第三章 犬會陰疝氣之好發因子及預後相關因子之回溯性研究
第三節 結果
病例資料
七十三隻罹患會陰疝氣並進行手術修復之患犬納入研究,其年齡分布為 4.0 至 16.5 歲(平均年齡 10.18±2.91 歲);體重分布為 1.6 至 42.2 公斤(平均體重 8.96±8.02 公斤)。在品種方陎,最常見為混種家犬,共二十五例(34.2%),其次為瑪爾濟斯犬,
共二十三例(31.5%),其餘的品種包括博美犬八例(11.0%)、約克夏梗犬八例(11.0%)、
西施犬三例(4.1%),以及杜賓犬、米格魯犬、貴賓犬、黃金獵犬、拉不拉多犬、狼 犬、各一例(1.4%)。只有一例是雌犬,其餘七十二例皆為雄犬。除了四例在就診前 已絕育的病畜,其餘病例皆於會陰疝氣修補手術時同時進行睪丸摘除術,僅有一 例因畜主拒絕而未絕育。
共有三十九例病畜除了會陰疝氣外,合併伴隨其他疾病:包括九例前列腺腫 脹(12.3%)、七例鼠蹊疝氣(9.6%)、六例鼠蹊隱睪(8.2%)、五例睪丸腫瘤(6.8%)、四 例直腸憩室(5.5%)、四例直腸偏向(5.5%)、四例腎臟衰竭(5.5%)、三例會陰腫塊 (4.1%)、三例心臟疾病(4.1%)、兩例直腸脫垂(2.7%)、一例骨盆骨折(1.4%)、一例 腹腔隱睪(1.4%)以及一例巨結腸(1.4%)。
病畜就診的主訴包括會陰部腫脹(三十九例,53.4%)、裡急後重(二十七例,
37.0%),以及排便困難(十九例,26.0%),其他如長期便秘(十二例,16.4%)、排尿 困難(七例,9.6%)、下痢(四例,5.5%)、排尿疼痛(二例,2.7%)、頻尿(二例,2.7%)、
血便(一例,1.4%)等,平均臨床症狀持續時間於就診時已有 7.26±10.55 個月(分 布:0.5 至 60 個月)。
本研究中所進行之會陰疝氣手術共有五十二例為單側的疝氣(71.2%),其中有 三十例(57.7%)發生在右側,另外有二十二例(42.3%)發生於左側。
在二十一例雙側會陰疝氣的病例中,先進行單側的手術修復,間隔兩週以上 再進行另一側的病例有八例(8/21,38.1%),同時進行雙側疝氣修復的病例則為十 三例(13/21,61.9%)。
除了五例未記載疝脫之器官之病例,單純只有脂肪疝脫至皮下的病例有十一 例(16.2%),直腸為最常疝脫之器官(二十八例,41.2%),膀胱次之(二十一例,
30.9%%),前列腺有十七例(25%),小腸有十例(14.7%),大網膜則有五例(7.4%)。
骨盆隔膜破損的位置有二十九例未記載於病例,其餘以提肛肌及尾骨肌之間 為最多(二十三例,52.3%),外肛闊約肌及提肛肌之間次之(十八例,40.9%),另外 有兩例骨盆隔膜破損於尾骨肌及薦坐韌帶之間(4.5%),以及外肛闊約肌與內閉鎖孔 肌之間、提肛肌與內閉鎖孔之間、外肛闊約肌與提肛肌與內閉鎖孔肌之間各一例 (2.3%)。病例上有特別記載肌肉的萎縮者有二十二例,其中最常見到的是提肛肌的 萎縮,共有十八例(81.8%),其次為尾骨肌的萎縮,共九例(40.9%),外肛闊約肌及 內閉鎖孔肌則各有四例萎縮的紀錄(18.2%)。
所有的病例之手術皆由臨床經驗三年以上之資深醫師主刀,共有二十五位。
除了十六例病例未記錄手術方法,其餘有十三例僅直接關閉肌肉(22.8%)、四十四 例合併使用內閉鎖孔肌瓣(77.2%)、九例使用人工網膜(15.8%)、一例使用淺臀肌瓣 (1.8%)。
有十四例病例於就診前已在地方醫院進行過一次以上之手術,分別有十二例 進行過一次手術(16.4%);另進行過兩次、三次手術者各有一例(13.7%)。
電訪結果
自手術至電訪的平均追蹤時間為 42.01
19.82 個月(分布為 12 至 86 個月),有 六十三例(86.3%)的畜主表示手術結果是良好的,病畜的生活品質有明顯的改善;另外有十例(13.7%)的畜主認為手術結果可接受,病畜的生活品質有些許改善,但 仍存在有部分症狀。沒有畜主認為手術是完全無效果的。
共有十個病例發生會陰疝氣的復發(13.7%),其中有七個病例(7/10,70%)重新 進行手術的修復,另外三例(3/10,30%)僅進行保守治療,以藥物紓解症狀。
發生術後之併發症的共有十八例病例,其中以術後出現用力排便之症狀(十二 例,66.7%)為最常見之併發症。其他出現的併發症包括排尿失禁(三例,16.7%)、
排尿疼痛(二例,11.1%)、傷口破裂(一例,5.6%)、排便失禁(一例,5.6%)及慢性尿 路感染(一例,5.6%)。
預後因子
病畜的年齡不影響會陰疝氣的預後,而體重較輕的犬隻可能較容易發生術後 併發症(p=0.004)(表 2)。在約克夏梗犬、博美犬之病例中,僅有 60%的畜主認為手 術結果是良好的,與瑪爾濟斯、混種家犬等其他品種的病例有九成以上的滿意程 度相比,顯著較低(p=0.005)(表 3 品種與會陰疝氣預後之關係),但品種在術後 併發症發生率,復發率方陎則沒有差別。
表 2 年齡體重與會陰疝氣預後之關係
Outcome Complication Recurrence Good
(n=63)
Acceptable (n=10)
Without (n=55)
With (n=18)
Without (n=63)
With (n=10) Age
(y) 10.24
2.85 9.80
3.39 10.16
2.87 10.22
3.10 10.17
3.05 10.20
1.87T value 0.387 0.074 0.036
P value 0.706 0.941 0.972
BW
(kg) 9.15
8.00 7.77
8.41 10.12
8.56 5.41
4.62 8.58
6.96 11.39
13.15 T value 0.4872.973**
0.661P value 0.635
0.004
0.524表 3 品種與會陰疝氣預後之關係
Yorkshire terrier
(n=8) 5 3 5 3 6 2
Miniature poodle
(n=1) 0 1 0 1 1 0
Golden retriever
(n=1) 1 0 1 0 1 0
Labrador retriever
(n=1) 0 1 1 0 1 0
German shepherd
(n=1) 1 0 1 0 1 0
術前的臨床症狀與會陰疝氣的預後沒有關聯(表 4, 表 5),而症狀持續的時間 亦無顯著影響手術預後(表 6)。
