第五章 舊派艾米許簡樸生活的內在動力及其文化的價值與啟示
第三節 後續研究之建議
本論文受制於研究對象的封閉性及研究地區與研究者之間時空的距離，在 觀察法與訪談法的運用上，效果未能達到預期目標。未來後續的研究，建議在場 域的觀察方面，一定要花更多的時間並且想辦法深入接觸，若是時間、經濟許可 的話，最好選擇兩個以上的舊派艾米許社區做比較。而在訪談法上，筆者未能與 舊派艾米許有機會進一步交談，在百般的努力下，只獲得兩位專家及兩位相關人 士的訪談，已實為不易，使得本論文未臻完善。
本研究在資料蒐集的過程中，筆者發現艾米許族群的文化題材豐富多向，
極具價值與意義，非常值得研究者做後續的研究。雖然相關中文文獻稀少，筆者 在第二章曾提及，目前台灣曾研究過艾米許的學者，只有國立美術館的研究員邱 明嬌，就艾米許拼布做藝術層面的研究，另外吳淑女則就艾米許文化觀光的衝擊 做探討，其他僅有兩位國小教師徐郁樺、黃道遠從艾米許經驗的文化價值來探討 它對多元文化教育的提示，因此相對地，國內研究艾米許的天地仍然相當寬廣，
值得繼續開發。而本論文的研究，乃針對舊派艾米許持續簡樸的內在動力去探 索，筆者建議後續的研究者亦可從“艾米許與現代世界的掙扎與改變＂這塊去著
手，可以研究改變中的艾米許，如新派艾米許（The New Order Amish）或改變後 的艾米許，如畢奇派艾米許（The Beachy Amish Church），相信對國內人文社會領 域的研究必有貢獻。
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英文問卷訪談紀錄
一、美國紐約州立大學波茨坦分校（the State University of New York at Potsdam）
人類學系教授 Karen Johnson-Weiner 的回答 lDate: Sun, 7 Mar 2010 20:19
From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Subject: Re: Amish E-mail Dear Reverend Wright,
I've put some answers below. I suggest that Ms. Liang read Don Kraybill's Riddle of Amish Culture, John Hostetler's Amish Society, and Steve Nolt & Tom Meyer's Plain Diversity. These are widely available--maybe even as ebooks. My own Train Up a Child is available as an ebook as well as a hard cover. Hope these answers help.
Best wishes,
Karen Johnson-Weiner Professor and Chair
Department of Anthropology SUNY Potsdam
Potsdam, New York 13676
1. How did you first learn about the Amish people or began to study them?
I don't really remember when I first learned about the Amish. Certainly I knew about them when I was in college, though I didn't know much. I began to study the Amish around 1985.
2. I'd like to know much about the plain lifestyle of the Amish people.What are the characteristics of such a plain lifestyle?
That depends on the group. There's a lot of diversity in the Amish world.
Some common characteristics are a refusal to own cars, to have electricity or
telephones in their homes, plain dress, women where caps, men have beards but
no mustaches. Beyond that, there are a lot of differences. Some ride bikes
(Indiana), some use scooters (Lancaster County), some will have neither (e.g.
Swartzentruber Amish groups).
3. The Amish, coming from Europe, have been living in the US for almost 300 years.
Does this long standing plain lifestyle have anything to do with their history, religious rules and regulations, and /or other factors? Is it a combination of factors? Please explain.
Each Amish group has evolved in a particular way in response to internal struggles and external pressures. Their lifestyle has everything to do with their history and faith.
4. What do you think is the main power which has long driven the Amish people to live such a plain lifestyle?
Their faith. The Amish live the way they do because this is how they
believe Christians should live in the hopes of being worthy of salvation.
5. In your viewpoint, what could be the value of the plain lifestyle? What are some good examples the Amish people can give to those who intend to carry out the dream of having such a plain life?
It is not easy to join the Amish. Their lifestyle reflects their faith.
