各大華語(漢語)教材都會把「了」列為語法來教，此為初級學習 者的學習重點，筆者在此僅挑出四本作為代表，主要原因是此四本教 材為使用率最高的教材，中國地區以「新實用漢語課本」為代表；台 灣地區以「新版實用視聽華語」；歐洲地區以「Integrated Chinese」為 代表；美國地區以「Integrated Chinese」及「現代漢語課程」為代表。
當然還有許多其他教材，但語法解釋並不一定完整，且普及率、使用 率也不及此四本高，因此筆者暫不討論。
另外，為方便閱讀，筆者以句型做分類，列出各教材關於「了」
的句型。最後再對比個教材出現主要句型的時間、解釋及例句，最後 將配合教學語法的句型表，以期能找出較佳的句型編排。
2.1《新版實用視聽華語》
《新版實用視聽華語》是台師大國語教學中心設計出版的教材，
是台灣各語言中心廣泛使用的主流教材，筆者將《新版實用視聽華語》
的第一冊及第二冊中所提及的「了」分表列出，並在最後加以分析。
為了閱讀方便以下分表列出該書之解釋與例句。
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表四-1 太…了 太…了
出現時間 第一冊第六課
解釋 Indicates excessiveness, completion of action (see L.10), change of state(see L.13), and imminent action (see L.13) 太貴了。
天氣太熱了。
表 四-2 了 as a Sentence Final Particle 了 as a Sentence Final Particle
出現時間 第一冊第十課
解釋 It indicates the completion of an action, and in some situation can be translated as past tense in English.
When 了 is used as a sentence final particle, it usually indicates the action or the affair has already taken place.
S (A) V (O)了
他已經 來 了
我昨天 看見 他了
了 Can Function Both as a Verb Suffix and a Sentence Final Particle.If a verb in a sentence carries a simple object, then 了 can be placed both after the main verb and at the end of the sentence. This usage often indicates the action has “already” been completed.
S (A) V 了 O 了
我已經 吃 了 飯 了
我已經 買 了 書 了
第四章需求分析 means that the sentence is unfinished. In the case there must follow a subsequent statement serving as the main clause that completes the sentence. Such a main clause is usually introduced by the fixed adverb 就. When this type of
sentence pattern is used, the initial action in the beginning of the sentence is followed almost immediately by a second action.
Past : (昨天)我下了課，就回家了。
Habitual Action: (每天)我下了課，就回家。
Future : (今天)我下了課，就(要)回家。
表四-4Single and Double 了 with Quantified Objects Single and Double 了 with Quantified Objects
出現時間 第一冊第十二課
解釋 When the Object is quantified, 了 can be used after the verb, or can be placed both after the verb and at the end of the sentence.
i)Single 了 with quantified object.
When 了 is used only once in the sentence, after the verb, it indicates that the action was completed at some certain time in the past.
我昨天學了二十個字
ii)Double 了 with quantified object.
When 了 occurs both after the verb and at the end of the sentence, it means that certain quantified action has so far already been completed.
我已經學了三百個字了。
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表四-5Single and Double 了 with Time Spent Single and Double 了 with Time Spent
出現時間 第一冊第十二課
解釋 i)When 了 is used only once in the clause or sentence, after the verb, it indicates that the action went on for some time at some certain time in the past.
ii)If 了 occurs both after the verb and at the end of the clause or sentence, it means that the action has so far already been going on for some time.
i)我們只休息了十分鐘
ii)我們已經休息了半個鐘頭了，你還累嗎?
i)我去年已經學了三個月的中文 ii)我們已經學了三個月的中文了 i)我去年學中文，學了三個月 ii)我學中文，已經學了三個月了。
表四-6Change of Status with Particle 了 Change of Status with Particle 了
出現時間 第二冊第一課
解釋 The addition of 了 to any type of stative verb or verb in their positive or negative forms indicates that a new condition or state of affairs has occurred.