表 4 臨床症狀與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係
Clinical signs
Outcome
Stranguria
Clinical signs
Complication
(with) (n=12) 9 3 0.000
Clinical signs
Recurrence
Tenesmus
表 6 臨床症狀持續時間與會陰疝氣預後之關係
†Values expressed as mean ± SD (range)
單純罹患會陰疝氣的患犬,其手術結果比合併罹患其他疾病的患犬顯著較佳 Without other
disease (n=36)
36 0 30 6 31 5
Combined other disease
表 8 合併其他疾病之種類與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係 Prostate enlargement
(with)(n=9) 8 1 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=64) 55 9
Inguinal hernia
(with) (n=8) 7 1 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=65) 56 9
Inguinal cryptorchidism
(with) (n=6) 3 3
4.325
(p=0.038)*
(without)(n=67) 60 7
Testicular tumor
(with) (n=5) 5 0 0.062
(p=0.803)
(without)(n=68) 58 10
Renal failure
(with)(n=4) 4 0 0.005
(p=0.943)
(without)(n=69) 59 10
Rectal diverticulum
(with) (n=4) 2 2 2.028
(p=0.154)
(without)(n=69) 61 8
Rectal deviation
(with)(n=4) 1 3
8.525
(p=0.004)**
(without)(n=69) 62 7
Perineal mass
(with)(n=3) 3 0 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=69) 60 10
Cardiac disease
(with)(n=3) 2 1 0.023
(p=0.879)
(without)(n=70) 61 9
Rectal prolapse
(with) (n=2) 2 0 0.000
Abdominal cryptorchidism
(with)(n=1) 1 0
0.000 (p=1.000)
(without)(n=72) 62 10
Pelvic fracture
(with)(n=1) 0 1 1.130
(p=0.288)
(without)(n=72) 63 9
Urinary bladder necrosis
(with)(n=1) 0 1 1.130
(p=0.288)
(without)(n=72) 63 9
表 9 合併其他疾病之種類與會陰疝氣術後發生併發症之關係 Prostate enlargement
(with)(n=9) 7 2 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=64) 48 16
Inguinal hernia
(with) (n=8) 7 1 0.169
(p=0.681)
(without)(n=65) 48 17
Inguinal cryptorchidism
(with) (n=6) 2 4
3.991
(p=0.046)*
(without)(n=67) 53 14
Testicular tumor
(with) (n=5) 4 1 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=68) 51 17
Renal failure
(with)(n=4) 4 0 0.337
(p=0.562)
(without)(n=69) 51 18
Rectal diverticulum
(with) (n=4) 2 2 0.376
(p=0.540)
(without)(n=69) 53 16
Rectal deviation
(with)(n=4) 2 2 0.376
(p=0.540)
(without)(n=69) 53 16
Perineal mass
(with)(n=3) 3 0 0.108
(p=0.743)
(without)(n=69) 52 18
Cardiac disease
(with)(n=3) 2 1 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=70) 53 17
Rectal prolapse
(with) (n=2) 1 1 0.000
Abdominal cryptorchidism
(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=72) 54 18
Pelvic fracture
(with)(n=1) 0 1 0.351
(p=0.554)
(without)(n=72) 55 17
Urinary bladder necrosis
(with)(n=1) 0 1 0.351
(p=0.554)
(without)(n=72) 55 17
表 10 合併其他疾病之種類與會陰疝氣術後復發之關係 Prostate enlargement
(with)(n=9) 8 1 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=64) 55 9
Inguinal hernia
(with) (n=8) 6 2 0.194
(p=0.660) (without)(n=65) 57 8
Inguinal cryptorchidism
(with) (n=6) 5 1 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=67) 58 9
