• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第二節 結論建議

一、 餐廳經營應用建議

餐廳景觀的知覺自然度完全透過知覺恢復性,影響景觀偏好,進一步影響消 費意願與願意停留時間,亦或是知覺自然度完全透過知覺恢復性,直接影響消費 意願與願意停留時間,簡言之,提升景觀知覺就能正向引起偏好反應與消費意圖。

於是根據餐廳不同的遠、中、近景對知覺與偏好的影響,給予餐廳經營應用的建 議。然而,本研究僅探討消費者的行為意圖,並非消費行為,以未來實際發生的 可能性來說,兩者之間仍有落差。不過根據研究結果,改善餐廳景觀,顧客的消 費意圖更高,確實對餐廳行銷有幫助,因此給予業者以下的建議:

餐飲業在制定行銷規劃時,可控制的因素有產品(Product)、價格(Price)、

地點(Place)與推廣(Promotion),合稱行銷 4P(高秋英、林玥秀,2008)。首先,

餐廳的遠景類型涉及店面的選址,關乎行銷 4P 中的 Product(產品),業者不僅出 售實際的餐點,也販賣抽象的情境空間,讓消費者體驗特殊的用餐環境。從結果 可知遠景類型顯著影響景觀知覺與偏好,大致歸納景觀知覺與偏好的類型排序,

以湖泊的帄均數最高,其次是山丘、海洋。顯然在選定餐廳座落地點時,最佳的 選擇是依山傍水的地方,像是湖畔、海邊或山上,視野所及是最好是完整大片的 山林或水域,並且較少人為入侵的痕跡。

除了利用遠景對消費者的吸引力,善於運用中景與近景,也有輔助的效果。

就分析的結果來說,選用自然材質較能提高景觀知覺與偏好,而中景與近景的組 合,本研究更發現搭配灌木與草坪的景觀知覺與偏好偏高,其組合材質一致,所 以在設計庭園時,建議中、近景能選擇相同或類似的材料,並且最好是自然材質。

另外,本研究也發現農田搭配紅磚的組合其帄均數偏高,比起其餘遠景加上紅磚,

顯示大眾會憑藉過去的文化背景與經驗,評估景觀知覺與偏好,建議業者可以留

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意遠景類型,挑選與遠景相容的中、近景,形成特定主題,例如農村景觀可配置 紅磚,營造鄉村主題,利用這種視覺主題,強化對餐廳的印象,突顯與其他店家 的形象差異化,避免同質化,增進競爭力(經濟部,2000)。

最後,景觀的恢復性可以抵銷餐廳可及性的阻礙,可是美好的景觀也必頇透 過媒體宣傳給消費者,即關係到行銷 4P 的 Promotion(推廣)。由於網路的發達,

以及部落格與社群網站的興盛,「部落格行銷」成為新興的宣傳手法。因此建議餐 飲業者的推廣策略,除了架設官方網頁,放上現地的景觀照片,強調放鬆、舒壓,

讓忙碌的現代人藉由此趟旅程調節身心靈,還可以運用部落格行銷,讓消費者分 享自身體驗的感受,加上即時的旅遊畫面,更顯真實,讓搜尋者能想像在當下的 情境,增添消費意願。

二、 後續研究建議

餐飲或其他商業環境議題較少探討景觀對行銷的價值有多少,然而非商業領 域的研究已開始將景觀的價值進行量化,如 Hardy 與 Behe 等人(2000)詴圖瞭解 戶外景觀的設計風格與植栽樣式如何影響房屋售價,亦或是 Daniel 與 Brown 等人

(1989)探討露營地的景觀美質與遊客願付價格的關係。本研究透過各種餐廳景 觀,證實餐廳的整體景觀能成為顧客的消費動機,並且得知不同景觀確實會影響 景觀知覺與偏好,進一步影響行為意圖,除此之外,還發現景觀一致性與和諧感 的設計可能提高知覺自然度。所以後續研究可以針對餐廳景觀的各種設計手法與 配置的植栽種類,探討消費者的景觀知覺、偏好與行為意圖。

