第六章 結論與建議
6.2 建議
1. 本研究視旅運需求為外生變數,以簡化航空網路模式之複雜度,並未考慮供需互動 之情形,未來研究可以供互動情形進行航空網路規劃,配合燃油價格之變動,決策 航空網路之最適航線、機型與頻次組合。另外,本研究航空網路模式僅考慮單向航 程,即以台北為貣點,前往各國家城市機場之頻次,後續研究可探討雙向頻次之頻 次規劃,同時,由於航機於國際機場加油,其燃油價格依各國國情與機場政策而有 差異,若詳加考慮因加油地點不同所造成之燃油價格差異,可更符合現況。
2. 根據航空網路規劃結果,B747-400 航機相較於其他中小型客機,較不具有節省成本 之效益,未來當航空公司依據航機使用年限汰換機型,並且引入新航機於機隊時,
應衡量該航機之購置或租賃價格、航機省油率、長期折舊等成本,選擇以及配置最 適航機。
3. 本研究航空網路規劃目標式為成本最小,並未考慮旅運收入與票價,後續研究可以 利潤最大化為目標,探討在燃油價格變動之下,航空網路之獲利情形,進一步討論 如何因應燃油價格,調整航空網路以降低虧損程度。同時本研究未將可靠度模式內 部化,結合航空網路模式,為未來可行之研究方向。
4. 本研究假設客機為純客機,在航線之頻次規劃上,並沒有考慮貨運的部份,實務上,
航空公司機隊組合包含了客運與貨運,部分客運客機也具備貨運之功能,然而貨運 的營運也造成航空公司燃油成本的支出,然而其他成本支出可能不同於航空客運,
因此後續研究可就貨運部分進行探討。
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附錄一 航線貣迄對城市之旅客需求量預測
本研究使用灰色系統預測模式 GM(1, 1)對於目標航空公司貣迄對運量做預測,並且由 Matlab 軟體進行求解。灰預測之原理在於將原始數據累加之後成為新的數據。G(1,1)模 式為時間序列預測模式,令Qrs為貣迄對航線之年度旅運量預測值,假設給定之航空貣 迄對 r-s 航線之原始年度交通流量為Q(0)rs ,n 代表 n 筆觀測之年數:
Q(0)rs = Q 0 rs 1 , … , Q 0 rs n (1) 將原始旅客量數據進行累加生成數之運算,得到旅客量累加生成數據序列:
Q 1 rs k = ki=1Q 0 rs k , k=1, 2, …,n. (2) 其中
Q 1 rs k = kt=1Q 0 rs t , k = 2,3, … , n且Qrs 1 (1) = Qrs 0 1 GM(1,1)模式可以Qrs(0)的微分方程式構建:
dQ 1 rs
dk + u1Qrs 1 = u2 (3)
dQ 1 rs
dk = lim
∆k→0 Q 1 rs k + ∆k − Q 1 rs k (∆k) (4)
∆Q 1 rs
∆k = Q 1 rs k + 1 − Qrs 1 k (5) 以最小平方法估計u1, u2:
u 1
u 2 = BTB −1BTyN (6)
B = −1
2 Qrs 1 1 + Qrs 1 2 , 1
⋮ ⋮
−1
2 Q 1 rs n − 1 + Qrs 1 n 1
(7)
y = Qrs 0 2 , Qrs 0 3 , … , Qrs 0 n T (8) 求出u 1, u 2,以累減生成 IAGO 還原得時間序列預測模式。
Q 1 rs k = Q 0 rs 1 −u u 2
1 1 − eu 1 eu 1(k−1),k=2,3,… (9) 其中 k=1,Qrs 0 (1) = Q 0 rs 1 ;
Q(0)rs = Q 0 rs 1 , Qrs 0 2 , … , Q 0 rs n , Q 0 rs n + 1 , … 即求出未來預測值。預測出之旅運 量為一年的旅次,因此單月之旅運預測平均值為Qrs = Q(0)rs /12。
附錄二 中華航空 96 年度、97 年度每月承載率與頻次資料
承 載 率(%)
航段 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2007
TPE-NRT 86.6 76 87.1 78 76.6 77.9 73.6 80.7 77.5 69 75 71 TPE-LAX 94.4 82.7 95.3 95.9 90.6 94.3 96 97 83.1 76 75 76 TPE-FRA 71.1 67.1 87.7 88.7 69.5 80.9 82 94.6 89.7 88 93 69 TPE-HNL 86.4 83.5 80.3 73.3 69.7 87.2 92.7 86 82.2 72.5 73 80 TPE-BKK 67.4 64.7 70.3 73.2 70.5 82 65.1 68.2 73.2 64.1 69 65.2
2008
TPE-NRT 83.2 78.1 84.8 86.5 80.3 90.8 83.8 77.4 77 69 68 61 TPE-LAX 91.4 78.9 92.2 90 82.6 89.7 93.7 96.4 87.3 77 78 71 TPE-FRA 85.3 82.7 94 94 90 78.7 66.5 83.7 84.2 75 76 54 TPE-HNL 89.6 80.7 82.1 82 80.5 80 92.9 86.3 67 67 60 62 TPE-BKK 67.2 72.8 71.5 77.2 74.5 80.9 75.9 67.4 71.7 58 49 53
頻 次
航段 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2007
TPE-NRT 98 98 98 96 99 96 110 98 92 94 95 97 TPE-LAX 62 56 61 61 62 60 62 62 60 61 60 62 TPE-FRA 20 19 26 26 27 26 26 27 26 25 22 22 TPE-HNL 8 8 10 29 19 12 14 13 12 8 9 9 TPE-BKK 107 98 106 103 106 103 137 106 102 105 133 137
2008
TPE-NRT 97 97 97 94 100 97 105 97 94 99 94 97 TPE-LAX 62 58 62 60 62 60 53 54 49 51 48 63 TPE-FRA 22 23 23 21 23 21 22 23 21 21 23 22 TPE-HNL 9 8 9 8 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 8 TPE-BKK 106 132 108 103 106 102 105 106 96 106 85 97