Testicular tumor
(with) (n=5) 3 2 1.207
(p=0.272) (without)(n=68) 60 8
Renal failure
(with)(n=4) 4 0 0.005
(p=0.943) (without)(n=69) 59 10
Rectal diverticulum
(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.005
(p=0.943) (without)(n=69) 59 10
Rectal deviation
(with)(n=4) 3 1 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=69) 60 9
Perineal mass
(with)(n=3) 3 0 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=69) 60 10
Cardiac disease
(with)(n=3) 3 0 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=70) 60 10
Rectal prolapse
(with) (n=2) 2 0 0.000
Abdominal cryptorchidism
(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10
Pelvic fracture
(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10
Urinary bladder necrosis
(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10
表 11 有無合併直腸疾病與會陰疝氣預後之關係 With rectal
disease (n=10)
5 5 5 5 9 1
Without rectal disease
表 12 疝脫器官種類與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係
Herniated organs
Outcome
表 13 疝脫器官種類與會陰疝氣術後發生併發症之關係
Herniated organs
Complication
表 14 疝脫器官種類與會陰疝氣術後復發之關係
Herniated organs
Recurrence
表 15 會陰疝氣發生於何側與預後之關係 Hernia
side
Outcome Complication Recurrence Good
Outcome Complication Recurrence Good
表 17 骨盆隔膜破損位置與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係
Ruptured site
Outcome Levator ani muscle/
Coccygeal muscle
(with) (n=23) 20 3 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=50) 43 7
External anal sphincter/
Levator ani muscle
(with)(n=18) 16 2 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=55) 47 8
Coccygeal muscle/
Superficial gluteal muscle
(with) (n=2) 2 0 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=71) 61 10
Levator ani muscle/
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=72) 62 10
External ani sphincter/
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10
External ani sphincter/
Levator ani muscle/
Internal obturator muscle
(with)(n=1) 0 1 1.130
(p=0.288)
(without)(n=72) 63 9
表 18 骨盆隔膜破損位置與會陰疝氣術後發生併發症之關係
Ruptured site
Complication Levator ani muscle/
Coccygeal muscle
(with) (n=23) 15 8 1.143
(p=0.285)
(without)(n=50) 40 10
External anal sphincter/
Levator ani muscle
(with)(n=18) 16 2 1.491
(p=0.222)
(without)(n=55) 39 16
Coccygeal muscle/
Superficial gluteal muscle
(with) (n=2) 1 1 0.000
(p=0.991)
(without)(n=71) 54 17
Levator ani muscle/
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=72) 54 18
External ani sphincter/
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=1) 0 1 0.351
(p=0.554) (without)(n=72) 55 17
External ani sphincter/
Levator ani muscle/
Internal obturator muscle
(with)(n=1) 0 1 0.351
(p=0.554)
(without)(n=72) 55 17
表 19 骨盆隔膜破損位置與會陰疝氣術後復發之關係
Ruptured site
Recurrence Levator ani muscle/
