1 數列 Sequences

1. 認識數列 Understand sequences 2. 等差數列 Arithmetic sequences 3. 等比數列 Geometric sequences 1-2 等差級數 Arithmetic series

1. 等差級數的和 Sum of a finite arithmetic series

2. 等差級數和的公式 Formula for the sum of a finite arithmetic series

核心單字 英文 參考音標

數列 Sequence /ˈsiː.kwəns/

級數 Series /ˈsɪr.iːz/

數列的項 Term of a squence

等差數列 Arithmetic sequence /əˈrɪθ.mə.tɪk/

等差級數 Arithmetic series

公差 Common difference /ˈkɑː.mən/ /ˈdɪf.ɚ.əns/

等比數列 Geometric sequence /ˌdʒiː.əˈmet.rɪk/

等比級數 Geometric series 公比 Common ratio

(2)

P07

1-1 數列 Sequence

1 認識數列

Understand sequences 對應能力指標 N-8-3 班

臺北車站北三 門發車時間 1 11:00 2 12:00 3 13:00 4 14:00 5 15:00 6 16:00 7 21:00 8 22:00 右表是新北市免費公車明志線 F216 例假日的班次時刻表,其中臺北車站北 三門的發車時間都是整點,可以簡記為:11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22。像這樣將 數排成一列,並以逗點分開,稱為數列。

英文版定義:

Definition: A number sequence is a pattern of numbers arranged in a particular order according to a rule.

Each individual number, or element, of a sequence is called a term.

可以這麼說:

 The right table(右表) is the schedule of Bus F216. The departure time of the North third gate of Taipei station is 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 22 o'clock.

 Numbers arranged in a row like this and separated by commas(逗號) are called sequences.

 Here are some number sequences.

2, 4 , 6, 8, …

100, 400, 1600, 6400,…

1 , 4, 9, 16, 25,…

3, 7, 10, 12, 13, …

(3)

3

在上面的數列中:

11 稱為這個數列的第 1 項或首項 (First term),通常記為 a112 稱為這個數列的第 2 項(Second term),記為 a2

13 稱為這個數列的第 3 項(Third term),記為 a3

這個數列的第 n 項,記為 an;而數列中的最後一項稱為末項 (Last term)。

翻譯示例:

In the above sequence: 11 is called the first term of this sequence, which is usually recorded as a1.

可以這麼說:

 You can also use the notation an to denote the nth term of a sequence, where n is a positive integer.

 如何念an T: How to say an : a subscript n or a sub n

 Remember that n, the term number, will always be a whole number. We could not have a 0.5th term, or a 1

4th term.

備註:

基數 序數 唸法 寫法

1~3 不規則變化 first、second、third 1st、2nd、3rd

4~19

字尾加 th

* ve 結尾改成 th

* t 結尾直接加 h

* e 結尾去 e 加 th

fourth,fifth,sixth, seventh,eighth,nonth...

數字後加上 th。

(例:4th, 20th, 100th)

20, 30, 40...

字 尾 去 y 加 ieth

twentieth thirtieth fortieth

100,

1000... 字尾加 th

hundreth, thousandth, millionth

21~99

(0 結尾以 外)

個 位 數 改 為 序 數,

中 間 加 連 字 號

(-)

twenty-first, thirty-fourth, seventy-second

數字後加上 th,

但個位數為 1~3 者除 外,

1~3 分別加上 st, nd, rd。

(例:21st、32nd、43rd)

(4)

可以這麼說:

在數列2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14中

 哪一個是首項? T: Which one is the first term?

 6是第幾項? T: Which term is 6? & 6 is the ______ term? S: Third

 這個數列總共有幾項? T: How many terms are there in this sequence?

 請找出/寫下前三項 T: Please find/write down the first three terms in this sequence.

