研究限制

本研究採用雖採用全國性愛滋感染者資料，但僅針對經由藥癮愛滋 感染者做調查研究，因此對於推估至其他愛滋易感族群之代表性，有其 困難也不適合。同樣地，因部分縣市並未收錄到研究對象，因此要外推 至各縣市也有其困難度。藥癮愛滋感染者具有精神疾病共病的可能，惟 本研究並未有相關變項能進行分析，是否會影響本研究結果難以界定。

參考文獻

15-49 歲愛滋病毒感染估計盛行率[An Estimated Prevalence Rate of Adult (15-49) HIV Infection in Taiwan till Year 2003]。臺灣醫學， 9（6），頁 713-721。

楊士隆、戴伸峰、曾淑萍 （2011）。 台灣成人受刑人入獄前非法藥物使用之盛行率 調查[National Survey of High Risk Groups Illegal Drug Using Prevalence among Adult Inmates In Taiwan]。犯罪學期刊， 14（2），頁 99-137。 Surveillance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Southern Taiwan[以 流行病學監測人類免疫缺乏病毒感染與後天免疫缺乏症候群]。The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences， 4（12），頁 667-676。

《英文文獻》

Aceijas, C., Stimson, G. V, Hickman, M., Rhodes, T., Prevention, on behalf of the U. N. R.

G. on H., Developing, C. among I. D. U. in, & Countries, T. (2004). Global overview of injecting drug use and HIV infection among injecting drug users. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 18(17), 2295–2303.

Avants, S. K., Margolin, A., Sindelar, J. L., Rounsaville, B. J., Schottenfeld, R., Stine, S., … Kosten, T. R. (1999). Day treatment versus enhanced standard methadone services for opioid-dependent patients: a comparison of clinical efficacy and cost. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(1), 27–33.

Ball, J. C., Lange, W. R., Myers, C. P., & Friedman, S. R. (1988). Reducing the Risk of AIDS Through Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29(3), 214–226. doi:10.2307/2137033

Ball, J. C., & Ross, A. (1991). The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment:

Patients, Programs, Services, and Outcome. SPRINGER VERLAG GMBH.

Retrieved from http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=zCZsAAAAMAAJ

Bangsberg, D. R. (2006). Less than 95% adherence to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor therapy can lead to viral suppression. Clin Infect Dis, 43(7), 939–941.

doi:10.1086/507526

Bangsberg, D. R., Hecht, F. M., Charlebois, E. D., Zolopa, A. R., Holodniy, M., Sheiner, L., … Moss, A. (2000). Adherence to protease inhibitors, HIV-1 viral load, and development of drug resistance in an indigent population. AIDS, 14(4), 357–366.

Blix, O., & Grönbladh, L. (1991). The Impact of Methadone Maintenance Treatment on the Spread of HIV Among IV Heroin Addicts in Sweden. In N. Loimer, R. Schmid, &

A. Springer (Eds.), Drug Addiction and AIDS (pp. 200–205). Springer Vienna.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9173-6_22

Booth, R. E., Crowley, T. J., & Zhang, Y. (1996). Substance abuse treatment entry, retention and effectiveness: out-of-treatment opiate injection drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 42(1), 11–20.

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(96)01257-4

Burns, L., & Teesson, M. (2002). Alcohol use disorders comorbid with anxiety, depression and drug use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68(3), 299–307. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037687160200220X Caplehorn, J. R., & Ross, M. W. (1995). Methadone maintenance and the likelihood of

risky needle-sharing. Int J Addict, 30(6), 685–698.

Clarke, S. M., & Mulcahy, F. M. (2000). Antiretroviral therapy for drug users. Int J STD AIDS, 11(10), 627–631.

Detels, R., Muñoz, A., McFarlane, G., & et al. (1998). EFfectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on time to aids and death in men with known hiv infection duration. JAMA, 280(17), 1497–1503. doi:10.1001/jama.280.17.1497

Drug. (2010). In Encyclopedia student Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

Edelman, E. J., Cheng, D. M., Krupitsky, E. M., Bridden, C., Quinn, E., Walley, A. Y., … Samet, J. H. (2014). Heroin Use and HIV Disease Progression: Results from a Pilot Study of a Russian Cohort. AIDS and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0948-z Farrell, M., Gowing, L., Marsden, J., Ling, W., & Ali, R. (2005). Effectiveness of drug

dependence treatment in HIV prevention. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16, Supple(0), 67–75. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.02.008

Feelemyer, J., Des Jarlais, D., Arasteh, K., & Uusküla, A. (2014). Adherence to

Antiretroviral Medications Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in Transitional, Low and Middle Income Countries: An International Systematic Review. AIDS and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0928-3

Gossop, M., Marsden, J., Stewart, D., & Treacy, S. (2002). Reduced injection risk and sexual risk behaviours after drug misuse treatment: results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study. AIDS Care, 14(1), 77–93.

doi:10.1080/09540120220097955

Gottheil, E., Weinstein, S. P., Sterling, R. C., Lundy, A., & Serota, R. D. (1998). A

randomized controlled study of the effectiveness of intensive outpatient treatment for cocaine dependence. Psychiatr Serv, 49(6), 782–787.

