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第三章 犬會陰疝氣之好發因子及預後相關因子之回溯性研究

第三節 結果

病例資料

七十三隻罹患會陰疝氣並進行手術修復之患犬納入研究,其年齡分布為 4.0 至 16.5 歲(平均年齡 10.18±2.91 歲);體重分布為 1.6 至 42.2 公斤(平均體重 8.96±8.02 公斤)。在品種方陎,最常見為混種家犬,共二十五例(34.2%),其次為瑪爾濟斯犬,

共二十三例(31.5%),其餘的品種包括博美犬八例(11.0%)、約克夏梗犬八例(11.0%)、

西施犬三例(4.1%),以及杜賓犬、米格魯犬、貴賓犬、黃金獵犬、拉不拉多犬、狼 犬、各一例(1.4%)。只有一例是雌犬,其餘七十二例皆為雄犬。除了四例在就診前 已絕育的病畜,其餘病例皆於會陰疝氣修補手術時同時進行睪丸摘除術,僅有一 例因畜主拒絕而未絕育。

共有三十九例病畜除了會陰疝氣外,合併伴隨其他疾病:包括九例前列腺腫 脹(12.3%)、七例鼠蹊疝氣(9.6%)、六例鼠蹊隱睪(8.2%)、五例睪丸腫瘤(6.8%)、四 例直腸憩室(5.5%)、四例直腸偏向(5.5%)、四例腎臟衰竭(5.5%)、三例會陰腫塊 (4.1%)、三例心臟疾病(4.1%)、兩例直腸脫垂(2.7%)、一例骨盆骨折(1.4%)、一例 腹腔隱睪(1.4%)以及一例巨結腸(1.4%)。

病畜就診的主訴包括會陰部腫脹(三十九例,53.4%)、裡急後重(二十七例,

37.0%),以及排便困難(十九例,26.0%),其他如長期便秘(十二例,16.4%)、排尿 困難(七例,9.6%)、下痢(四例,5.5%)、排尿疼痛(二例,2.7%)、頻尿(二例,2.7%)、

血便(一例,1.4%)等,平均臨床症狀持續時間於就診時已有 7.26±10.55 個月(分 布:0.5 至 60 個月)。

本研究中所進行之會陰疝氣手術共有五十二例為單側的疝氣(71.2%),其中有 三十例(57.7%)發生在右側,另外有二十二例(42.3%)發生於左側。

在二十一例雙側會陰疝氣的病例中,先進行單側的手術修復,間隔兩週以上 再進行另一側的病例有八例(8/21,38.1%),同時進行雙側疝氣修復的病例則為十 三例(13/21,61.9%)。

除了五例未記載疝脫之器官之病例,單純只有脂肪疝脫至皮下的病例有十一 例(16.2%),直腸為最常疝脫之器官(二十八例,41.2%),膀胱次之(二十一例,

30.9%%),前列腺有十七例(25%),小腸有十例(14.7%),大網膜則有五例(7.4%)。

骨盆隔膜破損的位置有二十九例未記載於病例,其餘以提肛肌及尾骨肌之間 為最多(二十三例,52.3%),外肛闊約肌及提肛肌之間次之(十八例,40.9%),另外 有兩例骨盆隔膜破損於尾骨肌及薦坐韌帶之間(4.5%),以及外肛闊約肌與內閉鎖孔 肌之間、提肛肌與內閉鎖孔之間、外肛闊約肌與提肛肌與內閉鎖孔肌之間各一例 (2.3%)。病例上有特別記載肌肉的萎縮者有二十二例,其中最常見到的是提肛肌的 萎縮,共有十八例(81.8%),其次為尾骨肌的萎縮,共九例(40.9%),外肛闊約肌及 內閉鎖孔肌則各有四例萎縮的紀錄(18.2%)。

所有的病例之手術皆由臨床經驗三年以上之資深醫師主刀,共有二十五位。

除了十六例病例未記錄手術方法,其餘有十三例僅直接關閉肌肉(22.8%)、四十四 例合併使用內閉鎖孔肌瓣(77.2%)、九例使用人工網膜(15.8%)、一例使用淺臀肌瓣 (1.8%)。