天氣熱了 他不教英文了
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表四-7Imminent action with particle 了 Imminent action with particle 了
出現時間 第二冊第一課
解釋 If you want to indicate that an action or affair will soon occur, then add a 了 at the end of the sentence. In addition,
再來，《新版實用視聽華語》給「了 as a Sentence Final Particle」
兩個解釋，其一：強調其發生義(already taken place)；其二：又同時 補充：「了 can function both as a verb suffix and a sentence final particle . This usually often indicates the action has”aleady” been completed.」，如：
「我已經吃了飯了。」筆者認為這會讓學生誤會當「了」在句尾時則 該句情況就必定已經發生，但實際上，當「了」在句尾時，也可表示 疑問句，如：「你吃了嗎？」，其情況未必已經發生。筆者認為「了」
在句尾所表達的並不是事實的已然，而是說話者觀點認為的已然。此 外，由於把「了」在句尾的定義中加入了發生義(already taken place)，
學生就容易造出：「*母親的媽媽是母親十一歲時去世了」這樣的病句。
因為學生以為「了」就代表了過去、代表了完成，所以在寫句子時合 理推斷把過去發生的事情加上「了」，進而造成病句。
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《現代漢語課程》是由何寶璋、Claudia Ross 等多位老師設計的，
其設計特色是生詞在第一次出現的時候，只以拼音的形式介紹。如此 the particle Le. Le does not contribute any meaning to the phrase.太好了、太小了
這一段，該教材表示「了」在此毫無意義，但事實上，如果「了」
對此短語毫無意義，那麼應可刪除，不需要再加上「了」。
表四-9Completed action: ActV+了 Completed action: ActV+了
出現時間 第一冊第十課
解釋 Mandarin does not have grammatical structures that indicate past, present, and future tense the way that English and many European Languages do. In Mandarin, the distinction that is signaled in the grammar is that an action is complete.
Completion is signaled with the particle 了(le), either after the action verb, or after the action verb+object. In this lesson
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we learn some grneral rules about the location of 了 in the verb+object phrase. We will continue to learn more about the use of 了 to indicate completed action in later lessons. verb is subject to the context of the sentence and speaker perception of the event.
我今天早上已經喝了咖啡。
我今天早上已經喝咖啡了。
了 only indicates a completed action when it follows an action verb. If the verb in the sentence is not an action verb, for example, if it is an adjectival verb like 容易 easy, or a stative verb like 喜歡 like,or a modal verb like 會 can, then 了 cannot be understood as indicating completed action.
Instead it must be understood as indicating new information.
O indicate that some non-action was true in the past(for example, a test was easy, you used to like German food, or you couldn’t talk in the library.),you can add a time word to indicate the time.
Completed action 了 can only be used if an action has occurred. 了 cannot be used when talking about actions that did not occur. For example, you do not use 了 when saying that you have not eaten lunch today/
2、快(time)了—it will soon be (time)
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現在快一點了。
3、asking whether an action has happened:你吃午飯了沒有?
你吃午飯了嗎?
4、已經+v+了 the situation has already happened 我已經吃午飯了。
sentence to indicate that the action has not occurred all the way up to the time of speaking.
他有三個月沒說中文了。
Notice that the time phrase occurs in the sentence where the time when phrase typically occurs: after the subject and right before the verb phrase.