隨堂練習

數列 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 中,

第 1 項 a1= 1 ,第 2 項 a2= 3 ,第 3 項 a3= 5 , 第 4 項 a4= 7 ,第 7 項 a7= 13 。

翻譯示例:

In the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13,

The first term a1 = 1, the second term a2 = 3, the third term a3 = 5, the fourth term a4 = 7, and the seventh term a7 = 13.

(5)

5

P08

數列可能具有某種規律。例如:

翻譯示例:

The sequence may have some mathematical patterns. For example, 可以這麼說:

 我們可以使用規律來…規律可以幫助我們…

We can use patterns to… / Patterns can help us…

make predictions(預測)about the future and calculate how long it will take for an investment to double in value.

(1) 洛基走在中山路,觀察到商店街的門牌號碼如下:

20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, ……,

可以發現這個數列的規律是:相鄰兩項中,後一項等於前一項加 2。

20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , ……

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 翻譯示例:

The address numbers of the shops on the street are as follows:

20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, ……,

It can be found that the rule of this sequence is: among the two adjacent terms, the latter term is equal to the previous term plus 2.

20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , ……

*鄰近的 adjacent /əˈdʒeɪ.sənt/

(2) 若每分鐘某細菌 1 個會分裂為 2 個,依此方式持續分裂,觀察細菌的數目如 下:1, 2, 4, 8,……。

(6)

可以發現這個數列的規律是:相鄰兩 項中,後一項等於前一項乘以 2。

1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , …… , 1024

×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 …… ×

翻譯示例:

If one bacteria will divide into two every minute and continue to divide in this way, the number of bacteria observed are as follows 1, 2, 4, 8,……

It can be found that the rule of this sequence is: among the two adjacent terms, the latter term is equal to the previous term multiply by 2.

隨堂練習

已知下列各數列分別隱含某種規律,依其規律在空格中填入適當的數。

It is known that each of the following series implies a certain pattern.

Please fill in the appropriate number in the space according to its pattern.

(1) 22, 18, 14, 10 , 6, 2 (2) 128, 64, 32 , 16 , 8, 4, 2, 1 (3) 1, 8, 27, 64 , 125, 216 (4) 2, 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, 26 ,42

翻譯示例:

It is known that each of the following series implies a certain pattern.

Please fill in the appropriate number in the space according to its pattern.

*適當的 appropriate /əˈproʊ.pri.ət/

1 分鐘後 1×2=21

=2(個)

2 分鐘後 1×2×2=22

=4(個)

3 分鐘後 1×2×2×2=23

=8(個)

……

10 分鐘後 210

=1024(個)

(7)

7

P09

補給站 費波那契數列

義大利數學家費波那契(Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci,1170-1250)在他所著

的《計算書》(Liber Abaci)中,提出一個有趣的問題:「某人養了一對幼兔(雌

雄各一),假設幼兔經過一個月就能完全長成成兔,此後每經過一個月便可以生

一對幼兔,在持續生育且皆不死亡的理想狀況下,兔子的對數呈現什麼情形 呢?」

從上面的說明可以得到兔子的對數 依次為 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ……,這些數形成 一 個 數 列 , 稱 為 費 氏 數 列 ( Fibonacci sequence)

所以這個數列的規律是:從第 3 項開 始,每一項等於前二項的和。

第 1 項 a1=1 第 2 項 a2=1

第 3 項 a3=2=1+1(a3=a1+a2第 4 項 a4=3=1+2(a4=a2+a3第 5 項 a5=5=2+3(a5=a3+a4第 6 項 a6=8=3+5(a6=a4+a5

一月 二月 三月 四月 五月 六月

幼兔

成兔

總對數 1 1 2 3 5 8

……

(8)

補給站英文版閱讀補充:

Fibonacci's Rabbits (emory.edu)

In the West, the Fibonacci sequence first appears in the book Liber Abaci (1202) by Leonardo of Pisa, known as Fibonacci. Fibonacci considers the growth of an idealized (biologically unrealistic) rabbit population, assuming that:

1. a single newly born pair of rabbits (one male, one female) are put in a field;

2. rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so that at the end of its second month a female can produce another pair of rabbits;

3. rabbits never die and a mating pair always produces one new pair (one male, one female) every month from the second month on.

