• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第三節 研究限制與未來方向

本研究受限於研究者的時間與精力,未能進行大規模、多樣本的隨機取樣,

也因為是網路問卷,所以填答的對象即時常上網的人口,因而對於不常使用網路 的人就無法抽取到他們的意見與想法。就研究樣本的代表性亦有限制,因此,若 想推論至全台灣大學院校學生的母體上會要更小心才行。未來研究可以擴大取樣

範圍,試以隨機取樣進行調查,則可加大研究的推論性與效果,使研究更有價值。

二、 研究工具方面

本研究除自編問卷,也修改前人的問卷,在預試中曾以三百多人的樣本對題 目進行修定,兩次施測結果發現:

(一)「依附」問卷的信效度仍不夠穩定,或許由於國人直接翻譯改編自國外學者 的量表之故,未能真正的符合國內研究樣本的特性,所以量表的因素結構 還有改進的空間,建議未來研究者可以自編符合本國國情特性的本土化依 附量表。

(二)「內外控人格」量表由於編製的年代久遠,而且強迫填答者以二選一的方式 選填其對人、對事與對物的看法,難免有斷章取義之嫌,建議可以自編符 合現代時宜、採李克氏量尺(Likert style)的內外控量表,使測量內外控的變 異量增大,提升信度與效度。

(三)「社經地位」量表的分類選項與計分方式過於繁複,可能令填答者眼花撩亂 與研究者最後計分時的不便,建議國內學者專家研發更簡易計算社經地位 的方式或簡化分類的類別,同時也要兼顧有效性與穩定性。

三、 研究方法方面

採用網路問卷的調查方式,需要確保來源的正確性,於此研究者將本研究設 定某些學校的學生才可以來填答並留下學號,為的就是確保一人只填一份並且是 研究者所需的大學院校學生樣本。然而,採用選項式的題目儘能作為研究問題廣 度的收取資料,卻無法深入探討填答者填答的心理狀態或更深程度的想法。若時 間精力足夠,建議依循填答者所留下的聯絡方式(email),更進一步的找出有網路 攻擊傾向的人以作更深入的質化訪談,相信可以獲得更多更豐富的訊息,以輔助 本研究只有廣度而缺少深度的遺憾。

四、 研究變項方面

以往的研究在攻擊變項上全部著重在現實生活行為方面,一直到近年來才有

研究者陸續研究網路的攻擊行為。然而能同時結合虛擬與現實攻擊者,本研究為 第一嘗試者,除了擴展攻擊變項的視野與奠立本研究的價值外,由於為初探性研 究,難免有所疏漏不週全之處。其實影響攻擊變項的成因當然不僅僅為本研究中 所列舉的而已,未來有興趣繼續研究攻擊變項者可以再將觸角廣度擴大,以加深 國人對攻擊變項的了解,也好讓教育工作者知己知彼的了解攻擊和網路管理人員 可預先作為設立更周全的網路管理機制的參考,以求更精確的掌握攻擊變項。

參考文獻

洪榮照(民 87)。兒童攻擊行為相關因素與認知行為策略輔導效果之研究。國立

黃拓榮(民 86)。國中生父母管教方式、自我概念、失敗容忍力與偏差行為關係 之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文(未出版)。

黃堅厚(民 68)。國小及國中學生內外控信念之研究。教育心理學報,12,1-14。

黃凱倫、蘇建文(民 82)。幼兒與母親依附關係及其社會行為之研究。教育研究 資訊,1(4),29-46。

黃富源(民 76)。親子關係人格適應與內外控取向對少年犯罪傾向影響之研究。

警政學報,12,293-316。

楊宜音、張志學 譯(民 86)。性格與社會心理測量總覽(上)。台北市:遠流。

楊芳彰(民 86)。國小六年級學童依附關係與敵意、社交地位之相關研究。國立 台灣師範大學教育心理研究所碩士論文(未出版)。

楊瑞珠(民 85)。高危險群青少年文化心理特質與甄別量表編製。台北:心理。

趙居蓮 譯(民 84)。社會心理學。台北市:桂冠。

劉俊良(民 91)。父母管教方式、依附關係對國中生偏差行為之相關研究。私立 中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文(未出版)。

劉樹斐(民 89)。自尊多面向對大學生憂鬱與攻擊行為的影響。國立政治大學心 理學系碩士論文(未出版)。

蔣東霖(民 92)。依附、社會學習與少年偏差行為。私立南華大學教育社會學研 究所碩士論文(未出版)。

蔡松瑜(民 92)。國中生父母親教養知覺、家庭生活適應與偏差行為之關係研究。 國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文(未出版)。

蔡素玲(民 86)。青少年依附品質、社會支持與自殺傾向之研究。國立彰化師範 大學輔導研究所碩士論文(未出版)。

鄭夙雅(民 90)。國中生社會技巧、認知曲解與校園暴力行為相關之研究。文化 大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文(未出版)。

