扭轉敘述視角

譯者除了採取以上三大操縱策略，也運用異於原文的敘述視角來呈現譯文，以下為例證。

例1：

附近百姓十多年來慘遭羅剎兵虐殺，家破人亡不的知凡幾，……。

圖爾布青在城頭上望將下來，但見人頭如蟻，紛紛挑土逐圍，……。尼布楚城的守將，

每日裏也在盼望圖爾布青帶兵來援。

羅剎兵槍可以及遠，清兵不敢逼近攻城。雅克薩是羅剎經營東方的基地，羅剎人野心勃 勃，準擬佔了黑龍江、松花江一帶廣大土地後，更向南侵，將整個中國都收歸版圖，要 千千萬萬人盡皆臣服，成為農奴，因此雅克薩城牆堅厚，城中彈藥充足，糧草堆積如山，

就是困守三年五載，也不虞匱乏。城中開鑿深井，飲水無缺。圖爾布青怕城裏的中國人 作亂內應，將中國男人都拉到城牆上殺了，將屍首拋下城來。城外中國軍民見了，無不 憤恨叫罵。（1975 頁）

譯文：The rampart of earth was rather more successful. Chinese peasants from the villages round about, who had suffered from the depredations of Russian raiders based in the hated fortress, were willing to help the soldiers with their digging, and Tolbusin watched anxiously from the walls as the circle of earthwork began gradually to close. He had some hopes that a

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relieving force might arrive soon from the Russian settlement at Nerchinsk, unaware that Kang Xi had already sent a Chinese force to the Nerchinsk area who would prevent any relief from getting through. But Albazin was plentifully stocked with supplies of every kind and capable if necessary of sustaining a very long siege, and winter was not far off now, when it would be impossible for a besieging force to camp outside.（第三卷，469-70 頁）

評析：此處原文與譯文的最大差別是，原文的意思是俄國人打算入侵中國，將整個中國 收歸版圖，因此雅克薩城牆堅厚，各樣補給充足，困守三、五年都不成問題，可見俄國 野心勃勃，而且圖爾布青為除後患，甚至在城牆上殺中國人，殘忍手段令城外中國軍民 憤恨不已。

但在譯文，譯者掐頭去尾刪去了不利俄國形象的內容（如俄國企圖讓中國人淪為它

的農奴、圖爾布青殺害中國男人等）後，將文意重塑為就算康熙派遣騎兵牽制，使俄軍 可能得不到同胞馳援，但雅克薩城本身資源充足，不怕困守，段落以況且冬季將至，清

軍不可能在城外紮營這個文意作結，這個文意並不存在於原文，敘述視角已與原文有 別，隱約流露一種有恃無恐的心態。

例2：

城上城下，兩軍遙遙望見三人定住不動，姿勢怪異。清兵鼓噪大笑，羅剎兵盡皆駭然。（2028 頁）

譯文：From time to time heads would pop up above the walls of Nerchinsk: it was members of the garrison, curious to get a glimpse of this latest example of what Chinese sorcery could do to its victims.（第三卷，493 頁）

評析：此句原文描寫中俄軍隊與隨軍官員在尼布楚城下交手後，哥薩克騎兵的隊長、副 隊長和一名小隊長被雙兒點了穴道，動彈不得，兩軍看見他們定住不動，出現了不同的 反應。

俄軍看見同袍一動也不動，「盡皆駭然」，但譯文卻變成curious to get a glimpse of this latest example of what Chinese sorcery could do to its victims，「盡皆駭然」的文意憑空消失 了，俄軍的低落形象被沖淡許多，在譯文中，俄軍反倒形容中國功夫是妖術。事實上，《鹿 鼎記》好幾處文句皆指出俄軍認為中國點穴之術是妖法或魔法，以上譯文正反映了這種 觀念，恰恰呈現俄軍的敘述視角。

例3：

（底線標記為筆者所加，以示不利俄國形象的內容。）

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他走到帳外，縮身陰影之中，見外面衛兵手提燈籠，執刀巡邏，北、東、南三邊皆有巡

費要多羅心想道：「你們一定在笑我是傻瓜，騙得我談判劃界，拖延時日，暗中卻去偷襲

There were several tents in the encampment. A couple of sentries paced quietly round the perimeter in contramotion, but it took them quite a long time to make the circuit and Golovin found it easy to dodge from tent to tent without being seen. All the tents were in darkness except one large central tent from which light was coming and a faint hum of voices. What could the Chinese be doing at this hour, he wondered? After a brief hesitation, his curiosity got the better of him and he tiptoed over. Crouching down in the shadows on the darkest side of the tent, he tried to make out what was going on inside.

