• 沒有找到結果。

第五章  討論

第三節 未來研究建議

2009 年 H1N1 新型流感大流行是全球近幾年重要的公共衛生議題,其中疫苗 的推行也是這個議題中的關鍵事件,除受到民眾熱切關注,也是各國政府及公共 衛生政策極大的挑戰。在現今少子化社會趨勢影響下,生育率逐漸下降,每個孩 子都是父母心中的寶貝,而懷孕期間婦女所經歷的生理與心理的各種變化,更為 孕婦的疫苗接種決策行為增添許多不確定性。

為將來可能的流感大流行做準備,國外已積極研究懷孕期間感染流感對孕婦 與胎兒的影響,並分析疫苗接種對孕婦及胎兒的效益,期望提升孕婦季節性流感 疫苗的接種率。目前國內並無孕婦接種季節性流感疫苗的常規計畫,也未曾發表 與孕婦流感疫苗接種行為有關之研究,建議未來在流感的偵測系統上,除特殊族 群如高齡、幼童、群聚及慢性病等群體的監測,應特別針對每年孕婦罹患流感的 人數及流感對孕婦或胎兒的影響做出分析,以做為未來規劃的依據。

在政策部份,除應加強平時婦產科醫師對孕婦流感的通報,在大流行發生期 間,對民眾重視的疫苗安全性疑慮應給予充足且公開的資訊說明,提高民眾對政 府及政策的信任度,並加強與媒體的溝通,主動提供民眾所想要知道的訊息。

研究發現知不知道建議會影響接種行為,且醫療專業人員的建議有助於疫苗 接種率的提升,由於政策在推行的過程中難免有疏漏或不足之處,加上每個人對 接收訊息的喜好與方式不同,建議在流感大流行時,應對第一線工作人員、婦產 科醫師等應提供完善教育訓練的機會,並取得共識,以提高民眾對專業諮詢的可 近性,並可善用媒體、電話、明信片等方式通知我們的目標族群。

懷孕婦女肩負胎兒健康及懷孕過程中自己身體變化等強大壓力,雖已有證據 顯示懷孕婦女使用流感疫苗有許多好處,但多數人對疫苗的安全仍有所疑慮。在 醫療科技精進的同時,相信沒有人願意再見到「沙利竇邁事件」,那是身為一個母 親永遠揮之不去的陰影以及對孩子的虧欠,因此不論是疫苗製造商、政策或公共 衛生組織的決策都應更加小心謹慎,讓我們共同為大家的健康做嚴密的把關。

參考文獻 中文部分

王任賢(2009).疫苗發展之過去、現在與未來.感染控制雜誌,19(6),370-374。

內政部戶政司(2012年8月30日).人口統計資料-歷年全國人口統計資料.取自 http://www.ris.gov.tw/zh_TW/346

江大維(2006).流行性感冒的全球大流行.疫情報導,22(3),132-135。

江瑞坤、陳世琦、陳欣欣(2008).流行性感冒與H5N1禽流感.基層醫學,23(3), 66-69。

行政院衛生署疾病管制局(2004).流感及禽流感簡介及因應措施.疫情報導,20

(1),1-12。

行政院衛生署國民健康局(2012年8月31日).國民指標互動調查網站-98年度吸菸 百分比,按性別、縣市別分.取自https://olap.bhp.doh.gov.tw/index.aspx1 行政院體育委員會(2009).中華民國98年運動城市調查(181頁).台北市:行政

