建議 - 結論與建議 - 以密閉式藻類毒性詴驗方法評估反應性與麻醉性有機物之混合毒性研究

第六章結論與建議

6.2 建議

由於要建立一個完整的預測模式必頇有龐大的毒性數據來加以測詴，

因此，未來如果能夠以其他不同物種針對本研究所評估之反應性醛類及急性麻醉性氯酚類來進行混合毒性詴驗，並且增加評估毒物之種類，已使本研究所採用之 RA 模式更加完善，並更進一步的運用在環境風險評估上，

相信對未來的環境保護有一定程度的貢獻。

此外在模式選用的部分，由於在分析結果發現並非兩毒性物質互相產生交互作用，而是單一毒性物質與詴驗 Medium 產生化學反應，因此可以將所發現的現象納入考慮，以讓我們能夠更詳細的考慮各種會影響混合毒性效應的現象並能更加準確的預測混合毒性效應。

Reference

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Solvents on the Growth of Marine Microalgae. Arch Environ Contam

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2. Kaiser KLE, Esterby SR. 1991. Regression and cluster analysis of the

acute toxicity of 267 chemicals to six species of biota and the octanol/water parition coefficient. Sci Total Environm 109/110, 499-514

3. Diane JW, Blum RE. 1991. Speece A database of chemical toxicity to

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4. Christensen ER, Chen D, Nyholm N, and Kusk O. 2001. Joint action of

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5. Arensberg P, Hemmingsen VH, Nyholm N. 1995. A miniscale algal

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6. Mayer P, Nyholm N, Verbruggen EMJ, Hermens JLM, Tolls J. 2000.

Algal growth inhibition test in filled, closed bottles for volatile and sorptive materials. Environ Toxicol Chem 19：2551–2556

7. Nyholm N, Kälqvist T. 1989. Methods for growth inhibition toxicity tests

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8. Padrtova RR, Marsalek B, Holoubek I. 1998. Evaluation of alternative

and standard toxicity assays for screening of environmental samples:

selection of an optimal test battery. Chemosphere 37：495-507

9. Lin JH, Kao WC, Tsai KP, Chen CY. 2005. Anovel algal toxicity testing

technique for assessing the toxicity of both metallic and organic toxicants.

Water Res. 39, 1869-1877.

10. Chen CY, Chao MR. 2000. No-observed-effect concentrations in batch and

continuous algal toxicity tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 1589-1596.

11. Nyholm N, Damgaard BM. 1990. A comparison of the algal growth

inhibiton toxicity test method with the short term ¹⁴C-assimilation test.

Chemosphere. 21, 671-679.

12. Hostetter HP. 1976. A rapid bioassay for algal nutrients and toxins. J.

Phycol. 12, 10.

13. United States Environmental Protection Agency（U.S. EPA）. 1996.

Ecological Effect Test Guidelines. OPPTS 850.5400. Algal Toxicity, Tiers I and II.

14. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（OECD）.

1984. Guideline for testing chemicals. No. 201.Alga growth inhibition test.

Paris, France.

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17. American Society for Testing and Materials（ASTM）. 1994. Standard

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18. Chen CY, Lin KC. 1997. Optimization and performance evaluation of the

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19. Brack W, Rottlern H. 1994. Toxicity testing of highly volatile chemicals

with green algae-A new assay. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1:223-228

20. Brack W, Rottlern H. 1994. Toxicity testing of highly volatile chemicals

with green algae. ESPR. 4, 223-228.

21. Kuhn R, Pattard M, Pernak K, Winter A. 1989. Results of the Harmful

Effects of Selected Water Pollutants(Anilines, Phenols, Aliphatic Compounds) to Daphnia magna. Water. Res. 23, 495-499.

22. Galassi S, Vighi M. 1981. Testing toxicity of volatile substances with algae.

Chemosphere. 10, 1123-1126.

23. Herman DC, Inniss WE, Mayfield CI. 1990. Impact of volatile aromatic

hydrocarbons, alone ane in combination, on growth of the freshwater alga

Selenastrum Capricornutum. Aquatic. Toxicology. 18, 87-100.