Gowing, L. R., Farrell, M., Bornemann, R., Sullivan, L. E., & Ali, R. L. (2006). Brief report: Methadone treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection.

Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(2), 193–195.

doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00287.x

Hartel, D. M., & Schoenbaum, E. E. (1998). Methadone treatment protects against HIV infection: two decades of experience in the Bronx, New York City. Public Health Rep, 113 Suppl , 107–115.

Haverkos, H. W. (1998). HIV/AIDS and drug abuse: epidemiology and prevention. J Addict Dis, 17(4), 91–103. doi:10.1300/J069v17n04_08

Hubbard, R. L., Craddock, S. G., Flynn, P. M., Anderson, J., & Etheridge, R. M. (1997).

Overview of 1-year follow-up outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 11(4), 261–278.

doi:10.1037/0893-164X.11.4.261

International Harm ReductionAssociation. (2010). What is harm reduction?A position statement from the International Harm Reduction Association. International Harm ReductionAssociation. Retrieved from http://www.ihra.net/what-is-harm-reduction Kwiatkowski, C. F., & Booth, R. E. (2001). Methadone maintenance as HIV risk reduction

with street-recruited injecting drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 26(5), 483–

489.

Lawrinson, P., Ali, R., Buavirat, A., Chiamwongpaet, S., Dvoryak, S., Habrat, B., … Zhao, C. (2008). Key findings from the WHO collaborative study on substitution therapy for opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS. Addiction, 103(9), 1484–1492.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02249.x

Lee, H. C., Ko, N. Y., Lee, N. Y., Chang, C. M., Liu, S. Y., & Ko, W. C. (2010). Trends in sexually transmitted diseases and risky behaviors among HIV-infected patients at an outpatient clinic in southern Taiwan. Sex Transm Dis, 37(2), 86–93.

doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bd8301

Lee, T. S., Shen, H. C., Wu, W. H., Huang, C. W., Yen, M. Y., Wang, B. E., … Liu, Y. L.

(2011). Clinical characteristics and risk behavior as a function of HIV status among heroin users enrolled in methadone treatment in northern Taiwan. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy, 6, 6. doi:10.1186/1747-597x-6-6

Lucas, G. M., Cheever, L. W., Chaisson, R. E., & Moore, R. D. (2001). Detrimental Effects of Continued Illicit Drug Use on the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 27(3), 251–259.

Lucas, G. M., Gebo, K. A., Chaisson, R. E., & Moore, R. D. (2002). Longitudinal

assessment of the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on HIV-1 treatment outcomes in an urban clinic. AIDS, 16(5), 767–774.

Lyu, S. Y., Su, L. W., & Chen, Y. M. (2012). Effects of education on harm-reduction programmes. Lancet, 379(9814), e28–30. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60786-1 McLellan, A. T., Arndt, I. O., Metzger, D. S., Woody, G. E., & O’Brien, C. P. (1993). The

effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse treatment. JAMA, 269(15), 1953–

1959.

Metzger, D. S., Navaline, H., & Woody, G. E. (1998). Drug abuse treatment as AIDS prevention. Public Health Rep, 113 Suppl , 97–106.

Metzger, D. S., Woody, G. E., McLellan, A. T., O’Brien, C. P., Druley, P., Navaline, H., … Abrutyn, E. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among intravenous drug users in- and out-of-treatment: an 18-month prospective follow-up. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 6(9), 1049–1056.

Mitchell, S. J., Morris, S. R., Kent, C. K., Stansell, J., & Klausner, J. D. (2006).

Methamphetamine use and sexual activity among HIV-infected patients in care--San Francisco, 2004. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 20(7), 502–10.

doi:10.1089/apc.2006.20.502

Moss, A. R., Vranizan, K., Gorter, R., Bacchetti, P., Watters, J., & Osmond, D. (1994).

HIV seroconversion in intravenous drug users in San Francisco, 1985-1990. AIDS, 8(2), 223–231.

Novick, D. M., Joseph, H., Croxson, T. S., Salsitz, E. A., Wang, G., Richman, B. L., … Whimbey, E. (1990). Absence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus in long-term, socially rehabilitated methadone maintenance patients. Arch Intern Med, 150(1), 97–99.

Palella, F. J., Delaney, K. M., Moorman, A. C., Loveless, M. O., Fuhrer, J., Satten, G.

A., … Holmberg, S. D. (1998). Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study

Investigators. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338(13), 853–60.

doi:10.1056/NEJM199803263381301

Palepu, A., Tyndall, M. W., Joy, R., Kerr, T., Wood, E., Press, N., … Montaner, J. S.

(2006). Antiretroviral adherence and HIV treatment outcomes among HIV/HCV co-infected injection drug users: the role of methadone maintenance therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend, 84(2), 188–194. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.02.003

Qian, H. Z., Hao, C., Ruan, Y., Cassell, H. M., Chen, K., Qin, G., … Shao, Y. (2008).

Impact of methadone on drug use and risky sex in China. J Subst Abuse Treat, 34(4), 391–397. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.07.002

Reddon, H., Milloy, M.-J., Simo, A., Montaner, J., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. (2014).