院體育委員會委託之研究報告.取自

http://www.sac.gov.tw/publication/publication.aspx?type=6&ap=0&wmid=353 行政院衛生署疾病管制局(2011a).100年度流感疫苗接種計畫.取自

http://flu.cdc.gov.tw/public/Attachment/181017283812.pdf

行政院衛生署疾病管制局(2011b).H1N1新型流感大流行工作紀實.台北:行政 院衛生署疾病管制局。

行政院衛生署疾病管制局(2012年10月1日).歷年預防接種受害救濟業務統計資 料-H1N1申請及審議結果統計.取自

http://web.cdc.gov.tw/public/Data/252118192371.pdf

李秉穎(2007).疫苗接種的錯誤觀念.臺灣醫學,11(6),655-660。

李守義、周碧瑟、晏涵文(1989).健康信念模式的回顧與前瞻.中華衛誌,9(3), 123-137。

林智暉、邱淑君、賴淑寬、陳豪勇(2004).全球流感的流行病學.疫情報導,20

(3),127-139。

林杜凌、顏哲傑、江大維(2004).某榮民之家流行性感冒疫苗接種效果及血清抗 體效價評估.疫情報導,20(11),649-659。

林倩伃、蕭靜怡、吳宗樹、朱育增、高全良、廖宜真、張劭聿、江百善、朱韻瑾、

金傳春(2007).人類流行性感冒的流行病學與偵測系統.疫情報導,23(5),

254-272。

林奏延(2010).無懼病毒-談H1N1疫苗施打成果.醫療品質雜誌,4(2),38-42。

林冠宏、湯宏仁(2010).H1N1新型流感疫苗效度與安全性的探討.感染控制雜 誌,20(2),121-125。

周淑玫、陳昶勳、周玉民、張佳琪(2008).因應流感大流行防治策略綜覽.疫情 報導,24(12),879-894。

周玉民、張佳琪、石雅莉、周淑玫、陳昶勳(2009).因應2009年流感大流行第一 波疫情之國內位應變措施綜論.疫情報導,25(8),510-525。

施信如(2009).流感病毒的前世今生.科學月刊,40(6),427-430。

孫幸筠、陳世英(2005).漫談流行性感冒及流感疫苗.健康世界,229,8-14。

陳曉悌、李怡娟、李汝禮(2003).健康信念模式之理論源起與應用.臺灣醫學,

7(4),632-639。

陳豪勇(2004).H5N1禽流感病毒為何會襲擊人類?.疫情報導,20(1),13-24。

陳世英(2006).從SARS到禽流感-現代社會對新興傳染性疾病的重新檢視.健康 世界,242,11-27。

陳志強(2007).疫苗的現況與新知.基層醫學,22(9),331-336。

陳建甫、徐美菁、吳克恭(2008).疫苗的原理及最新發展.基層醫學,23(6), 178-183。

陳琬菁、彭美珍、劉士豪、鄭萬金(2009).台北市某大學外籍學生華語夏令營H1N1 新型流感群聚事件.疫情報導,25(8),536-540。

曾仁谷(1994).台灣地區流行性感冒病毒之簡介.疫情報導,11(9),240-245。

曾雪蒨、許佳惠、沈能元(2009年12月22日).打新流感疫苗後 7歲童敗血症死.

取自

http://appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20091222/32177920/applesear ch/

黃湘芸、李政益、劉宇倫、楊祥麟、羅秀雲、莊人祥(2009).臺灣H1N1新型流 感國際監測機制.疫情報導,25(10),652-666。

楊志良(2010).讓疫苗安全議題回歸專業-盼醫界繼續支持疫苗政策.臺灣醫界,

53(5),10-11。

蔡睦宗、蔡敬屏、陳郁慧、謝思民(2009).H1N1新型流感.於行政院衛生署疾 病管制局等編,人畜共通傳染病臨床指引(第二版,77-82頁).臺北市:行政 院衛生署疾管局。

謝快樂(2005).禽流感.疫情報導,21(10),767-69。

謝明君、鄒宗珮、陳婉青、郭旭崧(2009).台灣 H1N1 新型流感之因應暨最初 61 例確定病例之分析.疫情報導,25(8),501-509。

顏哲傑(2005).1998~2004年臺灣地區流感疫苗進口使用探討.疫情報導,21(6), 408-418。

H1N1新型流感中央流行疫情指揮中心(2009a).指揮中心公布首例H1N1新型流 感重症確定病例.取自

http://www.cdc.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=24636&ctNode=2365&mp=1