24. Mayer P, Nyholm N, Verbruggen EMJ, Hermens JLM, Tolls J. 2000.

Algal growth inhibition test in filled, closed bottles for volatile and sorptive materials. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 2551–2556.

25. Huang HJ. 2000. Experimental design of the algal toxicity test based on

photosynthesic response. A Thesis Submitted to Institute of Environmental Engineering of National Chiao Tung University.

26. Vasseur P., Pandard P. 1988. Influence of some experimental factors on

metal toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum. Toxic. Assess. 3:331-343

27. Halling-Sψrensen B, Nyholm N, Baun A. 1996. Alagl toxicity tests with

volatile and hazardous compounds in air-tight test flasks with CO₂ enriched headspace. Chemosphere 32: 1513 – 1526

28. Arensberg P, Hemmingsen VH, Nyholm N. 1995. A miniscale algal

toxicity test. Chemosphere 30:2103-2115

29. Kao WC. A comparison of the results of several freshwater aquatic toxicity

testing on synthetic and real wastewaters. A Thesis Submitted to Institute of Environmental Engineering of National Chiai Tung University.2001.

30. Lin JH, 2001. Experimental design of the algal toxicity test based on BOD

bottle. A Thesis Submitted to Institute of Environmental Engineering of National Chiao Tung University.

31. Nyholm N, Kälqvist T. 1989. Methods for growth inhibition toxicity tests

with freshwater algae. Environ Toxicol Chem 8:689-703

32. United States Environmental Protection Agency（U.S. EPA）. 1996.

Ecological Effect Test Guidelines. OPPTS 850.5400. Algal Toxicity, Tiers I and II.

33. Vasseur P, Pandard P, 1988. Influence of some experimental factors on

metal toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum. Toxic. Assess. 3:331-343

34. Lin JH. 2001. Experimental design of the algal toxicity test based on BOD

bottle. A Thesis Submitted to Institute of Environmental Engineering of National Chiao Tung University.

35. Chen CY. 1994. Theoretical evaluation of the inhibitory effects of mercury

on algal growth at various orthophosphate levels. Water Research. 28 : 931-937 .

36. Millington LA, Goulding KH, Adams N. 1988. The influence of growth

medium composition on the toxicity of chemicals to algae. Water Research.

22 :1593-1597.

37. Newman MC, McIntosh AW. 1991. Metal Ecotoxicology. pp.1-26. Lewis,

Michigan.

38. Mazidji CN, Koopman B, Bitton G, Neita D. 1992.Distinction between

heavy metal and organic toxicity using EDTA chelation and microbial

39. Sorvari J, Sillanpaa M. 1996. Influence of metal complex formation on

heavy metal and free EDTA and DTPA acute toxicity determined by

Daphnia magna. Chemosphere. 33: 1119-1127

40. Hsu CH. Toxicity assessment of non-polar narcotic chemicals using a

close-system algal test. A Thesis Submitted to Institute of Environmental Engineering of National Chiai Tung University.2002.

41. Plackett RL, Hewlett PS. 1952 Quantal responses to mixtures of poison, J.

Roy. Stat Soc 14:141-163

42. Christensen ER, Chen CY. 1985. A general noninteractive multiple

toxicity model including probit, logit, and Weibull transformations.

Biometrics 41: 711-725.

43. Veith GD, Call DJ, Brooke LT. 1983. Structure-toxicity relationships for

the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas: Narcotic industrial chemicals.

Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40:743-748

44. Franks NB, Lieb WR. 1990. Mechanisms of general anesthesia. Environ.

Health Perspect. 87, 199.

45. Bradbury SP, Lipnick RL. 1990. Introduction: Structural properties for

determining mechanisms of toxic action. Environ Health Perspect

87:181–182.

46. Schultz TW, Sinks GD, Bearden AP. 1998. QSAR in aquatic toxicology:

A mechanism of action approach comparing toxic potency to Pimephales

promelas, Tetrahymena pyriformis, and Vibrio fischeri. In Devillers J, ed, Comparative QSAR. Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, USA, pp 51–109.

