第一章 結論
第四節 相關文獻回顧
20สมชัย ใจดีและยรรยง ศรีวิริยาภรณ์(Somchai Jaidee and Yanyong Sriwiriyaporn).ประเพณีและวัฒนธรรมไทย(泰國文化風 俗).Thailand,2006.
21 Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture,media, language (pp. 128–138). London: Hutchinson.
22 Fiske, J. (1987). Television culture. London: Methuen. Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W.F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 265–275.
23 Beltran, L.R. (1978). Communication and cultural domination: USA-Latin American case. Media Asia, 5(4), 183–192.
24 White, L.A. (2001). Reconsidering cultural imperialism theory. Transnational Broadcasting Studies
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Dialogues) 的影響,Dryden接下來試著將帶著小組深度討論幾位劇作家例如
Ben Jonson、 Molière、和Shakespeare。當Crites引用亞里斯多德(Aristotle)時
,他以劇中逼真的戲碼為例,具體提出關於押韻用法的一個異義,在另一 方面,跟據Neader,從在戲劇中加入了藝術性後,他喜歡這種自然的押韻
法。在Twilight中,就是這四個朋友在Somerset-Stairs發表他們最後的演講
,然後這四個朋友就分別走上他們自己的道路。
Hoskins and Mirus (1988) 介紹文化折扣 (Cultural Discount) 一詞,26說明
Archives, 6 (Spring/Summer). Retrieved October 14, 2005, from
http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring01/white.html
25 Straubhaar, J.D. (2000). Culture, language and social class in the globalisation of television. In G.Wang, J.
Servaes, & A. Goonasekera (Eds.), The new communication landscape: Demystifying media globalisation (pp. 199–224). London: Routledge.
26 Hoskins, C., & Mirus, C. (1988). Reasons for the US dominance of the international trade in television programmes. Media, Culture & Society, 10, 499–515.
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娛樂性的節目的價值在外國市場被低估的比在本國市場還多,因為這些節 目的在國外顯得比較沒有吸引力,因為節目名字和字幕有理解上的差意,
另外國人比較難了解節目中的「風格、價值觀、信念、歷史、神話、習俗
、環境和人們的行為模式。」(Hoskins & Mirus, 1988, p. 500).
文化接近(Cultural Proximity)和文化折扣(Cultural Discount)兩個理論描 述了當文化出口到外國的市場時,其價值降低的原因,這是因為出口和進 口兩種國家的文化差異。造成國家之間的文化折扣的主要原因是因為國家 與國家之間語言的差異,但是因為媒體常常與某種文化有密切的關聯,其 他造成文化差異的元素也很重要(Park, 2005)。27在這個議題上,一個最常被 拿出來引用的例子是拉丁美洲版本的每日電視連續劇,特別是指他們家鄉 和海外拉丁美洲人也可以收看的到的那些電視連續劇(Telenovelas)。28
美國媒體Hispanic常常因為類似的原因而受到墨西哥所有者的捐贈,
27 Park, S. (2005). The impact of media use and cultural exposure on the mutual perception of Koreansand Japanese. Asian Journal of Communication, 15(2), 173–187.
28 Antola, A., & Rogers, E.M. (1984). Television flows in Latin America. Communication Research, 11(2), 183–202.
29 Kim, S., Long, P., & Robinson, M. (2009). Small screen, big tourism: The role of popular Korean television dramas in South Korean tourism. Tourism Geographies, 11(3), 308–333.
30 Burch, E. (2002). Media literacy, cultural proximity and TVaesthetics: Why Indian soap operas work in Nepal and the Hindu diaspora. Media, Culture & Society, 24(4), 571–579.
31 Skinner, G. William. Chinese Society in Thailand: an Analytical History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1957.
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32 Kasian Tejapira. “Imagined uncommunity: the Lookjin Middle Class and Thai Official Nationalism”. In Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe, edited by Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.
33 Pasuk Phongphaichit and Chris Baker. Thailand’s Boom and Bust. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1998.
34 Boonsanong Punyodana. Chinese-Thai Differential Assimilation in Bangkok: an Exploratory Study. Data Paper No. 79, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1971.
35 Chan, Kwok Bun and Chee Kiong Tong. “Introduction: Modelling Culture Contact and Chinese Ethnicity in Thailand”. Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 23, 1, (1995) pp. 1-12.
36 Clear expressions of anti-Chinese sentiment were widely expressed in rural regions largely due to the role of local Sino-Thai in moneylending. Many Thai movies of the 1980s hinged on conflicts in élite Thai families when a daughter wished to marry a man of Chinese descent.
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泰國人跟華人的關係很密切,所以有不少的泰華小說,這些小説的 作者寫出的泰國華人對泰國社會的認知、生活、生計、思想及觀點。1969 年前的小說,華人的角色是沒有被教育、沒禮節、沒錢、沒有人尊重的角 色,所以華人通常是配角。根據Boonyarat(2012),37今日的華人小說變得很 多,在電視劇中,華人角色很明顯跟以前有很大的不一樣,華人再也不是 配角而是擔綱主角,跟泰國人有一樣的地位,所以戲劇的角色才比較靠近 目前真實的華人。