Methadone maintenance therapy decreases the rate of antiretroviral therapy discontinuation among HIV-positive illicit drug users. AIDS and Behavior, 18(4), 740–6. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0584-z

Robert L. Hubbard J. Valley Rachal, Henrick J. Harwood, Elizabeth R. Cavanaugh, and Harold M. Ginzburg., M. E. M. (1989). Drug abuse treatment: a national study of effectiveness. University of North Carolina Press. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=2ttrAAAAMAAJ

Russell, K., Dryden, D. M., Liang, Y., Friesen, C., O’Gorman, K., Durec, T., … Klassen, T.

P. (2008). Risk factors for methamphetamine use in youth: a systematic review. BMC Pediatrics, 8, 48. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-8-48

Serpelloni, G., Carrieri, M. P., Rezza, G., Morganti, S., Gomma, M., & Binkin, N. (1994).

Methadone treatment as a determinant of HIV risk reduction among injecting drug users: a nested case-control study. AIDS Care, 6(2), 215–220.

doi:10.1080/09540129408258632

Sethi, A. K., Celentano, D. D., Gange, S. J., Moore, R. D., & Gallant, J. E. (2003).

Association between adherence to antiretroviral therapy and human

immunodeficiency virus drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis, 37(8), 1112–1118.

doi:10.1086/378301

Sorensen, J. L., & Copeland, A. L. (2000). Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: a review. Drug Alcohol Depend, 59(1), 17–31.

Sullivan, L. E., Metzger, D. S., Fudala, P. J., & Fiellin, D. A. (2005). Decreasing international HIV transmission: the role of expanding access to opioid agonist therapies for injection drug users. Addiction, 100(2), 150–158.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00963.x

Thiede, H., Hagan, H., & Murrill, C. S. (2000). Methadone treatment and HIV and hepatitis B and C risk reduction among injectors in the Seattle area. J Urban Health, 77(3), 331–345.

Tony Szu-Hsien Lee. (2006). Sexual Violence Victimization and Condom Use in Relation to Exchange of Sexual Services by Female Methamphetamine Prisoners: An

Exploratory Study of HIV Prevention. Taiwan Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 214–

222.

Tony Szu-Hsien Lee, Cheng-Shi Shiu, Yung-Change Tuan, Wei-Hsin Wu, Chun-Wei Huang, Muh-Yong Yen, Chun-Hsiu Lin, L.-C. S. and C.-K. L. (n.d.). Quality of Life among Injection Drug Users Living with or without HIV/AIDS in Taiwan: A Case Control Group Design. Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research. Retrieved from

http://www.omicsonline.org/quality-of-life-among-injection-drug-users-living-with-or -without-hiv-aids-in-taiwan-a-case-control-group-design-2155-6113.1000199.php&&

aid=12280

Uhlmann, S., Milloy, M.-J., Kerr, T., Zhang, R., Guillemi, S., Marsh, D., … Wood, E.

(2010). Methadone maintenance therapy promotes initiation of antiretroviral therapy among injection drug users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(5), 907–13.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02905.x

UNAIDS. (2008). Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic 2008. Retrieved from

http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/jc1511_gr08_executivesummary_en.pd f

UNAIDS. (2010). Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010.

Retrieved from http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_globalreport_em.pdf UNAIDS. (2011). GLOBAL HIV/AIDS RESPONSE-Epidemic update and health sector

progress towards Universal Access-Progress Report 2011. Retrieved from

http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2 011/20111130_ua_report_en.pdf

UNAIDS. (2012). Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2012.

Retrieved from

http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/

gr2012/20121120_unaids_global_report_2012_with_annexes_en.pdf UNAIDS. (2013). AIDS by the numbers. Retrieved from

http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2 013/JC2571_AIDS_by_the_numbers_en.pdf

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2012). World Drug Report 2012. Vienna.

Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.html UNODC. (2013). World Drug Report 2013. Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/wdr/

Urbina, A., & Jones, K. (2004). Crystal methamphetamine, its analogues, and HIV infection: medical and psychiatric aspects of a new epidemic. Clin Infect Dis, 38(6), 890–894. doi:10.1086/381975

WHO. (1998). Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic – June 1998. Geneva. Retrieved from

http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/1998/19981125_global_epidemic_report_en.pdf WHO. (2000). Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). World Health Organization. Retrieved January 11, 2014, from http://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv.htm

Wood, E., Hogg, R. S., Kerr, T., Palepu, A., Zhang, R., & Montaner, J. S. G. (2005).

Impact of accessing methadone on the time to initiating HIV treatment among antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS, 19(8).

附錄一 個案篩選流程

2007-2014 年之間經由 靜脈注射感染愛滋之個案共：

1641 人

排除死亡個案：

56 人

排除未診斷出 AIDS 之 研究對象共：

1316 人

實際計算人數 共 258 人

2007-2012 之間診斷出 AIDS 之個案共：

325 人

排除 AIDS 發病前未參 加 MMT 共：

11 人

附錄二 研究倫理通過證明函

附錄三 各資料庫所提供研究相關變項清單