They were speaking Chinese, but he heard his own name mentioned and once or twice he thought he heard someone say ‘Moscow’. Then there was some Russian spoken: the pidjin Russian of the appalling Chinese boy and the Russian of one or other of the interpreters. Then more Chinese. This time he distinctly heard ‘Golovin’, followed by a burst of laughter. He found that by getting down on his knees he could lift the bottom edge of the tent and peep inside. He saw Trinket sitting fully dressed at a table with several high-ranking Chinese officers wearing full armour. It looked as if they were being briefed for a campaign. Presently the demon Chinese boy said something to the Dutch interpreter who began explaining it in Russian to the Russian priest. Only then did Golovin fully grasp what was being planned.

The peace talks were a ruse! What the Chinese were planning was nothing less than a full-scale invasion of Russia. While peace talks continued interminably at Nerchinsk, with poor, silly Golovin from time to time reporting back on their progress, a large Chinese army would be marching steadily across Russia on an unprepared and totally unsuspecting Moscow.

It seemed preposterous; but then Golovin reflected that the Chinese had already, on more than one occasion, given evidence of possessing some sort of supernatural power. And four centuries earlier the Mongols had swept through Russia, Poland, and Hungary with only twenty thousand horsemen….（第三卷，495-96 頁）

評析：從以上粗體字部份可看出，譯者採用異於原文的敘述視角。俄使費要多羅說出”What could the Chinese be doing at this hour, he wondered?”和使用 the appalling Chinese boy 和 the demon Chinese boy 形容韋小寶，都是基於一個俄國人的立場發出的言論，不屬於原文。

此外，在原文，韋向荷蘭教士表示俄國人先背信於人，私帶火器，他才計劃偷襲俄

軍，但譯者不譯韋這個理由，直接從費要多羅的角度寫出”The peace talks were a ruse! What the Chinese were planning was nothing less than a full-scale invasion of Russia.”，而且原文的

對話被改寫為直述句。

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譯文與原文的差異是，儘管原文段落頻頻出現費要多羅批評中國人的言論和想法，

但僅見於會話，而且與韋小寶、荷蘭教士等人的發言穿插出現，但是到了譯文，韋和荷 蘭教士的對話被大幅濃縮或刪去，貶損俄國或不利俄國尊嚴的內容也未被翻出，倒是費 要多羅不時現身說法，他的一言一行被融入譯文直述句，而且譯者不加引號，整段譯文 儼然成為費要多羅個人在清朝軍營的奇遇記。

例4：

當晚大張筵席，慶賀約成。費要多羅兀自擔憂，不知前去偷襲莫斯科的清兵是否即行召 回，不斷以言語試探，韋小寶只是裝作不懂。（2040 頁）

譯文：

Poor Golovin! In the midst of all this celebration he looked very glum. Trinket knew what was worrying him, but pretended not to notice. However, two days later a Chinese army was reported to be approaching from the west and Golovin saw it for himself with his telescope from the highest point in the fort and forgot his worry. The army had in fact been camping out of sight for the past few days only a few miles from Nerchinsk, waiting for news that the Treaty had been concluded.（第三卷，499 頁）

評析：譯者以”Poor Golovin!”二字開啟上述譯文段落，再度顯露與原文迥異的敘述視角，

《鹿鼎記》中多處流露仇視或鄙夷俄國的態度，還直指俄國人性情爆烈，幾無可能出現

"Poor Golovin!"這種同情俄國（人）的文句。

從以上幾個例子可見，由於敘述視角轉變，譯文已成為譯者為原文以外之他者（俄 國、譯者自己或譯本讀者）發聲的管道，而非原作的忠實化身了。