有十四例病例於就診前已在地方醫院進行過一次以上之手術,分別有十二例 進行過一次手術(16.4%);另進行過兩次、三次手術者各有一例(13.7%)。

電訪結果

自手術至電訪的平均追蹤時間為 42.01

19.82 個月(分布為 12 至 86 個月),有 六十三例(86.3%)的畜主表示手術結果是良好的,病畜的生活品質有明顯的改善;

另外有十例(13.7%)的畜主認為手術結果可接受,病畜的生活品質有些許改善,但 仍存在有部分症狀。沒有畜主認為手術是完全無效果的。

共有十個病例發生會陰疝氣的復發(13.7%),其中有七個病例(7/10,70%)重新 進行手術的修復,另外三例(3/10,30%)僅進行保守治療,以藥物紓解症狀。

發生術後之併發症的共有十八例病例,其中以術後出現用力排便之症狀(十二 例,66.7%)為最常見之併發症。其他出現的併發症包括排尿失禁(三例,16.7%)、

排尿疼痛(二例,11.1%)、傷口破裂(一例,5.6%)、排便失禁(一例,5.6%)及慢性尿 路感染(一例,5.6%)。

預後因子

病畜的年齡不影響會陰疝氣的預後,而體重較輕的犬隻可能較容易發生術後 併發症(p=0.004)(表 2)。在約克夏梗犬、博美犬之病例中,僅有 60%的畜主認為手 術結果是良好的,與瑪爾濟斯、混種家犬等其他品種的病例有九成以上的滿意程 度相比,顯著較低(p=0.005)(表 3 品種與會陰疝氣預後之關係),但品種在術後 併發症發生率,復發率方陎則沒有差別。

表 2 年齡體重與會陰疝氣預後之關係

Outcome Complication Recurrence Good

(n=63)

Acceptable (n=10)

Without (n=55)

With (n=18)

Without (n=63)

With (n=10) Age

(y) 10.24

2.85 9.80

3.39 10.16

2.87 10.22

3.10 10.17

3.05 10.20

1.87

T value 0.387 0.074 0.036

P value 0.706 0.941 0.972

BW

(kg) 9.15

8.00 7.77

8.41 10.12

8.56 5.41

4.62 8.58

6.96 11.39

13.15 T value 0.487

2.973**

0.661

P value 0.635

0.004

0.524

表 3 品種與會陰疝氣預後之關係

Yorkshire terrier

(n=8) 5 3 5 3 6 2

Miniature poodle

(n=1) 0 1 0 1 1 0

Golden retriever

(n=1) 1 0 1 0 1 0

Labrador retriever

(n=1) 0 1 1 0 1 0

German shepherd

(n=1) 1 0 1 0 1 0

術前的臨床症狀與會陰疝氣的預後沒有關聯(表 4, 表 5),而症狀持續的時間 亦無顯著影響手術預後(表 6)。

表 4 臨床症狀與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係

Clinical signs

Outcome

Stranguria

Clinical signs

Complication

(with) (n=12) 9 3 0.000

Clinical signs

Recurrence

Tenesmus

表 6 臨床症狀持續時間與會陰疝氣預後之關係

†Values expressed as mean ± SD (range)

單純罹患會陰疝氣的患犬,其手術結果比合併罹患其他疾病的患犬顯著較佳 Without other

disease (n=36)

36 0 30 6 31 5

Combined other disease

表 8 合併其他疾病之種類與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係 Prostate enlargement

(with)(n=9) 8 1 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=64) 55 9

Inguinal hernia

(with) (n=8) 7 1 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=65) 56 9

Inguinal cryptorchidism

(with) (n=6) 3 3

4.325

(p=0.038)*

(without)(n=67) 60 7

Testicular tumor

(with) (n=5) 5 0 0.062

(p=0.803)

(without)(n=68) 58 10

Renal failure

(with)(n=4) 4 0 0.005

(p=0.943)

(without)(n=69) 59 10

Rectal diverticulum

(with) (n=4) 2 2 2.028

(p=0.154)

(without)(n=69) 61 8

Rectal deviation

(with)(n=4) 1 3

8.525

(p=0.004)**

(without)(n=69) 62 7

Perineal mass

(with)(n=3) 3 0 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=69) 60 10

Cardiac disease

(with)(n=3) 2 1 0.023

(p=0.879)

(without)(n=70) 61 9

Rectal prolapse

(with) (n=2) 2 0 0.000

Abdominal cryptorchidism

(with)(n=1) 1 0

0.000 (p=1.000)