根據本研究結果,知覺自然度能高度預測景觀偏好,表示約略分類景觀類型,

或運用專業生態指標,計算景觀的自然度,僅能代表某種程度真實情況的自然狀 態,並不等於觀賞者內心認為的自然景觀,例如:熱帶沙漠與都市公園,以常見 的自然元素與人為管理指標判斷,明顯是熱帶沙漠的自然度勝過都市公園,但在 預測偏好上可能會有失準確。可見一般人的角度不盡然與專業判斷相同,大眾是 如何評估整體環境的知覺自然度,是依據哪些條件給予評價,意味著知覺自然度 的構面有哪些,是可以深入討論。延續此問題,到底什麼樣子的環境可以稱之為 自然環境或人工環境,所謂的自然環境到底應採用專業生態指標來評判,還是只 要大眾知覺自然度高的環境,就可稱為自然環境,值得詳細思考。

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附錄一-餐廳景觀照片

5. 山丘×木格柵×木帄台 39. 山丘×木格柵×複合 33. 山丘×木格柵×紅磚

53. 山丘×木格柵×草坪 26. 山丘×灌木×木帄台 19. 山丘×灌木×複合

63. 山丘×灌木×紅磚 72. 山丘×灌木×草坪 48. 山丘×鐵欄杆×木帄台

11. 山丘×鐵欄杆×複合 13. 山丘×鐵欄杆×紅磚 59. 山丘×鐵欄杆×草坪

55. 都市×木格柵×木帄台 69. 都市×木格柵×複合 7. 都市×木格柵×紅磚

65. 都市×木格柵×草坪 46. 都市×灌木×木帄台 36. 都市×灌木×複合

16. 都市×灌木×紅磚 29. 都市×灌木×草坪 40. 都市×鐵欄杆×木帄台

52. 都市×鐵欄杆×複合 23. 都市×鐵欄杆×紅磚 2. 都市×鐵欄杆×草坪

22. 海洋×木格柵×木帄台 27. 海洋×木格柵×複合 18. 海洋×木格柵×紅磚

35. 海洋×木格柵×草坪 12. 海洋×灌木×木帄台 66. 海洋×灌木×複合

51. 海洋×灌木×紅磚 6. 海洋×灌木×草坪 70. 海洋×鐵欄杆×木帄台

61. 海洋×鐵欄杆×複合 37. 海洋×鐵欄杆×紅磚 44. 海洋×鐵欄杆×草坪

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8. 湖泊×木格柵×木帄台 3. 湖泊×木格柵×複合 67. 湖泊×木格柵×紅磚

47. 湖泊×木格柵×草坪 60. 湖泊×灌木×木帄台 58. 湖泊×灌木×複合

54. 湖泊×灌木×紅磚 21. 湖泊×灌木×草坪 32. 湖泊×鐵欄杆×木帄台

25. 湖泊×鐵欄杆×複合 42. 湖泊×鐵欄杆×紅磚 17. 湖泊×鐵欄杆×草坪

50. 森林×木格柵×木帄台 43. 森林×木格柵×複合 20. 森林×木格柵×紅磚

10. 森林×木格柵×草坪 1. 森林×灌木×木帄台 14. 森林×灌木×複合

31. 森林×灌木×紅磚 41. 森林×灌木×草坪 28. 森林×鐵欄杆×木帄台

64. 森林×鐵欄杆×複合 57. 森林×鐵欄杆×紅磚 68. 森林×鐵欄杆×草坪

15. 農田×木格柵×木帄台 71. 農田×木格柵×複合 45. 農田×木格柵×紅磚

24. 農田×木格柵×草坪 38. 農田×灌木×木帄台 49. 農田×灌木×複合

4. 農田×灌木×紅磚 56. 農田×灌木×草坪 30. 農田×鐵欄杆×木帄台

34. 農田×鐵欄杆×複合 9. 農田×鐵欄杆×紅磚 62. 農田×鐵欄杆×草坪

註:圖片下方之名稱,其數字代表實驗圖片之編號,文字為圖片合成之素材名稱

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附錄二-正式問卷

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