表四-11 再 VP and 又 VP 了
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以為是很好的做法，因為這些出現頻率很高的定式，且在一定情境中 會使用。另外，《現代漢語教程》將「了」分成「ActV+了」、「了 at the end of the sentence」。其中，「ActV+了」、進一步解釋為「Completed action: ActV+了」，並且也表達說話者觀點(speaker perception of the event)或事情發生的當下(the action has not occurred all the way up to the time of speaking.)，筆者認為這幾個定義都滿清楚的。
不過，該書卻在例句中將「了 follows verb+object (V O 了)」放 在「ActV+了」的分項中，如：「我昨天看書了。」、「我昨天晚上洗澡 了。」，筆者認為這樣反而會造成學生困擾，因為該書後來又出現了:
「了 at the end of the sentence」的語法，那麼出現在「ActV+了」
語法項中的這幾句該放到哪裡?該教材並未進一步解釋。筆者認為這 樣容易造成學生誤解，進而造出：「了」
筆者以為這裡的「了」雖然也有完成的意義，但是這是因為該句 原來就具有此句義，而非是由「了」起主要作用，但在此舉例又解釋 是「completed action 」會誤導學生。雖然在該例句後又解釋了「了」
在此是表示出表達說話者觀點(speaker perception of the event)或事情 發生的當下(the action has not occurred all the way up to the time of speaking.)，但將兩種解釋放在一起，結構也不夠清楚，學生誤會或不 能完全理解也是很自然的。
該書在第十七課教「The position of 了 after the verb or after the object of the verb is subject to the context of the sentence and speaker perception of the event.」。又提到了 speaker perception of the event，並 另外請學生注意其發生時間為「 can occur at the end of the sentence to indicate that the action has not occurred all the way up to the time of speaking.」筆者認為如果該書想將兩種位置不同的「了」互為解釋，
那麼應該一開始就把兩種「了」合併，以免造成學生學習上的困擾。
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2.3《Integrated Chinese》中文聽說讀寫
此書是姚道中主編的，也是在美國使用廣泛的教材。優點是該書
解釋 The dynamic particle 了 signifies: 1) the occurrence or completion of an action or event, or 2)the emergence of a situation. The action, event, or situation usually pertains to the past, but sometimes it can refer to the future. Therefore 了 is not a past tense marker, and the use of 了 should not be taken as an equivalent to the past tense in English. In this lesson,了 indicates the occurrence or completion of an action or event. It is usually used after a verb. But sometimes it appears after a verb and the object of the verb in interrogative and declarative sentences.
今天媽媽喝了三杯水。
星期一小高請我喝了一瓶可樂。
昨天晚上你去打球了嗎?
昨天晚上我去打球了。
明天我吃了晚飯去看電影。
There is often a specific time phrase in the sentence with the dynamic particle 了，今天、星期一、昨天晚上。When 了 is used between the verb and object, the object is usually
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proceeded by a modifier. The following---numeral+measure word----is the most common type of modifier for the objrct:
三杯 一瓶
If there are other phrases or sentences following the object of the first clause, then the object does not need a modifier. See example (4) above. This 了 o+v(o) structure can be used to depict a sequence of two actions, and it doesn’t matter
whether the two actions take place in the past or in the future.
我昨天看了哈利波特，那個電影很好。
TO say an action did not take place , use 沒(有) instead of 不…了 or 沒有…了
昨天我沒聽音樂。
*昨天我不聽音樂了。
*昨天我沒有聽音樂了。
妳吃飯了嗎?你吃飯了沒有?
我沒吃
你喝了幾杯水?
我喝了一杯水。
表四-13 了 2 了 2
出現時間 第一冊第七課
解釋 If a statement enumerates a series of realized oe events, 了 usually appears at the end of the series, rather than after each verbs.
昨天第一節課是中文。老師教我們發音、生詞和語法，也 教我們寫字，還給了我們一篇新課文，那篇課文很有意思。
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表四-14 就…了 就…了
出現時間 第一冊第七課 解釋 無解釋，僅有例句
她今天早上起床以後就聽中文錄音了 王朋寫了信以後就去睡覺了。
表四-15 要…了/快要…了 要…了/快要…了
出現時間 第一冊第十課
解釋 The 要…了 structure indicates the imminence of an
anticipated action or situation. It also appears in the form of 快要…了
表四-16 了 3 了 3
出現時間 第一冊第十一課
解釋 The Particle 了 as a sentence-final 了
When 了 occurs at the end of sentence, it usually indicates a change of state or a realization of a new situation.
1、下雪了。
2、妹妹累了。
3、我昨天沒有空兒，今天有空兒了。
4、你看，公共汽車來了。
5、我沒有錢了，不買了
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表四-17Verb+了+Numeral+Measure Word+Noun+了 Verb+了+Numeral+Measure Word+Noun+了
出現時間 第一冊第十七課
出現時間 第一冊第十七課