H1N1新型流感中央流行疫情指揮中心(2009b).首例H1N1新型流感重症孕婦,

指揮中心提醒民眾及醫界提高警覺.取自

http://flu.cdc.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=10532&ctNode=813&mp=150

H1N1新型流感中央流行疫情指揮中心(2010).國內第10例H1N1確診孕婦不幸往 生.取自http://www.cdc.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=27349&ctNode=2365&mp=1

英文部分

Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (2005). The health belief model. In M. Conner & P.

Norman (Eds.), Predicting health behavior (2nd ed., pp. 28-80). New York, NY:

Open University Press.

Andrew, M. K., McNeil, S., Merry, H., & Rockwood, K. (2004). Rates of influenza vaccination in older adults and factors associated with vaccine use: a secondary analysis of the Canadian study of health and aging. BMC Public Health, 4, 36-38.

Becker, M. H. (1974). The health belief model and sick role behavior. In M. H. Becker (Ed.), The health belief model and personal health behavior (pp. 82-92). New Jersey: Charles B. Slack.

Blue, C. L., & Valley, J. M. (2002). Predictors of influenza vaccine. Acceptance among healthy adult workers. AAOHN J, 50(5), 227-233.

Bouvier, N. M., & Palese, P. (2008). The biology of influenza viruses. Vaccine, 26 Supp l 4, D49-D53.

Bren, L. (2006). Influenza: vaccination still the best protection. FDA Consumer, 40(5), 12-19.

Bridges, C. B., Thompson, W. W., Meltzer, M. I., Reeve, G. R., Talamonti, W. J., Cox, N. J., …Fukuda, K. (2000). Effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza

vaccination of healthy working adults: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 284(13), 1655-1663.

Brien, S., Kwong, J. C., & Buckeridge, D. L. (2012). The determinants of 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza vaccination: a systematic review. Vaccine, 30(7), 1255-1264. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.089

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1997). Prevention and control of influenza:

Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 46(PR-9), 1-25.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Influenza vaccination and self-reported reasons for not receiving influenza vaccination among Medicare beneficiaries aged > or =65 years--United States, 1991-2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(43), 1012-1015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009a). Outbreak of swine-origin

influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - Mexico, March-April 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(17), 467-470.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009b). Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children--Southern California, March-April 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(15), 400-402.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ( 2009c). CDC advisors make recommendations for use of vaccine against novel H1N1.Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/2009/r090729b.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009d). Use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on

Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Recommendations & Reports. 58(RR-10), 1-7.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2009e). Update on influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(39), 1100-1101.

Chapman, G. B., & Coups, E. J. (1999). Predictors of Influenza Vaccine Acceptance among Healthy Adults. Preventive Medicine, 29(4), 249-262. doi:

10.1006/pmed.1999.0535

Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. In K. Glanz, B. K.

Rimer & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 45-65). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Claas, E. C. J., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., van Beek, R., De Jong, J. C., Rimmelzwaan, G.

F., Senne, D. A., …Webster, R. G. (1998). Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. The Lancet, 351(9101), 472-477. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11212-0

Cox, N. J., & Subbarao, K. (2000). Global epidemiology of influenza: past and present.

Annual Review of Medicine, 51, 407-421.

Creanga, A. A., Johnson, T. F., Graitcer, S. B., Hartman, L. K., Al-Samarrai, T., Schwarz, A. G.,…Honein, M. A. (2010). Severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in pregnant women. Obstetrics and gynecology, 115(4), 717-726. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d57947

Dawood, F. S., Jain, S., Finelli, L., Shaw, M. W., Lindstrom, S., Garten, R. J.,…Uyeki, T. M. (2009). Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(25), 2605-2615.

de Andres, A. L., Garrido, P. C., Hernandez-Barrera, V., Del Pozo, S. V., de Miguel, A.

