懷特奇幻文學，通過後設書寫的實踐，作者和故事角色，個自發聲，相互質 疑、衝撞、交流、互動下，讓內在觀念思想發展為外在行為活動，彰顯出眾聲喧 嘩的多元價值，讓角色成為「小說最重要的構成要素」。懷特創造小說的角色時，
讀者看得到小說角色的內在、外在，而且，懷特本身也是角色構成的部份要素
。因此，透過故事中想像性角色的發展與形成，是擺盪於真實和想像間，運 用動物擬人化手法，完成的想像性故事。故事中的現實性人物，如《小不點司圖 特》的喬治、《夏綠蒂的網》中的芬兒和《天鵝的喇叭》的山姆，實質上，具有 對照想像性核心人物，引領小讀者進入故事情境和故事角色積極互動的結構性與 功能性作用，可分別視為懷特奇幻文學中的隱含讀者（ ） 。 因此，意圖深探懷特奇幻文學的題旨要意，恐怕從現實人物著手，難以完全應證，
341
the implied reader 342
341 參閱佛斯特著，李文彬譯，《小說面面觀》（台北市：志文，2002），頁63~87。大衛‧洛吉著，
李維拉譯，《小說的五十堂課》（The Art of Fiction）（臺北縣新店市：木馬文化，2006），頁 95。
342 依塞爾（Wolfgang Iser）認為文學作品中包含有隱含的讀者，文本自身設定與布署的隱含讀 者，能體現作品中的結構作用，而真實的讀者在閱讀、審美過程中，能主動回應文本的結構作 用。 參考 Wolfgang Iser,‘Interaction between Text and Reader’,The Norton Anthology Theory and Criticism（New York：W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001）, pp. 1670~82.
或可從想像世界的主人公到底是個怎樣的角色？如何變化、如何成長的觀點，去
344 Ibid., Snowbell 對其野貓朋友的敘說：“that Stuart is a member of the family, and the bird is a permanent quest, like myself.” p. 68.
345 Ibid., “and when, at the age of a month, he had gained only a third of an ounce, his mother was so worried she sent for the doctor.” p. 3.
346 Ibid.,｀Rescued＇, “It was simply an accident that might happen to anybody,” said Stuart. “As for my hat and cane being found at the entrance to the mousehole, you can draw your own conclusions.” p. 25.
陳出司圖特另一番傾慕之心：
n and thistle； I come from
en any creature so beautiful as this tiny bird, and he
「我來自曾長著高高小麥草的田野，來自深藏蕨類和薊類的牧場；
“Hello,” said Stuart. “Who are you？ Where did you come from？”
“My name is Margalo,” said the bird, softly, in a musical voice. “I come from once tall with wheat, from pastures deep in fer
vales of meandowsweet, and I love to whistle.”
Stuart sat bolt upright in bed. “Said that again！”he said…It seemed to him that he had never se
already loved her347.
「哈囉，」司圖特說，「你是誰？妳從哪兒來？」
348 Ibid., “when she noticed a small bird lying on the windowsill, apparently.” p. 50.
349 Ibid., “Even so, Stuart caught a bad cold, and this turned into bronchitis, and Stuart had to stay in bed for almost two weeks.” p. 49.
350 Ibid., “She and Stuart became fast friends, and as the days passed it seemed to Stuart that she grew more and more beautiful. He hoped she would never go away from him.” p. 57.
與「愛」兩者之間的探索，表現出模糊性與故事張力。而且，懷特對於「友誼」
353 me that does’nt trust a cat,”he muttered. “I can’t sleep, knowing RE OF A STRANGE CAT WHO WILL COME BY NIGHT.” p. 71.
351 Ibid., p. 53.
352 Ibid., “Sick as I am,”he said to himself,“this has got to be done.” p. 53.
Ibid., “There’s just something in that Margalo is in danger.” p. 54.
354 Ibid., “BEWA
355 Ibid., p. 71.
次。356」堅持離家出走，去「尋找我的將來和尋覓一隻遺失的鳥。你認為我該
356 Ibid., “Good-by, beautiful home,” he whispered. “I wonder if I will ever see you again.” p. 75.
357 Ibid.“I am going out into the world to seek my fortune and to look for a lost bird. Which direction do you think I should start out in？” p. 76.