(without)(n=72) 62 10

Pelvic fracture

(with)(n=1) 0 1 1.130

(p=0.288)

(without)(n=72) 63 9

Urinary bladder necrosis

(with)(n=1) 0 1 1.130

(p=0.288)

(without)(n=72) 63 9

表 9 合併其他疾病之種類與會陰疝氣術後發生併發症之關係 Prostate enlargement

(with)(n=9) 7 2 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=64) 48 16

Inguinal hernia

(with) (n=8) 7 1 0.169

(p=0.681)

(without)(n=65) 48 17

Inguinal cryptorchidism

(with) (n=6) 2 4

3.991

(p=0.046)*

(without)(n=67) 53 14

Testicular tumor

(with) (n=5) 4 1 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=68) 51 17

Renal failure

(with)(n=4) 4 0 0.337

(p=0.562)

(without)(n=69) 51 18

Rectal diverticulum

(with) (n=4) 2 2 0.376

(p=0.540)

(without)(n=69) 53 16

Rectal deviation

(with)(n=4) 2 2 0.376

(p=0.540)

(without)(n=69) 53 16

Perineal mass

(with)(n=3) 3 0 0.108

(p=0.743)

(without)(n=69) 52 18

Cardiac disease

(with)(n=3) 2 1 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=70) 53 17

Rectal prolapse

(with) (n=2) 1 1 0.000

Abdominal cryptorchidism

(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=72) 54 18

Pelvic fracture

(with)(n=1) 0 1 0.351

(p=0.554)

(without)(n=72) 55 17

Urinary bladder necrosis

(with)(n=1) 0 1 0.351

(p=0.554)

(without)(n=72) 55 17

表 10 合併其他疾病之種類與會陰疝氣術後復發之關係 Prostate enlargement

(with)(n=9) 8 1 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=64) 55 9

Inguinal hernia

(with) (n=8) 6 2 0.194

(p=0.660) (without)(n=65) 57 8

Inguinal cryptorchidism

(with) (n=6) 5 1 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=67) 58 9

Testicular tumor

(with) (n=5) 3 2 1.207

(p=0.272) (without)(n=68) 60 8

Renal failure

(with)(n=4) 4 0 0.005

(p=0.943) (without)(n=69) 59 10

Rectal diverticulum

(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.005

(p=0.943) (without)(n=69) 59 10

Rectal deviation

(with)(n=4) 3 1 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=69) 60 9

Perineal mass

(with)(n=3) 3 0 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=69) 60 10

Cardiac disease

(with)(n=3) 3 0 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=70) 60 10

Rectal prolapse

(with) (n=2) 2 0 0.000

Abdominal cryptorchidism

(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10

Pelvic fracture

(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10

Urinary bladder necrosis

(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10

表 11 有無合併直腸疾病與會陰疝氣預後之關係 With rectal

disease (n=10)

5 5 5 5 9 1

Without rectal disease

表 12 疝脫器官種類與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係

Herniated organs

Outcome

表 13 疝脫器官種類與會陰疝氣術後發生併發症之關係

Herniated organs

Complication

表 14 疝脫器官種類與會陰疝氣術後復發之關係

Herniated organs

Recurrence

表 15 會陰疝氣發生於何側與預後之關係 Hernia

side

Outcome Complication Recurrence Good

Outcome Complication Recurrence Good

表 17 骨盆隔膜破損位置與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係

Ruptured site

Outcome Levator ani muscle/

Coccygeal muscle

(with) (n=23) 20 3 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=50) 43 7

External anal sphincter/

Levator ani muscle

(with)(n=18) 16 2 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=55) 47 8

Coccygeal muscle/

Superficial gluteal muscle

(with) (n=2) 2 0 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=71) 61 10

Levator ani muscle/

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=72) 62 10

External ani sphincter/

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10

External ani sphincter/

Levator ani muscle/

Internal obturator muscle

(with)(n=1) 0 1 1.130

(p=0.288)

(without)(n=72) 63 9

表 18 骨盆隔膜破損位置與會陰疝氣術後發生併發症之關係

Ruptured site

Complication Levator ani muscle/

Coccygeal muscle

(with) (n=23) 15 8 1.143

(p=0.285)

(without)(n=50) 40 10

External anal sphincter/

Levator ani muscle

(with)(n=18) 16 2 1.491

(p=0.222)