G., & Jimenez-Garcia, R. (2007). Influenza vaccination among the elderly Spanish population: trend from 1993 to 2003 and vaccination-related factors.

European Journal of Public Health, 17(3), 272-277. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl242

Ding, H., Santibanez, T. A., Jamieson, D. J., Weinbaum, C. M., Euler, G. L., Grohskopf, L. A.,…Singleton, J.A. (2011). Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women--National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey (NHFS). Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(6 Suppl 1), S96-106. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.03.003

Dlugacz, Y., Fleischer, A., Carney, M. T., Copperman, N., Ahmed, I., Ross,

Z.,…Silverman, R. A. (2012). 2009 H1N1 vaccination by pregnant women during

the 2009-10 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 206(4), 339 e331-338. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.027

Drees, M., Johnson, O., Wong, E., Stewart, A., Ferisin, S., Silverman, P. R., Ehrenthal, D. B. (2012). Acceptance of 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine among pregnant women in Delaware. American journal of perinatology, 29(4), 289-294.

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1295660

Elder, J. P., Ayala, G. X., & Harris, S. (1999). Theories and intervention approaches to health-behavior change in primary care. American Journal of Preventive

Medicine, 17(4), 275-284.

Elliott, E. J. (2010). Pregnancy and Pandemic Flu. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(5), 691-692. doi:10.1086/650461

Fabry, P., Gagneur, A., & Pasquier, J. C. (2011). Determinants of A (H1N1) vaccination:

cross-sectional study in a population of pregnant women in Quebec. Vaccine, 29(9), 1824-1829. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.109

Fiore, A. E., Shay, D. K., Haber, P., Iskander, J. K., Uyeki, T. M., Mootrey, G.,…Cox, N. J. (2007). Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 56(RR-6), 1-54.

Fiore, A. E., Shay, D. K., Broder, K., Iskander, J. K., Uyeki, T. M., Mootrey, G., …Cox, N. J. (2009). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines:

recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(RR-8), 1-52.

Fisher, A. A. (1977). The health belief model and contraceptive behavior: limits to the application of a conceptual framework. Health Education Monographs, 5(3), 244-250.

Flood, E. M., Rousculp, M. D., Ryan, K. J., Beusterien, K. M., Divino, V. M., Toback, S. L.,…Mahadevia, P. J. (2010). Parents' decision-making regarding vaccinating their children against influenza: A web-based survey. Clinical Therapeutics, 32(8), 1448-1467. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.06.020

Francis, T., Jr. (1940). A new type of virus from epidemic influenza. Science, 92 (2392), 405-408.

Freund, R., Le Ray, C., Charlier, C., Avenell, C., Truster, V., Treluyer, J. M.,…Launay, O. (2011). Determinants of non-vaccination against pandemic 2009 H1N1

influenza in pregnant women: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One, 6(6), e20900. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020900

Fridman, D., Steinberg, E., Azhar, E., Weedon, J., Wilson, T. E., & Minkoff, H. (2011).

Predictors of H1N1 vaccination in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(6 Suppl 1), S124-127. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.04.011

Gatherer, D. (2009). The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context.

Journal of Clinical Virology, 45(3), 174-178.

Goldfarb, I., Panda, B., Wylie, B., & Riley, L. (2011). Uptake of influenza vaccine in pregnant women during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(6 Suppl 1), S112-115. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.01.007

Harper, S. A., Fukuda, K., Uyeki, T. M., Cox, N. J., & Bridges, C. B. (2004).

Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory

Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(RR-6), 1-40.

Hedlund, J., Christenson, B., Lundbergh, P., & Ortqvist, A. (2003). Effects of a large-scale intervention with influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines in elderly people: a 1-year follow-up. Vaccine, 21(25-26), 3906-3911.