二、美國南卡羅來納州溫索普大學（Winthrop University）教育學院教授
Mark W. Dewalt 的回答
Subject: RE: Amish E-mail Date: Mon, 8 Mar 2010 10:46 From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Dear Rev. Wright and Ruth,
My answers to your questions are found below.
I hope you find them helpful with your research and writing.
Have a Blessed Day.
Mark
Mark W. Dewalt, Ph.D.
Director of the Center for Pedagogy Bank of America Professor
College of Education 204 Withers
Winthrop University Rock Hill, SC 29733
1. How did you first learn about the Amish people or began to study them?
I grew up near Lancaster PA, so I have known the Amish people for over 50 years. I began careful study in 1975.
2. I'd like to know much about the plain lifestyle of the Amish people. What are the characteristics of such a plain lifestyle?
Plain clothes, no jewelry, no fancy haircuts, garments are about the same for everyone in a community. Plain, functional homes.
3. The Amish, coming from Europe, have been living in the US for almost 300 years.
Does this long standing plain lifestyle have anything to do with their history, religious
rules and regulations, and /or other factors? Is it a combination of factors? Please explain.
Beliefs are based on their interpretation of the Bible. Ancestors in Europe were clear about what they thought the Bible meant and that has been passed down through the years. History and doing things as they have always been done are important to the Amish. They do change but are careful to manage that change.
4. What do you think is the main power which has long driven the Amish people to live such a plain lifestyle?
Christian belief of working together.
Faith in God
Living in small communities and having small church groups Belief that working with your hands is a good thing.
All of the bad things that happen in modern society reinforce the Amish beliefs of pacifism, being plain and not having electronic gadgets.
5. In your viewpoint, what could be the value of the plain lifestyle? What are some good examples the Amish people can give to those who intend to carry out the dream of having such a plain life?
Most of what modern people want is actually not needed to lead a life on
earth. The Amish use of resources is a model of conservation for modern society.
三、美國 bookrag 網站讀者 Gusmano 針對“美國舊派艾米許族群長久持續簡樸 生活方式之內在動力＂的回答
（一）筆者的問題陳述
I am doing the research on the Amish topic. I'd like to find the inner driving force of the long standing plain lifestyle of the Old Order Amish. Could you offer me some viewpoints? I appreciate your help.
（二）讀者 Gusmano 的回答
The Amish movement takes its name from Jakob Ammann (c. 1656—c. 1730), a Swiss Mennonite leader. Ammann believed Mennonites— peaceful Anabaptists of the Low Countries and Germany— were drifting away from the teachings of Menno Simons and the 1632 Mennonite Dordrecht Confession of Faith. Ammann favoredstronger church discipline, including a more rigid application of shunning, the socialexclusion of excommunicated members.1 Because of rapid population growth in Amish communities, new settlements are formed to obtain sufficient farmland. Other reasons for new settlements include locating in isolated areas that support their lifestyle, moving to areas with cultures conducive to their way of life, maintaining proximity to family or other Amish groups.2
Two key concepts for understanding Amish practices are their rejection of Hochmut (pride, arrogance, haughtiness) and the high value they place on Demut (humility) and Gelassenheit (calmness, composure, placidity) — often translated as "submission" or
"letting-be". Gelassenheit is perhaps better understood as a reluctance to be forward, to be self-promoting, or to assert oneself. The Amish's willingness to submit to the
"Will of God", expressed through group norms, is at odds with the individualism so central to the wider American culture. The Amish anti-individualist orientation is the motive for rejecting labor-saving technologies that might make one less dependent on community. Modern innovations like electricity might spark a competition for status goods, or photographs might cultivate personal vanity.
