第五章 討論與建議
第二節 研究限制與建議
根據研究過程之檢討,研究者分別提出研究限制與未來研究建議,並且依據 研究結果提出實務方面之建議,以做為後續參考:
一、研究限制
在第三章的研究方法中,已針對本研究所採用之個案研究法進行優點與限制 之說明;回顧本研究最大的研究限制,即在於個案研究法在研究過程中並未加以 控制外在條件,因此在EMDR 介入 PTSD 療效的探討上,無法完全排除社會支持、
外在壓力環境、個人成熟度…等因素的影響力。
二、研究建議
(一)研究方法方面:
若欲建立有關EMDR 治療效果的大型量化實徵研究,臺灣地區能夠實施 EMDR 的治療師寥寥可數,恐有操作上之困難度,因而一方面呼籲 EMDR 人才培 訓之重要性,另一方面則針對小規模或細緻的個案研究給予研究上之建議。
本研究採個案研究法探討EMDR 介入 PTSD 之治療效果,故能呈現案主於治 療前中後、各方面的細緻改變情形;除了SUDs 和 VOC 分數之外,本研究並未蒐 集其他量化資料,而在單一案例中盡可能提高內在效度品質的方式,或許可以透 過增加使用標準化量表之研究設計來加以提升,使案主的治療效果可以進行介入 前後的差異比較、或與常模分數的比較,如此一來便能更完備質性與量化資料的 豐富度。
此外,本研究邀請案主進行訪談與後續追蹤時,並未針對當時在EMDR 中處 理的三項創傷事件之各項SUDs 與 VOC 分數進行追蹤評量;未來若有類似的研究 程序安排,建議可以補上此部分的評量,以呈現量化分數的追蹤效果。
(二)研究主題方面:
有關EMDR 方面,國外的研究主題焦點從過去的單純 EMDR 效果、與其他療
題發展之脈絡可提供未來有興趣的研究者做參考,其中有關雙側眼動之療效機制 亦可參考李元華(2008)與陳致豪(2003)現有之研究成果。然而,由於國內缺 乏EMDR 治療師的實際困難,可能限制了短期內仍然以發展 EMDR 治療案例為 主,但能拓展研究對象的廣度,此部份於下段作說明;此外亦能採用團體治療之 形式, EMDR 團體治療使用於大型重大災難後的實質效益相當有發展之潛力。
(三)研究對象方面:
無論是針對EMDR 或是 PTSD,相關文獻顯示對於成人的關注已然累積豐厚 的資料,但相對來說,兒童與青少年仍需要更多的關注,以建立對該族群更適用 的介入方式,尤其早期介入更能有效預防嚴重心理疾患之發展,因此建議未來研 究對象可以鎖定於未成年族群。此外,國外近來開始將EMDR 嘗試介入焦慮症、
憂鬱症、恐慌症、飲食性疾患…等心理疾患,這些臺灣地區常見、甚至是與PTSD 之共病情形,是否也能透過EMDR 進行有效之治療,亦值得未來進一步探究。
三、實務建議
(一)相關醫療人員增加心理專業之敏感度。
由於國人面對壓力之反應及求助行為,當事人經常難以在第一時間覺察、進 而表述其根源於心理層面的問題,可能導致誤判或延誤治療,故建議相關醫療人 員加強心理專業之素養並提升敏感度,方能初步釐清求助者的問題根源,並有效 協助求助者連結適當的介入資源,儘可能早期介入、早期治療,亦縮短當事人的 受苦時間。
(二)助人領域人員抱持合作態度,建立「以案主為中心」之服務。
心理助人領域的相關人員能抱持合作之態度、各司其職地發揮專業,並將促 進當事人的最佳福祉視為終極目標。如本研究案例出現的諮商心理師與精神科醫 師,或其他實務情境中經常有所交集的臨床心理師、社工人員、學校教師…等,
試圖建立「以案主為中心」的治療方案,各自發揮自身的專業,亦能合作地提供 案主完整並串聯的服務。
(三)推廣EMDR 以造福臺灣地區更多需要幫助的民眾。
當前針對PTSD 有效的心理治療方式,一般仍認為以 CBT、暴露療法與 EMDR 最受關注,而本研究案例則支持了EMDR 對 PTSD 之效果在臺灣地區亦有適用性。
對接受治療的當事人而言,EMDR 優於暴露療法之效益已在前文述及,其不必述 及創傷細節、所需治療次數較少…等,皆是重要優勢;而EMDR 可具體操作的八 階段模式,結構與步驟皆清楚簡要,在助人者的訓練上亦有其長處。因此,在推 動臺灣地區的助人工作時,若能將此一良好有效的治療方法加以推廣,必能使更 多需要幫助的民眾獲益。
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