47. Cronin MTD, Schultz TW. 1997. Validation of Vibrio fisheri acute toxicity

data: mechanism of action-based QSARs for non-polar narcotics and polar narcotic phenols. The Science of the Total Environment. 204:75-88

48. Ren S, Frymier PD. 2002. Modeling the toxicity of polar and nonpolar

narcotic compounds to luminescent bacterial SHK1. Environmental

Toxicology and Chemistry 21:2649-2653

49. Jawecki GN, Sawicki J. 2002. A comparison of sensitivity of spirotox

biotest with standard toxicity tests. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

42:389-395

50. Liao YY, Wang LS, He YB, Yang H. 1996. Toxicity QSAR of substituted

benzenes to yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bull. Environ. Contam.

Toxicol. 56:460-466

51. Verhaar HJM, Van Leeuwen CJ, Hermens JLM. 1992. Classifying

environmental pollutants. Structure-activity relationships for prediction of aquatic toxicity. Chemosphere 25:471–491.

52. Lipnick RL. 1991.〝Outliers：their origin and use in the classification of

molecular mechanisms of toxicity〞. The Science of the Total Enviroment

109:131-153

53. Takuo K, Kuino K. 1995 Acute toxicity and structure-activity relationships

of chlorophenols in fish. Water Research. 30, No.2, pp. 387-392

54. Tadayoshi S, Yasuo S, Yuko T, Kikuo Y and Fumio Y. 1988. Acute

toxicity of chlorophenols to green algae , Selenastrum Capricornutum and

Chlorella Vulgaris, and quantitative structure-activity relationships.

Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 7,847-7,854.

55. 中華民國環保署環境資料庫

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chlorophenols to earthworms using a simple paper contact method and comparison with toxicities to fresh water organisms. Chemosphere 47

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glutaraldehyde and surfactants used in hospitals: Use of the Toxicity Index model and isoblogram representation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 71 (2008) 252–259.

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derivatives to Daphnia magna: Effect of complexation reaction.

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relationships for joint toxicity of substituted phenols and anilines to Scenedesmus obliquus. Journal of Environmental Sciences 20(2008) 115–119.

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effects of copper and phenol to nitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research 40 (2006) 561 – 568.

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toxicity of three toxicants with similar and dissimilar modes of action to Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 69 (2008) 428–436.

62. Wang L, Zheng Bi, Meng W. 2008. Photo-induced toxicity of four

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, singly and in combination, to the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 71 (2008) 465–472.

63. Lu G, Wang C, Tang Z, Guo X. 2007. Joint toxicity of aromatic

compounds to algae and QSAR study. Ecotoxicology (2007) 16:485–490.

64.Elaine M.B, Ken K, Andrew A.M. 2001. Toxicity of mono-, di- and

tri-chlorophenols to lux marked terrestrial bacteria, Burkholderia species

Rasc c2 and Psedomonas fluorescens.Chemosphere 43 (2001) 157-166.

65. Christensen ER, Chen D, Nyholm N and Kusk KO 2001. Joint action of

chemicals in algal toxicity test：influence of response level and

dose-response regression model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry(2001) 2361-2369.

66. Duan Z, Zhu L, Zhu L, Yao K, Zhu X. 2008. Individual and joint toxic

effects of pentachlorophenol and biphenol A on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety 71 (2008) 774-780.

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compounds in antifouling paints using the sea-urchin embryo-larval bioassay. Aquatic Toxicology 88 (2008) 308-315.

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441-449.

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toxicants. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality (1996) 83-90.

附錄一單一原始數據

實驗毒物 : 4-chlorophenol 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 : 2,3-dichlorophenol

實驗毒物 : 2,4-dichlorophenol

實驗毒物 : 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

實驗毒物 : 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde

實驗毒物 : Propinaldehyde

附錄二混合毒性數據

實驗毒物 : 3-H + 2-CP

實驗毒物 : 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde +

實驗毒物 :

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde+2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (DO) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

MCV (μm3) : 41.53 D (μm) : 4.252 Initial pH : 7.50 EC₅₀ A : 27.377

實驗毒物 :

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde+2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (Biomass) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

MCV (μm3) : 41.53 D (μm) : 4.252 Initial pH : 7.50 EC₅₀ A : 32.109

實驗毒物 : 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde+2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

