第五章 研究貢獻、限制與未來研究方向
第二節 研究限制與未來研究建議
壹、 研究樣本
本研究的樣本為 68 位曾任或現任的社會線記者，總樣本數偏少，現任記者 49 人，曾任記者 19 人，現任記者約佔總人數 72.1％，分佈不均，雖然從描述 統計上可發現曾任記者在各預測變項與 PTSD 症狀嚴重度皆較高分（表 5），但 可能因人數過少，僅有道德兩難達統計上的顯著差異。
本研究僅以社會線記者為研究對象，未涵蓋也需暴露於災難畫面、社會事 件細節等的內勤工作人員，如編輯、核稿等，也未涵蓋其它路線的記者。研究 發現，工作創傷暴露程度與 PTSD 症狀無顯著相關，最能預測 PTSD 症狀的是 道德兩難與罪惡感受，顯示記者不一定需暴露在創傷情境才會產生負向的心理 影響，所以非社會線記者可能也會因道德兩難或罪惡感而產生身心症狀。
未來建議除增加樣本數，還可納入不同路線的記者作為研究對象，並檢視 不同路線的記者在同理心、罪惡感、道德兩難與 PTSD 症狀的差異，並檢驗同 理心、工作相關罪惡感、道德兩難與 PTSD 的序列中介效果是否仍存在。
貳、 研究設計
在研究主題上，本研究納入同理心、工作相關罪惡感、道德兩難等負面認 知及感受等變項作為危險因子之預測，建議未來可加入可能是保護因子的正向 變項，如：心理韌性、人格特質、社會支持、組織或管理階層的支持或其它正
向認知及感受變項，探討是否能緩衝記者因工作產生的負向心理影響。
在研究設計上，本研究原預計在大型災難或社會案件後發放問卷，探討大 型災難或重大社會案件對記者的心理健康影響，但在 IRB 通過後的一年內，皆 無合適的研究事件。在施測前與記者的初探訪談中，仍有不少記者提及大型災 難或重大社會案件的負向影響。建議未來可在災難或重大社會案件後施測，探 討重大事件對記者的心理衝擊。
參、 研究工具
在測量記者工作創傷暴露程度上，本研究採 Pyevich 等人（2003）所編製 的 Journalist Trauma Exposure Scale（JTES），此量表雖已被多國翻譯並使用並有 好的信效度，然而，因不同國家常見的「社會」案件差異頗大，以第四題「飛 機事故」為例，在美國可能較為常見，但在臺灣是非常罕見的。
在罪惡感與道德兩難量表上，本研究皆採用 Backholm 與 Idås（2015）所編 製的量表，其量表於挪威的媒體環境下所編製，且後續少有人使用此量表，信 效度有待再被檢驗。其中道德兩難量表僅三題，且作者認為此為測量道德兩難 情境的創傷暴露程度，並非心理構念之測量。
未來研究或許可先藉由質性訪談，建構出適合臺灣文化與媒體環境的記者 創傷暴露量表、記者工作相關的罪惡感量表以及道德兩難量表，或許更能貼近 記者的工作狀況與認知或感受，提升對結果變項的預測力。
本研究發現，道德兩難為最能預測 PTSD 症狀的變項，也顯示與道德兩難 相關的「道德傷害」（moral injury）與「道德困擾」（moral distress）為預測記者 心理健康的重要的因子。目前已有學者提出記者道德傷害與 PTSD 的關係，然
尚未見到道德困擾對記者的影響，且研究亦發現道德傷害與憂鬱、自殺意念、
無助感、悲觀情緒與憤怒之關聯，建議未來研究可納入此變項，探討與心理健 康之關連。
本研究為縮短參與者的填答時間，以增加填答率，僅放入 PTSD 症狀作為 結果變項，並未納入其它心理症狀，如替代性創傷、憂鬱、焦慮或酒精成癮 等，有待未來更多相關研究成果累積。
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