• 沒有找到結果。

研究限制與未來研究方向

第四章 結論

第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向

電影配樂是電影工業不可或缺的要素,而配樂對閱聽者所造成的情緒效果與原因 更是令許多研究者好奇。本實驗的研究限制是僅使用心跳速率作為生理量測之參考指 標,並無搭配其他生理指標。本研究刺激材料無法區分音效、配樂對於閱聽者的影 響。除此之外,本實驗另一個限制是未對實驗參與者進行問卷,是因為研究者無法確 定閱聽者是否真能正確回憶觀賞當下的情緒,並未在觀賞刺激材料之後進行問卷;同 時為了不干擾閱聽者觀賞時的情緒,也無要求實驗參與者於欣賞刺激材料同時進行問 卷量測。本研究的實驗參與人數因為資料篩選,導致樣本數未達 30 人。

據本實驗結果,閱聽者觀賞災難場景時所引發的情緒可能並非僅僅只是緊張、害 怕之負向情緒,同時也包含崇高、興奮感之正向的高階情緒。認知心理學研究工具之 中,有些情緒研究會對聽眾進行生理量測反應實驗,情緒心理學家比較常量測的生理 訊號包括:皮膚導電反應、心跳速率、呼吸速率、呼吸深度、手指溫度、情緒豎毛反 應等,高階情緒並無法直接從週邊生理訊號量測,未來研究若欲探討高階情緒,多項 生理指標搭配則需納入考量,由此才能釐清各項指標之間的關係。

根據神經心理學觀點,目前心智能力的三個關鍵神經基礎,第一為顳極,通常是 語言和語意記憶作業中活化,也和當下社會或情緒脈絡有關;第二是mPFC,相較思 考其他實體例如涉及人的生理特徵,mPFC於思考人或是思考心智較有反應,另有研 究顯示mPFC的功能是將結合(bind)包含動作、目標、物件等不同訊息來形塑一個 社會事件(social event),mPFC相較他人能呈現自我(self);最後是顳頂交界,不 只是心智化能力相關,也與生理動作知覺、眼神凝視、正在動的嘴唇……等有關,透 顳頂交界損傷病人的研究,相較飢餓與疲勞功能,認為顳頂交界與想法、信念有關 (Ward, 2015:402-405)。

觀於電影配樂的情緒研究,一項功能性磁振造影實驗透過正向、負向與中性影片 搭配音樂,發現顳葉邊緣(TL,temporal limbic)區域與vlPFC兩者協同活化,表示具 體事物的情緒處理和音樂價位的情緒意向性在腦中有特定區域進行功能性聯結

(Singer et al., 2014)。Pehrs等人(2014)針對愛情浪漫片的親吻畫面搭配快樂音樂、悲傷 音樂、無聲進行功能性磁振造影研究,結果發現跟視聽整合有關的三個腦區,分別為 梭狀回、杏仁核、前顳上迴。前顳上迴整合梭狀回與杏仁核的情緒輸入訊息:欣賞快 樂音樂與悲傷音樂襯托下的親吻場景影片時,右腦梭狀回與杏仁核同時調節前顳上 迴,說明配樂價位(soundtrack valences)程度會誘發不同程度情緒。另一篇電影段落 的難過情緒實驗中,發現顳極與前顳葉顳上迴(aSTG)兩者以一個抑制方式調控從 梭狀迴到杏仁核的連結,表示顳極具有由上而下的功能調節,整合多感官訊息到意義 表徵,整合社會情緒資訊(socioemotional information)之樞紐(domain-general hub)

(Pehrs et al., 2015)。

綜上所述,電影配樂是視覺主導的電影工業裡其中一個角色,功能是潛移默化影響,

當配樂情緒與視覺化面一致時,可強化閱聽者的情緒,而其中涉及視聽整合的相關腦區 可能包含顳極與顳上迴……等功能性聯結。在未來,也許可使用更高階的量測技術,以 功能性磁振造影掃描大腦進行閱聽者對於災難片電影配樂以及崇高情緒的研究,深入探 討高階情緒。

另外,由於人工智慧(artificial intelligence)的蓬勃發展,未來聽覺、視覺資訊內容 分析,聲音部分或許可透過下列的量化指標進行分析:響度(loudness)、速度(tempo)、 嘈雜度(roughness)、明亮度(brightness)、各頻帶能量,並分析獨白與對白的內容、感 嘆詞……等。視覺量化指標則可以偵測災難危險場景(例如洪水、爆破),以及劇中人在 觀看災難危險場景時的臉部表情。

此外,本研究亦提出幾個問題提供未來研究思考:其一,閱聽者欣賞人際情感鍵結 段落時,是否情感同理心越多,使心理距離越近?其二,閱聽者欣賞災難危險場景時,

是否可能因全知觀點的配樂以增加閱聽者的心理距離進而感受到崇高情緒,全知觀點的 配樂使閱聽者感受到較為客觀的災害現場?其三,閱聽者觀賞電影時,配樂的功能是否 同時並存第一人稱與全知觀點功能?

本研究在災難片電影配樂研究上的貢獻是發現災難片會重複使用人際情感鍵結場 景以及危害危險場景所組成的結構,除了二種結構手法之外,是否可發展出其他結構

以拓展災難片深度與廣度,增加閱聽者的娛樂效果,上述結構本研究是與實際業界的 連結。另外,本研究透過抽離擁抱模型提出觀賞災難片時的心理距離與崇高情緒的關 係思考,認為閱聽者的心理距離和崇高情緒關係之議題相當有趣,值得未來再進行研 究。同時,未來研究者或許也可站在本研究的基礎之上,以更多元、更高階之情緒生 理量測工具測量,並進行電影相關的市場調查,以了解電影主題歌曲的效果。

附錄

01'21''10-01'21''40

Jack 與 Rose 在甲板相擁。

二、 《彗星撞地球》

女主角:「(從車內往車頂爬)Leo!Leo Biederman!」

(男主角離開機車,奔去與女主角相擁)

三、 《世界末日》 03"21-03"51

太空總署與外太空的太空船突然失聯,工作人員發現太空船被 08"19-08"49

一顆顆隕石撞擊建築、整座城市陷入混亂

父親:「我保證,Grace。」(父女相擁)不會有事的,Grace。」

段落五 /災難 危險 3

01'19''48-01'20''18

執行任務時的意外,外太空的太空場大爆炸。 02'14''20-02'14'50

父女相互道生離死別。

四、 《明天過後》 01'22''57-01'23''27

搜救團隊員 A(Frank)行走時突然墜落,身陷危險。

隊員 A:「支撐不住了。」

隊員 B:「不要割,不要割!」

隊長(男主角父親):「Frank,我會救你出來,不要割!

Frank,不要!Frank,不要!(割繩,墜落)Frank!」

段落四 /人際 情感鍵 結 2

01'27''20-01'27''50

男女主角在共患難後確認彼此的情意。 01'41''00-01'41''31

男主角一行人焚書升室溫以抗強烈冷氣團。 01'49''53-01'50''23

父子重逢,隊長父親找到男主角兒子 女主角:「那人是誰?」

男主角:「我爸爸。」

男主角:(起身向前)「你來到了。」(父子相擁)

父親:「當然。」

五、 《2012》 已下陷,大喊)Gordon(醫生),快走!」

段落二

段落六 /災難 危險 3

01’44’’16-01’’44’’46

飛機將從高山墜落山谷。

附錄二 研究倫理審查證明

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