實驗毒物 : 3-Hydrobenzaldehyde +

實驗毒物 : 3-Hydrobenzaldehyde + 4-chlorophenol (Biomass)

初始細胞密度

實驗毒物 : 3-Hydrobenzaldehyde + 4-chlorophenol (Growth rate)

初始細胞密度

實驗毒物:Propinaldehyde(1.615) + 2-CP(2.162) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:Propinaldehyde(1.425) + 2-CP(2.352) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:Propinaldehyde(1.534) + 2-CP(2.655) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:Propinaldehyde(1.343) + 4-CP(1.175) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:Propinaldehyde(1.425) + 4-CP(1.464)

實驗毒物:Propinaldehyde(1.534) + 4-CP(1.337)

實驗毒物:2,3-DP(2.209)

+

Propinaldehyde(1.343)

實驗毒物:2,3-DP(2.123)+Propinaldehyde(1.425) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:2,3-DP(2.436)+Propinaldehyde(1.534) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:2,4-DP(1.979)

+

Propinaldehyde(1.343) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:2,4-DP(2.239)+Propinaldehyde(1.425) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:2,4-DP(2.408)+Propinaldehyde(1.534) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:2,4,6-TCP(3.525)

+

Propinaldehyde(1.343) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:2,4,6-TCP(1.945)+Propinaldehyde(1.425) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物:2,4,6-TCP(2.333)+Propinaldehyde(1.534) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2-Chlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2-Chlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde

實驗毒物 :2-Chlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :4-Chlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :4-Chlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde

實驗毒物 :4-Chlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2,3-Dichlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2,4-Dichlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2,4,6-Trichlorophenol+Glutaraldehyde 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2-CP+3-H (3:1) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2-CP+3-H (1:3) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2-CP+3-H (1:3) 初始細胞密(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :2-CP+3-H(1:3) 初始細胞密(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :Propinaldehyde+2-chlorophenol(1:3) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :Propinaldehyde+2-chlorophenol(1:3)

實驗毒物 :Propinaldehyde+2-chlorophenol(3:1) 初始細胞密度(cells/mL) : 15000

實驗毒物 :Propinaldehyde+2-chlorophenol(3:1)

附錄三 HPLC校正曲線

0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000

在文檔中以密閉式藻類毒性詴驗方法評估反應性與麻醉性有機物之混合毒性研究 (頁 105-178)

建議

第六章 結論與建議

6.2 建議

Reference

1. Okumura Y, Koyama J, Takaku H, Satoh H. 2001. Influence of Organic

Toxicol 41:123–128

2. Kaiser KLE, Esterby SR. 1991. Regression and cluster analysis of the

3. Diane JW, Blum RE. 1991. Speece A database of chemical toxicity to

4. Christensen ER, Chen D, Nyholm N, and Kusk O. 2001. Joint action of

5. Arensberg P, Hemmingsen VH, Nyholm N. 1995. A miniscale algal

6. Mayer P, Nyholm N, Verbruggen EMJ, Hermens JLM, Tolls J. 2000.

7. Nyholm N, Kälqvist T. 1989. Methods for growth inhibition toxicity tests

8. Padrtova RR, Marsalek B, Holoubek I. 1998. Evaluation of alternative

9. Lin JH, Kao WC, Tsai KP, Chen CY. 2005. Anovel algal toxicity testing

Water Res. 39, 1869-1877.

10. Chen CY, Chao MR. 2000. No-observed-effect concentrations in batch and

11. Nyholm N, Damgaard BM. 1990. A comparison of the algal growth

Chemosphere. 21, 671-679.

12. Hostetter HP. 1976. A rapid bioassay for algal nutrients and toxins. J.

Phycol. 12, 10.

13. United States Environmental Protection Agency（U.S. EPA）. 1996.

14. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（OECD）.

15. International Organization for Standardization（ISO）. 1987. Water

16. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. 1995. Toxicity

and Wastewater, 19th edn, APHA, Washington, DC.