The Amish consider the Bible a trustworthy guide for living but do not quote it excessively. To do so would be considered a sinful showing of pride. Separation from the rest of society is based on being a "chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s own people"(1Peter 2:9), not being "conformed to this world" (Romans 12:2), avoiding the "love [of] the world or the things in the world" (1John 2:15) and the belief that "friendship with the world is enmity with God" (James 4:4).3
1Kraybill (2000), The Anabaptist Escalator, pp. 63-64.
2"Population Trends 1992-2008". Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College.
http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_Trends_1992_2008.asp. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
3Kraybill, Donald; Olshan, Marc A. The Amish Struggle with Modernity, UPNE, 199
四、基督教浸信會美國牧師 Chris 的回答 Ruth:
Here are the questions and my answers. I primarily focused on the Religious Aspect of the Amish. Hope it is helpful.
Chris
1. How did you first learn about the Amish people or began to study them?
I first learned about the Amish when I was in elementary school. I began to study their way of life and their belief system when I was studying in college.
2. I'd like to know much about the plain lifestyle of the Amish people. What are the characteristics of such a plain lifestyle?
I will try to focus on the religious aspect of the plain life. The main focus of the Old Order Amish is the Amish Church. The Church is led by a simple church service where there is no hierarchy. The Amish believe that layperson, people who are not of the clergy, can speak and run the church.
There is no preparation for the sermon, or service. They believe that God will tell you what to say. The simple lifestyle revolves around the
community, so, helping each other out is a big belief of the Amish.
3. The Amish, coming from Europe, have been living in the US for almost 300 years.
Does this long standing plain lifestyle have anything to do with their history, religious rules and regulations, and /or other factors? Is it a combination of factors?
Please explain.
I do believe that there is a combination of factors, but, I believe their faith is the strongest of the factors. Here is why. First, they do not believe in what Evangelicals calls “Once Saved, Always Saved.” The Amish believe that one can lose his salvation just as quick as one obtains it.
This leads to the second point: community. If you notice, each sect of the Amish has its own set of regulations and rules. There is no conformity between the sects. They have some things that are the same, but, the main idea is that each is its own community. The Amish believe that helping in the community is how you stay saved. That it is the work you
do here on earth that is the important thing. Because of these two
reasons, and the answer to question four, I believe the Amish have decided to live this way.
One cannot forget their beginnings as well. The Amish, just like the Minnonites, come from the Anabaptist movement of the 1500s. They were persecuted and they decided to live an isolated life, where outside
interference would not be welcomed. This has led to their pacifist state, which they will deny. They deny they are pacifist because they believe they are separated from the rest of the world.
4. What do you think is the main power which has long driven the Amish people to live such a plain lifestyle?
This is an easy, but yet, complex answer. The drive they have is their faith. Just like the previous answer, their interpretation of the Bible is crucial. Most Amish takes a literal view of the Bible. It is because of this, their lifestyle is the way it is. Here is an example: The Bible says that we are to be separate from the world. Most scholars agree that this is talking about spiritual separation: we are to be different. The Amish takes this as they are to be physically separated. Their faith that community is the best example of Christianity is why they live in the close knit group. Their faith that salvation can be lost is why they are so pious. Their inner drive is the faith that they must live moral and upstanding lives, to not be polluted by the world around them. They are to have nothing to do with war because of the faith that Christ brings peace. There are other examples, but I hope you get the main point from what I have just written.
This is an easy, but yet, complex answer. The drive they have is their faith. Just like the previous answer, their interpretation of the Bible is crucial. Most Amish takes a literal view of the Bible. It is because of this, their lifestyle is the way it is. Here is an example: The Bible says that we are to be separate from the world. Most scholars agree that this is talking about spiritual separation: we are to be different. The Amish takes this as they are to be physically separated. Their faith that community is the best example of Christianity is why they live in the close knit group. Their faith that salvation can be lost is why they are so pious. Their inner drive is the faith that they must live moral and upstanding lives, to not be polluted by the world around them. They are to have nothing to do with war because of the faith that Christ brings peace. There are other examples, but I hope you get the main point from what I have just written.