建議

本研究以問卷調查法的方式來探討幼兒氣質與感覺統合之間的關 聯，期能提供家長及幼教工作者用不同的觀點來看待孩子的發展與行 為。研究者將分別針對幼兒家長、教育工作者及未來研究者提出具體 建議。

壹、 對幼兒家長與教育工作者的建議

一、了解幼兒氣質特性及感覺統合發展狀況，提供適當的引導與協助 當家長和老師們觀察到自己的孩子比同年齡幼兒相較之下注意力 較不集中、做事常常是特別慢郎中、聽話常是有聽沒有做到、耳邊風、

動作笨拙、老是亂發脾氣、情緒躁動不安等行為問題。家長和老師往 往執著於處理行為表現出的外顯問題，甚至認為幼兒是「故意」那麼 做的，而忽略了其他重要的隱藏性問題根源。因此本研究提供了家長 和教育工作者更多元的解決問題方向，氣質與感覺統合雖然有其先天 特質，但後天經驗也是非常重要的影響因素，建議家長可進一步觀察 孩子的氣質與感覺統合的發展，氣質提供我們了解孩童的行為風格的 獨特性；感覺統合則提供神經生理需求的線索，方有更具體明確的方 向為孩童提供適當的環境與外在刺激。

二、觀察幼兒氣質的獨特性，尋求彼此間的最佳適配性

每個孩童有每個孩童的氣質表現，大人也同樣擁有自己獨特的氣 質表現，影響到自己日常生活舉止，相對的也會影響到幼兒（林瑞發，

1988；李美瑩，1994）。因此建議家長能觀察、接受並以包容、欣賞的

角度去看待子女每個氣質向度的表現，尊重個體的個別差異，親子間 的互動方能如魚的水、越來越自在。

貳、 對未來研究者的建議

根據本研究所得的結果顯示，低社經地位幼兒在感覺統合發展的 表現上前庭反應較不足、觸覺防禦敏感、身體運作較不靈巧、對地心 引力和加速度較為敏感。但不能單憑此點，而將低社經地位與感覺統 合發展失調畫上等號，影響幼兒感覺統合發展仍有許多值得探討的相 關因素，包括親子每日相處時間、家庭的物理環境及家庭所提供孩子 的刺激是否足夠等因素，建議未來對此議題有興趣的研究者，可將這 些因素納入討論的變項當中。

參考文獻

李國治（2008）。感覺統合失調兒童參與運動遊戲之效益研究感覺統合失調兒童參與運動遊戲之效益研究感覺統合失調兒童參與運動遊戲之效益研究感覺統合失調兒童參與運動遊戲之效益研究（未出版

高鈺涵（2008）。應用體感運動遊戲於自閉症兒童感覺統合訓練之研究應用體感運動遊戲於自閉症兒童感覺統合訓練之研究應用體感運動遊戲於自閉症兒童感覺統合訓練之研究應用體感運動遊戲於自閉症兒童感覺統合訓練之研究

參、 英文部分

Ayres, A. J. (1972). Sensory integration and learning disorders. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Ayres, A. J. (1991).Sensory intergration and the child（兒童與感覺統 合）。臺北市：心理。

Ayres, A. J. (2005). Sensory integration and the child: Understanding hidden sensory challenges (25th Anniversary ed.). Los Angeles:

Western Psychological Services.

Benish-Weisman, M., Steinberg, T., & Knafo, A. (2010). Genetic and environmental links between children's temperament and their problems with peers. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences , 47( 2) , 144-51.

Bundy, A., Lane, S., & Murray, E. (2002). Sensory integration theory and practice(2nd ed). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.

Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Case-Smith, J., Butcher, L., & Reed, D. (1998). Parents' report of sensory responsiveness and temperament in preterm infants. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52(7), 547-555.

Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1959). Characteristics of the individual child's behavioral responses to the environment. The American journal of orthopsychiatry , 24,798-802.

Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1996). Temperament: Theory and practice. New

York: Brunner/Mazel

DeGangi, G. A., Pogres, S.W., Sickel, R. Z., & Greenspan,S. I.

(1993). Four-year follow-up of a sample of regulatory disordered infants. Infant Mental Health, 14, 330-343.