358 巴赫汀著，劉象愚、陳永圖等中譯，《陀思妥耶夫斯基的詩學問題》（1929），選自《文學批評 理論─從柏拉圖到現在》（The Theory of Criticism from Plato to the Present）（北京：北京大學 出版社，2005），拉曼‧塞爾登英譯，頁 293~4。
與內在的多重可能性。司圖特的出征與探險，會是懷特出發探訪作家生命的黑
作家到底如何看待這樣的出征呢？從〈小汽車〉（‘The Automobile’）一章中，
司圖特在試著按下小汽車的按紐時，因為誤觸而啟動了隱形小汽車，在屋內橫
359 E.B. White, Stuart Little, pp. 79~82.
認同。在此，或可推論到此具體故事物件，在跨文化、跨時空的考驗下，可能 稍為減損經典作品中，核心意象的文學藝術性。
361。
智的成長與蛻變。司圖特還在征途中，
邁向為青少年書寫的蠻荒沼澤區，
望向回歸童年田園路。由此脈絡透視懷特小說話語，更直指懷特的敘述策略，
圖的表現形式。
（三）跨界的探索
至於，司圖特會見了雅米姿（ Miss Ames）的情節，從書寫情書、製造獨 木舟、安排行程360，表現出成熟、思慮周全、百般專注、認真的穩重態度，又 富綺麗幻想的浪漫，然而，卻在發現獨木舟被盜用、損壞時，突然陷入極端負 向情緒中，無禮地回絕了女友的邀約，孤獨的懷抱著破碎的夢和破敗的獨木舟 懷特筆下的司圖特，充滿著青春洋溢的熱情、勇氣、能力，卻又有反覆不 定、動盪不安的焦譟情緒，彰顯青少年情竇初開的美麗和稚嫩，容易受到傷害。
因此，懷特的奇幻文學實踐，確實具有特別為青少年書寫，以較為純真的 情懷，討論性愛主題，欲圖揭露少男少女對情愛的好奇與衝動。司圖特的出征、
啟蒙之旅，是一段進入兩性關係、投入社會叢林，體驗多變、難以預期、難以 掌控的現實境域，並由現實境域淬煉心
而且，懷特作家執意征途尚遠，要緩步前往，別匆匆行過；因為，朗朗晴空，
司圖特似乎走在正確的方向中362。
另一方面，懷特在奇幻文學的探索、司圖特的出征，雖有了方面，但是對 象未明、目標仍遙遠。懷特從成人散文的書寫，通過奇幻文學的想像，回歸到 語言的最初生發途中，跨越過成人的藩籬，
乃是懷特欲望、動機和意
二、 韋伯的主體化
360 Ibid. pp. 100~2.
361 E. B. White, Stuart Little, p.124.
362 Ibid.“But the sky was bright, and he somehow felt he was headed in the right direction.＂p. 131.
是誰救了韋伯？是芬兒、夏綠蒂、田普頓，還有盲從的群眾和其他。這是個
363 E. B. White, Charlotte’s Web, “This is a matter of life and death, and you talked about controlling myself.” p. 2
364 Ibid., “It’s unfair.” p. 2.
365 Ibid., “Tears ran down her cheeks and she took hold of the ax and tried to pull it out of her father’s hand.” p. 3.
366 Ibid., “She got a guest for breakfast.” p. 4.
367 E.B. White, Charlotte’s Web, “That’s a fine specimen of a pig ── it’s no bigger than a white rat.” p.
368 Ibid., “He seemed almost ready to cry himself.” p. 3. 5.
369 Ibid., “A small one, to be sure, but nevertheless a pig.” p. 3.
370 Ibid., “…and it made Wilbur happy to know that She was sitting there, right outside his pen. But he never had any fun ── no walks, no rides, no swims.” p. 16.
兒牽
“A rat is a rat,＂said Charlotte. She laughed a tinkling little laugh. “But, my friends, if that ancient egg ever breaks, this barn will be untenable.＂
“What‘s that meaning？＂asked Wilbur. “It means nobody will be able to live here on account of the smell. A rotten egg is a regu
371 Ibid. Wilbur didn’t know what to do or which way to run. It seemed as though everybody was after him.“If this is what it’s like to be free,＂he thought, “I believe I’d rather be penned up in my own yard.＂p. 19.
372 Ibid., “You’ll miss your freedom,” honked the goose. “An hour of freedom is worth a barrel of slops.” Wilbur didn’t care. p. 23.
373 Ibid., “I’m really young to go out into the world alone.” p. 24.
374 Ibid., “There are a lot of things Wilbur doesn’t know about life,” she thought. “He’s really a very innocent little pig. He doesn’t even know what’s going to happy to him around Christmas;” p. 40.
375 Ibid., p. 47.
「老鼠就是老鼠」，夏綠蒂說，她清脆的笑著，「但是，我的朋友們，假如
“Please come with me！＂begged Wilbur. “I need you, Charlotte. I can’t stand going to the Fair
“No,＂said Charlotte, “I believe I’d b some work done.＂
“What kind of work？”asked Wilbur.
“Egg laying. It’s time I made an egg sac and filled
“I didn’t know you could lay eggs,,＂said Wilbur in amazement.
“Oh, sure,＂said the spider. “I’m versatile.＂
What does ｀versatile＇mean
「請跟我來！」韋伯央求著。「我需要妳，夏綠蒂。沒有妳，我無法去博
結構、是詞語本身，而不是存在377。對話中，韋伯依賴夏綠蒂，要求著夏綠蒂。
378 E.B. White, Charlotte’s Web, “If I struggle I’ll get dirty,” said Wilbur. “Never mind that ─ do as I say！Struggle！” p. 124.