鄭悅琪(民 87)。國民小學組織氣氛、教師制握信念與教師溝通恐懼之關係研究。 國立台南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。

鄭曉楓(民 90)。認知行為取向團體輔導對國小攻擊傾向兒童之攻擊信念及攻擊 行為影響效果研究。國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。 賴佳菁(民 85)。被同儕拒絕、攻擊行為與兒童內外控信念、自尊之研究-以台

中地區國小四、六年級為例。私立文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文(未 出版)。

賴朝暉(民 87)。國中生自我概念、行為困擾與校園暴力行為之相關研究。國立 台中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。

蘇建文(民 61)。兒童攻擊性行為形成之理論。今日兒童,2(4),13-21。

蘇素美(民 80)。刺激尋求動機、家庭社經地位與偏差行為關係之研究-Farley 理論適用性之探討。教育資料文摘27(4),118-129。

二、西文部份:

Aiken, M., & Waller, B. (2000). Flaming among first-group support system user.

Information & Management, 37, 95-100.

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Walls, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ:

Erlbaum.

Anderson, E. (1994). The code of the streets. Atlantic Monthly, 273(5), 81-94.

Archer, J., & Haigh, A. (1997). Belief about aggression among male and female prisoners. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 405-415.

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York:

International Universities.

Barriga, A. Q., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Measuring cognitive distortion in antisocial youth: Preliminary development and validation of the How I Think

questionnaire. Journal of Aggressive Behavior, 22, 333-343.

Bhatia, K. & Golin, S. (1978). Root of locus of control in frustration-produced aggression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 364-365.

Brack, G, Gay, M. F., & Matheny, K. B. (1993). Relationships between attachment and coping resources among late adolescents. Journal of College Student Development, 34, 212-215.

Burdett, K., & Jensen, L. A. (1983). The self-concept and aggressive behavior among elementary school children from two socioeconomic areas and two grade levels.

Psychology in the Schools, 20(3), 370-375.

Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452-459.

Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H. J., Ferguson, L. L., & Gariiepy, J. L.

(1989). Growth and aggression: Childhood to early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 320-330.

Campbell, J. D. (1990). Self esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 159, 538-549.

Castella, V. O., Abad, A. M. Z., Alonso, F. P., & Silla, J. M. P. (2000). The influence of familiarity among group members, group atmosphere and assertiveness on uninhibited behavior through three different communication media. Computers in Human Behavior, 16, 141-159.

Cohn, D. A. (1990). Child-mother attachment of six-year-olds and social competence at school. Child Development, 61, 152-162.

Cole, E., & Kumchy, C. I. G. (1981). The CIP Battery: Identification of depression in a juvenile delinquent population. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(4),

884-888.

Culuan, M. J. & Marcus, M. L. (1987). Information technologies. In F. M. Jablin, L. L.

Putnam, K. H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of organizational communication: An interdisciplinary perspective. (pp.420-443). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Cummings, E. M., Iannotti, R. J., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1989). Aggression between peers in early childhood: Individual continuity and developmental changes.

Child Development, 60, 887-895.

Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use.

Computers in Human Behavior ,17,187-195.

Dembo, M. H. (2000). Applying educational psychology. New York:London.

Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In M. Perllmutter (Ed.), Cognitive perspective on children’s social and behavioral development. NJ: Erlbaum.

Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social information processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer Group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146-1158.

Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1994). Socialization mediators of the relation between socioeconomic status and child conduct problem. Child Development,65, 649-665.

Dyer, R.,Green, R., Pitts, M., & Millward, G. (1995). What’s the flaming problem?

CMC-deindividuating or disinhibiting? In M. A. R. Kirby, A. J. Dix, & J. E.

Finlay (Eds.), People and computers X. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Goldstein, A. D., Harootunian, B., & Conoley, J. C. (1994). Student aggression:

Prevention, management, and replacement training. Guilford Press.

Herring, S. C. (1996). Posting in a different voice: Gender and ethics in CMC. In C.

Ess (Eds.), Philosophical Perspectives on Computer-mediated Communication.

New York, p.197-230.

Hiltz, S. R., Turoff, M. (1978). The Network Nation:Human Communication via Computer. Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.

Hiltz, S. R., Turoff, M. & Johnson, K. (1989). Experiments in group decision making:

Disinhibition, deindividuation, and group process in pen name and real name computer conferences. Decision Support systems, 5, 217-232.

John, D., & Catherine, T. M. (1998). Exposure to violence. Available at:

http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/notebook/violence.html Joinson, A. (1998). Causes and implications of disinhibited behavior on the Internet.

In J. Gackenbach (Ed.), Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal , interpersonal, and transpersonal implications (pp.43-60). San Diego, CA:

Academic Press.

Kayany, J. (1998). Contexts of uninhibited online behavior: Flaming in social

newsgroups on Usenet. Journal of the American Society for Information, 49 (12),1135-1141.