The puzzle that Fibonacci posed was: how many pairs will there be in one year?

Fibonacci Sequence and Fibonacci’s Rabbits – Maths is Fun Blog (wordpress.com) 1st month: 1 pair of rabbits growing

2nd month: Still that 1 pair, but starting to reproduce

3rd month: The burgundy rabbit pair gives birth to another pair (2 pairs in total now) 4th month: Burgundy pair gives birth to grey pair, white pair is growing (3 pairs in total)

5th month: Burgundy pair gives birth to brown pair, white pair gives birth to black/white pair, and grey pair is growing (5 pairs in total)

6th month: Burgundy pair gives birth to peach pair, grey pair gives birth to orange pair, white pair gives birth to black pair, and black/white pair + grey pair is growing (8 pairs in total)

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …

Can you find the relationship or the rule for this sequence?

Well, this is the Fibonacci sequence, and this sequence has the rule of the next term is the sum of its previous two terms.

(9)

9

P10

例 1 觀察規律 Observe patterns 艾 美 將 方

格 有 規 律 的 著 色 , 作 為 教 室 布 置 的 邊 框 , 依 圖 形 的 規 律 , 在 第 200 行 中 畫 出 其 圖 樣。

……

第 200

………

第 1 行

第 2 行

第 3 行

觀察圖形第 5~8 行,發現它們與 第 1~4 行相同,因此每 4 行一數,

如右圖。

因為 200÷4=50,剛好整除,所以第 200 行會與第 4 行相同,

即第 200 行的圖形如右圖。

翻譯示例:

Example1:

Amy colored the squares regularly as a border for classroom arrangements.

Please draw the 200th row according to the patterns of the graphics.

Solution:

Observe rows 5 to 8 of the graph. You will find that they are the same as rows 1 to 4 respectively. So count every 4 rows. As shown in the right picture.

Because 200 ÷ 4=50, the 200th row will be the same as the 4th row.

That is, the graph of the 200th row is like the figure on the right.

*分別地 respectively /rɪˈspek.tɪvli/

……

第 1~4 行 第 5~8 行

第 200 行

(10)

隨堂練習

依下面圖形的規律,在第 13 行、第 14 行及第 200 行中畫出其圖樣。

第 200

………

第 1 行

第 2 行

第 3 行

………

第 13 行

第 14 行

………

(11)

11

P11

有些具有規律的數列,其第 n 項 an可用含有未知數 n 的式子表示,例如:

翻譯示例:

For some regular sequences, the nth term an can be expressed by the formula containing the unknown n. For example:

(1) 從 1 開始的連續正整數的 倒數所形成的數列如下:

1 1,1

2,1 3,1

4,……

第1項 第2項 第3項 第na1 a2 a3 …… an

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 n 翻譯示例:

The sequence formed by the reciprocal of consecutive positive integers starting from 1 is as follows: 1

1,1 2,1

3,1 4,……

*倒數 reciprocal /rɪˈsɪp.rə.kəl/

*連續的 consecutive /kənˈsek.jə.t̬ ɪv/

*正整數 positive integers

(2) 從 2 開始的連續正偶數所 形成的數列如下:

2, 4, 6, 8,……

第1項 第2項 第3項 第na1 a2 a3 …… an

2 4 6 2n

2×1 2×2 2×3 2×n 翻譯示例:

The sequence formed by consecutive positive even numbers starting from 2 is as follows: 2, 4, 6, 8,……

*偶數 even numbers

*奇數 odd numbers

像這類具有規律的數列,如果能寫出第 n 項的表示式,就可以找到該數列 的任意一項。上述例(2)中,第 n 項 an=2n 稱為此數列的一般項。

英文版定義:

Definition: If we can write the expression of the nth term in a regular sequence like this, we can find any term of the sequence. In the above example (2), the nth term an=2n is called the general term of the sequence.