379 米蘭‧昆德拉，尉遲秀譯，《小說的藝術》（台北市：皇冠出版社，2004），頁 045。
380 E.B. White, Charlotte’s Web, “But I’m not terrific, Charlotte. I’m just about average for a pig.” p.
91.
eb and read the word, over
Everybody stood at the pigpen and stared at the w
and over, while Wilbur, who really felt terrific, stood quietly swelling out his chest and swinging his snout from side to side381.
每個人又站在猪圈前，盯視著網上
383 ilbur’s action is exactly radiant, but it’s interesting.”“Actually,”said Wilbur, “I
381 Ibid., p. 96.
382 Ibid., pp. 95~6.
Ibid., “I’m not sure W feel radiant. ” p. 101.
真得認為當寒冷天氣來臨時，薩克曼先生會讓我活下來，不殺我？妳真得認為這
“Oh，hurry！＂said Wilbur. “Hurry up, Templeton！＂…“Templeton,＂
said Wilbur in desperation,“if you don’t stop talking and get busy, all will be lost, and I will die of a broken heart. Please climb up！＂…“Get up ！ ＂ screamed Wilbur. “ Stop acting like a spoiled child ！ ＂ …
“Templeton, ＂ he said, “ I will make you a solemn promise. Get Charlotte’s egg sac for me, and from now on I will le
Lurvy slops me. I will let you have your choice of everything in the trough and I won’t touch a thing until you’re through.385 ＂
384 E. B. White, “do you really think Zuckerman will let me live and not kill me when the cold weather comes？ Do you really think so？ ” p. 142.
385 Ibid., pp. 167~8.
韋伯在此，大聲尖叫，命令田普頓；責備田普頓「別像個被寵壞的小孩！」；
百般央求田普頓；割捨一輩子的豬食優先權，作為條件交換，動員了所有力量，
只為即時地取下夏綠蒂的卵囊，好安全地把夏綠蒂的孩子，帶回穀倉，顯現出傅 柯論 權力運作關係，建構著「成人」韋伯與世界互動間的變 化，
產生一種存在的歷史性特質。此時，韋伯在召喚主體的過程中，
主體
體性、也是懷特主體 性形成的新座標。懷特依循著新座標，圖繪出新的小說地圖，探索存在的可能性，
而且，此場探索持續到《天鵝的喇叭》中，仍在探索中。
不再擔心被殺，常常望著老舊的破網，想著好友夏綠蒂如此的慈愛、忠 誠和
述中，主體和客體的
改變著韋伯的存在和主體性發展。
這時，韋伯是誰？
捕捉韋伯，會是由傷慟、正義、感恩、犧牲、解決問題、負責任、信守諾言 等關鍵詞的組合，
是個體的自我意識，以形構主體，使韋伯在故事情境中的行為力量，煥然一 新，判若兩人。
主體韋伯實踐愛的開始，亦可說懷特在書寫死亡中，得到新生，繼而實踐
「愛」；懷特由自我書寫中，攀登到自我實踐的歷程。因此，懷特的歷史情境，
也為奇幻文學中的小說人物創造出一個新的存在處境──那就是放大存在的處 境，進行「生」的探究；對於千辛萬苦，通過死亡蔭谷才能得生的生命，如何對 待，如何使用，如何碩壯、成長生命的諸多現象，是韋伯主
（四）愛與新生 韋伯
嫻淑技能386。長長的冬天裡，
“Wilbur watched over Charlotte’s egg sac as though he were guarding his
386 E.B. White, Charlotte’s Web, pp. 172~3。
own children.＂387…
Wilbur couldn’t hear it. “I am an old friend of your mother’s,＂said Are you all right？Is everything all right？
音太小了，韋伯聽不到。
我是妳們的媽媽的老朋友，」韋伯說，「很高興見到妳們。妳們好嗎？
免措手不及、難免傷悲，懷特卻把沉重的分離，化為一個個輕盈的氣球，
飛揚
nothing in life was so important as this small round object ─ not mattered.388 ＂
─生命中再沒有比這一個小小圓圓的東西更重要了。（暫譯）
終
出卵囊，向他揮手。
“Hello, there！＂he said. The first spider said hello, but its voice was so small
象。
brilliant, beautiful, and loyal to the end. I shall always
條命。她很
“I think it is only fair to tell you that I was devoted to your mother. I owe my very life to her. She was
treasure her memory. To you, her daughters, I pledge my friendship, forever and ever.390 ＂
390 E.B. White, Charlotte’s Web, p. 182.
391 Ibid., Charlotte spied it and made the announcement. p. 44
392 Ibid., Now I called the meeting in order to get suggestions. I need new ideas for the web..….p. 87
那麼，韋伯是誰？
此時，捕捉韋伯的關鍵形容詞彙，會是聰穎、慈愛、忠誠、領導者、照顧者
此時，捕捉韋伯的關鍵形容詞彙，會是聰穎、慈愛、忠誠、領導者、照顧者