Degani , S., Leibovitz, Z., Shapiro, I.,& Ohel, G. (2009). Twins’

temperament: Early parental sonographic assessment and postnatal correlation. Journal of Perinatology, 29, 377-342.

Fisher, A. G ., Murray, E. A., & Bundy, A. C. (1991). Sensory integration:Theory and practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.

Fisher, A. G., & Murray, E. A. (1991). Introduction to sensory integration theory. In A. G. Fisher, E. A. Murray, & A. C. Bundy (Eds.) Sensory integration: Theory and practice(pp. 3-26), Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.

Goldsmith, H. H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the toddler behavior assessment questionnaire. Child Development, 67, 218-235.

Goldsmith, H. H., & Gottesman, L. L. (1981). Originsof variation in

behavioral style: A longitudinal study of temperament in young twins.

Child Development, 52, 91-103.

Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., &

Chess, S. et al. (1987). Roundtable: What is temperament? Four approaches. Child Development, 58, 505-529.

Goldsmith, H. H., Van Hulle, C. A., Arneson, C. L., Schreilber. J. E., &

Grensbacher. M. A. (2006). A population-based twin study of parentally reported tactile and auditory defensive in young child.

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(3), 393-407. doi:

10.1007/s108002-006-9024-0

Guerin, D. W., Gottfried, A., W., & Thomas, C. W. (1997). Difficult temperament and behaviour problems: A longitudinal study from 1.5 to 12 years. International Journal of behavioral development, 21(1), 71-90.

Hepburn, S. L., & Stone, W. L. (2006). Using Carey temperament scales to assess behavioral style in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 36, 637-42.doi:

10.1007/s10803-006-0110-5

Keuler, M. M., Schmidt, N. L., Van Hulle, C. A., Lemery-Chalfant, K ., &

Goldsmith, H. H. (2011). Sensory over-responsivity: Prental risk factors and temperamental contribution. Journal of Developmental &

Behavioral Pediatrics, 32, 553-541. doi:

10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182245c05

Konstantareas, M. M., & Stewart, K. (2006). Affect regulation and temperament in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(2), 143-54. doi:

10.1007/s10803-005-0051-4

Kristal, J. (2004). The temperament perspective: Working with chidlren’s behavioral styles. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.

McBride, B. A., Schoppe, S. J., & Rane, T. R. (2002). Child characteristics, parenting stress, and parental involvement: Fathers versus mothers.

Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 998-1011.

McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1978). The measurement of temperament in 3-7 year old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,

19(3), 245-253

McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1995). Behavioral style questionnaire.

Scottsdale, AZ: Behavioral –Developmental Initiatives.

Papalia, D. E., & Olds ,S.W. (1994). Human development (5th ed)（發展心 理學-人類發展）。臺北市：桂冠。

Parham, L. D., & Mailloux, Z (1996). Sensory integration. In Case-Smith, J.

Allen A. S., & Pratt. P. N. (eds.) , Occupational therapy for children(3rd ed) (pp.307-356).St Louis: Mosby.

Rothbart, M. K.(1986). Longitudinal observation on infant temperament.

Developmental Psychology, 22, 356-265.

Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp.37-86). Hillsdale,

NJ: Erlbaum.

Sakimura, J. N., Dang, M. T., Ballard, K. B., & Hansen, R. L. (2008).

Cognitive and temperament clusters in 3- to 5-year-old children with aggressive behavior. Journal of School Health, 78(1), 34-45.

Sanson, A., Hemphill, S. A., & Smart, D. (2004). Connections between temperament and social development: A review. Social Development, 13, 142– 170.

Schmitz, S., Fulker, D. W., Plomin, R., Zahn-Waxler, C., Emde, R. N., &

DeFries, J. C.(1999). Temperament and problem behavior during early childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23(2), 333-355.

Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1981). The role of temperament in the

contribution of individuals to their development. In R. M. Lerner &

Buschrossnagel (Ed.), Individuals as producer of their development: A life-span perspective (pp. 231-255). New York: Academic Press.

Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. G. (1968). Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York: New York University.

West, A. E., & Newman, D. (2003). Worried and blue: The relationship between mild parental anxiety and depression and young children’s development. Science and Practice, 3(2), 133-154.

附錄一 家長同意書

國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES

NATIONAL TAIWAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY TEL：(02)7734-1411

附錄二 測驗研究用同意書