17. American Society for Testing and Materials（ASTM）. 1994. Standard

18. Chen CY, Lin KC. 1997. Optimization and performance evaluation of the

19. Brack W, Rottlern H. 1994. Toxicity testing of highly volatile chemicals

20. Brack W, Rottlern H. 1994. Toxicity testing of highly volatile chemicals

21. Kuhn R, Pattard M, Pernak K, Winter A. 1989. Results of the Harmful

22. Galassi S, Vighi M. 1981. Testing toxicity of volatile substances with algae.

Chemosphere. 10, 1123-1126.

23. Herman DC, Inniss WE, Mayfield CI. 1990. Impact of volatile aromatic

Selenastrum Capricornutum. Aquatic. Toxicology. 18, 87-100.

24. Mayer P, Nyholm N, Verbruggen EMJ, Hermens JLM, Tolls J. 2000.

25. Huang HJ. 2000. Experimental design of the algal toxicity test based on

26. Vasseur P., Pandard P. 1988. Influence of some experimental factors on

27. Halling-Sψrensen B, Nyholm N, Baun A. 1996. Alagl toxicity tests with

28. Arensberg P, Hemmingsen VH, Nyholm N. 1995. A miniscale algal

29. Kao WC. A comparison of the results of several freshwater aquatic toxicity

30. Lin JH, 2001. Experimental design of the algal toxicity test based on BOD

31. Nyholm N, Kälqvist T. 1989. Methods for growth inhibition toxicity tests

32. United States Environmental Protection Agency（U.S. EPA）. 1996.

33. Vasseur P, Pandard P, 1988. Influence of some experimental factors on

34. Lin JH. 2001. Experimental design of the algal toxicity test based on BOD

35. Chen CY. 1994. Theoretical evaluation of the inhibitory effects of mercury

36. Millington LA, Goulding KH, Adams N. 1988. The influence of growth

22 :1593-1597.

37. Newman MC, McIntosh AW. 1991. Metal Ecotoxicology. pp.1-26. Lewis,

38. Mazidji CN, Koopman B, Bitton G, Neita D. 1992.Distinction between

39. Sorvari J, Sillanpaa M. 1996. Influence of metal complex formation on

Daphnia magna. Chemosphere. 33: 1119-1127

40. Hsu CH. Toxicity assessment of non-polar narcotic chemicals using a

41. Plackett RL, Hewlett PS. 1952 Quantal responses to mixtures of poison, J.

Roy. Stat Soc 14:141-163

42. Christensen ER, Chen CY. 1985. A general noninteractive multiple

Biometrics 41: 711-725.

43. Veith GD, Call DJ, Brooke LT. 1983. Structure-toxicity relationships for

Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40:743-748

44. Franks NB, Lieb WR. 1990. Mechanisms of general anesthesia. Environ.

Health Perspect. 87, 199.

45. Bradbury SP, Lipnick RL. 1990. Introduction: Structural properties for

87:181–182.

46. Schultz TW, Sinks GD, Bearden AP. 1998. QSAR in aquatic toxicology:

promelas, Tetrahymena pyriformis, and Vibrio fischeri. In Devillers J, ed, Comparative QSAR. Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, USA, pp 51–109.

47. Cronin MTD, Schultz TW. 1997. Validation of Vibrio fisheri acute toxicity

48. Ren S, Frymier PD. 2002. Modeling the toxicity of polar and nonpolar

Toxicology and Chemistry 21:2649-2653

49. Jawecki GN, Sawicki J. 2002. A comparison of sensitivity of spirotox

42:389-395

50. Liao YY, Wang LS, He YB, Yang H. 1996. Toxicity QSAR of substituted

Toxicol. 56:460-466

51. Verhaar HJM, Van Leeuwen CJ, Hermens JLM. 1992. Classifying

52. Lipnick RL. 1991.〝Outliers：their origin and use in the classification of

109:131-153

53. Takuo K, Kuino K. 1995 Acute toxicity and structure-activity relationships

54. Tadayoshi S, Yasuo S, Yuko T, Kikuo Y and Fumio Y. 1988. Acute

Chlorella Vulgaris, and quantitative structure-activity relationships.

Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 7,847-7,854.

55. 中華民國環保署環境資料庫

第六章結論與建議

附錄一單一原始數據

附錄二混合毒性數據