Hewagama, S., Walker, S. P., Stuart, R. L., Gordon, C., Johnson, P. D. R., Friedman, N.

D.,…Giles, M. L. (2010). 2009 H1N1 Influenza A and Pregnancy Outcomes in Victoria, Australia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(5), 686-690.

doi:10.1086/650460

Jamieson, D. J., Theiler, R. N., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2006). Emerging Infections and Pregnancy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1638-1643.

Jamieson, D. J., Honein, M. A., Rasmussen, S. A., Williams, J. L., Swerdlow, D. L., Biggerstaff, M. S.,…Olsen, S. J. (2009). H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA. The Lancet, 374(9688), 451-458. doi:

10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61304-0

Kilbourne, E. D. (2006). Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 9-14.

Larson, E. B., Olsen, E., Cole, W., & Shortell, S. (1979). The relationship of health beliefs and a postcard reminder to influenza vaccination. J Fam Pract, 8(6), 1207-1211.

Larson, E. B., Bergman, J., Heidrich, F., Alvin, B. L., & Schneeweiss, R. (1982). Do postcard reminders improve influenza compliance? A prospective trial of different postcard "cues". Medical Care, 20(6), 639-648.

Larson, J.S. (1999). The conceptualization of health. Medical Care Research & Review.

56(2), 123-136.

Lau, J. T., Cai, Y., Tsui, H. Y., & Choi, K. C. (2010a). Prevalence of influenza vaccination and associated factors among pregnant women in Hong Kong.

Vaccine, 28(33), 5389-5397. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.071

Lau, J. T., Yeung, N. C., Choi, K. C., Cheng, M. Y., Tsui, H. Y., & Griffiths, S. (2010b).

Factors in association with acceptability of A/H1N1 vaccination during the

influenza A/H1N1 pandemic phase in the Hong Kong general population. Vaccine, 28(29), 4632-4637. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.076

Laver, G., & Garman, E. (2001). The origin and control of pandemic influenza. Science 293(5536), 1776-1777.

Luteijn, J. M., Dolk, H., & Marnoch, G. J. (2011). Differences in pandemic influenza vaccination policies for pregnant women in Europe. BMC Public Health, 11, 819.

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-819

Maiman, L. A., & Becker, M. H. (1974). The health belief model: origins and correlates in psychological theory. In M. H. Becker (Ed.), The health belief model and personal health behavior (pp. 9-26). New Jersey: Charles B. Slack.

Matsuzaki, Y., Katsushima, N., Nagai, Y., Shoji, M., Itagaki, T., Sakamoto,

M.,…Nishimura, H. (2006). Clinical Features of Influenza C Virus Infection in Children. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 193(9), 1229-1235.

Medlock, J., & Galvani, A. P. (2009). Optimizing influenza vaccine distribution.

Science, 325(5948), 1705-1708.

Mok, E., Yeung, S. H., & Chan, M. F. (2006). Prevalence of influenza vaccination and correlates of intention to be vaccinated among Hong Kong Chinese. Public Health Nursing, 23(6), 506-515.

Nichol, K. L., Nordin, J. D., Nelson, D. B., Mullooly, J. P., & Hak, E. (2007).

Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med, 35(14), 1373-1381.

Nicholson, K. G., Wood, J. M., & Zambon, M. (2003). Influenza. The Lancet, 362(9397), 1733-1745.

Palese, P. (2004). Influenza: old and new threats. Nature Medicine, 10(12 Suppl), S82-S87.

Pender, N. J. (1996). Motivation for health behavior. In N. J. Pender (Ed.), Health promotion in nursing practice (3rd ed., pp. 33-37). Stamford, CT: Appleton &

Lange.

Peiris, J. S. M., Poon, L. L. M., & Guan, Y. (2009). Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans. Journal of clinical virology,

Peiris, J. S. M., Poon, L. L. M., & Guan, Y. (2009). Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans. Journal of clinical virology,