(12)

可以這麼說:

 如何找出一般項 T: How to find the general term?

 一般項為何? T: What is the general term?

 請寫下這個數列的一般項 T: Write a general term of the sequence.

 你觀察/注意到甚麼? T: What did you observe/notice?

 觀察一般項:2, 4, 6, 8,……

T: You can notice that the value of each term is two times n.

 觀察一般項:8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26,……

T: You can notice that the value of each term is three greater than the value of the previous term.

若要求第 99 項 a99,只要在 an=2n 的式子中,n 以 99 代入即可求得:

a99=2×99=198。

翻譯示例:

If we are asked to find a99, as long as n is substituted with 99 in the formula an=2n.

a99=2×99=198

*用…代替 substitute /ˈsʌb.stə.tuːt/

隨堂練習

1. 右表各項是由底數為 2,指數從 1 開始的連續正整數所形成的數 列,寫出第 n 項。

an=2n 翻譯示例:

The terms in the right table are a sequence of consecutive positive integers with a base of 2 and an exponent starting from 1. Write the nth term.

2. 右表各項是由 1, 3, 5,……

的正奇數所形成的數列。

(1) 寫出第 n 項。

(2) 第 100 項是多少?

(1) an=2×n-1=2n-1 (2) a100=2×100-1=199 翻譯示例:

The terms in the right table are a sequence of positive odd numbers of 1, 3, 5.

(1)Write nth term.

(2)What is the 100th term?

第1項 第2項 第3項 第n

a1 a2 a3 …… an

1=2×1-1 3=2×2-1 5=2×3-1 ? 第1項 第2項 第3項 第n

a1 a2 a3 …… an

21 22 23

(13)

13

P12

例 2 求第 n 項

已知某數列的第 n 項 an=n﹙n+1﹚,

(1) 求此數列的前 3 項。

(2) 求此數列的第 20 項。

(3) 若此數列的第 k 項為 42,求 k。

翻譯示例:

Find nth term

Given the nth term of a sequence, an=n﹙n+1﹚.

(1) Find the first three terms of this sequence.

(2) Find the 20th term of this sequence.

(3) If the kth term of this sequence is 42, find k.

(1) a1=1×(1+1)=2,

a2=2×(2+1)=6,

a3=3×(3+1)=12。

此數列的前 3 項分別為 2, 6, 12。

(3) ak=42,

k(k+1)=42 k2+k-42=0

(k-6)(k+7)=0 k=6 或-7(負不合)

所以 k=6。

(2) a20=20×(20+1)=420。

第 20 項為 420。

隨堂練習

已知某數列的第 n 項 an=3n-37,

(1) 求此數列的前 3 項。

a1=3×1-37=3-37=-34 a2=3×2-37=6-37=-31 a3=3×3-37=9-37=-28 此數列的前 3 項分別為

-34 ,-31 ,-28。

(3) 若此數列的第 k 項為 263,求 k。

ak=3k-37=263 3k=300 k=100

(2) 求此數列的第 30 項。

a30=3×30-37=90-37=53 第 30 項為 53。

(14)

參考資料來源

1. 110 國中數學 2 下翰林版課本 2. IB Maths SL Book Oxford

Chapter 6 Patterns, sequences andseries 3. Holt McDougal Larson Algebra 2

Chapter 7 Sequences and Series 4. Fibonacci's Rabbits (emory.edu)

http://mathcenter.oxford.emory.edu/site/math125/fibonacciRabbits/

5. Fibonacci Sequence and Fibonacci’s Rabbits – Maths is Fun Blog (wordpress.com)

https://blogwondrousworldofmathsisfun.wordpress.com/2021/09/19/fibonacci-se quence-and-fibonacci-rabbit-sequence/

☆老師們可以自己從中選擇以做出適合自己學生程度的學習單或是在課堂中適 時補充這些英文。

製作者:臺北市立誠正國民中學 陳怡伶

參考文獻

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