(without)(n=55) 39 16

Coccygeal muscle/

Superficial gluteal muscle

(with) (n=2) 1 1 0.000

(p=0.991)

(without)(n=71) 54 17

Levator ani muscle/

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=72) 54 18

External ani sphincter/

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=1) 0 1 0.351

(p=0.554) (without)(n=72) 55 17

External ani sphincter/

Levator ani muscle/

Internal obturator muscle

(with)(n=1) 0 1 0.351

(p=0.554)

(without)(n=72) 55 17

表 19 骨盆隔膜破損位置與會陰疝氣術後復發之關係

Ruptured site

Recurrence Levator ani muscle/

Coccygeal muscle

(with) (n=23) 20 3 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=50) 43 7

External anal sphincter/

Levator ani muscle

(with)(n=18) 14 4 0.667

(p=0.414)

(without)(n=55) 49 6

Coccygeal muscle/

Superficial gluteal muscle

(with) (n=2) 2 0 0.000 (p=0.991)

(without)(n=71) 61 10

Levator ani muscle/

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=72) 62 10

External ani sphincter/

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000) (without)(n=72) 62 10

External ani sphincter/

Levator ani muscle/

Internal obturator muscle

(with)(n=1) 1 0 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=72) 62 10

表 20 骨盆隔膜肌肉萎縮與畜主對會陰疝氣手術結果看法之關係

Atrophic muscle

Outcome External anal sphincter

(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.005

(p=0.943)

(without)(n=69) 59 10

Levator ani muscle

(with)(n=18) 17 1 0.582

(p=0.446)

(without)(n=55) 46 9

Coccygeal muscle

(with)(n=9) 9 0 0.576

(p=0.448)

(without)(n=64) 54 10

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.005

(p=0.943)

(without)(n=59) 59 10

表 21 骨盆隔膜肌肉萎縮與會陰疝氣術後發生併發症之關係

Atrophic muscle

Complication External anal sphincter

(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.337

(p=0.562)

(without)(n=69) 51 18

Levator ani muscle

(with)(n=18) 14 4 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=55) 41 14

Coccygeal muscle

(with)(n=9) 5 4 1.119

(p=0.290)

(without)(n=64) 50 14

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=4) 2 2 0.376

(p=0.540)

(without)(n=59) 53 16

表 22 骨盆隔膜肌肉萎縮與會陰疝氣術後復發之關係

Atrophic muscle

Recurrence External anal sphincter

(with) (n=4) 3 1 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=69) 60 9

Levator ani muscle

(with)(n=18) 15 3 0.001

(p=0.978)

(without)(n=55) 48 7

Coccygeal muscle

(with)(n=9) 7 2 0.076

(p=0.782)

(without)(n=64) 56 8

Internal obturator muscle

(with) (n=4) 4 0 0.000

(p=1.000)

(without)(n=59) 59 10

表 23 會陰疝氣手術方式與預後之關係 Surgical

technique

Outcome Complication Recurrence Good muscle flap

(n=44) muscle flap

(n=1)

表 24 會陰疝氣手術次數與預後之關係 Hernia

side

Outcome Complication Recurrence Good

在吠叫及咳嗽狀況與手術預後之間的關係方陎,吠叫程度明顯影響畜主對手 術結果的觀感(p=0.000),但對於併發症及復發發生率未有顯著相關;而平時是否 有頻繁咳嗽情形則對於手術結果、併發症及復發情形皆無相關性(表 26)。

Outcome Complication Recurrence

Good 吠叫情形總分為 8.70±2.28,顯著較會陰疝氣患畜組為低(13.07±2.26, p=0.000)。而 咳嗽情形則在兩組之間沒有明顯差異(p=0.498)(表 27)。

表 27 犬隻吠叫及咳嗽情形與會陰疝氣發生之關係 Patients with

perineal hernia

Patients without

perineal hernia T value P value Age (y/o) 110.18±2.91 9.28±2.13 1.731 0.088 BW (kg) 8.96±8.02 12.58±9.67 1.808 0.077 Barking 13.07±2.26 8.70±2.28

8.871** 0.000

Coughing 20.37±0.49 0.30±0.47 0.682 0.498

1 Values expressed as mean

SD (range)

2 0: The patient without frequent coughing; 1: The patient with frequent coughing.

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