Kiesler, S., & Sproull, L. (1992). Group decision making and communication technology. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52, 92-123.

Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American Psychologist, 39, 1125-1126.

Kodak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: working modeling, affect regulation, and representation of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135-146.

Kupersmidt, J. B., Griesler, P. C., DeRosier, M. E., Patterson, C. J., & Davis, P. W.

(1995). Childhood aggression and peer relations in the context of family and neighborhood. Child Development, 66, 360-375.

Lea, M., & Spears, R. (1991). Computer mediated communication, de-individuation and group decision-making. International Journal of Man-machine Studies, 34, 238-301.

Lea, M. & O’shea, T. & Fung, P. & Spears, R, (1992). Flaming in computer-mediated communication: Observations, explanations, and implications. In Lea, M. (Ed.), Contexts of Computer Mediated Communication. New York: Harvester

Weatsheaf.

Lewis, M., Feiring, C., McGuffog, C., & Jaskir, J. (1984). Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relation. Child Development, 55, 123-136.

Liau, A. K., Barriga, A. Q., & Gibbs, J. C. (1998). Relations between self-serving cognitive distortions and overt vs. covert antisocial behavior in adolescents.

Aggressive Behavior, 24, 335-346.

Lochman, J. E. (1985). Social problem-solving and self-esteem of aggressive boys.

Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.

Lochman, J. E., & Dunn S. E. (1993). An intervention and consultation model from a social cognitive perspective:A description of the anger coping program. School Psychology Review,22(3), 458-471。

Lochman, J. E., While, K.J., & Wayland, K.K. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral

assessment and treatment with aggressive children. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive behavioral procedures (pp.25-65). New York:

A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.

Mass, D. E. (1997). General semantics formulations in David Burns’ feeling good. A Review of General Semantics, 54(2), 225-235.

Morris, M., & Ogan C. (1996). The internet as mass medium. Journal of Communication, 46(1), 39-50.

Nowicki, S., & Duke, M.P. (1983). The Nowicki-Strickland life-span locus of control scales: Construct validation. In H. M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control contruct: Development and social problems (Vol 2, p9-51). New York:

Academic Press.

Ogan, C. (1993). Listserver communication during the Gulf War: What kind of medium is the Electronic Bulletin Broad? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 37(2), 177-196.

Parrot, P. H., & Strongman, J. W. (1984). Psychology: Principles and application.

New York: Prentice-Hall.

Perry, D. G., Perry, L. C., & Rasmussen, P. (1986). Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression. Child Development, 57, 700-711.

Rice, R. E. (1987). Computer-mediated communication and organizational innovation.

Journal of Communication, 37(4), 65-94.

Rotter, J. B. (1971). External control and internal control. Psychology Today, June, 37-42.

Slaby, R. G. & Guerra, N. G. (1988). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: Assessment. Development Psychology, 24, 580-588.

Starr, P., & Pearman, W. A. (1980). Self-esteem and dimensions of clinically relevant behavior among ten year olds. Peports from U.S., Pennsylvia.

Thompen , P. A. (1996). What’s fueling the flames in cyberspace? A social influence model. In Strate, L. & Jacobson, R. & Stephanie B. Gibson (Eds.),

Communication and Cyberspace: Social Interaction in an Electronic Environment, NJ: Hampton Press.

Thompen, P. A., & Foulger, D. A. (1996). Effects of pictographs and quoting on flaming in electronic mail. Computer in Human Behavior, 12(2), 225-243.

Walther, J. B, Anderson, J. F., Park, D. W. (1994). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A meta-analysis of social and antisocial communication. Communication Research, 21(4), 460-487.

Weisband, S. P. (1992). Group discussion and first advocacy effects in

computer-mediated and face-to-face decision making groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 53, 352-380.

Wingrove, J., & Bond, A. J. (1998). Anger reactions to failure on a cooperative computer game: The effect of trait hostility, behavioral inhibition, and behavioral activation. Aggressive Behavior, 24, 27-36.

Zimbardo, P. G. (1997). Shyness: What is it and what to do about it. London: Pan Books.

<附件一:預試問卷>

一、 以電腦為中介的環境特性量表 因素一:網路次文化

16.在 BBS 中看到或發表滿篇髒話的文章已是見怪不怪。

17.在 BBS 中發表人身攻擊或威脅他人的文字似乎是司空見慣的。

15.在 BBS 中常可見故意散播謠言或發表扭曲事實的訊息我覺得是稀鬆平常的 事。

18.在 BBS 中充滿各式的謠言、廣告、八卦消息或垃圾訊息,我覺得這就是網路 文化的特色之一。

13.在 BBS 中看到和人對罵並不稀奇,因為大家都這樣。

19.在 BBS 中有很多的情色訊息或煽情廣告,我覺得這就是網路文化。

--- 因素二:去個人化

--- 因素二:去個人化