Coccygeal muscle
(with) (n=23) 20 3 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=50) 43 7
External anal sphincter/
Levator ani muscle
(with)(n=18) 14 4 0.667
(p=0.414)
(without)(n=55) 49 6
Coccygeal muscle/
Superficial gluteal muscle
(with) (n=2) 2 0 0.000 (p=0.991)
(without)(n=71) 61 10
Levator ani muscle/
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=72) 62 10
External ani sphincter/
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10
External ani sphincter/
Levator ani muscle/
Internal obturator muscle
(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=72) 62 10
表 20 骨盆隔膜肌肉萎縮與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係
Atrophic muscle
Outcome External anal sphincter
(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.005
(p=0.943)
(without)(n=69) 59 10
Levator ani muscle
(with)(n=18) 17 1 0.582
(p=0.446)
(without)(n=55) 46 9
Coccygeal muscle
(with)(n=9) 9 0 0.576
(p=0.448)
(without)(n=64) 54 10
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.005
(p=0.943)
(without)(n=59) 59 10
表 21 骨盆隔膜肌肉萎縮與會陰疝氣術後發生併發症之關係
Atrophic muscle
Complication External anal sphincter
(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.337
(p=0.562)
(without)(n=69) 51 18
Levator ani muscle
(with)(n=18) 14 4 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=55) 41 14
Coccygeal muscle
(with)(n=9) 5 4 1.119
(p=0.290)
(without)(n=64) 50 14
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=4) 2 2 0.376
(p=0.540)
(without)(n=59) 53 16
表 22 骨盆隔膜肌肉萎縮與會陰疝氣術後復發之關係
Atrophic muscle
Recurrence External anal sphincter
(with) (n=4) 3 1 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=69) 60 9
Levator ani muscle
(with)(n=18) 15 3 0.001
(p=0.978)
(without)(n=55) 48 7
Coccygeal muscle
(with)(n=9) 7 2 0.076
(p=0.782)
(without)(n=64) 56 8
Internal obturator muscle
(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.000
(p=1.000)
(without)(n=59) 59 10
表 23 會陰疝氣手術方式與預後之關係 Surgical
technique
Outcome Complication Recurrence Good muscle flap
(n=44) muscle flap
(n=1)
表 24 會陰疝氣手術次數與預後之關係 Hernia
side
Outcome Complication Recurrence Good
在吠叫及咳嗽狀況與手術預後之間的關係方陎,吠叫程度明顯影響畜主對手 術結果的觀感(p=0.000),但對於併發症及復發發生率未有顯著相關;而平時是否 有頻繁咳嗽情形則對於手術結果、併發症及復發情形皆無相關性(表 26)。
Outcome Complication Recurrence
Good 吠叫情形總分為 8.70±2.28,顯著較會陰疝氣患畜組為低(13.07±2.26, p=0.000)。而 咳嗽情形則在兩組之間沒有明顯差異(p=0.498)(表 27)。
表 27 犬隻吠叫及咳嗽情形與會陰疝氣發生之關係 Patients with
perineal hernia
Patients without
perineal hernia T value P value Age (y/o) 110.18±2.91 9.28±2.13 1.731 0.088 BW (kg) 8.96±8.02 12.58±9.67 1.808 0.077 Barking 13.07±2.26 8.70±2.28
8.871** 0.000
Coughing 20.37±0.49 0.30±0.47 0.682 0.4981 Values expressed as mean
SD (range)2 0: The patient without frequent coughing; 1: The patient with frequent coughing.